Forms of indirect suggestion. Types of indirect suggestion

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3.12. Trans therapist

In order to do good work, the therapist himself must go into trance—the therapist's trance. The therapist's trance is significantly different from the client's trance. Previously, trance was defined as an internal focus of attention, but the therapist's attention is focused on the client, he must carefully observe what is happening to him, note and ratify the minimal signs of trance, and note emotional reactions.

The therapist cannot allow himself to relax and completely “float away” into his trance, for him this is a job, and he must do his job well, be active in this work,

And finally, the therapist cannot completely “turn off” consciousness; he must think, analyze, control what he says and what he does.

Thus, the trans therapist is
- externally oriented,
- active,
- controlled trance.

It is advisable to practice this type of trance with the help of special exercises.

Chapter 4. Suggestions

Andre Weitzenhoffer defines suggestion as follows: “Suggestion is an appeal that causes involuntary and often unconscious reactions.” It is the involuntary response that distinguishes suggestion from other appeals - orders, demands, requests, instructions - the implementation of which presupposes conscious cooperation. An involuntary reaction can be conscious, but remain involuntary. Thus, the hand can move on its own (finger ideomotor signaling, levitation of the hand), and the person is aware of this movement without controlling it.

We must understand well that any suggestion may or may not be accepted. When a suggestion is not accepted, it does not work. When the suggestion is accepted, the effect is the same as if the person made it to himself. Therefore, Daniel Araoz believes that any accepted suggestion can ultimately be considered as self-hypnosis.

A person is inclined to accept meaningful and pleasant suggestions and reject meaningless and unpleasant ones. Therefore, we must try to formulate suggestions in such a way that they are pleasant and meaningful for the client.

All suggestions are divided into three types:
- straight,
- indirect and
- open.

Direct suggestions are divided into three subgroups:
- obvious straight lines,
- straight camouflaged and
- post-hypnotic.

Explicit direct suggestions are commonly used in traditional hypnosis. An explicit direct suggestion directly states what is to happen. For example:

“I will count from one to five and you will go into a deep trance.”

“From now on, you will be comfortable entering tight, enclosed spaces.”

“You will forget everything that was said in hypnosis,” etc.

This is how they worked at the beginning of the last century. There are people who still work this way. But Erickson's work had a huge impact on modern hypnosis. Even hypnotherapists who do not consider themselves Ericksonians mostly practice so-called semi-traditional hypnosis - quite soft, with a large number of indirect suggestions.

There are a number of problems associated with explicit direct suggestion.

First, if explicit direct suggestion is not implemented, the client is left with a feeling of failure and disappointment. Hypnosis is often used as a last resort, and if the suggestion is not implemented, the feeling may arise: “Well, hypnosis didn’t help.”

Secondly, explicit direct suggestion may require a change for which the person is not yet ready. “From now on, you will no longer be afraid of public speaking.”- and he is still afraid. Everyone changes when and to the extent that he is ready to change.

Third, explicit direct suggestion assumes that the therapist knows exactly what is good for the other person ( “I’ll count from one to five, and it will be like this.”). However, this is a rather dubious statement.

This is not least due to the cultural and historical context. In an authoritarian society, authoritarian hypnosis is quite effective. The more democratic a society is, the more it respects human rights, the more resistance authoritarian hypnosis causes.

The famous Ericksonian hypnotherapist, Milton Erickson's student Jeffrey Zeig, says: “I start working directly, and only when this doesn’t work do I move on to indirect methods.”

On the one hand, if the therapist began to work directly and it worked, there really is no need for indirect techniques.

On the other hand, if the therapist began to work directly and it did not work, he created a problem for himself; caused resistance, with which we now have to do something. It is better to start working indirectly, and only when the type of person’s reactions to the therapist in general and to his suggestions in particular is known, can you sometimes afford to use direct methods.

Milton Erickson said that he uses direct suggestion, even in an authoritarian manner, with insecure patients who seem to be asking for such treatment.

Jean Gaudin defines direct camouflaged suggestion as follows: “To the extent that the patient is not told directly that he will not suffer any more, we can speak of direct camouflaged suggestion.”

J. Becchio and C. Jouslin define it this way: “Something is offered openly, but at the same time it is camouflaged, since part of it comes from the patient himself. This is a direct suggestion that addresses the sensations that the patient experiences. It creates less resistance, makes it easier to learn trance and trigger unconscious processes.”

In this type of suggestion, “straightforwardness” is camouflaged, that is, disguised. “Now the pain will disappear”- this is an obvious direct suggestion. It states directly what needs to happen. If you accompany a person in a pleasant memory, offer to find pleasant sensations and say: “After some time, these pleasant sensations will replace other sensations” - this is a direct camouflaged suggestion. It's still straight- it directly states what should happen.

But if in the case of an obvious direct suggestion, the pain should disappear precisely because of the therapist’s suggestion, that is, in order for it to disappear, you actually need to obey the suggestion, then the direct camouflaged suggestion is addressed to the person’s own feelings, which he himself produced. In this form, the suggestion is easier to accept and causes less resistance.

A post-hypnotic suggestion is a suggestion that is given during hypnosis and carried out later, after hypnosis. Milton Erickson showed that in order to carry out a post-hypnotic suggestion, a person spontaneously enters a trance; thus it is still performed in trance.

Traditional hypnosis used post-hypnotic suggestions of approximately the following type: “When you wake up from hypnosis, you will do this.”

In Ericksonian hypnosis, post-hypnotic suggestions of the following type are usually used:

“In the near future, your unconscious will find and activate the resources you need to solve your problem.”

The instructions for self-hypnosis are a post-hypnotic suggestion: “It will be easy for you to independently enter this pleasant and comfortable state. To do this, it will be enough to sit down, close your eyes, remember how you sat next to me, remember the words with which I addressed you, remember the images and sensations that came, and you will easily and quickly enter this pleasant state.” This instruction is given during hypnosis and is carried out after hypnosis.

The suggestion we usually end our sessions with is a typical post-hypnotic suggestion:

“This work can continue beyond this session... at night while you sleep... during the day while you go about your daily activities... hours, days, perhaps longer... for as long as necessary...”

