Ph.D. IN AND. Livchak, member of the Expert Council of the State Duma Committee on Energy

Measurements of the actual heat consumption of houses with improved thermal insulation did not show the expected energy savings. Unfortunately, this did not surprise me: this was what should have happened due to the revision of SNiP heating requirements in 1995 in the direction of increasing the heat load for heating, neglecting the influence of household heat release in apartments when calculating heat loss in premises, ignoring these circumstances when developing operating modes of heating systems and inefficiency of devices for individual automatic regulation of heat transfer of heating devices. Below is evidence of how to achieve the expected energy savings using available means.

Recently, the number of buildings equipped with heat meters, which measure the amount of thermal energy consumed for heating, has increased. In houses built after 2000, with insulation carried out in accordance with the requirements of federal standards, the consumption of thermal energy for heating should have been reduced by almost 50% compared to buildings built before 1995 - the year requirements for increasing the thermal protection of buildings began to be adopted . However, according to the measurement results, it turned out that heat consumption decreased by only 15-20%.

Table 1 presents data on the actual heat consumption of standard series apartment buildings built before and after 2000. 1 For ease of comparison, the measured heat consumption for heating is given in terms of the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating, per m2 of apartment area in each building and recalculated per degree-day of the standard heating period (for Moscow GSOP = 4943 °C day).

The table shows that the specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating in houses built before 2000, depending on the series, is 190-150 kWh/m2, decreasing in houses built after 2000 to 164-142 kW h/m2, P44T series (from the report) up to 181 kWh/m2, while the standard value is 95 kWh/m2, and the examination confirmed that the project complies with the standard.

In connection with this discrepancy, some experts express the opinion that heat consumption is overestimated due to the fact that:

1. the basic indicators of specific annual heat consumption for heating apartment buildings were incorrectly determined due to the adoption of overestimated values ​​of household heat release in apartments;
2. the actual heat transfer resistance of the external walls has been reduced by 50% compared to the values ​​specified in the project. This fact was allegedly revealed during a thermal imaging examination;
3. Residents have no motivation to save energy due to the lack of individual heat energy meters for heating, which are required to be installed under Russian law before July 1, 2012.

Regarding the first unsubstantiated doubt about the value of household heat emission recommended by domestic regulatory documents, I refer you to, where the specific indicators laid down in SNiP II-33-75 “Heating...” and confirmed by 40 years of practice in the operation of residential buildings, as well as those adjusted to modern ones, are substantiated conditions and given in SNiP 02/23/2003 “Thermal protection of buildings”, and their coincidence with European standards ISO 13790:2008 k.

Table 1. Comparison of the design and required values ​​of specific heat energy consumption for heating for residential buildings of standard series for the heating period with the actual heat consumption of 149 houses from and 42 from - (from the report).

Notes

* - according to the Moscow Construction Catalog (means 17 floors);

Buildings made with insulation of the outer shell in accordance with SNiP 02/23/2003 are highlighted in bold.

The second statement made by the State Budgetary Institution TsEIIS, about the real reduction in the reduced heat transfer resistance of the walls of houses built after 2000, in particular, residential buildings of the P44 standard series by 50-60% compared to those included in the project, cannot be taken into account, because:

• firstly, thermal imaging examination allows to reveal only a qualitative picture of local areas of increased heat transfer of external fences, but cannot estimate with sufficient accuracy the quantitative indicator of the reduced resistance to heat transfer of a wall fragment, and the methodology used by the State Budgetary Institution TsEIIS is not certified by Rosstandart;
• secondly, the design organization of the State Unitary Enterprise "MNIITEP" took the values ​​of the heat transfer resistance of the walls of houses of the P44 series on the instructions of OJSC "DSK-1" on the basis of laboratory tests of wall fragments, repeatedly carried out by the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy" in more sterile conditions than obtained during field tests.

Methodology for analyzing the results of field measurements

U I affirm that the overestimated heat consumption of buildings is mainly associated with artificial overheating of buildings, and the authors of the report, who conducted the latest surveys, could themselves come to this conclusion if, when assessing heat consumption, they strictly followed the instructions of GOST 31168-2003 “Residential buildings. Method for determining specific heat energy consumption for heating.”

This GOST establishes a method for determining, under natural conditions for all constructed and operating residential buildings, the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating, including heating of air infiltrated as a result of natural ventilation, and its comparison with a standardized indicator. To do this, in accordance with clause 9.7, the measurement results for several days or for a period of a month (to reduce the influence of changes associated with the dynamic nature of the ongoing heat exchange processes) are plotted on a graph in a rectangular coordinate system, the abscissa of which displays the difference in averages for a given period air temperatures inside and outside the building, and along the ordinate - the thermal energy consumption for heating measured over the same period, per hour (divided by the number of hours of the period), and compared with the calculated dependence of the same parameters, satisfying the standardized (design) indicators energy efficiency.

The calculated dependence is based on the estimated heat consumption for heating, determined at the outside air temperature calculated for heating design, without taking into account the reserve in the heating surface of heating devices, and taking into account the increasing share of household heat input in the heat balance of the house with an increase in outside air temperature according to the "Calculation Guide" heat loss of premises and heat load on the heating system of residential and public buildings" R NP "AVOK" 2.3-2012. Recognizing the priority of the author and his 40 years of experience in implementing this solution, as well as for the sake of brevity, the editors of the ABOK magazine called this dependence the “Livchak graph” (No. 1-2014).

When constructing this relationship for apartment buildings designed according to the requirements of MGSN 2.01-99 and the ABOK Guide, zero heat consumption for heating will be at an outside air temperature of +12°C. The average air temperature inside the house in accordance with clause 9.2 of the above GOST and taking into account clause 5.1 of SNiP 41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning” during the cold season of the year should be taken in the serviced area of ​​residential premises as the minimum of the optimal temperatures according to GOST 30494 - tvn= 20°C 2 .

To demonstrate what has been said, we will use the results of tests carried out during the 2009-2010 heating season. on the initiative of Moskomekspertiza and the Moscow Mayor's Office with the support of the Department of Capital Repairs of the Housing Fund of Moscow and the Prefecture of the South-Western Administrative District on 8 residential buildings of series II-18-01/12 at st. Obruchev, in which a comprehensive overhaul was carried out, including insulation of walls up to R st. pr = 3.06 m 2 °C/W, replacing windows with more airtight ones with R approx. pr = 0.55 m 2 °C/W, replacement of the heating system with heating devices equipped with thermostats, and installation of an automated control unit (ACU) for supplying heat to the heating system of the building.

The heating systems were replaced in the summer of 2008-2009, the insulation of buildings was completed: houses 47, 49, 53, 57, 59, 61 - in the winter of 2008-2009, 51 and 63 - in the winter of 2009-2010. At house 57 on the street. Obruchev On November 18, 2009, heat was supplied for heating according to the calculated dependence described above (it is shown how the controller had to be reconfigured), and in houses 47, 49 and 61 of the same series, the ACU controllers were turned on to maintain the design temperature schedule , in houses 51 and 63 the ACU had not yet been installed; the heat supply was regulated in the central heating substation, to which all the listed buildings were connected. Results of measurements of heat consumption of the heating system of the desired houses on the street. Obruchev from October 1 to April 30, 2010, when the average daily outside temperature changed from +12.8°C to -23.1°C, were obtained by processing measurements of house heat meters, a printout of which was provided by MOEK. The results of processing average monthly indicators are presented in summary table 2 (houses 53 and 59 were excluded due to failures in the operation of the control unit described in).

Table 2. Results of processing measurements of heat consumption by heating systems of houses of series II-18-01/12 in Moscow on Obrucheva Street for the heating period 2009-2010.

Based on the measurement results, graphs (Fig. 1) were constructed of changes in the average hourly actual heat consumption of the heating systems of the listed buildings for each month of the heating period, depending on the difference in the monthly average air temperatures inside and outside the building in accordance with the recommendations of GOST 31168-2003. In accordance with MGSN 2.01-99 required calculated heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of a house series II-18-01/12 will be Qfrom.tr.R= 175.7 kW. This value is calculated taking into account:

Rice. 1. Results of measuring actual heat consumption for heating houses of series II-18-01/12 in Moscow on the street. Obruchev in the heating season 2009-10. and calculated dependences of the change in heat consumption for heating Qot, kW on the temperature difference inside and outside the building tв - tн, °С (measurement results are marked with symbols: monthly averages for houses 47, 49, 61, 51, 63 and for several days at house 57; lines depending on the change in heat consumption for heating: 1 - calculated required consumption; 2 - summarizing the results of measurements of the house 57; 3 - calculated according to the project; 4 - summarizing the measurements of houses 51, 63).

Design calculated heat energy consumption for heating and ventilation of a house of this series, taking into account a 5% surcharge to the calculated heat losses of the tower building (from the project) for heat losses by pipelines laid in unheated rooms (the remaining additional and additional heat losses are taken into account when selecting the heating area of ​​heating devices) is Qfrom.pr.R= 195.4*1.05 = 205.2 kW.

Respectively design margin in the heating surface of heating devices will To the spare = Qfrom.pr.R/ Qfrom.tr.R = 205,2/175,7 = 1,17.

