Characteristics of the apple tree variety Bashkir emerald.

The fruits are of below-average size, 55-87 g, one-dimensional, conical, slightly ribbed, regular in shape, smooth. The skin is of medium thickness, smooth, oily, shiny, no rustiness. The color is greenish-yellow, there is no cover, subcutaneous points are invisible. The peduncle is of medium length and thickness, straight. The funnel is medium, pointed and without rust. The saucer is small, wide, grooved. The calyx is non-descending, closed, the subcalyx tube is short, medium, funnel-shaped. There is no axial cavity. The heart is large, bulbous, the seed chambers are semi-open, membranous, the seeds are medium-sized, conical, brown. The pulp is yellowish, medium density, sweet and sour, aromatic, juicy, fine-grained. Appearance rating – 3.7 points, taste – 4.4 points. Chemical composition of fruits: dry matter - 16.4%, sugars - 10.4%, acidity - 0.47, pectin - 0.79%, ascorbic acid - 11 mg/100g.

The variety is highly winter-hardy, the general degree of freezing for the period 1985-1999. did not exceed 1.0 points. High resistance to extreme conditions. Highly resistant to scab.

A fast-growing variety, it begins to bear fruit in 4-5 years. Productivity 160-470 c/ha. Fruiting is regular, shedding is weak. Durability is average. The fruits are stored for 120 days, transportability and marketability are high. Best pollinators: Bashkir beauty. Buzovyazovskoe, Ural liquid.

Description of the apple tree variety Bashkir emerald

Originator: Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. Obtained from crossing the varieties Uralskoye nalivnoye and Korichnoye novoe.

Late autumn apple tree variety, universal purpose.

The tree is medium-sized and fast-growing. The crown is of medium density, spreading when young, and broadly rounded when fruiting. The branches are straight, compactly arranged, extending from the trunk at an angle close to straight, the ends are directed upward, the foliage is average. The bark on the trunk and main branches is smooth and greenish. Fruits on short and long fruit twigs. The shoots are thin, straight, round, brownish-brown, glabrous. Lentils are few in number, small, convex. The buds are appressed, reddish-brown, cone-shaped. The leaves are medium-sized, elongated, elliptical, long-pointed, light green, smooth, shiny with delicate nerves. The plate is flat, slightly curved upward, pubescence is absent. The edge of the leaf is finely crenate, smooth. The petiole is medium-sized, thin, slightly pubescent. Stipules are large, lanceolate. The flowers are medium-sized, small-cupped, pinkish, slightly fragrant, the stigmas are located above the anthers.

Description of grape varieties for cultivation in the Middle Zone and Moscow region.

First, about your favorite variety

KESHA and KESHA-1 (Talisman)– elite table varieties, early ripening, I consider them one of the best grape varieties in general.

"Kesha" is a bisexual variety. Keshi-1 with female (functional) flowers.

Many summer residents are absolutely right when they plant them nearby - pollination improves significantly.

The variety is characterized by very high yields. The bushes are vigorous, the shoots ripen very well.

Clusters: Kesha's is conical, dense, large, while Kesha's is loose.

The berries of both varieties are large, oval, white, and very tasty. When fully ripe, Kesha-1 has yellow tan clusters with a nutmeg aroma.

The berries are fleshy and juicy. Both varieties are frost-hardy and resistant to diseases and pests.

The pruning is long - for 13-16 eyes, for "Keshi-1" - up to 17-20 eyes. The variety is susceptible to overload, so you need to normalize the load with inflorescences and clusters.

Variety Valiant (Brave)

American variety. Vigorous, very resistant to low temperatures. Resistance to mildew is weak (the main disadvantage). berries are blue and dark blue. Sugar can reach 20%. Delicious, tastes like strawberries. Used for landscaping garden gazebos.

Augustine (aka Pleven stable, Phenomenon)– early ripening table variety. An unpretentious and very reliable variety. The variety is high-yielding. The bunches can be stored on the bushes for 20 days. Vigorous, good ripening of the vines. The bunch is large, conical, of medium density. The berries are large, elongated, white, slightly translucent in the sun, the taste is harmonious. Winter hardiness is average, disease resistant. Suitable for landscaping garden gazebos.