The prescriptions Milton Erickson gave to his patients were sometimes unusual. Suffice it to remember that the book after which Erickson “woke up famous” was called “Extraordinary Psychotherapy.” When Erickson's children asked him: “Dad, why do your patients follow your stupid orders? There's no way we would," Erickson replied, "Because I talk confidently, I look confident, I act confident, and it doesn't occur to them that they might fail." To this it would be worth adding that he gave them as post-hypnotic suggestions.

You can give the so-called post-hypnotic suggestion for reinduction. After the therapist has given the client hand catalepsy once (see “Hand Catalepsy”), it can be used for re-induction, that is, re-inducing trance. This will work even better if, while doing catalepsy, you simultaneously give a post-hypnotic suggestion: “Every time I raise your hand like this, you will easily and quickly enter a trance.”

However, there are nuances here. Practicing Ericksonian hypnosis teaches you to carefully control your speech and monitor the meanings that are transmitted at different levels. It was said above that a person is inclined to accept suggestions that are meaningful and pleasant for himself. Let's also add: and safe. In this formulation, the suggestion may not be accepted because it may be perceived as potentially dangerous. If the therapist raises his hand somewhere in an inappropriate situation - for example, at a party, in a theater, on the street - will he have to go into a trance? To ensure that a suggestion is accepted, it is better to define the context in which it will operate, for example:

“Every time I raise your hand like this, you will easily and quickly enter a trance, and it will only work when it is necessary for you.”

Or: “Every time I raise your hand like this, you will easily and quickly enter a trance, and this will only work during our sessions.”

Or: “Every time I raise your hand like this, you will easily and quickly enter a trance, and it will only work in this office.”

But with this wording, if the session takes place in another place, it will not work.

For post-hypnotic suggestion for reinduction, any easy-to-use signal is suitable, for example: “Every time I touch your wrist like this, you will go into a trance.”

In order for the post-hypnotic suggestion to be accepted and work, you can obtain the client’s consent, for example:

“Every time I raise your hand like this, you will easily and quickly enter a trance, and it will only work when it is necessary for you. Is this right for you?

"Will you do it?"

An affirmative nod of the head or movement of a finger - “yes.”

The suggestion has been accepted by the client and will be carried out.

Practitioners of Ericksonian hypnosis often neglect post-hypnotic suggestion, since it is, by definition, direct. When used appropriately, posthypnotic suggestion is a very effective tool.

Indirect suggestions as such were not invented by Erickson. Another classic of hypnosis, Berngenm, wrote about indirect suggestions. However, Erickson developed and perfected many types of indirect suggestions.

Due to the limitations imposed by consciousness (“I can’t do this,” “I can’t do this”), a person sometimes does not accept those ideas that can help him solve his problem. Indirect suggestion allows you to offer a person a certain idea, bypassing conscious control, to lead him in a direction that he usually avoids. As a result, ideodynamic mechanisms are launched, and when a person realizes that something has already happened “by itself,” he has already taken a step or two in the direction that he considered impossible for himself. Well, then, as Erickson said, change works according to the snowball mechanism.

We must remember that no suggestion gives a 100% guarantee that it will be accepted. Any suggestion can be rejected. Direct suggestion is easy to reject on a conscious level because it is obvious. Indirect suggestion is carried out bypassing conscious control, but it can also be rejected at the unconscious level.

Let's consider the types of indirect suggestions.

This type of indirect suggestion consists in the fact that a person is told several true statements that cannot be rejected, interconnected by unions, and then he is told what they want to suggest.

In English, this type of suggestion is called “yes set”, which can be translated as “a set of “yes””, or can be translated as “setting to “yes””. The second option indicates the psychological mechanism by which this suggestion works. When a person is offered several statements to which he will inevitably answer “yes,” he develops an internal attitude toward agreement. The installation has a certain inertia and cannot be changed instantly. Therefore, the chances are high that the suggestion will be accepted, that the person will also internally answer “yes” to it.

Let's look at an example of trance induction:

“You can hear the sounds that surround us... and you can feel the contact of your body with the chair... the seat that supports you... with the backrest... and you can feel how the clothes fit your body... and you can feel your breath... And in a few moments I will ask you to go in search of a pleasant memory..."

This induction uses the acceptance sequence. The client internally monitors the therapist’s words and cannot but agree with them:

"You can hear the sounds that surround us..."

"Yes I can".

“You can feel your body making contact with the chair...”

"Yes I can".

“You can feel how the clothes fit against your body...”

"Yes I can".

"And you can feel your breath..."

"Yes I can".

“And in a few moments I will ask you to go in search of a pleasant memory...”

The next type of indirect suggestion is implication. Translated into Russian - “implying”.

The essence of the implication is that what they want to suggest is mentioned as something self-evident, not subject to doubt or discussion.

“Once you understand how implication works, your job will be much easier.”

This phrase contains an implication - an indirect suggestion. Attention shifts to the second part - “it will be easier to work”, and the message comes through more easily: “You will understand how implication works.” Notice what is said Not « If you will understand..." and " When you will understand,” that is, what you will understand is beyond any doubt.

“When we meet next week, you will see...”— the meeting will take place next week.

"Don't try to relax... now"(that is, relax when “now” passes).

“How deep would you like to go into trance?” It doesn't matter what the person answers. Whatever he answers, he accepts the fact that he will go into a trance. (The answer “Yes, I don’t want to go into any kind of trance!” means that the suggestion is not accepted. Any suggestion, both direct and indirect, can be accepted or not accepted).

The most famous implication belongs to Carlson, who lives on the roof. He asks the housekeeper, Mrs. Frekenbock: “Answer honestly, quickly, without hesitation. Have you already stopped drinking cognac in the morning, yes or no?” No matter how she answered, the fact that she drank cognac in the morning is beyond doubt.

Excerpt from Erickson's guidance:

Erickson: When do you think your eyes will close?
Client: I don't know.
Erickson: Before or after your hand touches your face?

There are two implications here: the eyes will close, the hand will touch the face.

When Erickson's daughter visited the orthodontist, Erickson exclaimed: "This is terrible, what a terrible thing you have in your mouth, it will even take you some time to get used to it."

Technically, Erickson did two things. First of all, I joined and adjusted. When Erickson says, “What a terrible thing you have in your mouth,” he is showing the child that he understands how she feels and shares her feelings.

Secondly, implication. “It will even take you some time to get used to it” means: “You will get used to it.”

Erickson holds the record for the shortest psychotherapy session in the world. A teenager with deviant behavior was brought to him, he looked at him and said: “I don’t know how your behavior will change.” This is the implication - behavior will change. And it changed.