Taking into account this reserve, the calculated parameters of the coolant in the supply and return pipelines of the heating system were recalculated to establish the required temperature schedule set to maintain the ACU controller 3 .

In Fig.1 line 1 shows the calculated dependence of the change in heat consumption for heating and ventilation in accordance with GOST 31168-2003, satisfying optimal heat consumption, built using two reference points with the following coordinates:

• heat consumption equal to Qfrom.tr.R= 175.7 kW at design outside temperature tnR= -26°С (in coordinates tV- tn= 20 - (-26) = 46°C);
• zero heat consumption at tn= 12°С ( tV- tn= 20 - 12 = 8°C).

Line 3 - design dependence of changes in heat consumption for heating and ventilation, corresponding to the calculated heat consumption equal to Qfrom.pr.R= 205.2 kW and zero heat consumption at tn = tV= 18°С ( tV- tn= 20 - 18 = 2°С), to maintain which, in accordance with the project, the controller was configured in houses 47, 49, 61. This line coincided with the generalized dependence of the linear approximation of the actual measurements of the heat consumption of these houses for heating for each month of the heating period (indicated in the figure with orange icons), shown in Table 2 for each house (in the denominator) and referred to one hour.

The green triangles in Fig. 1 showresults of the same measurements over a shorter period in several days, if possible excluding transition periods of the influence of dynamic processes, house 57, configured to an optimal operating mode, at the same time ensuring the maintenance of a given internal air temperature of 20 ° C and standard air exchange. It should be noted that in the zone of maintaining the required heat consumption less than 20% of the calculated one, the automation worked unstably, falling into a 2-position operating mode (closed-half-open), which caused residents to complain about “cold radiators,” although the temperature inside the premises did not drop below 21°C. The arrow shows how after 27.03 at tn= +6°C the controller was manually transferred from the optimal operating mode to the design one.

The actual heat consumption for heating house 57 is approximated by line 2, which is higher than the calculated dependence built into the controller for maintenance by (186-175.7) * 100/ 175.7 = 6%. As it turned out later, this was due to the residents’ initiative to increase the heating area of ​​the heating devices beyond the design, which, when using cast iron radiators as heating devices, does not cause difficulties, since it does not require welding. The residents’ motives are quite understandable: firstly, when fewer radiator sections are installed under your window than there were before the renovation, this rightly arouses mistrust, and secondly, 2-3 radiator sections up to 0.2 m wide look very lonely in a niche under the window in the kitchen, which has a width of 1.2-1.5 m, of course, in this case it is necessary to install an appliance with a lower thermal density.

But, since the increase in the heating area of ​​heating devices beyond the project was carried out by residents of only individual apartments, this reserve cannot be eliminated centrally. This overheating will occur until the residents who violated the conditions of cohabitation are obliged to restore the common use system of the entire house, which is the heating system with heating appliances, to its design condition.

Line 4 summarizes the actual heat consumption indicators houses 51 and 63, in which repair work has not yet been completed. Under design conditions, the estimated heat consumption for heating exceeded the design value of houses with major repairs by (290-205) * 100/205 = 40%.

Evaluation of the experiment

Let's move on to evaluating the experiment based on the indicator specific annual thermal energy consumption for heating, related to 1 m 2 of apartment area, symbolizing the energy efficiency of an apartment building. As mentioned above, the standard value in accordance with the requirements of MGSN 2.01-99 is 95 kWh/m 2, and the examination confirmed that the project complies with the standard requirement. According to the final row of the table. 2 actual specific heat energy consumption for heating house 57, recalculated to the standard heating period according to MGSN 2.01-99 and SNiP 23-02-2003 (GSOP = 4943 °C. day) is 118 kWh/m 2.

If we determine the actual heat consumption of house 57 only by periods of operation of the controller without deviations from the set mode lasting 4 months, then the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating for the standard heating period would be 99.5 kWh/m 2. And if we also take into account the 6% real increase in the heating surface of heating devices compared to the design, recorded by the relevant acts when walking around apartments, then the actual heat consumption of the house would be even lower than the standard. This convincingly proves that the standardized energy efficiency value for standard series houses is quite achievable. The average specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating for 3 houses of the same series, but the heat supply in which was carried out according to design parameters, was 140 kWh/m 2 or (140-95) * 100/95 = 47% more normative significance. Almost the same result as shown in Table 1.

It is curious that in the next heating season 2010-11. Moskomekspertiza was removed from continuing the experiment, despite the fact that it submitted documentation to expand it to all 8 houses, developed a methodology for setting up ACU controllers and heating circulation pumps, and proposed moving the hot water preparation unit as an extension of the experiment in order to achieve energy savings on hot water supply from central heating centers to residential buildings. But everything was in vain - the experiment was abandoned. As a result, the actual specific consumption of thermal energy for heating for 2010-2011. house 57, recalculated for the standard heating period (for correct comparison), amounted to 148 kWh/m2, houses 47, 49, 61 - 182 kWh/m2, houses 51, 63 - 202 kWh/m2 . The return water temperature in these same houses is almost always too high by more than 10°C, which is very high and indicates that the heating circulation pumps were operating at excessive speed. In house 57, it is not at all clear how the regulator worked: regardless of the change in outside air temperature from 3.8 to -11°C, the heat consumption practically did not change.

conclusions

Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that energy saving is clearly neglected in the operation of the city’s housing stock. This cannot be attributed to chance, since it was already demonstrated in the previous heating season how correct By setting up the ACU controller, you can achieve the estimated heat savings for heating.

If we really want to save energy, it is necessary to optimize the settings of the controllers and the operating mode of the heating circulation pump in the installed ACU, install them in all residential buildings built after 2000, and actually begin transferring hot water preparation units from the central heating substation to the heating substation, which will significantly reduce losses heat in the domestic hot water system and electricity for pumping hot water.

This must be done primarily in buildings built after 2000, because the results of comparing the actual heat consumption of residential buildings of the main standard series with their design values ​​and the required values, calculated using a unified methodology, given in Table 1, turned out to be quite unexpected: actual heat consumption buildings designed before 2000 are below the expected design value by more than 20%, but close to the required, and after 2000, despite the presence of thermostats in the heating system, it exceeds the required by 40-60%. The calculated design heat output of the heating system significantly exceeds the required one, based on ensuring a comfortable microclimate and standard air exchange in the apartments. This indicates the need to revise the existing methodology for calculating heating systems to that recommended in R NP "ABOK" R NP "ABOK" 2.3-2012.

Graphic confirmation is shown in Fig. 2, where graphs of changes in specific heat energy consumption for heating during the heating period are presented over time:

1 - design, built on the basis of the design load specified by the project with its change depending on the outside temperature in accordance with Appendix 22 of SNiP 2.04.07-86 “Heating networks”, as in schedule 3 of Fig. 1 (blue line). The calculated load is taken from the project or from the territorial construction catalog plus a seven percent surcharge for multi-section buildings for heat loss by distribution pipelines laid in unheated rooms from the input point;

2 - required, built on the basis of the achieved value of heat transfer resistance of external fences, ensuring standard air exchange in apartments and taking into account heat input from internal (household) heat releases in the amount of 85% of the calculated value, but without taking into account heat input from solar radiation, as in schedule 1 Fig. 1, (burgundy line);

3 - actual heat consumption by the heating system from (green line), measured by a heat meter and recalculated to the standard value of the degree-day of the heating period.

Figure 2. Specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period in buildings of series II-49 and P-44, kWh/m 2

From Fig. 2 and Table 1 it is clear that:

1. Before the release of SNiP II-33-75, the design and required specific heat energy consumption for heating during the heating period were close (series II-49 and II-57). This is due to the fact that when calculating the heating system until 1975, household heat gains were not taken into account, and heat losses through infiltration were assumed to be only 8% of heat losses through external fences.

2. In the years following 1975, the design consumption for the heating period was 25-30% higher than required. This was due to taking into account, when determining the final increase in the heat balance of the house, the share of household heat inputs with an increase in the outside air temperature above the design one, 3. According to projects in 2000, in which the thermal protection of fences was sharply increased, the design heat consumption for heating was exceeded during the heating period above the required amount was for the P-3M series - 146 / 86 = 1.7 times, P-46M - 175 / 97 = 1.8 times, P-44T - 212 / 105 = 2 times.

The comparison is made based on heat consumption during the heating period, and not on calculated values ​​due to the fact that the measurement of the consumed amount of energy can only be carried out over a certain period of time. This is also confirmed by Table 1, which provides a comparison of the design and required specific heat energy consumption for heating during the heating period of residential buildings of standard series with actual heat consumption, recalculated to the standard value of degree-days for the heating period from , which also includes measurement results from the report of the State Unitary Enterprise "NIIMosstroy" ".

With regard to the estimated consumption of thermal energy for heating, determined at the outside air temperature calculated for heating design, it should be noted that in houses designed after 1975, there is a margin of thermal performance of the heating system amounting to 7-11%, and in houses after 2000 years, when the requirements for increasing the thermal protection of buildings sharply increased, the reserve increased by 25% in the P-3M series, by 37% in the P-46M series and up to 51% in the P-44T series (3rd column of Table 1). It is this reserve that causes excessive consumption of thermal energy for heating if it is not taken into account when setting up the controller of the automatic regulator of heat supply for heating and choosing the performance of the circulation pump, and the accepted values ​​of household heat input are once again confirmed by the convergence of test results and calculations.