Donskoy agate- an extremely early table variety that ripens well even in cloudy weather.

The bunch is large, conical, somewhat loose. The berries are large, round in shape, dark blue, almost black in color. Good shoot maturity. The variety is resistant to mildew, oidium, and gray rot, but it is advisable to do 1-2 sprayings per season. Loves short pruning - up to 5 eyes.

Arcadia– a table variety of very early ripening period. Strongly or more often medium-growing, average ripening of shoots on unloaded bushes, very productive variety. In terms of productivity - one of the best. The clusters are very large, cylindrical-conical in shape, dense. Arcadia's berries are large, white, fleshy and juicy, have a light pleasant taste with a nutmeg aroma, and are prone to cracking. Good resistance to mildew, worse resistance to oidium. Frost-resistant variety. A very common variety, in terms of its characteristics it is one of the preferred varieties for private vineyards.

Aliya-2- table variety, mid-early. The bushes are vigorous. The shoots ripen well. The bunch is large, of medium density. The berries are large, fleshy, pink in color, harmonious taste with a slight tartness; may crack due to excess moisture during ripening. Long pruning - 10-12 eyes. Resistant to mildew, slightly resistant to oidium. Frost-resistant.

Aleshenkin- table variety of very early ripening: ripens at the end of August. Large cylindrical or conical bunch, sometimes very large, medium density, high yield. The berries are large, amber-white in color, oval-elongated, very juicy, sweet and pleasant to the taste. Vigorous, shoots ripen well, frost-resistant. It cannot withstand crop overload - you only need to leave one bunch on the shoot. Weak resistance to mildew and oidium. This is one of the best varieties, except for disease resistance - it is below average. Pruning is done for 5-6 eyes.

Alexander- very early universal variety. The bunch is small, cylindrical, of medium density. The berries are medium-sized, round, fleshy, dark pink or cherry color. It has increased resistance to diseases and is frost-resistant. The variety is included in the Russian state register for all grape growing zones.

Alpha- a table variety of wounds of non-medium ripening period with bisexual flowers. Very frost-resistant and productive. The bunch is medium-sized, cylindrical, winged, and can be either dense or loose. The berries are medium-sized, round, dark purple or red-brown in color, with a light strawberry aroma, covered with a rich waxy coating. Good ripening of shoots. Similar to “Isabella” both in taste and appearance. Increased resistance to disease. Can be used for decorative purposes - for landscaping gazebos, arches, etc. Trimming for 4-6 eyes.

Bashkir- a universal variety of early ripening, high-yielding, vigorous. The bunch is medium, branched, loose. The berries are medium, round, dark blue in color. Frost-resistant variety, good resistance to diseases and pests.

White Beauty (Frumoasa Albe)– table variety of early ripening period. High yield. The vigor of the bushes is average, the shoots ripen well. The bunch is medium in size, moderately dense or loose. The berries are medium, the taste is harmonious with a pleasant nutmeg aroma. The cut is short. Resistant to diseases, resistance to frost is weak.

White miracle (Synonyms and other names: Song, Original Delight)– very early table variety. The shoots ripen well. The bunch is very large, very beautiful, cylindrical-conical. average density. The berries are large, elongated, amber-white in color, with a harmonious delicate taste, crispy, juicy. Frost-resistant variety, high resistance to pests and diseases. Long pruning - 8-10 eyes.

Variety White Moscow– a very early variety with high yield. The bunch is medium or large in size, conical or cylindrical-conical, of medium density. The berries are medium-sized, round or oval, white, juicy, with a harmonious taste. High frost resistance, good disease resistance. Can be perfectly used for decoration.

Variety Buffalo- a universal grape variety, early-mid ripening period with bisexual flowers. Vigorous, shoots ripen well. The bunch is medium, loose, conical in shape. The berries are medium-sized, slightly oval, black in color, with a strawberry flavor. Frost-resistant variety, good disease resistance, especially to mildew. Perfectly used for decoration.