Implications can be used to induce hypnotic responses. For example:

“I don’t know in which hand the feeling of lightness may begin to arise - in the left or in the right...”(The implication is that there will be a feeling of lightness in the hand; a hypnotic phenomenon is caused - levitation of the hand).

M. Erickson and E. Rossi identify the so-called implied reference.

An implied statement consists of three standard parts:

1) introduction related to time;
2) an implied reference to something that is happening inside the client;
3) a behavioral response signaling that the implied instruction has been carried out.

General form of implied statement:

“When such and such comes true, such and such will happen.”

“When your unconscious finds and activates the resources necessary to solve a problem, the index finger of your right hand will let you know.”, where the first part is an introduction related to time - “When”.

The second part, an implied reference to something that is happening inside the client, is “your unconscious will find and activate the resources necessary to solve the problem.”

The third part, a behavioral response that signals that the implied instruction has been carried out - “the index finger of the right hand will indicate this.”

A behavioral response is needed because the therapist cannot know whether what he suggests actually happened. This is an externally observable signal that tells him that this really happened. Anything can be used as a behavioral response: moving a finger, raising a hand, lowering a hand, closing the eyes, opening the eyes, etc.

In the above session ending (see "Bringing Out of Trance") an implied instruction was used; here are all three parts:

“I am some part of this work that must be done right here and now... and when this part of the work is done, the unconscious will allow you to take a deep breath, stretch slightly and open your eyes, and return to your normal state... »

A question is rarely recognized as a suggestion - people are accustomed to asking each other a huge number of questions. E. Rossi considers the question a form of suggestion, “guaranteed against failure.” Indeed, if the therapist suggests some phenomenon ( “Now a feeling of lightness will begin to arise in one of your hands...”) and the phenomenon does not occur, the therapist puts himself in a difficult position from which he must extricate himself. If this suggestion is made in the form of a question ( “Will one of your hands begin to feel light?”), then if the phenomenon occurs, good, the therapist said so. If it doesn’t come, it’s okay, the therapist just asked...

Stephen Gilligan offers the following classification of questions (mostly S. Gilligan's examples are retained).

Focusing Questions

Used to capture attention during naturalistic (conversational) guidance. S. Gilligan recommends starting with generally accepted social issues:

How is the weather?
Did you get here easily?
Are you comfortable?

and then move on to questions regarding neutral external stimuli (actually fixation of attention):

How do you like this watch?
What do you think of my bookcase?
Where did you buy this beautiful suit?

Questions that open memory access

“Questions that open access to memory” in S. Gilligan’s classification are actually questions that trigger an internal search.

This group of questions is divided into subgroups:

A. Questions Concerning Trance-Related Experiences

How do you feel when you truly relax? Can you remember such a moment?
Can you remember a moment when you felt completely safe?
Can you remember how you feel when you take a warm shower or bath after a tiring day?

B. Questions Relating to Everyday Experiences of Trance Phenomena

For example, when a therapist is about to induce age regression, he may ask the following questions:

Did you have any nickname as a child?
Where did you grow up?
How many rooms were in your apartment?
Can you remember what your mother's voice sounded like when she praised you?

B. Questions Relating to Previous Trance Experience

When have you experienced the deepest trance in your life?
How do you know when you are starting to go into trance?
Can you remember the last time you went into a trance?

D. Questions related to the supposed experience of trance (if there was no such experience):

What do you think it would be like if you went into a light trance?
Can you describe any changes you might experience when going into a light trance?

Rhetorical questions

These questions are used to deepen the trance; they are asked when the client’s eyes are already closed and he is no longer talking.

I wonder how deep you will go into trance?
I wonder how much you will allow yourself to relax?
I wonder how your unconscious will manifest itself?
Is it true, you will dive in, you can dive in, you want to dive in, are you already diving even deeper?
Will it happen, and why not, why not happen right now?
What natural pair does waking life have? They say that a dream...
What natural pair does the rigid rational state have?
They say that trans...

Ambiguous questions

These questions allow you to adapt to both sides of the personality - both the one that wants to go into trance (“cooperation”) and the one that does not want this (“resistance”). These questions are constructed using the expressions “isn’t it?”, “really?”, “right?”, “isn’t it?”

And you would really like to go into trance, wouldn't you?
And you probably can't feel comfortable enough, or can you?
And it really is very nice to relax, isn’t it?

Hidden questions

These are statements that implicitly contain a question. There is no question mark at the end, but a person perceives them as a question.

And I'm interested to know how easily you will begin to fall into trance.
And I'm curious to know what you would like to do now.

Prompting Questions

These questions are actually guidelines. But due to the fact that they are given in the form of a question, they are accepted much easier and do not cause resistance.

Can you place your hands on your knees and place your feet on the floor?
Won't you sit down more comfortably?
Can you sit like this? (show how).

With the help of questions you can do almost anything, for example, you can induce a trance solely with questions. As an example, consider the guidance given by M. Erickson and E. Rossi.

Guiding gaze fixation using questions (M. Erickson, E. Rossi)

1. Can you find a point that is comfortable to look at?
2. When you continue to look at this point, do your eyelids want to blink?
3. Will the eyes blink together or separately?
4. Slow or fast?
5. Will they close immediately or after a while?
6. Will your eyes close more and more as you become more comfortable?
7. Now can your eyes remain closed as your comfort increases, as if you are falling asleep?
8. Can this comfort grow more and more, so that you don’t even want to try to open your eyes?
9. Or will you try and find that you can't?
10. And how soon will you forget about them because your unconscious wants to dream?

This guidance uses the same principle as when setting up finger ideomotor signaling.

When signaling, a voluntary response is first requested. Then the therapist gradually “slides” to the request for an involuntary response, introducing and increasing the moment of involuntariness and dissociation (the finger dissociates) and ends with the request for an involuntary response (“the finger will let you know”). The same thing is done here.

“Can you find a point that you feel comfortable looking at?” A voluntary response is requested from an active, awake subject.

“When you continue to look at this point, do your eyelids want to blink?” A moment of involuntariness is introduced - “the eyelids want to blink.”

“Will the eyes blink together or separately?” The moment of involuntariness intensifies, in addition, confusion is added (see “Confusion”),

They suggest something to a person, asking him not to do it.

"Don't think about the white monkey right now."
"You don't need to relax."