Moreover, as was shown in, neither thermostats on heating devices, nor balancing valves in the bases of heating system risers affect the increase in energy efficiency of buildings - only the forced adjustment of the heating system to the optimal operating mode by the ACU or ITP controller. Please note that when thermostat manufacturers indicate the percentage of energy savings from their installation, the circuit always contains an ACU, which actually provides these savings. The figure shows that at first the ACU worked in operating mode, the actual heat consumption for heating corresponded to the required one, but then the ACU automation was turned off, the coolant flow for heating increased almost 2 times, the heat consumption consumed by the heating system increased by 40- 50% compared to the required - thermostats could not remove this overheating. And only when the automation at the ACU was turned on again, the heat consumption was restored to the design value.

Conclusion

If the interests of residents, the management company and the heat supply coincide, Houses organization investments made in complex major repairs will pay for themselves in a reasonable time, and in new construction we can be sure that the task of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings is low-cost and within the time frame set by the Russian Government (PPR-No. 18 dated January 25, 2011). The overestimated heat consumption for heating residential buildings of energy-efficient standard series obtained in most field measurements compared to the design is not due to design and installation errors, but to incorrect settings of the controller that controls the supply of heat for heating in the ACU or ITP, and the incorrect choice of the circulation speed (circulating - mixing) heating pump. The article provides an example of how, under operating conditions in the presence of an ITP or ACU, without additional material costs, it is possible to reduce the excessive heat consumption of an apartment building to standard values.

Notes:

1 Measurements in 149 houses were carried out by NP "ABOK" in 2008, in 42 houses in 2009-2011. taken from the report (in Table 1 marked with the words “from the report”).

3 Details of why there was a hidden reserve in the project, how to calculate the optimal heat supply schedule and how to configure the controller to maintain it are described in.

Literature

1. Matrosov Yu.A., Livchak V.I., Shchipanov Yu.B. Energy saving in buildings. New MGSN 2.01-99 require the design of energy efficient buildings. "Energy Saving", No. 2-1999.

2. Livchak V.I. Rationale for calculating specific heat consumption indicators for heating multi-storey residential buildings. "ABOK", No. 2-2005.

3. Livchak V.I. Actual heat consumption of buildings as an indicator of the quality and reliability of design. "ABOK", No. 2-2009.

4. Report of the State Unitary Enterprise “NIIMosstroy” Analysis of energy consumption of commissioned residential buildings. 2013, the results of which were reported on May 22, 2014 at the meeting of the section “Energy Efficient Housing Construction” of the Joint Scientific and Technical Council on Urban Planning Policy and Construction of Moscow, on the topic Reasons for the increased energy consumption of operating residential buildings

5. Livchak V.I. Accounting for internal heat gains in residential buildings. "ABOK", No. 6-2013.

6. Livchak V.I. Harmonization of the initial data of Russian standards that determine the amount of internal heat input with European standards . "ABOK", No. 1-2014.

7. Livchak V.I. Thermal imaging cannot replace thermal testing of buildings. “Energy Saving”, No. 5-2006.

8. Livchak V.I. A real way to increase energy efficiency by insulating buildings. "ABOK", No. 3-2010.

9. Livchak V.I., Zabegin A.D. Bridging the gap between energy saving policies and real energy savings. "Energy Saving", No. 4-2011.

10. Livchak V.I. There are some doubts about the validity of energy efficiency basic principles of automation of water heating systems. “Heat supply news”, No. 6-2012.

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Coursework assignment

MOSCOW STATEPARENTAL REGIONAL UNIVERSITY

Institute of Economics, Management and Law

Department of Social Sciences and Public Administration

Specialty: “state and municipalcontrol panel" - 080504.65

COURSESAND IWORKSA

Topic: Energy saving in an apartment building

4th year students,

full-time education

Shavkun Evgenia

Alexandrovna

Moscow

Initial data for work:

Scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, as well as legislative acts of the Russian Federation

1. Theoretical foundations: scientific works of domestic authors (S.P. Koval, A.A. Zhukov, A.A. Oputin, E.G. Rozhkova, S.L. Shestakov), as well as legislative acts of the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation , Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”, etc.).

2. Methodological foundations: general scientific and special principles and methods of the subject under study.

List of graphic material:

1 chart, 1 table, 1 figure

Deadline for the student to submit the finished work:

Date of assignment issue: “_”_20_

Course work supervisor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor G.I. Caves

The task was accepted for execution:

Calendar plan

Essay

Course work on the topic: “Energy saving in an apartment building using the example of Moscow” contains pages, incl. 1 diagram, 1 drawing, 1 diagram and 1 table. 32 sources were used when writing the work.

List of keywords characterizing the content of this work: large city, energy efficiency, energy saving, local government, organization of management of an apartment building.

Relevance work is due to:

Ш Increasing attention to solving pressing environmental problems;

Ш The need to form and support the project “Support for Home Owners”;

Ш The need to find new effective ways to develop the concept of energy efficiency and energy saving for the management of apartment buildings.

Object Research course work on the system of state and municipal government is an apartment building as an element of the system of a large city.

Subject, due to the specifics of the discipline, are the principles and features of the organization of management of an apartment building.

Scope of the study limited to a study of the principles and features of the organization of energy efficiency and energy saving on the scale of the city of Moscow for the period from 2009 to 2014.

The theoretical foundations of the study are:

Scientific works of domestic and foreign authors (Theoretical foundations: scientific works of domestic authors (S.P. Koval, A.A. Zhukov, A.A. Oputin, E.G. Rozhkova, S.L. Shestakova), as well as legislative acts of the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”, etc.).

The methodological basis of the study is:

General scientific and special principles and methods of the subject under study.

To work on this problem, the main source of research was used - Federal Law dated November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency”

efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation,” etc.

Purpose of the course work is presented by a study of the theoretical and legal foundations of energy saving and energy efficiency in large cities, the development and systematization of the acquired knowledge and conclusions, as well as proposals for improving the identified problems in this area.

Main objectives of the course work:

In the first chapter The study examined the theoretical basis for solving the environmental issue: the essence and characteristics, as well as the methodological and legal basis for organizing the management of program documents in the field of energy saving.

In the second chapter the organization and management features of apartment buildings in Moscow are analyzed in relation to the implementation of energy-saving technologies.

Chapter Three The course work is devoted to problems in organizing the management of energy saving and energy efficiency projects in the city of Moscow, as well as proposals for improving the management system in apartment buildings within the city.

Main results of the work:

Based on the study, we can conclude that a feature of the management of apartment buildings in Moscow is considered to be the relationship between local government institutions and the public. On the one hand, Moscow is a subject of the Russian Federation, a city of federal significance, on the other, it is an urban settlement.

The problems of organizing the management of apartment buildings in the city arise from this feature. Moscow.

The main ones:

1. From a social point of view, the weak regulatory framework of local government, which does not allow homeowners to fully satisfy economic needs when carrying out energy-saving measures.

2. From the economic aspect, there are acute problems in financing and co-financing activities aimed at obtaining an energy-saving effect in apartment buildings, collecting taxes from small businesses participating in energy-saving measures.

3. From a political point of view, it is necessary to clearly delineate the powers of state authorities and local governments.

To solve these problems, a comprehensive program for the development of energy saving in the city of Moscow is needed, including:

Development of the structure of proposed energy-saving measures;

Acceleration and development of financing mechanisms, co-financing the activities of local governments in the implementation of energy saving measures in the city of Moscow, ensuring maximum interest in achieving a comfortable stay for residents of the capital in their own housing;

Organization of support and active participation of homeowners in the city of Moscow through the development of various forms of self-organization and self-government in the implementation of planned activities.

Efficiency The proposed practical recommendations are determined by:

in the political sphere - for Russia, energy security means ensuring the growing domestic demand for energy resources through more efficient use of the energy that is already produced, and not through increasing the extraction of fuel resources and the construction of new generating capacities.;

in the social sphere, improving the standard of living of the population;

in the economic sphere, an increase in the revenue side of the local budget of Moscow.

Introduction

Energy saving has become a pressing issue for the whole world in the last twenty to thirty years. The world community is concerned that human activities are destroying the environment, changing the climate and leading to the depletion of non-renewable natural energy resources. Growing energy consumption, climate change and environmental problems are closely related, since energy production by burning fossil fuels is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect. Atmospheric pollution with harmful substances - products of fuel combustion, is one of the main negative factors affecting the health of the planet's population. In order to slow down global climate change and reduce harm to public health, international agreements are being adopted to reduce emissions into the atmosphere. An example of such an agreement is the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, December 11, 1997), according to which industrialized countries voluntarily assumed obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The main subject of regulation of the Protocol is measures to reduce CO2 emissions, in connection with which measures not to increase traditional energy capacities, but to use energy-saving technologies and renewable energy resources, are of particular importance.

Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol on November 4, 2004, thereby demonstrating its desire to take part in solving the global problem of climate change by the world community. Our country has pledged not to exceed in 2008-2012. (first period of the Kyoto Protocol) 1990 emission levels. In fact, in 2007 emissions were only 77% of 1990 levels. There is reason to believe that Russia is guaranteed to fulfill its obligations under the Kyoto Protocol.

On an industrial scale, Russia ranks third in the world in terms of energy efficiency. One of the main tasks facing large cities is the issue of energy saving at the level of homeowners, since more than one third of CO2 emissions come from heat stations that ensure the life of Russian cities.

At present, there are practically no serious studies that actually determine the problem of using energy saving in the housing and communal services reform system.

There is an urgent need to study these issues, the results of which could create the basis for further practical steps to create adequate energy efficiency mechanisms in cities of federal significance.

To work on this problem, the main source of research was used - Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”, etc.

The purpose of the course work is presented by the study of the theoretical and legal foundations of energy saving and energy efficiency in large cities, the development and systematization of the acquired knowledge and conclusions, as well as proposals for improving the identified problems in this area.

Coursework objectives:

1. Define theoretical concepts.

2. Outline methodological approaches in managing an apartment building.

3. Identify the legal basis for energy saving.

4. Characterize the organization of energy efficiency in an apartment building.

5. Identify the features of organizing the management of apartment buildings in Moscow

6. Identify the problems of organizing management in Moscow.

7. Propose measures to improve the organization of management in Moscow.

A special feature of the course work was the fact that the problem of energy saving in apartment buildings was considered not just in a large city, but in a city of federal significance.

Chapter 1. The essence and methods of energy saving in apartment buildings, legal framework in the organization of energy efficiency in the Russian Federation

1.1 Concepts of “energy saving” and energy efficiency process management

The relevance of energy saving on a national scale at the level of individual states is associated both with the need to improve the environment (reduce emissions of pollutants) and with ensuring energy security and the competitiveness of national economies. At the same time, for countries with limited own reserves of fossil fuel resources, energy security means preventing the economy from becoming dependent on fuel imports (for example, currently the countries of the European Union import about 50% of the gas they need, and according to expert estimates, by 2030 they will import 84% ).In order to reduce the economy's dependence on fuel imports while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions, many countries are making the transition to renewable energy sources a policy priority.

For resource-producing countries, including For Russia, energy security means meeting growing domestic demand for energy resources through more efficient use of the energy that is already produced, and not through increasing the extraction of fuel resources and building new generating capacities. Russia ranks third in the world in absolute terms of total energy consumption (after the United States and China), and at the same time, among the ten largest energy consumer countries, it has the highest level of energy intensity: it spends more energy per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) than any of the these countries. Obviously, the high indicator of energy intensity - the amount of energy expended per unit of output or work performed - is due to the fact that a significant part of the territory of Russia is located in cold climatic zones, a number of settlements are located in the coldest regions of the planet and the country's economy is dominated by heavy industry . However, according to experts, even if we take into account the totality of all these factors, energy consumption in Russia is still approximately 20% higher than in other countries with similar income levels, territory, climatic characteristics and industrial structure.

High energy intensity indicates inefficient use of energy resources and has a negative impact on the Russian economy, its energy security, and the environment.

1.2 Energy saving in an apartment building

As experts note, the potential for reducing energy intensity in Russia is so great that its implementation could lead to savings of 45% of total energy consumption (and, accordingly, a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 50%) in 2015. At the same time, investments in energy efficiency can ensure a reduction in energy intensity and satisfy the growing demand for energy resources at costs three times less than the capital investments required for the construction of new generating capacities. The main legislative act of the Russian Federation in the field of energy efficiency is the Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “ On energy saving and on increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation,” which establishes that the object of state regulation in the field of energy saving is relations arising in the process of activities aimed at:

-efficient use of energy resources during their extraction, production, processing, transportation, storage and consumption;

-implementation of state supervision over the efficient use of energy resources;

-development of extraction and production of alternative fuels that can replace energy resources of more expensive and scarce types;

-creation and use of energy-efficient technologies, energy-consuming and diagnostic equipment, structural and insulating materials, devices for accounting for the consumption of energy resources and for monitoring their use, automated energy management systems;

- ensuring accuracy, reliability and uniformity of measurement in terms of accounting for supplied and consumed energy resources.

1.3 Legal framework for managing apartment buildings in the Russian Federation

The management of apartment buildings in Russia is carried out by local government bodies, which are vested with powers to resolve issues of local importance and are not part of the system of government bodies. Local self-government in the Russian Federation is an independent activity of the population recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to resolve directly or through local government bodies issues of local importance, based on the interests of the population, its historical and other local traditions. Issues of local importance are issues of direct support for the livelihoods of the population.

The main regulatory documents that today regulate the process of managing apartment buildings are the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Laws “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation”, “Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation”, “Housing Code of the Russian Federation”

The democratization of society, creating space for action by homeowners, also determines the need to develop a policy for the management of apartment buildings. City policies that currently guide the management of multi-apartment development include:

· determination of the goals and interests of homeowners;

· determination of the specifics of social, historical, economic, demographic, natural, urban planning and other conditions for the development of the city, when planning and constructing housing complexes;

· coordination of the interests of homeowners with the interests of management companies in the housing and communal services sector;

· control over compliance with the interests of homeowners.

Constitution of the Russian Federation on local self-government. Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the fundamental principles of local self-government:

independence of the population in resolving issues of local importance through direct expression of will (referendums, elections, etc.) or through elected and other local government bodies (Article 130);

implementation of self-government within certain territories (urban, rural settlements, other territories); independence of the population in determining the structure of local government bodies; taking into account the opinion of the population of the relevant territories when changing their borders (Article 131);

independence of local government bodies in resolving economic and other issues of local importance (Part 1 of Article 132);

vesting local government bodies with certain state powers and transferring to them the necessary material and financial resources for this; control over the implementation of these powers by the state (Part 2 of Article 132);

state guarantees of local self-government in the Russian Federation, including the rights to judicial protection and compensation for additional expenses arising as a result of decisions taken by government bodies; ban on restricting the rights of local self-government established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws (Article 132).

Federal Law “Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation”. The Code regulates relations in the field of creating a settlement system, urban planning, development, improvement of urban and rural settlements, development of their engineering, transport and social infrastructures, rational management of natural resources, preservation of historical and cultural heritage sites and protection of the natural environment in order to ensure favorable living conditions for the population . The law proclaims a more complete account of the interests of cities and urban communities than previously in master plans, however, at the same time, it is emphasized that the master plan is being developed in accordance with duly approved urban planning documentation at the federal level and the level of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation.” The basic law that regulates the legal space for managing and planning urban development is the Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation.” In Russia today, essentially, there is a process of revival and formation of the system of local self-government, its organizational forms, the content of which is determined, on the one hand, by the democratic federal structure of the Russian state, its legal system, and, on the other hand, by historical, geographical, demographic and other regional characteristics of the republics and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The removal of local self-government from the system of state power, proclaimed in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and confirmed in the Federal Law “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation,” represents a fundamental change in the system of city management. It allows, on a constitutional basis, to ensure that Russian citizens independently resolve issues of local importance.

Federal Law “Housing Code of the Russian Federation”. The Code regulates relations in the field of creating a system of powers of local governments in the field of housing relations.

Thus, energy efficiency is a serious government issue. Methods for managing apartment buildings should be based not only on the specifics of the city as a whole, but also take into account all the features of the interaction components.

The management process is regulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Laws “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation”, “Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation”, “Housing Code of the Russian Federation”.

Chapter 2. Organization and features of local government of the city of Moscow

2.1 Characteristics of the organization of local government in Moscow

The process of establishing local self-government in Moscow can be divided into three stages. At the first stage, which lasted from 1995 to 2001, the Moscow authorities combined the functions of state power and local government. At the district level, district administrations were created, the status of which was not fully determined until 2000. The second stage began with decisions of the Moscow City Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, which established that a number of articles of Moscow laws contradict federal legislation, and recognized that district administrations are local government bodies. The third stage began in 2002 with the adoption of the Law “On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow” and the creation at the district level, on the one hand, of local government bodies - district assemblies with a limited list of powers and financial resources, and on the other - district administrations - territorial bodies of state power of the capital .

In Law No. 131 - Federal Law “On the General Principles of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation”, the managed units of which local government is exercised are the intracity territory of a city of federal significance. Moscow City Law “On the Organization of Local Self-Government in the City of Moscow” (as amended by the Laws of Moscow dated 12.03.2003 N 16, dated 14.05.2003 N 25, dated 31.05.2006 N 22) and the Charter of the City of Moscow, adopted on June 28, 1995, establish the principles and procedure for organizing local government in the city of Moscow, its legal, territorial and financial economic foundations, state guarantees for its implementation.