Bulgaria (sustainable)- early ripening table variety. High yield, good ripening of the vines. The bunch is large. The berries are oval-oblong, with juicy pulp, with a pleasant nutmeg flavor. Frost-resistant, complexly resistant to diseases. The variety is valued for its berry taste, characterized by a pleasant nutmeg tone and very high sugar content.

Variety Vavilova (early)– an early ripening table variety. Vigorous, high-yielding, with good ripening of shoots. The cluster is large, branched. The berries are very large, oval, bluish-violet in color, fleshy and juicy, with a delicate harmonious taste. Moderately resistant to mildew, resistant to oidium, moderately resistant to cracking of berries and gray rot. Frost-resistant.

Volzhsky- a table variety of medium and early-medium ripening period. Medium-sized, medium-yielding. The bunch is medium or large, wide-conical, medium density. The berries are large, round, dark blue in color with a delicate harmonious taste. Relatively resistant to mildew and gray rot.

Victoria- an early ripening table variety with female flowers. High-yielding. It is imperative to monitor the load on the bushes. The variety is low-growing. The bunch can be very large, the shape is conical, the density is moderate. The berries are large, oval-shaped, juicy, very pleasant to the taste, with a slight nutmeg aroma when the berries are fully ripe. Excellent resistance to diseases and pests. A very winter-hardy variety.

Wax– table grape variety, early ripening. The variety is medium-sized, with good ripening of the vines. The shoots ripen well. The flower is functionally female. The bunch is large, wide-conical or cylindrical-conical, medium density. The berries are large, round, white, amber in the sun, fleshy and juicy, with a pleasant taste. High frost resistance, disease resistant. The pruning is average, for 6-8 buds, but 3-4 are possible due to the good fruitfulness at the base of the shoots.

Variety Delight (there are also varieties Delight red, Delight oval, Delight nutmeg and Delight black)- table variety of very early ripening period. This heat-loving variety needs a lot of sun. Productivity is high, shoot ripening is good. The bunch is large or very large, conical in shape, moderate in density. The berries are large and very large, oval or round, white with a sunny tan, with a harmonious taste, fleshy. Pruning short or medium. Frost-resistant, resistant to mildew and gray rot.

Glenora Seedlis– table seedless variety of early-medium ripening with bisexual flowers. A vigorous variety with good ripening capacity of the vine. The bunch is large, the berries are medium, round, blue-black, tasty, sweet, with melting pulp. When frozen, a blueberry flavor appears. Good frost resistance. Resistant to diseases and pests.

Hybrid No. 342 aka Hungarian Kishmish- table variety of very early ripening period. Strong growth of bushes, good ripening of shoots. The bunch is large and medium, cylindrical-conical, medium density. The berries are medium and large, ovoid, green-golden, seedless, fleshy-juicy, with a pleasant taste. Increased frost resistance, good disease resistance.

Variety Diana (aka Serafimovsky) - table variety of very early ripening. Medium vigor, good ripening of the vines. The bunch is medium, of moderate density. The berries are amber-white, with a muscat tone in taste. Frost-resistant, quite resistant to diseases and pests. The cut is average.

Far Eastern Ramminga- an early ripening table variety with bisexual flowers. The bushes are medium or low growing. The ripening of the shoots is good. The bunch is medium or small, cylindrical, branched, of high density. The berries are small, round, dark blue in color, with an Isabella flavor. Resistance to frost is high, resistance to fungal diseases is average.

Decorative- a table variety of early ripening, with bisexual flowers, productive and very beautiful, with vigorous bushes and well-ripening shoots. The bunch is large or very large, beautiful. The berries are large, oval, dark pink in color. Very frost-resistant variety. The cut is average. Suitable for decorating walls, gazebos, etc.

Pearl sub- a very common earliest table variety with bisexual flowers. Good yield. Average growth of bushes, good ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium in size, cylindrical or conical in shape, medium in density. The berries are medium or large in size, round, with thin skin, sweet, juicy, amber in color, very tasty, with a nutmeg flavor. Grows on any soil. Moderately resistant to mildew and oidium, resistant to gray rot. Frost-resistant. Medium pruning - up to 6 eyes.