To make the suggestion even stronger, you can add an implication:
"You don't need to relax... now."

This type of suggestion is increasingly used in advertising: “You don’t want to try this piece of herring... You don’t have the slightest desire to put it in your mouth and enjoy its taste...”

A distinction should be made between a simple “bundle” and a “double bind”.

"Bundle" is an offer of illusory choice; it is a choice without choice, both parts of which are addressed to conscious behavior.

“Will you fix the outlet now or after you clean the carpet?” This is a link, both of its parts are addressed to conscious behavior.

The “double bind” (the full name is the “conscious-unconscious double bind”) is a message that the client receives consciously, but which initiates unconscious processes. The “double bind” is a choice without choice addressed to unconscious behavior.

“I don’t know whether the feeling of lightness will appear in the right or left hand.” The appearance of lightness is a trance phenomenon, an involuntary behavior.

We often hear that the double bind does not work. The fact is that this type of indirect suggestion is easily “read” at the level of consciousness. Erickson says that in this case the therapeutic meta-frame, the general therapeutic context, comes to the rescue. A therapeutic situation is a situation in which one seeks help, and the other provides this help - and both know it. In this situation, the suggestion is accepted because the person knows that what is happening is for his benefit.

The French call this type of suggestion “intercontextual” (Intercontextuel). In English it is called “embedded suggestion”. To avoid confusion with the “built-in metaphor” (see “Amnesia”), we preferred to use the term “contextual suggestion” in the Russian version, which adequately reflects the psychological mechanism used in this type of suggestion. In translations from English, you may also encounter the expression “scattering technique” or “powdering technique.”

The technique is to turn a word into a suggestion by taking it out of context, slightly changing the tone of voice or the direction of the voice. Need to highlight
without attracting attention, highlight it so that the consciousness does not notice it. In written texts, contextual suggestion is usually shown in bold.

For example: "And in a few moments I will ask you to go in search of have a nice memories... That is, a moment in your life when you felt good... calm... comfortable... And when is it pleasant the memory will come... you will nod your head to let me know about it..."

This is a typical example of a so-called two-level language. At one level there is accompaniment in a pleasant memory, and at another level the unconscious systematically receives messages: “good”, “calm”, “pleasant”, “comfortable”... ideodynamic mechanisms are triggered, and the internal state begins to gradually change.

Let's give a few more examples.

“Many animals are remarkably capable relax».
“A person often does not notice that he goes into a trance».
“It's nice to know that there is a part of yourself that can work on its own, and let her do the work for you».
“There are places where sensations come naturally relaxation and comfort».

A wonderful example of M. Erickson’s use of this technique is the story about the tomato, which has long become a classic and wanders from book to book and from article to article. Nevertheless, we present it for completeness.

In the town where Milton Erickson lived, there was a man named Joe. He was a florist, grew flowers for sale and was a well-known person in the city. And then he got cancer. The disease was fatal, he was in the hospital and received large doses of morphine to relieve pain. Therefore, he was in a semi-fainting, narcotic state. And since this was the city in which Erickson lived, there was not a single doctor or trainee left in the hospital who would not try hypnosis on poor Joe - and all to no avail. Joe could no longer hear the word “hypnosis” without shuddering. And so he was discharged from the hospital and sent home to die. His wife decided to call Dr. Erickson. Erickson arrived, sat down next to Joe and began to talk. This is what he told him:

“Joe, I would like to talk to you. I know you're a florist, you grow flowers, and I grew up on a farm in Wisconsin and have always loved growing flowers. I still love it. So I would like you to sit down in this cozy chair and let's talk. I want to tell you a lot, but it won’t be about flowers, because you know more about flowers than I do. This is not what you need. Now I'll talk, talk calmly and I want you too calmly listened to me. I will talk about a plant - a tomato. Quite a strange topic for conversation. You have become curious. Why about a tomato? That's why. You plant a tomato seed in the ground. You expectantly that it will grow into a whole plant, the fruits of which will give you pleasure. The seed absorbs water, this is for him easily because the rains are coming peace and quiet and help flowers and tomatoes grow. This little seed, Joe, swells a little, then puts out a little root covered with root hairs. You may not know what root hairs are, but these are... something that helps a tomato seed to grow, break out of the ground and turn into a sprout, and you can just listen to me, Joe, I will continue to talk, and you can just listen further, and you will be interested, just wondering what you can actually find out. .."

At that moment, Joe's wife came up with a note: “Dr. Erickson, when will you finally start hypnotizing my husband?” and saw that her husband was sitting motionless, that he did not see her, his eyes were unfocused and he was looking into the distance, that is, he was in a deep trance.

If you read separately those words that are highlighted contextually, that is, the message that the unconscious receives, you get the following: “This is not what you need, calm, calm, curious, expectant, will give you pleasure, peace and quiet, the kind of thing that helps, and you can just listen to me, Joe, and you can just listen on, and you'll be interested, just wondering what you can actually find out..."

As a result, it was possible to significantly reduce the dose of morphine that Joe received, and he spent the last two months of his life in a clear consciousness with his family, and then, naturally, he died. The fact that a person was able to spend his last days with dignity is considered a therapeutic success, and it is also important to know that there are different successes.

Two sentences (or more) are connected by conjunctions and mutually reinforce each other; however, there may be no logical connection between them.

“You sit next to me, and you hear my voice, and various thoughts and images may come, while you go deeper and deeper into a trance...”

Erickson and Rossi give the following classification of compound suggestions:
a) sequence of acceptance and reinforcement;
b) contingent (continuous);
c) superposition of opposites;
d) denial;
e) shock, surprise, creative moments.

A. Sequence of acceptance and reinforcement

The sequence of acceptance is a separate type of indirect suggestion, but at the same time it is a type of compound suggestion.

The sequence of acceptance and reinforcement, according to M. Erickson and E. Rossi, are “everyday forms” of compound suggestion.

Acceptance sequence is a statement of something good and obvious, followed by a suggestion of possibility:

“Today is such a nice day, let’s go for a swim.”
“Today is a day off, why don’t I do what I want.”
"You've done a good job and you can continue."

Reinforcement- it’s the other way around: first there is a proposal, and then a statement of something good and obvious:

“Let’s go for a swim, today is such a nice day.”
“Why shouldn’t I do what I want, since today is a day off.”
“You can continue, you did a good job.”