The territorial division of Moscow is a system of territorial units within the city's borders. The territorial units of Moscow are districts and administrative districts, which have names and boundaries fixed by the legal acts of the city. Moscow is divided into ten administrative districts, of which only one (Zelenogradsky) is located entirely outside the Ring Road:

1. Central administrative district

2. Northern administrative district

3. North-Eastern Administrative District

4. Eastern administrative district

5. South-Eastern Administrative District

6. Southern Administrative District

7. Southwestern Administrative District

8. Western Administrative District

9. Northwestern Administrative District

10. Zelenograd administrative districtAppendix 2

Each district is a territorial unit of the city and is formed to manage the corresponding part of the city, coordinate the activities of the administrations included in the district, and the territorial divisions and sectoral services of the city administration.

Administrative districts are divided into districts. Along with districts, districts may include territorial units with a special status. For example, Moscow City Law No. 13 of March 10, 1999 “On territorial units with a special status in the city of Moscow” defines the special legal and economic status of the territorial unit with a special status “South-Western Research and Production Center”.

In Moscow, a system has been created that includes three levels of government bodies and a network of local governments at the district level. City government bodies are:

1. at the city level: the Moscow City Duma and the Moscow government under the leadership of the mayor of Moscow;

2. at the level of administrative districts: prefectures - territorial executive authorities of Moscow, subordinate to the Moscow government and headed by prefects of administrative districts with the rank of ministers of the Moscow government, appointed and dismissed by decree of the mayor of Moscow;

3. at the level of city districts - district councils as territorial executive authorities. The city has established 125 Moscow District Administrations with a total number of employees of 4,396 people.

Local government bodies in the Moscow municipality are:

1. Municipal Assembly is a representative body of local self-government,

2. Municipality - executive and administrative body, other local government bodies formed in accordance with the charter of the municipality. Appendix 3

The highest legislative body of Moscow is the Moscow City Duma. The Duma is, on the one hand, a representative body of city government, and, on the other hand, it is a representative and legislative body of state power. The Duma includes 35 deputies elected by the population of Moscow for 4 years and working on a professional (permanent) basis.

The executive body of city government and the executive body of state power is the Moscow Administration or City Hall, which is a very complex management mechanism. It includes the Moscow Government, the Administration, sectoral and functional bodies of the City Hall, as well as prefects of administrative districts and other officials and bodies. The city administration is headed by the Mayor of Moscow. He directly or through the city executive authorities solves the problems of socio-economic development of the capital, manages the city economy, and performs other executive and distribution functions within the limits of his powers. Within the limits of his competence, the mayor issues decrees and orders that are binding throughout the city and monitors their implementation.

The Moscow Government is the highest permanent collegial body of the city's executive power, which has general competence and ensures the coordinated activities of other executive bodies of the city of Moscow. The Moscow Government is authorized to resolve all issues of public administration falling within the jurisdiction of the executive power of the city of Moscow, except for those that, according to federal legislation and the legislation of the city of Moscow, fall within the competence of the federal executive authorities and the mayor of Moscow.

In the power structure of Moscow, one can distinguish a subsystem of government bodies and a subsystem of local government bodies. The government bodies of the city of Moscow (as a subject of the Russian Federation) are represented at three levels: city (mayor and Government of Moscow), district (prefectures of administrative districts) and district (district governments). The structure of the executive authorities of the city of Moscow, subordinate to the Moscow Government, also includes sectoral and functional executive authorities of the city, which exercise executive and administrative functions in certain industries and areas of activity of the city. To coordinate the activities of city executive authorities subordinate to the Government, city management complexes may be created.

Local government bodies exist today in Moscow only at the district level. These are municipal assemblies (representative bodies of local government) and municipalities (executive and administrative bodies of local government).

In Moscow, in accordance with the Moscow City Law of June 5, 1995 N 1347, 10 administrative districts were formed. Each district is a territorial unit of the city and is formed to manage the corresponding part of the city, coordinate the activities of the administrations included in the district, and the territorial divisions and sectoral services of the city administration. In addition, the district prefect controls the implementation of the city's legal acts. Along with 125 districts, districts may include territorial units with a special status.

In the regions of Moscow, the city administration has its own territorial divisions, called district administrations. They are also the regional authorities.

The district administration consists of the district assembly and the head of the administration, who heads the assembly and administration of the district. The district assembly is elected for a term of two years and consists of councilors. Advisors exercise their powers as a public and honorable assignment without leaving their permanent place of work. The head of the district government is elected by the councilors of the district assembly on the proposal of the Mayor and can be dismissed by him from office independently or on the initiative of the prefect of the administrative district or the councilors of the assembly. The head of the council is an ex-officio member of the district assembly with the right to a decisive vote and presides over its meetings. He also ensures the work of the district assembly and, in fact, manages it.

The general picture of the organization of power and local self-government in Moscow will not be complete, if not to mention territorial public self-government. The main subject of territorial public self-government is the territorial community - a voluntary, self-governing, non-membership non-profit organization created by residents of a microdistrict, block, street, yard, houses and other residential complex to resolve issues provided for by the charter of the territorial community. The main body of territorial public self-government is the assembly. Even lower, there are house committees (house committees), HOAs (homeowners' associations), and housing cooperatives (housing construction cooperatives). In addition, various public organizations and citizen movements operate in Moscow.

Thus, it should be noted that in Moscow there are four levels of territorial government: city, administrative district, district, territorial community. Each of them should ideally fulfill, where possible, clearly defined responsibilities in specific areas. There is an array of regulatory legal acts of the city of Moscow, which have the main goal of optimizing legal relations between these levels, but they require legal revision.

2.2 Features of the implementation of local government in the city of Moscow

Since the adoption of Moscow City Law No. 56 of November 6, 2002 “On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow,” local self-government in the city has confidently taken its allotted place in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The peculiarities of local self-government in Moscow are that the list of issues of local importance, sources of income for local budgets, and the composition of municipal property are established by the laws of the city of Moscow, based on the need to preserve a unified city economy.

The territory of intra-city municipalities in which local self-government is exercised coincides with the territories of the districts in which territorial executive authorities operate, with the exception of two districts in the Zelenograd administrative district.

Such features determine the priority importance of the optimal distribution of powers, interaction and coordination of the activities of executive authorities and local governments in the city of Moscow when organizing an effective system of urban governance. During 2003-2005, a system of such coordination and interaction was developed, taking into account the corresponding distribution of powers.

At the city level, the active work of the Council of Municipal Entities of the City of Moscow is organized. Conferences of the Council of Municipal Formations are held annually, at which tasks are discussed and unified approaches of local governments to the implementation of federal and city legislation are developed. In September 2004, the Moscow Government adopted the Program of State Support for Local Self-Government in the City of Moscow for 2005-2007. In accordance with the Program, a unified training system for municipal employees and deputies of municipal Assemblies, “Municipal School,” began to operate.

At the district level, in accordance with the resolution of the Moscow Government of May 27, 2003 No. 402 “On the results of the formation of territorial executive authorities - district administrations and local governments in the city of Moscow and measures to improve their activities,” district Coordination Councils were created. The District Coordination Council includes heads of municipalities, heads of municipalities, heads of district administrations, and deputy prefects.

At the district level, district Coordination Councils have been created.

One of the most important forms of work of both territorial executive authorities and local governments is the reception of the population. Local governments pay great attention to informing residents about their activities through the media, radio, cable television, and information stands.

Relations between the authorities of Moscow and the federal authorities are regulated by the following acts: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the Status of the Capital of the Russian Federation” and the Agreement on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the federal city of Moscow dated June 16 1998. In addition, Moscow is subject to the provisions of federal laws of general application, for example, “On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation.”

As an urban settlement, Moscow has the right to local self-government. She is also given the right to exercise local self-government in intra-city territories with the scope of powers established by the laws of the city.

Within the limits of constitutional norms and taking into account the peculiarities of the organization of local self-government, the Charter of the City of Moscow establishes the dual status of the representative and executive authorities of the city of Moscow - a legal provision according to which these bodies are local government bodies and state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and have all the legally established powers of the said organs.

The establishment of a dual status for the authorities of the city of Moscow: both an urban settlement and a subject of the Russian Federation, causes criticism from lawyers and the prosecutor's office, since Art. 12 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that local government bodies are not included in the system of government bodies. This provision of the Basic Law has no analogues in international municipal law and does not fully comply with the European Charter of Local Self-Government of October 15, 1985, the main purpose of which is to ensure and protect the rights of local authorities as those closest to citizens and giving them the opportunity to participate in decision-making regarding conditions their daily life.

Residents of Moscow as a whole form a city (local) community and exercise self-government on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Self-government in the Russian Federation is carried out by citizens through a referendum, elections, and other forms of direct expression of will, through a system of self-government bodies, legislated as social, economic, financial and organizational prerequisites are formed.

The city administration, as the executive body of city self-government, has territorial branches in the city districts - district councils, which are the authorities of the districts. Municipal services of the city are subordinate to the city authorities. The federal government bodies are in charge of services for the protection of public order and state security, jurisprudence, tax services, civil defense and emergency services, statistical authorities, etc.

The main difficulties characteristic of relations between local and state authorities lie in the insufficient legal regulation of a number of status provisions of the city of Moscow, issues of delimitation of state property, in the constant attempts of the federal authorities to cut the budgetary capabilities of the city, in the weakening of local self-government due to the transfer of the federal center to the regions and a significant amount of new delegated authority has been placed in place without adequate funding; lack of sufficient transparency and balance in financial relations between the three levels of government.