Zilga– a very early ripening variety with bisexual flowers. The yield is average, but ripens even in bad years. Vigorous bushes, good ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium, cylindrical, quite dense. The berries are small, slightly oval, dark blue in color, with an Isabella flavor. One of the most frost-resistant varieties. Resistant to pests and diseases. Grapes can remain on the bushes for a long time without losing their good qualities. Short pruning - 4-5 eyes. Suitable for decoration.

Dawn of the North– a technical variety of early ripening with flowers of a functional female type. Productivity is high. The bushes are medium-sized. The ripening of the shoots is good. The bunch is medium, conical or cylindrical-conical, medium density. The berries are medium-sized, round, dark blue in color, with a characteristic waxy coating. High resistance to frost, diseases and pests.

Zapiriri- table variety of very early ripening. Low growing, high yielding. The bunch is dense, cylindrical in shape. The berries are emerald green or white. Frost resistance is average. Resistance to pests and diseases is average.

Isabel- a very popular table and wine variety in the south of Russia, medium-early ripening with bisexual flowers, high-yielding. Satisfactory ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium, almost cylindrical in shape, medium dense. The berries are medium-sized, round-oval in shape, black with a bluish tint, with a dense waxy coating, sweet and sour in taste, with a strawberry aroma. Frost-resistant variety. Resistant against oidium, slightly resistant against mildew. Often used for decoration - one of the best for this purpose. Trimming: short, 6-8 eyes per trellis.

Bashkir emerald grape variety description

Highlight- an early ripening table grape variety with functionally female flowers. Vigorous, with good ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium, conical in shape, of moderate density. The berries are large, elongated, dark pink in color, fleshy, with a harmonious taste. Sufficiently frost-resistant. Weak resistance to diseases.

Queen of the Vineyards (other names Amber, Early Caraburnu)– table variety of early ripening, vine ripening is satisfactory. The flower is bisexual. The bushes are vigorous. Productivity is average. The bunch is large, cylindrical-conical or conical in shape, medium density. The berries are very large, round or oval, golden-amber in color with a slight waxy coating, dense, with a slight nutmeg aroma. Weak frost resistance. Very unstable to mildew, weakly resistant to other diseases. The cut is short.

Cossack woman- technical variety of early ripening with bisexual flowers. Medium height, good ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium, cylindrical-conical in shape, dense. The berries are medium, round, dark blue in color, juicy, with a nutmeg flavor. Frost-resistant, relatively resistant to mildew and poor to gray rot.

Cardinal- a table variety of very early ripening with bisexual flowers. Heat-loving. Productivity is unstable. Medium height, with satisfactory ripening of shoots. The bunch is large, cylindrical-conical, loose. The berries are large, round or oval, sometimes with a beveled top and a small groove on it, violet-red in color, with a smoky waxy coating, pleasant to the taste, with a slight nutmeg aroma. Weakly resistant to frost, as well as to diseases and pests. Trimming for 5-6 eyes. This variety is valuable for its excellent taste and beautiful appearance. But very unstable.

Variety Kodryanka- a table variety of very early ripening. Vigorous, with satisfactory ripening of shoots, high yield. The bunch is medium and large. conical, medium density, mostly winged. The berries are large, oval, black or dark purple. The taste is high - at the level of the best European varieties. Resistant to frost, as well as diseases and pests. Trimming for 5-6 eyes.

Beauty of the North- table variety of very early ripening period. High-yielding, vigorous growing. shoots ripen well. The bunch is large, conical in shape, the density of the bunch is average. The berries are large, slightly oval, white with a pinkish tint in the sun, fleshy and juicy, with thin skin, with a simple harmonious taste. Frost-resistant. Average resistance to gray rot, weak to mildew and oidium. The cut is average. Due to its high folic acid content, it is considered a medicinal grape variety.