B. Contingent (continuous) suggestions

Contingent suggestion is where the therapist takes something that is already happening or will definitely happen and adds a suggestion to it. For example:

The person sits next to the therapist - and will continue to sit for some time. Composite contingent suggestion: “As you continue to sit here, you will find that you feel more and more relaxed and comfortable.” Suggestion can be strengthened contextually: “As you continue to sit here, you will find that you feel more and more relaxation and comfort».

A person is breathing and will naturally continue to breathe. Composite contingent suggestion: “With every breath you take, you go deeper and deeper into a trance.”

It is extremely convenient to attach suggestions to the movement of the hand from catalepsy (see “Catalepsy of the hand”) and in levitation (see “Levitation of the hand”). The hand begins to fall from catalepsy - and almost any suggestion can be attached to this movement:

“As the hand descends, the trance deepens.”
"As the hand goes down, you come out of the trance."
“As the hand goes down, you quietly travel back in time to the origin of the problem.”
“While the hand is lowered, the unconscious seeks and finds all the resources you need to solve this problem.”

It's the same with levitation. The difference is that with catalepsy, the therapist has one hand movement at his disposal - downward; with levitation, two movements can be used - up and down.

Forward:
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Milton H. Erickson, Ernest L. Rossi, Sheila I. Rossi

HYPNOTIC REALITIES

The Introduction of Clinical Hypnosis and Forms of Indirect Suggestion

Irvington Publishers, Inc. New York

Translation from English by M.A. Yakushina, edited by M.R. Ginsburg

Moscow Independent company "Class" 1999

UDC 615.8 BBK 53.57 E 77

Erickson M., Rossi E., Rosi Sh. E77 Hypnotic realities: Induction of clinical hypnosis and forms of indirect suggestion/Trans. from English M.A. Yakushina. - M.: Independent company "Class", 1999. - 352 p. - (Library of psychology and psychotherapy).

ISBN 5-86375-113-4 (RF)

Before you is one of the best books teaching the art of Ericksonian hypnosis. It presents unique demonstrations of the induction of clinical hypnosis by Milton Erickson himself and a detailed analysis of the basic aspects of his work. It talks not only about indirect forms of hypnotic suggestion, but much more broadly - about the process of learning and discovering new things, about trust in your unconscious and its inexhaustible possibilities.

The book is addressed primarily to psychologists and psychotherapists, but will be useful to everyone who teaches and learns - and wants to do it effectively.

Editor-in-chief and publisher of the series L.M. Crawl

Scientific consultant of the series E.L. Mikhailova

Published in Russian with permission from Irvington Publishers and its representative Mark Paterson

ISBN 0-8290-0112-3 (USA) © 1976, Ernest L. Rossi

ISBN 5-86375-113-4 (RF) © 1976, Irvington Publishers, Inc.

© 1999, Independent company "Class", publication, design © 1999, M.A. Yakushina, translation into Russian © 1999, M.R. Ginzburg, preface © 1999, V.E. Korolev, cover

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About the reality of the hypnotic. Preface by M.R. Ginzburga 5

Foreword by Andre M. Weitzenhoffer 8

Introduction 17

1. CONVERSATIONAL GUIDANCE: TOTALITY

EARLY LEARNING 21

Observation and Erickson's Basic Approach 31

Conscious and unconscious in clinical hypnosis 34

Utilization theory of hypnotic suggestion 36

Truisms using mental mechanisms 39

Truisms using time 41

Not doing, not knowing 42

2. INDIRECT GUIDANCE BY RECAPTULATION 45

Acceptance sequence 75

Psychological Implication 77

Therapeutic ligaments and double ligaments 80

Open suggestions 99

Suggestions covering all possibilities within one

reaction class 101

Ideomotor signaling 103

3. HANDSHAKE GUIDANCE 108

Confusion in the dynamics of trance induction 130

Dynamics of Handshake Guidance 133

Compound suggestions 138

Compound statements 141

Conditioned suggestions and associative networks 144

Multi-part tasks and serial suggestions 150

4. MUTUAL TRANCE GUIDANCE 153

Surprise - surprise 167

Confusion - Restructuring Method 171

Therapeutic trance as an active state

unconscious learning 174

5. TRANCE TRAINING BY ASSOCIATION 176

Implied Directive 214

Questions that focus, inspire and reinforce 218

Questions for indirect trance induction 221

Fragmentary development of trance 222

Depotentiating Conscious Mental Attitudes: Confusion, Flow of Thought, and Creativity 223

6. CREATION OF CONDITIONS FOR HYPNOTIC TRAINING 232

Replacing and discharging resistance 246

Multiple levels of communication: analogies, puns, metaphors, jokes and folk sayings 250

Microdynamics of suggestion 253

7. GUIDANCE THROUGH INDIRECTLY CONDITIONED

CLOSING THE EYES 259

Trance training and utilization 291

Indirect conditioning of trance 295

Contextual cues and indirect suggestions 300

Right and left hemisphere functioning in trance 303

8. ENDLESS TRAINING CHAINS:

TWO YEARS LATER 308

Endless possibilities for creativity, healing

and training 322

9. CONCLUSION 323

The Nature of Therapeutic Trance 323

Clinical approaches to hypnotic induction 329

Forms of hypnotic suggestion 338

Human Empowerment 343

Literature 344


ABOUT THE REALITY OF HYPNOTIC

Here is the first book of the famous “triad” of Milton Erickson and Ernest Rossi: “Hypnotic Realities”, “Hypnotherapy” and “The Experience of Hypnosis”. At one of the seminars, E. Rossi told the story of the appearance of these books. As a young man, he dreamed of studying with Milton Erickson, but did not know how to approach it. When he developed a stomach ulcer, he was extremely happy and made an appointment with Erickson. After each session, he rushed headlong into the car and wrote down everything Erickson said, afraid to miss a word. In the third or fourth session, Erickson looked at him intently and said, “You didn’t come for treatment. You came to learn hypnosis.” Rossi agreed that this was indeed the case; in addition, he admitted that he dreams of writing three books about the Milton Erickson method. “Tell me what kind of books these will be,” Erickson demanded. After listening carefully to Rossi, he said: “Okay. You can write these books. But there will be two names on the cover - mine and yours. And mine will come first, because I am older.”

These three books have been written. And they have two names on them - Milton Erickson and Ernest Rossi. And Erickson's name comes first because he is older.