A characteristic feature of the current stage of development of Russia is the search for optimal ways to combine centralization and decentralization of the management system, the jurisdiction and powers of the federal center, regions and municipalities. Currently, there are two main approaches to reforming and further developing the institution of local self-government in the Russian Federation. The first is to separate local government from the state. The second approach is to be strictly tied to the state structure and consider it as a continuation of local government administration. These positions reflect the objective process of formation of the development of local self-government, the ambiguity of its legal regulation, as well as existing legal gaps in federal and regional legislation. energy saving house local government

Chapter 3. Problems of local self-government and measures to improve the system of local self-government in Moscow

3.1 Problems of organizing management in Moscow

According to Art. 79 of Federal Law No. 131-FZ dated 06.10.2003 “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation” (as amended on 08.11.2007; hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 131-FZ) in cities of federal significance in accordance with the charters of the specified constituent entities of the Russian Federation local self-government is carried out by local government bodies in intra-city areas.

Along with this, in accordance with the same article of Federal Law No. 131-FZ, the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg - can regulate a number of issues of organizing and implementing local government in cities of federal significance, namely: establishing and changing boundaries intra-city municipalities, their transformation; in determining the list of issues of local significance, sources of income of local budgets of intra-city municipalities of local significance are carried out by local government bodies of intra-city municipalities of cities of federal significance only if the relevant issues are defined as issues of local significance by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance; in determining the composition of municipal property of intra-city municipalities of federal cities in accordance with Parts 1-3 of Art. 50 of Federal Law No. 131-FZ and the list of issues of local significance established for these municipalities by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance.

At the same time, sources of income of local budgets that are not classified by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance as sources of income of the budgets of intra-city municipalities are credited to the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - cities of federal significance.

In fact, these provisions established by the federal legislator provoked arbitrary interpretation by regional legislators of the issues of local self-government in cities of federal significance. One way or another, the appearance in Federal Law No. 131-FZ Art. 79 led to an independent expansion of the powers of regional authorities in relation to the legal regulation of issues of local self-government in cities of federal significance and an arbitrary interpretation of the provisions of Federal Law No. 131-FZ.

Along with the specific features of the implementation of local self-government in cities of federal significance established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ, the laws of Moscow and St. Petersburg began to adopt others, which often contradict the provisions of federal legislation on local self-government.

Local self-government in a subject of the Russian Federation - the federal city of Moscow in accordance with clause 1 of Art. Chapter 1 1 of the Moscow City Law of November 6, 2002 No. 56 “On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow” (as amended on December 26, 2007 No. 51; hereinafter referred to as Moscow City Law No. 56) - independent and under one’s own responsibility activity recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation local community (residents of an intra-city municipality) to resolve issues of local importance directly and (or) through local government bodies.

In Moscow, local government is the activity of the local community. In this, Moscow City Law No. 56 contradicts Federal Law No. 131-FZ, which in Art. Part 1, Part 2 defines local self-government in the Russian Federation as a form of exercise by the people of their power.

In addition, by examining the practical experience of municipal government in cities of federal significance, we can identify others not established by Art. 79 of Federal Law No. 131-FZ, features of the implementation of local self-government in cities of federal significance: political - analysis of laws on local government in cities of federal significance shows a persistent reluctance of Moscow city authorities to follow the path of decentralization of power.

Hence the underdevelopment of intra-city self-government bodies and, as a result, the very weak role of the most important constitutional institution of local self-government; in legal ones - for the sake of the notorious principle of the need to preserve the unity of the urban economy, the legislation of federal cities, in fact, deprived residents of the guaranteed right to local self-government, replacing it with a surrogate that has the appearance of democracy. The list of issues of local importance established by the laws of Moscow is significantly narrowed in comparison with the lists of issues of local importance established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ for other municipalities. The lists of powers of the state authorities of federal cities in the field of local self-government, established by Moscow City Law No. 56, in terms of the scope of powers, significantly exceed the lists of powers of local government bodies established by the same laws to resolve issues of local importance (according to Moscow City Law No. 56, more than three times ).

Among the forms of direct expression of the will of citizens established by the legislation of cities of federal significance, the main ones established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ are missing. So, ch. 3 of the Law of the City of Moscow No. 56, dedicated to the forms of direct exercise by the population of local self-government on the territory of the municipality, does not establish such basic ones as established by Federal Law No. 131-FZ, such as voting on the recall of a deputy (elected official), public hearings, surveys of citizens, etc. ; in economic ones - the same principle of maintaining the unity of the urban economy deprived municipalities of property, which at least minimally provided the local budget. Municipalities of federal cities are financially directly dependent on the treasury and financial management of the city. And the degradation of local taxes and fees led to depression of local government. For example, Moscow City Law No. 56 establishes that: - the formation of the local budget is carried out by applying a unified methodology, standards of financial costs for the provision of municipal services, established by the relevant government bodies (clause 2 of article 26, chapter 4); local budget execution

Carried out through the treasury authorities in accordance with federal laws and laws of the city of Moscow (clause 3, article 26, chapter 4);

The list of expenditure obligations of municipalities arising from the powers on issues of local importance, defined by Moscow City Law No. 56, is established by the government authorities of Moscow (clause 2.1 of article 27, chapter 4);

In management - state power in the person of city government bodies, “without hesitation,” not only controls the execution of powers to resolve issues of local importance, but also directly manages municipalities.

In Moscow, a significant part of the powers of intra-city municipalities are transferred state (Moscow) powers, which allows Moscow government authorities to legally control their execution. In addition, Moscow prefectures manage municipalities, departments of the Moscow government “lower” unofficial documents supposedly binding on municipalities to the municipal level.

The personnel situation in Moscow municipalities is not bad, that is, there are professionals, but their initiative is not welcome. The system of dual power is archaic and completely ineffective, but the capital does not want to give it up. Municipal assemblies have practically no functions. Work with the population is often formal. All this speaks to the need for serious reform of local government in cities of federal significance.

In this regard, Federal Law No. 131-FZ must establish a guaranteed list of powers of local self-government bodies of intra-city municipalities, so that all the bases for the implementation of local self-government in cities of federal significance (legal, territorial, organizational, and most importantly - financial and economic) are provided by the federal legislation. When forming self-government in cities of federal significance, it is necessary to exclude subjectivity and think about residents and their constitutional rights to exercise local self-government. At the same time, a subject of the Russian Federation - a city of federal significance - should have a fairly wide opportunity for its own legal regulation of the features of self-government in both cities. Federal Law of the Russian Federation of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation"

In addition, it is extremely necessary, given the presence of dual power in the city government system, to create a “system of checks and balances” of city authorities. All this will give local government a chance to develop in cities of federal significance, and will allow local authorities to gain the necessary authority in the eyes of the population.

Thus, the problems of organizing the management of Moscow can be reduced to the following list:

1. Local self-government in Moscow is still insufficiently implemented; its regulatory framework is frankly weak. As a result, LSG bodies do not have sufficient powers and funds to meet the social needs of the population of municipalities.

2. At the federal and city levels there are no laws that would clearly define the jurisdiction of local self-government bodies and their sources of financing.

3. The Tax Code does not consolidate changes that involve the redistribution of income tax, property tax and fees from small businesses in favor of local self-government bodies.

4. The practice of treasury budget execution at all levels in accordance with legal norms does not provide for the protection of the interests of local self-government.

5. An educational network has not been created for training and advanced training of employees of the local self-government system.

6. Center-right organizations do not encourage the development of local public self-government as their political base.

Thus, the problem of the relationship between the institutions of the state and local self-government requires further study, since government bodies and local self-government bodies are elements of a unified system of social management, public authority, ensuring the functioning of society as a whole.

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Law of the Russian Federation “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency...”

The legal, economic and organizational framework for stimulating energy saving and increasing energy efficiency has been established.

The law provides for the establishment of rules for determining the energy efficiency classes of goods, apartment buildings, the determination of requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, structures, structures, the establishment of principles for determining the list of mandatory measures for energy saving and increasing energy efficiency in relation to the common property of the owners of premises in an apartment building.

Particular attention is paid to the development and implementation at various levels of programs in the field of energy saving and increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and structures. When drawing up such programs, it is necessary to take into account the energy efficiency indicators of the facility as a whole, energy efficiency indicators for architectural and planning solutions, energy efficiency indicators for the object’s elements and structures, as well as materials and technologies used during major repairs.

Owners of premises in apartment buildings are obliged, throughout the entire period of their operation, to ensure that apartment buildings comply with established energy efficiency requirements and the requirements for their equipment with metering devices for energy resources used, to carry out measures to save energy and increase the energy efficiency of an apartment building, and to bear the costs of carrying out these measures. Once every five years, energy efficiency indicators must be reviewed in the direction of improvement.

The person responsible for the maintenance of an apartment building is regularly (at least once a year) obliged to develop and bring to the attention of the owners of premises in the apartment building proposals on energy saving and energy efficiency measures that can be carried out in the apartment building, indicating the costs for their implementation, the amount of expected reduction in energy resources used and the payback period of the proposed measures.