Russian Korinka- table, universal variety of very early ripening. Seedless (kishmish). The yield is small, but this is compensated by the excellent taste. Vigorous. The shoots ripen well. The bunch is small, conical, loose, often winged. The berries are small, round, light green with yellowness and tan in the sun or amber-pinkish, with thin skin, very sweet (in terms of sugar content they are comparable to the sweetest southern varieties). Frost resistance is average, disease resistance is satisfactory. The pruning is short, with 3-4 eyes.

Variety Crystal- a technical grape variety with very early ripening and high yield. The bushes are medium-sized. The ripening of the shoots is very good. The bunch is medium, cylindrical-conical or conical in shape, medium density. The berries are medium-sized, oval, yellowish or white in color with a waxy coating, with a pleasant taste, juicy. Increased frost resistance, good disease resistance. The cut is short. Dry table wines are made from these grapes.

Astronaut(synonym – Early Black) - an extremely early ripening table variety with bisexual flowers. Vigorous and not very productive, shoot ripening is average. The bunch is large or medium, conical in shape, medium density. The berries are large, oval, deep purple in color, fleshy, juicy, sweet, with a harmonious taste. Relatively frost-resistant, weakly resistant to pests and diseases.

Laura- an extremely early ripening table variety with functionally female flowers. Medium-sized variety with good ripening of shoots. The bunch is large, conical, loose or medium dense, sometimes even weighing more than a kilogram. The berries are cylindrical or oval, salad-white with a white waxy coating, tanned on the sunny side, with a harmonious taste (in this taste you can feel the varieties of the eastern group in the parents). Frost-resistant variety, resistant to diseases. Medium or short pruning. The variety is very flexible: it is quite easy to care for.

Magarach super early- an early ripening table variety with bisexual flowers. Vigorous variety. The shoots ripen well. The bunch is large, wide-conical, winged, medium density. The berries are medium-sized, slightly oval, white and without seeds (like sultanas). Frost resistance is average.

Malengre early- an early ripening table variety with bisexual flowers. Medium-sized bushes, the vine ripens well. The bunch is medium, cylindrical-conical in shape, small wing, medium density. The berries are medium or small, round or oval, juicy, light yellow or white, with a golden hue in the sun. Weak frost resistance, moderate resistance to mildew, poor resistance to gray rot. Pruning long and medium.

Madeleine Angevin- one of the most common table varieties with functionally female flowers. early ripening, satisfactory yield. Medium height, with good ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium, conical or schrococonical in shape, loose. The berries are medium-sized, round or slightly oval, golden-green or white, juicy, pleasant to taste, with thin, fragile skin. To obtain full-fledged clusters, not only artificial pollination is necessary, but also mixed planting with simultaneously flowering bisexual varieties rich in pollen. Moderately frost-resistant, weak disease resistance. Average pruning – 7-8 eyes.

Variety Michurinsky- an early ripening table variety with bisexual flowers, average yield. Vigorous, good ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium in size, cylindrical-connular in shape, medium in density. The berries are medium-sized, oval, dark red or black, juicy, with a slight nutmeg aroma. Frost-resistant, relatively resistant to gray rot, not resistant to mildew.

Mirage, Kishmish, Rusbol– an early ripening table variety. Vigorous. The bunch is very large, sometimes up to a kilogram, conical in shape, moderately dense. The berries are medium, oval, white, with a simple harmonious taste. Frost-resistant, very disease resistant. The cut is very short. Suitable for making raisins.

Variety Muscat Moscow– a table variety of very early ripening. Medium-yielding. Vigorous bushes, good ripening of shoots. The bunch is large, cylindrical-conical, medium density. The berries are medium, oval, light green, with a nutmeg flavor. Quite frost-resistant, weakly resistant to diseases. The cut is average.

Moscow sustainable– a universal variety of early ripening. Fruitful, vigorous, shoots ripening well. The bunch is small, conical, loose. The berries are small, round, greenish-white, tanned on the sunny side, juicy, with a nutmeg-pineapple flavor. Frost resistance is high, as is resistance to disease.