A lot has already been written about Milton Erickson himself and his method, but the joint works of M. Erickson and E. Rossi, including “Hypnotic Realities”, which was translated into Russian for the first time, remain - and most likely will forever remain - the best introduction into Ericksonian hypnosis.

The book you are opening belongs to a special genre. It traces, step by step, the fascinating process of how a master passes on his art to an apprentice: M. Erikson teaches the Rossi couple the art of hypnosis. And we have a unique opportunity, together with Rossi, to be surprised, admire, make mistakes, not understand, and then come to understand - and as a result learn the most effective psychotherapeutic method of the 20th and, apparently, 21st centuries.

Ernest Rossi, however, is not only a student - he is also a co-author, and his name rightfully appears on the cover of the book. He doesn't just study; Trying to understand and master the subtle, unusual techniques of Milton Erickson, he analyzes, classifies, catalogs them - in a word, he carries out the work that a scientist studying a new reality should do. At the same time, he uses all his extensive theoretical knowledge, including references to the works of A.R. Luria. It is to Ernest Rossi that we owe a detailed classification of indirect suggestions developed by Milton Erickson, as well as the names of many of them.

The great advantage of this book is that all this training is carried out on the living tissue of Ericksonian sessions. Before us is the direct work of Milton Erickson himself, his own speech. We can master these techniques, study this work and see in it what Ernest Rossi saw - and maybe more.

M.R. Ginsburg

Dedicated to the ever-growing understanding of the holistic functioning of the individual within his own self and at the same time in his relationships with his fellow humans and with the environment as a whole.

Dedicated to those clinicians and researchers who will continue to explore the various approaches to human development described here.

Dedicated to all people learning through hypnotherapy for personal growth and professional development.

We would like to express our gratitude to the following friends and colleagues for their assistance: Roxanne Erickson, Krista Erickson, John Hedenberg, Jack A. Oliver, Robert Pearson, and Kate Thompson.

PREFACE

For many who did not and will never have the opportunity to attend Milton Erickson's seminars, this book will serve as an invaluable tool. Psychotherapists, as well as hypnotherapists, will find much usefulness in it, because Erickson was first and foremost a psychotherapist, and his modus operandi goes beyond clinical hypnosis. As for those who are engaged in teaching or research work, I believe they will also find here enough food for thought and research.

My first meeting with Milton Erickson was in 1954 or 1955, at a meeting of the Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Chicago. When I saw him, he was talking with a small group of colleagues in the hotel lobby. I have never met him or his photographs. However, in a strange way, as it seemed to me then, I saw him at some distance and could not yet hear him, but I already knew that it was Milton Erickson. I have recalled this incident more than once. I had probably heard somewhere that he had polio, and the fact that he was leaning on a stick may have been a clue to me. I'm not sure, but I believe the signals were more subtle. By this time I had, in some way, become acquainted with Milton through his works, which I studied very carefully. From them I realized how unique he is. I believe that some of the qualities that made him what he was were transmitted to me through these works, and I felt them directly when I saw how he affected those around him.

In the following years I had opportunities (all too rare for me, unfortunately) to meet him, watch his demonstrations, watch him conduct therapy, and listen to him talk about hypnosis and other subjects. More precisely, I had the opportunity to see why, over the years, he turned into a semi-legendary figure, who was once called "Mr. Hypnosis." I also had the opportunity to see the work of such famous stage hypnotists of the 40s and 50s as Ralph Slater, Franz Polgar and others, many of whom wrote about themselves on posters as "America's first hypnotist", "world's fastest hypnotist" and praised their fantastic successes ad nauseam. Of course they were good at show business. As hypnotists, however, they rank poorly in comparison with Milton Erickson, and yet there has never been a more modest and unassuming man than him.

It is not surprising that many professionals tried to imitate him. So far, no one has achieved complete success, although some have managed to come quite close. Part of the reason for this will become clear as you read this book. Some of them will remain unclear. If the authors have failed to present them in order of importance, it is only because they are not really matters that can be adequately taught through the written word alone. Perhaps the reason is also that they cannot be taught at all, and I suspect some reluctance on the part of the authors to admit this to themselves and the reader.

As this book demonstrates most clearly, critical factors in the effective use of hypnosis are not only what is said to the patient and subject, but also how it is said, when it is said, and where, especially in the clinical, therapeutic situation. It also becomes clear that it is necessary to consider the psychotherapeutic interaction as a whole, rather than in parts, and to go one step further by considering it in the fullness of its application. This takes the use of suggestion and, in a broader sense, hypnosis from the realm of simple magical formulas and places it in the rank of the science of personal interaction and communication.

Erickson, however, is not just a master of verbal communication, as the book makes clear. He is equally adept at nonverbal communication, which is one of the aspects that this book does not and cannot adequately address. This is sad, but inevitable and, of course, not a miscalculation on the part of the authors. One of the most memorable demonstrations of his talents in the field of nonverbal communication was an episode in his career in Mexico City in 1959 when he hypnotized and demonstrated various hypnotic phenomena with a subject with whom verbal communication was impossible. He did not speak Spanish and the subject did not speak English. From start to finish, communication was carried out entirely non-verbally, through pantomime.

I can attest to the effectiveness of his nonverbal communications from my own experience with Milton Erickson about 15-16 years ago. At this point, I think I should make it clear that, to my knowledge, he never hypnotized me, at least not formally. Our group met Milton in Philadelphia, at a special seminar, the purpose of which was to gain some understanding of his modus operandi. That morning he and I were alone and sitting at breakfast. The chair stood a little to the left of him, at an angle, as far as I remember, I did most of the talking. Continuing my sentence, somewhat lost in thought, I suddenly vaguely noticed in my peripheral vision that Milton was making strange, repetitive gestures with one hand. For a moment I did not react at all to this, then the impact intensified, and two things happened in quick succession: my right hand suddenly moved out, took the coffee pot from the table and began to lift it. At that moment I suddenly realized that Milton wanted coffee. At this point, to use the terminology of this book, my “conscious mind” came in and I completed the action, now understanding that Milton’s gestures clearly expressed a nonverbal request for coffee to be poured into his cup. Things like this, I have learned over time, are one of his favorite ways to teach or answer a question related to a topic. It is also his way of subtly testing a person's suggestibility or hypnotizability. In this way, he also maintained his shape. I have already said that Milton Erickson never hypnotized me "formally." This is true if by "formal induction" we mean the use of any of the classical or semi-classical methods described again and again in various texts on hypnosis. For reasons that are now becoming clearer and, at any rate, will become clearer after reading the book, I am sure the authors would say that Milton actually hypnotized me, at least in this particular case.