A summary of measures to improve the energy efficiency of an apartment building.

Increasing the thermal resistance of enclosing structures.

Cladding of external walls, technical floor, roof, ceilings above the basement with heat-insulating slabs (foam for plaster, mineral wool slabs, slabs of foam glass and basalt fiber) (reducing heat loss by up to 40%);

Elimination of cold bridges in walls and at the junctions of window sashes (2-3%); Installation of layers in fences/facades that are ventilated by air exhausted from the premises;

Application of heat-protective plasters;

Reducing the glazing area to standard values;

Glazing of balconies and loggias (10-12%);

Replacement/use of modern windows with multi-chamber double-glazed windows and sashes with increased thermal resistance;

The use of windows with air exhaust from the room through the interglazed space (4-5%);

Installation of ventilators and use of microventilation;

The use of heat-reflecting/sun-protective glass in windows and glazing of loggias and balconies;

Glazing of facades to accumulate solar radiation (from 7 to 40%);

The use of external glazing having different heat accumulation characteristics in summer and winter;

Installation of additional vestibules at entrance doors and in apartments;

Regular cleaning of window glass and the use of light colors when painting walls in common areas;

Regularly informing residents about the state of the building’s thermal protection and heat saving measures.

2. Increasing the energy efficiency of the heating system.

Replacing cast iron radiators with more efficient aluminum ones;

Installation of thermostats and temperature controllers on radiators;

Application of apartment-by-apartment heat metering systems (heat meters, heat and temperature indicators);

Implementation of measures to pay for heat based on the number of installed sections and location of heaters;

Installation of heat-reflecting screens behind heating radiators (1-3%);

The use of controlled heat supply (by time of day, by weather conditions, by room temperature);

The use of controllers in managing the operation of a heating station;

Application of apartment heat supply controllers;

Seasonal flushing of the heating system;

Additional heating and water heating using solar collectors and heat accumulators;

Use of non-metallic pipelines;

Using effective thermal insulation of pipelines in the basement and attic of the house;

Transition during repairs to an individual apartment heating scheme;

Regularly informing residents about the condition of the heating system, losses and waste of heat, and measures to improve the efficiency of the heating system.

3. Improving the quality of ventilation. Reducing ventilation and air conditioning costs.

Application of automatic gravity ventilation systems;

Installation of ventilators in rooms and on windows;

The use of microventilation systems with heating of incoming air and valve control of the supply;

Elimination of drafts in the premises;

Application in active ventilation systems for engines with smooth or step frequency control;

Application of controllers in the management of ventilation systems;

The use of water-filled coolers in building envelopes to remove excess heat;

Heating of incoming air by cooling the exhaust air;

Using heat pumps to cool exhaust air;

Use of reversible heat pumps in basements to cool the air supplied to the supply ventilation;

Regular informing of residents about the condition of the ventilation system, about the elimination of drafts and unproductive ventilation of the premises of the house, about the mode of comfortable ventilation of the premises.

4. Saving water (hot and cold).

Installation of communal hot and cold water meters;

Installation of residential water meters;

Installation of water flow meters in premises with separate consumption;

Installation of pressure stabilizers (pressure reduction and pressure equalization across floors);

Thermal insulation of hot water supply pipelines (supply and circulation);

Heating of supplied cold water (from a heat pump, from return network water, etc.);

Installation of economical shower nets;

Installation of push-button taps and mixers in apartments;

Installation of ball valves at collective water collection points;

Installation of two-section sinks;

Installation of dual-mode flush cisterns;

Using faucets with automatic water temperature control;

Regularly informing residents about the state of water consumption and measures to reduce it.

5. Saving electrical energy.

Replacement of incandescent lamps in entrances with fluorescent energy-saving lamps;

Replacement of existing fluorescent street lamps with sodium and metal halide or LED lamps;

Use of lamps with reflectors;

Application of photoacoustic relays for controlled switching on of light sources in basements, technical floors and entrances of houses;

Use of equipment for zonal shutdown based on illumination levels;

Use of automatic switches for emergency lighting;

Regular cleaning of transparent elements of lamps and automatic shutdown sensors;

Application of microprocessor control systems for variable frequency drives of elevator electric motors;

Installation of reactive power compensators;

Use of energy-efficient circulation pumps, variable-frequency drives;

Promotion of the use of energy-efficient household appliances of class A+, A++;

Using solar panels to illuminate the building;

Regularly informing residents about the state of electricity consumption, ways to save electricity, and measures to reduce electricity consumption for maintaining common property.

6. Gas saving.

The use of programmable heating in apartments;

Use in everyday life of energy-efficient gas stoves with ceramic IR emitters and program control;

Along with all this, it should be noted that there is no one magic solution that can dramatically increase the energy efficiency and comfort of an apartment building. There are two main principles at work here: “a little bit of everything” and expediency associated with payback. In general, it is quite possible to reduce the costs of energy supply for the entire building and the corresponding costs of all residents living in the building by 4 times.

Energy supply

This is necessary to save resources and, ultimately, money for homeowners. And we are talking not only about the fact that you can spend less, for example, electricity and, accordingly, it will cost you less.

In addition to this, in the future, payments will be calculated depending on the energy efficiency class. So, in this regard, someone will be able to save money (with a high energy efficiency class), while someone’s expenses will increase (in a house with a low class).

Order of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation No. 399, which defines the procedure for assigning and confirming the energy efficiency class of apartment buildings, was signed on August 6, 2016. Effective August 21, 2016. Do not think that this is too sudden and unexpected a change. Legislative work in this area has been ongoing for several years. In 2009, Federal Law No. 261-FZ4 “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” appeared. It became the starting point and basis for all subsequent changes.

In 2011, two documents devoted to energy efficiency were published: Russian Government Decree No. 18 “On approval of the Rules for establishing energy efficiency requirements for buildings, structures, structures and requirements for rules for determining the energy efficiency class of apartment buildings”, as well as Order of the Russian Ministry of Regional Development No. 161 “On approval of the Rules for determining the energy efficiency classes of apartment buildings and the Requirements for the indicator of the energy efficiency class of an apartment building placed on the facade of an apartment building.” The last order loses its force with the introduction of the new year 2016. From now on, it will be necessary to focus on the new Order - 2016.

Then, in 2013, Resolution No. 1129 “On amendments to the requirements for the rules for determining the energy efficiency class of apartment buildings” was signed. And on July 13, 2015, the basic law itself No. 261-FZ4 was edited in accordance with the trends of the times.

Today, not all owners of apartment complexes, management companies and homeowners associations care about energy efficiency. They are in no hurry to introduce modern technologies either themselves or through energy service companies. Although prudent owners take measures to reduce resource costs. First of all, attention is usually paid to windows, which retain heat better, as well as lighting with sound and light sensors. Less commonly, MKDs use devices that allow you to regulate the temperature in the rooms. Meanwhile, according to the new rules, the first four levels of classification are unlikely to be given to houses in which no one has taken care of “smart lighting” and, what is more difficult, a thermal control center with sensors that take into account both the air temperature outside and indoors. The control center must regulate the temperature based on the data from these sensors. The absolute majority of MKDs have not reached such centers, but so far not everyone can determine the class.

For now, according to the law, energy efficiency class 261 must be assigned to new multi-apartment buildings. Already existing MKDs can do this on a voluntary basis. However, it is possible that housing inspectors will be recommended to assign a class on their own initiative - after all meter readings begin to be displayed in the state information system.

When calculating the class, the specific energy consumption of the house will be determined. Take into account the floor, weather, costs for ventilation, heating, electricity and hot water supply, number of residents and many other nuances, but the main thing, of course, will be the meter readings. And, of course, the installation of meters will be a prerequisite. Actually, this is already prescribed by Russian legislation.

Actual expenditures of energy resources, recalculated to standard values, will be compared with the base ones. This will allow you to determine the energy efficiency class.

It was decided not to invent new classes. They are created based on European standards. The highest level A++. At the same time, the deviation of the actual specific annual consumption of energy efficiency resources from the base level is close to zero. Then comes the highest level - A+. Very high - A. High - B. High - C, normal - D, low E, low F and very low G. Russians have long been familiar with all these designations, at least from their experience of buying household appliances.

It should be noted that Law No. 261-FZ prescribes that indicators in high-class houses should remain unchanged for ten years. The high class, let us explain, includes buildings marked above “B” (“B”, “A”, “A+”, “A++”).

The energy efficiency class in new houses will also be assigned based on meter readings. Moreover, energy consumption will have to be confirmed after five years. And if energy efficiency suddenly decreases, residents have the right to sue the developer. Or, for starters, demand an upgrade to the class specified when purchasing a home.

The energy efficiency class is assigned to the new building by Gosstroynadzor. The developer will have to provide a declaration with specific costs and documents to obtain permission to put the facility into operation.

If the house has already been put into operation, then the management organization, HOA or owner needs to apply to the State Housing Inspectorate to obtain an energy efficiency class. In this case, you need to provide meter readings at the beginning and end of the year.