Muscat summer- early ripening table variety. Vigorous bushes, vine ripening is good. The bunch is large and very large, cylindrical-conical in shape, of medium density. The berries are large, elongated, amber-white in color, amber in the sun, with a muscat taste, fleshy and juicy. The cut is average. Frost-resistant, well resistant to mildew and weaker to oidium.

Variety Muromets- table variety. High-yielding. The shoots grow and ripen well. The bunch is large, conical in shape, moderate in density. The berries are large, oblong, deep purple in color with a thick blue waxy coating, dense and crisp, with a simple pleasant taste. The variety is characterized by high frost resistance, good resistance to mildew and extremely weak resistance to gray rot and oidium. It can grow not only in mid-latitudes, but also to the north.

Variety Award– a table variety with bisexual flowers. The bushes are vigorous, the shoots ripen well. The bunch is medium in size, cylindrical or cylindrical-conical in shape, high density. The berries are medium-sized, round, dark red in color, with a waxy coating, juicy, and pleasant to the taste. Frost resistance is high. Good resistance to mildew. An excellent pollinator for varieties with functionally female flowers. The berries have the ability to ripen after harvest, especially when the ends of the vines are immersed in water.

Nadezhda Azos– an early-mid-ripening table variety with bisexual flowers. The bushes are vigorous. The cluster is large-medium, conical or branched, of moderate density. The berries are elongated-oval, blue-black in color, harmonious in taste. Good resistance to mildew and gray rot, very good to oidium. Winter hardiness is average or even poor.

Variety Neptune– a table variety with early ripening. Medium height, with good ripening of the vines. The productivity is very high. The bunch is large, branched, low density. The berries are large, slightly oval, red-violet in color, fleshy and juicy, with a tart, pleasant aftertaste. Increased resistance to cracking of berries at high humidity. Frost-resistant, resistant to mildew and gray rot, weakly resistant to oidium. The cut is average.

Variety Special– an early ripening table variety with bisexual flowers. The shoots grow and ripen well. The bunch is medium, conical, medium density. The berries are large, round, white. High frost resistance, good resistance to diseases, except gray rot.

Kuibyshev's firstborn– an early ripening table variety with flowers of a functional female type. The shoots grow and ripen well. The bunch is large, cylindrical-conical, dense. The berries are medium-sized, slightly oval, white. It is completely resistant to frost, as well as pests and diseases.

Memory of Dombkowska(Black seedless winter-hardy) - a table variety of very early ripening. The bushes are vigorous, the yield is high, and the vines ripen well. The bunch is large, dense, winged. The berries are medium size, black, without seeds, with a harmonious taste. Frost-resistant, disease resistant.

Variety Platovsky- technical grade of ultra-early ripening. Growth vigor is average, vine ripening is satisfactory. The bunch is medium, cylindrical-conical, moderately dense. The berries are medium-sized, round, white, pinkish in the sun, with a harmonious taste, juicy. The cut is short. Frost-resistant, moderately resistant to diseases and pests.

Premier variety- a table variety of very early ripening. The bushes are above average height, the shoots ripen well, the yield is good. The bunch is small and medium, conical, loose or of low density. The berries are medium-sized, slightly oval, greenish-white. Winter hardiness is average, disease resistance is average.

Early Magaracha– an early ripening table variety. Vigorous, with good ripening of the vines and good yield. The bunch is medium and large, wide-conical, medium-dense or loose. The berries are medium, black, round and oval. Average frost resistance.

Pink Isabella or Lydia– a table variety of early and medium ripening, characterized by high reliability. High-yielding, very vigorous, excellent ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium, cylindrical-conical, of moderate density. The berries are medium-sized, slightly oval, dark pink or dark red in color, juicy, covered with a lilac bloom, the taste is pleasant, with a strawberry aroma. The taste of berries improves with prolonged aging on the bushes. Frost-resistant, disease resistant. Medium or long cutting.

Pink Tambov- bisexual table variety with mid-early ripening period. Fruitful. Medium height, with good ripening of the vines. The bunch is medium, conical, dense. The berries are medium-sized, round, pink or dark red in color, sweet-sour taste without aftertaste. With high humidity, some berries may crack during ripening.