There are, of course, much more effective verbal communications than pronouncing words according to known syntactic and other linguistic rules, or introducing the right non-verbal elements at the right time and in the right place. In my meetings with Milton Erickson, I discovered that his control over such things as intonation and voice modulation, to speak of just these two aspects, is an integral part of his approach to hypnosis. You have to hear and watch Erickson to fully appreciate his way of speaking. To say that he speaks softly and at the same time precisely, slowly, calmly, quietly, clearly and carefully articulating every word, sometimes every syllable, all together in a certain rhythm, is to give only the most general idea of ​​​​this process. Unfortunately, there is no way to convey information to the reader that would allow him to replicate these characteristics. However, attention can be drawn to this so that after studying the book, if the reader finds himself working somewhat less effectively than Erickson, despite his efforts to do everything exactly by the book, he will not draw the wrong conclusions.

Another element that I think characterizes Milton's effectiveness, and which I don't think this book demonstrates enough, is the quiet confidence and (surprisingly, given his non-directive approach) authority that he exudes. His voice and actions express the belief that everything is or will be as he says. Perhaps part of this conviction is rooted in another characteristic of Erickson's interactions with his subjects and patients. When you observe him, you see very clearly his ability to communicate to the subject and the patient that he is partly involved in their experiences and shares them with them. This is especially noticeable when it causes hallucinatory phenomena. When you watch Milton Erickson tell a subject about a skier, “out there,” on a distant, snow-covered slope, which he describes in some detail, or about a rabbit, “right here, near your feet—so what color is it?” often there is a strange feeling that he also sees a skier, a slope, snow and a rabbit. So how can the subject then not see them too? Whether Milton actually shares the patient's subjective experiences or not, the impression that he does is conveyed to the patient verbally and nonverbally. In my opinion, this is a powerful aid to his efforts to evoke the desired reactions.

I want to caution readers who may expect more from this book than is reasonably possible: in my opinion, there are important elements used by Milton Erickson in the creation and utilization of hypnosis that have not received as much attention as they deserve. This is not said as a condemnation, which would hardly be appropriate in a preface. The induction and utilization aspect of hypnosis on which the authors chose to focus is sufficiently complex and important to justify the omission of certain material, especially that which would be extremely difficult to work with in written form.

After all, every modern teacher knows three main methods of communication: auditory, visual and written, all making their own unique contribution to the overall educational process and none can replace the others. In terms of written communication, this book does an excellent job of explaining the complexities of Erickson's approach to clinical hypnosis. What can best be done only by the written word, she does excellently.

All of this brings me to the last statement I would like to make for all those readers who dream of becoming the next Milton Erickson. The book will teach them some of Milton Erickson's "secrets" that were never really secrets. What he did and is still doing is so obvious and natural to him that he assumes that everyone understands what is happening. Whether it will be enough to simply know these secrets is a meaningless question. Milton didn't become "Mr. Hypnosis" overnight. Many events and experiences preceded this during the fifty years of his life, and especially during the years that he worked with hypnosis. Many other events filled these fifty years. It is difficult to say which of them contributed significantly to making him the man, hypnotist and clinician he became. No one can answer this question, not even Milton himself. Some things can be pointed out, some things can be repeated, some things cannot be repeated, and some things you hardly want to repeat. Wide experience in the phenomenology of hypnosis, especially in natural settings, extensive and long experience in teaching, applying, demonstrating and experimenting with hypnosis - all of this undoubtedly made a significant contribution to the colossal success of Milton Erickson. This can be repeated. It is possible that it is possible, through deliberate infection, to repeat the polio disease that Milton Erickson suffered twice, but it is unlikely that anyone will want to check this. Of course, it is impossible to imitate him in that he was born deprived of color vision and sound hearing. Erickson attributes much of his increased sensitivity to kinesthetic cues, body dynamics, and altered modes of sensory-perceptual functioning to his lifelong struggle with congenital and acquired disabilities. By studying these problems and trying to cope with them, he gained a personal awareness of altered patterns of functioning, which he applied throughout his life as a healer. In addition, Erickson brought to his life's work remarkable imagination and creativity, a high degree of sensitivity and intuition, a keen observer, a powerful memory for facts and events, and a special ability to organize what he experiences based on the present moment. Not much of this can be repeated at will.

If it is unlikely that you will ever become another Milton Erickson, you can at least learn something about his modus operandi and use it as fully as possible within your own limited abilities and based on your personal value system. If this book helps the reader to do this, its appearance will already be justified.

In approaching this book, the reader should remember that this is the product of the work of pragmatists and that the book is written specifically about therapeutic and clinical hypnosis, and not about experimental or theoretical hypnosis. The reader better know right away that he will not find in this book any well-formulated and proven theories, no solid scientific documentation on many facts. It is clear that the authors take certain theoretical positions regarding the nature of hypnosis, hypnotic phenomena, suggestion and suggested behavior. One may or may not agree with them, many alternative explanations will come to mind as the reader follows the authors' explanations of what exactly happens when Erickson implements a particular intervention or takes a particular step. However, to get the most out of this book, it is important to remember that its focus is not so much on developing scientific theory as it is on clarifying how Milton Erickson gets the results he does; These results, most would agree, suggest behavior that can be called "suggestible" and/or "hypnotic." From a practical, pragmatic point of view, it is relatively unimportant whether these evoked behaviors are "reality-based", "role-playing", "the product of cognitive restructuring", whether they involve some kind of "dissociative process" or are the consequence of a process of "shaping" and etc. Of course, a "true" scientist wants to know which is which. Authors understand this and often point out areas for further research and suggest specific experiments to be carried out. But the busy clinician and the suffering patient are only interested in results, and as quickly as possible. It's about efficiency. For this reason, effective hypnotherapists, like our three authors, do not limit themselves to the actual hypnotic procedure. On the contrary, as is clear from the book and from other works by Erickson and Rossi, effective hypnotherapy is constantly intertwined with the use of hypnotic and non-hypnotic behavioral processes. Let's take just one small example of the use of the "double bind". Whether understood as Bateson or in the specific sense in which the authors use it, it is not in itself a hypnotic technique or approach, does not require a process of hypnosis or suggestion, but can be used as a specific tool for inducing hypnosis and/or inducing further certain forms of behavior from the hypnotized individual.