Homeowners must have complete information. The energy efficiency class, actual and basic consumption must be indicated in each house, on the facade of the building, on a sign or in entrances. The option of placement both on facades and in entrances is welcome. Residents can, on their own initiative, change the energy efficiency class by taking the necessary measures.

Special attention should be paid to the energy efficiency class when carrying out major renovations of a house - if the house has a class below category “B”, it is worth planning measures to improve energy efficiency. By the way, from this year it is generally prohibited to put into operation buildings with an energy efficiency class lower than B.

The energy efficiency class will not be established for religious buildings, historical and cultural monuments, temporary buildings, detached residential buildings no higher than three floors, as well as for country houses and garden houses. There is no need to assign an energy efficiency class to auxiliary buildings and detached buildings with an area of ​​less than fifty square meters. This is regulated by paragraph 5 of Art. 11 Federal Law 261. The Government of the Russian Federation may include other buildings, structures, and structures on the list.

More than 80% of the housing stock in Russia was built according to outdated building codes and does not meet modern energy efficiency requirements. Thus, a standard high-rise building built before 1999 consumes 70% more thermal energy than a similar building completed after 2000, and taking into account its service life, it has long been in need of major repairs.

By combining both tasks - major repairs and increasing the energy efficiency of apartment buildings - the management organization will be able to not only restore the design characteristics of the house, but also bring them into line with modern standards for the rational consumption of utility resources. This will not only improve the quality of life of apartment owners, but also increase the market value of residential and commercial premises in apartment buildings.

Increasing the energy efficiency of residential buildings is one of the most asked questions when homeowners discuss major renovations. People don’t just want to renovate their homes: it is important for them to improve their quality in order to save on utility bills.

Why is it necessary to improve the energy efficiency of apartment buildings?

Increasing the energy efficiency of apartment buildings during major repairs is not a business project of the management organization: the measures are prescribed by the Federal Law “On Energy Saving...” dated November 23, 2009 No. 261-FZ. Parts 6-10 of Article 11 of the Law prohibit the commissioning of an apartment building if it does not meet energy efficiency requirements or is not equipped with meters for energy consumption.

Measures for energy saving and energy efficiency in apartment buildings, prescribed by current legislation, are aimed at maintaining or increasing the level of comfort of owners of apartments and built-in non-residential premises. The end users of utility resources benefit from reduced energy consumption. It is they who are primarily interested in reducing the costs of paying for housing and communal services, which in the foreseeable future will be charged taking into account the energy efficiency class of apartment buildings.

The implementation of energy-saving measures during major renovations potentially increases the cost of residential and commercial premises in the secondary real estate market.

Energy efficiency class MKD

The procedure for assigning and confirming the energy efficiency class of MKD is determined by Order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated August 6, 2016 No. 399/pr. It is calculated based on the deviation of actual or calculated indicators of specific annual energy consumption from the base value and is marked in Latin letters from A++ to G. At the same time, the actual indicators are determined based on the indicators of collective (common house) energy metering devices.

The energy efficiency class of an apartment building put into operation after construction, reconstruction or major repairs is established by Gosstroynadzor on the basis of the energy efficiency passport of the apartment building, compiled based on the results of an energy survey.

The energy efficiency of an apartment building put into operation before the requirements of the Federal Law “On Energy Saving...” came into force is determined by Goszhilnadzor. The basis for the decision is the energy efficiency declaration of the apartment building, which is submitted by the owners of residential and commercial premises, or by the person who carries out the operational management of the house.

Each house will contain data on actual and standard energy consumption. Guided by this information, residents will be able to change the energy efficiency class of their home and even reduce the cost of maintaining common property. When carrying out major repairs, the energy efficiency class deserves special attention. If it is lower than B, energy efficiency measures must be included in the overhaul.

Andrey Chibis, Deputy Minister of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of Russia

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of an apartment building

Analysis of data on energy surveys of apartment buildings allowed Ministry of Construction officials to identify a list of the most effective energy-saving measures and recommend them for implementation during major repairs (Order of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation dated February 15, 2017 No. 98/pr).

The document will help homeowners choose the right measures and evaluate their effectiveness. We included a list of the most effective works in the Order. Apartment buildings included in short-term programs will already in 2017 take advantage of the “energy efficient menu” - the most effective measures indicating the forecast for savings.

Elena Solntseva, Director of the Housing and Communal Services Department of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation

The list proposed for implementation contains measures aimed at increasing the energy efficiency of both common property and individual premises located in apartment buildings owned by individuals or legal entities as private property. Sources of funding for these activities may be:

• payment for the maintenance of residential or non-residential built-in premises;
• payment under a civil contract.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of heat consumption in apartment buildings

Thermal energy is the most financially expensive energy resource. Therefore, heat conservation measures are a priority when carrying out major repairs. They are aimed at the rational use of thermal energy, reducing heat leaks, increasing the service life of heat supply systems, hot water supply (DHW), as well as structural elements of MKD. These include:

Priority measures

1. Sealing, sealing and insulation of door blocks at the entrance to the entrances.
2. Ensuring automatic closing of entrance doors to common areas.
3. Installation of doors and dampers in basement and attic openings.
4. Sealing and sealing of window blocks in entrances.
5. Installation of linear balancing valves.
6. Balancing the heating system using shut-off valves and vent valves.
7. Flushing of pipelines and risers of heating and hot water systems.
8. Installation of communal heat and hot water metering devices included in the state register of measuring instruments.

Additional events

1. Sealing of interpanel and expansion joints with sealant, heat-insulating gaskets, and mastic.
2. Glazing of balconies and loggias using modern plastic and aluminum structures and double-glazed windows with increased thermal resistance.
3. Increasing the thermal protection of external walls, floors and walls of the basement, attic, roof, window and balcony blocks to current standards using heat, water and vapor barrier materials.
4. Installation of low-e glass and heat-reflecting films on windows in common areas.
5. Installation or modernization of individual heating points with the installation of heat exchangers and heating and hot water control equipment.
6. Modernization of pipelines and fittings of heating and hot water systems.
7. Thermal insulation of intra-house utility networks using modern thermal insulation materials in the form of shells and cylinders.
8. Equipping heat-consuming installations with thermostats and ball shut-off valves.
9. Ensuring automated water recirculation in the hot water supply system.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of electricity consumption in apartment buildings

These measures are aimed at saving energy while improving the quality of lighting, more precise regulation of parameters in heating systems, hot water supply and hot water supply, increasing the accuracy and reliability of metering of electricity consumed in apartment buildings. These include:

Main events

1. Replacement of incandescent lamps in public areas with gas-discharge or LED lamps.
2. Installation of collective and individual metering devices that allow measuring the volume of electricity consumption by zone of the day and included in the state register of measuring instruments.

Additional events

1. Modernization of electric motors or replacement with more energy efficient ones - three-speed, with variable rotation speed.
2. Installation of variable frequency drives in elevator facilities.
3. Automation of lighting control in public areas using motion and light sensors.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of water consumption in apartment buildings

This set of energy-saving measures is aimed at rationalizing water consumption, increasing the service life of pipelines, reducing leaks and the number of accidents:

1. Modernization of pipelines and fittings.
2. Installation of pressure stabilizers.
3. Installation of individual and collective metering devices.

Measures to improve the energy efficiency of gas consumption in apartment buildings

Rational consumption of natural gas by owners of premises in apartment buildings is achieved by implementing the following measures:

1. Equipment of furnace units of block boiler houses with energy-efficient gas burners and climate control systems to control them.
2. Automation of control of gas burners in individual (apartment) heating systems.
3. Use of energy-efficient gas hobs with ceramic IR emitters and program control.
4. Installation of individual and collective gas meters.

Introduction of automated accounting

An accurate calculation of the energy efficiency of an apartment building is impossible without reliable accounting of the energy resources consumed for each room and the house as a whole. That is why the measures recommended by the Russian Ministry of Construction to improve the energy efficiency of apartment buildings include the installation of electricity, gas, water and heat meters. But in order to quickly receive and process large amounts of data (actual indicators of specific annual energy consumption), it is necessary to automate the process with the ability to export data to the GIS housing and communal services.

We intend to prohibit the installation of metering devices without the ability to transmit data. Corresponding systems and devices have already been developed by a number of enterprises.

Mikhail Men, Minister of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of Russia

We help implement automated accounting of housing and communal services resources for management companies / HOAs / RSOs. The wireless dispatch system allows you to solve a number of related problems:

• control the balance of energy consumption in real time;
• identify areas of technological loss and theft of energy resources;
• in case of violation of energy consumption regimes, promptly limit the supply of resources without incurring costs for the work of the mobile team;
• predict the volume of future energy consumption based on automated analysis of transmitted data;
• automate the issuance of bills for consumed utilities.

Data from devices and components included in the automated commercial energy metering system is sent via telemetry channels to the user’s personal account or to relevant service providers. This allows you to significantly reduce the costs of line personnel monitoring meter readings, and also easily export the received data to the GIS housing and communal services, avoiding errors that occur when entering information manually.

We help combat theft using automated resource accounting for sales and management companies. The system is built on the basis of wireless LPWAN technology without hubs and repeaters.

Automated accounting of resources for management companies/homeowners' associations/distributive associations in apartment buildings

In continuation of the article.