Pink Chasselas– From white chasla differs only in the color of the berries and shoots.

Variety "Motherland"- bisexual table variety of early ripening. Medium height, good ripening of the vines. The bunch is medium and large. The berry is round, black in color, and has a sweet taste. Winter hardiness is satisfactory. Disease resistance is average.

Russian amber– an early ripening table variety. Medium-sized, shoots ripen satisfactorily, yield is low. The bunch is medium and large, conical, often with a wing, of medium density. The berries are large, oval, white, amber on the sunny side; meaty, juicy, crispy, with a light nutmeg taste. Frost resistance is good, resistant to oidium, weaker to mildew.

Rusven- table variety of very early ripening, very sugary. Vigorous, high-yielding. The shoots ripen well. The bunch is medium and large. The berries are large, light or white in color, tanned in the sun, round, crispy, juicy, with a nutmeg flavor. The skin is thin. Berries can crack if there is high humidity. Frost-resistant. Increased resistance to mildew, instability to gray rot.

Russian early- early ripening table variety. The bushes are vigorous and productive. The shoots grow and ripen satisfactorily. The bunch is medium or large, conical in shape, medium in density. The berries are medium and large, round, dark pink in color, harmonious in taste. The variety is characterized by high frost resistance and disease resistance.

Northern- a universal variety of very early ripening with flowers of a functionally female type. High-yielding. The shoots grow very well and ripen well. The bunch is medium, conical, winged, loose. The berries are medium, round, dark blue in color. Frost-resistant, resistant to pests.

Northern Chasselas– table variety of very early ripening period. Medium-sized, the vine ripens well. The bunch is medium, conical, medium dense. The berries are medium, oval, pink, delicate consistency. Increased frost resistance, average disease resistance..

Variety "Bullfinch"- table variety, early ripening, vigorous, with good ripening of the vines. The bunch is large and dense. The berries are medium, oval, white-pink. Frost resistance and disease resistance are good.

Tavria– a table variety with bisexual flowers. Vigorous, with good ripening of the vines. The bunch is large, cylindrical, medium density. The berries are large, oval, black. The nutmeg flavor of the berries is pronounced. Frost resistance is average, as is resistance to disease.

Taiga variety– a universal table variety with early ripening and high yield. The bunch is small, the berries are dark blue, have a harmonious taste, are very rich in pectin substances, and are considered a medicinal grape variety. They can hang until frost without rotting. Frost-resistant, complexly resistant to diseases.

Timur- a table variety of very early ripening. The bushes are medium and low-growing, with good ripening of shoots. The bunch is large, cylindrical-conical and conical, moderately loose, less often - moderately dense. The berries are large, nipple-shaped or oval, the tips of the berries are pointed, the color is white, an amber tan in the sun. The pulp is crispy, dense, with a nutmeg aroma. Frost resistance is quite strong, disease resistance is high. Pruning is possible both long and short.

Tomaisky (steady Cardinal)- early middle table variety. The bushes are vigorous. Productivity is high. The bunch is medium or large, branched or conical, dense, sometimes weighing more than one kilogram. The berries are large in size, oval in shape, dark red in color, similar in appearance and muscat taste to Cardinal grapes. Frost resistance is average or reduced, resistant to diseases.

Variety Ukraine- a very popular early table variety. Vigorous. The shoots ripen very well. The bunches are large and very large, conical, moderately loose or loose. The berries are large and very large, most often oval, pale pink in color, harmonious taste, fleshy and juicy. Frost-resistant variety, resistant to diseases. Pruning of fruit shoots is medium and long.

Purple early– table variety of medium early ripening period. Medium-sized, with good ripening of shoots. The bunch is medium. The berries are medium-sized, round, dark purple in color, with a fairly bright nutmeg aroma. Frost-resistant variety, resistant to diseases.