Although theory is neither the focus nor the strength of this book, Erikson's modus operandi reflects, or is at least guided by, a particular theoretical position. It is traditional and still widely accepted to view hypnotic behavior as behavior caused by "suggestions" given while the subject is in a state of "hypnosis." However, even before Bernheim, it was also widely recognized that suggestions leading to the forms of behavior exhibited by hypnotized subjects can be used just as effectively in the absence of any hypnotic induction. That is, they may be effective with people who are not supposed to have been hypnotized. One explanation for this fact, which a small number of modern studies agree with, is that hypnosis is not only not necessary for creating hypnotic behavior, but, in fact, is an unnecessary concept altogether. This interpretation leads to the view that hypnosis as a state does not exist. However, there are several other explanations, in particular the one accepted by the authors: any bona fide reactions to suggestion are associated, ipso facto, with a hypnotic or trance state. From this point of view, there is no longer any difference between suggestions in the state of "waking" and "hypnosis" or, if you like, between extra- and intrahypnotic suggestions. To respond adequately to suggestions is to be hypnotized. According to the authors, it is impossible to adequately respond to suggestion unless one enters a hypnotic trance before (or simultaneously with) it. This particular view of the situation has a dual

Indirect suggestion has a specific purpose, even if the patient does not recognize it. The patient has a choice and the opportunity not to accept what is suggested to him. This way you don't provoke resistance and avoid failure.

Indirect suggestion is used especially in the induction phase or to orient the patient in a direction that he himself spontaneously avoids.

Indirect suggestion should be used with caution, as it comes close to manipulation.

Acceptance sequence

Mom, I've been running and it's hot and my mouth is dry,

And you let me drink Coca-Cola.”

The acceptance sequence consists of listing a series of true statements with which the patient cannot but agree. They should be connected to each other by a connecting union. This sequence ends with a statement that the patient must accept.

Exercise 31

Imagine the following three situations:

 the worker asks the owner to increase his salary;

 a teenager asks his parents for permission to return home late;

 a student, signing up for a seminar on hypnosis, asks for a discount.

For each individual situation, build a sequence of acceptance that would ensure the fulfillment of the request.

Implication

Do not throw this textbook in the trash until you have finished reading it.

The meaning of indirect suggestion (implication) is as follows: it is necessary to suggest something that can happen.

Erickson addressed most of the patients who entered the office this way:

“I ask you not to go into trance until you are comfortable in this chair.”

“When do you think your eyes will close? Before or after you touch your face with your hand?”

“Will you go into a light trance or a deep trance?”

Note:

From now on, you can mark the sequences of acceptance and implication in the speeches of politicians.

Questions

Haven’t we met before?”

This is a skillful way of asking questions while inducing trance.

Quite lightweight, it is effective and can be quite elegant.

“How long does it take you to go into trance?”

“At what time can your breathing become calmer?”

Exercise 32

This type of interpersonal communication is very often used in everyday life. You use it without knowing it, like Mr. Jourdain. 2 Notice the times when you act this way.

Negative paradoxical suggestion

It consists of naming an action while simultaneously instructing not to perform it.

“Don't think about the pink elephant”;

“You don’t need to relax even more”;

“I don’t know if your breathing will become calmer.”

Exercise 33

Don't look at the answer to this exercise.

Double link3

This is an illusory choice. You offer two options, the solution of which is actually the same.

For example:

“I don’t know whether the feeling of lightness will appear in the right or left hand.”

“Do you want to experience a light trance or a not so light one?”

“Will you pay me in cash or by check?”

Exercise 34

Tonight, ask your spouse or one of your children whether they will wash dishes with or without gloves.

Suggestion is a direct influence on a person, as a result of which a person performs actions and feels feelings that are not related to his norms and principles. Which types of suggestion exist? Suggestion can be verbal and non-verbal.

Verbal suggestion

Verbal suggestion is divided into:

- indirect;

- direct;

- open.

Direct suggestion is characterized by the clarity of the psychologist’s actions, when it is clearly known what will happen and what the goal is behind it all. This type of suggestion is popular in medical practice when it is necessary to turn off pain.

Direct suggestion can be camouflaged, when the psychologist does not tell what should happen, but gives a hint that the effect obtained depends on the patient. Post-hypnotic suggestion is used in self-hypnosis and when the patient needs to erase his memory so that he forgets about unpleasant moments in life. Programming of consciousness occurs, in which the patient performs certain actions after the end of the session.

Indirect suggestion implies the possibility of choosing a suggestion, when the patient himself chooses what should be suggested to him. This type of suggestion is used to direct the patient in a direction that he has so far constantly avoided.

Types of indirect suggestion:

- sequential suggestion. Various statements are announced by the doctor, with which the patient agrees. At the end there is a statement that the patient must accept and follow;

— implication. The doctor announces the result of the outcome of events and the patient prepares himself in advance for the fact that this situation will happen;

- double bind. The patient is asked to choose one of two proposed options, which are absolutely identical. For example, “Do you feel heaviness in your left or right leg?”;

- lack of mention. An important situation is described in which the most important element is removed, this allows the patient to better concentrate on it in the end.
These are some of the most common methods of indirect suggestion, but they are not all, there are many more interesting methods.

Open suggestion also has several varieties. All these types have something in common; the patient is given a choice of action. During the appointment, vague frames may be used, which the patient fills out as he wishes, statements, metaphors and other methods may be used.

Nonverbal suggestion

Nonverbal suggestion is based not on words, but on gestures and intonation. It can be applied even on an unconscious level, simply in the process of communication.

Types of nonverbal communication:

- catalepsy. The patient takes the body position that he is told. Catalepsy can be of the whole body or some part. It is not recommended to use this method constantly.

- pauses. Thanks to the pause, the meaning of the statements changes and open suggestion occurs. A pause provides an opportunity to highlight the main idea in a sentence;

— levitation. There is no direct influence of the hypnotist on the patient; everything happens thanks to the imagination. The patient chooses the time for levitation. Using this method it is easier to enter a trance. Popular in self-hypnosis.

Whatever method of suggestion is chosen, it is often impossible to experiment, since there is a direct effect on the human nervous system

Copyright © 2013 Byankin Alexey