Variety "Church Bells"– table variety of very early ripening period. Medium to vigorous, vine ripening is good. The bunch is medium and large. The berries are oval, white-green with yellowness, with a nutmeg aroma. Frost-resistant, disease-resistant.

Black sweet– a table and technical variety of early ripening with bisexual flowers. Medium-sized bushes, shoot ripening is good. The bunch is medium or small in size, cylindrical or cylindrical-conical in shape, high density. The berries are small to medium in size, somewhat oval, dark blue in color with a thick pruin, juicy. Frost resistance is average, susceptible to mildew.

White Chasselas (Golden Chasselas, Chasselas Doré, White Fondant)– table and technical grape variety with bisexual flowers, early ripening period – approximately 125 days. “White Chasselas” is the basis variety for classifying varieties according to ripening time. Very common in all countries. The growth of the bushes is average, the vine ripens well. Productivity is high or average. The bunch is medium, conical and cylindrical-conical, often dense. The berries are medium-sized, round, greenish-white or yellow-green in color with a golden tint, tanned in the sun in the form of brown spots, delicate harmonious taste, melting in the mouth. Frost resistance is average, not very disease resistant. It's better to cut short. Stores in the refrigerator for up to three months.

Chasselas nutmeg– the most valuable variety of “Shasly”, differs from “Shasly WHITE” in weaker growth, lower yield, more wavy leaves, as well as a bright, pronounced aroma of nutmeg. “Shasly Belaya” ripens a week earlier.

Chaslas ramming- an extremely early ripening table variety with bisexual flowers. Growth vigor is average, shoot ripening is good. The bunch is medium, wide-conical, loose. The berries are medium-sized, round, light green with a yellow tint, with a waxy coating, juicy, sweet with a faint strawberry aroma. Frost resistance is good. Resistant to diseases.

Elegant- table variety of very early ripening. Medium-sized, high-yielding, with good ripening of the vine, with functionally female flowers. The bunch is medium, cylindrical-conical and conical, medium dense. The berries are large, oval with a pointed tip, milky white in color, in the sun with an amber tan, with crispy pulp, with a slight nutmeg taste. Good frost resistance, resistant to mildew and gray rot, not resistant to phylloxera. Trimming for 6-8 eyes.

Aesop grape variety– a stable table variety of very early ripening. The flowers are bisexual. Vigorous, shoots ripen satisfactorily or well. The bunch is large, branched, conical, not very dense. The berries of the variety are large, round-oval, dark purple in color, fleshy, resistant to cracking under high humidity. You need to cut it short and medium. Good frost resistance, disease resistant.

Yubileiny Novgorod, Yantarny– a high-quality table variety of early ripening with bisexual flowers. Productive, vigorous. Satisfactory ripening of shoots. The bunch is large, very beautiful, conical, medium dense. The berries are large, round or oval in shape, golden-amber or yellow-green in color, with a light nutmeg aroma. It is characterized by reduced resistance to fungal diseases, and is especially susceptible to mildew. In wet weather, the fruits rot when ripe. Good quality berries are obtained when grown on heated slopes with light soils. It is better to grow on a trellis. The cut is medium and long.

Amber nutmeg- a table variety of very early ripening. High-yielding, medium-sized bushes, shoots ripen well. The flower is bisexual. The cluster is of medium size, cylindrical-conical, of medium density, less often loose. The berries are medium-sized, round, and greenish-amber when fully ripe. The skin is dense. The pulp is fleshy and juicy, with a nutmeg aroma. Quite frost-resistant, weakly resistant to mildew and oidium. Relatively resistant to cracking of berries and their rotting.

Amur grape is the best winter-hardy ornamental variety

Description

The Amursky grape variety was obtained by selectively crossing cultivated varieties with the Amursky variety. Today it is most widespread in the northern regions. This plant is native to the Far East, Korea and China.

The appearance of the Amur grape makes it similar to a liana. The plant is a powerful deciduous vine bearing edible fruits in loose clusters. Using circular rotational movements of the antennae, the grapes climb any nearby buildings. It can rise to a height of up to 30 meters. The trunk diameter can reach 20 cm.

Amur grapes are characterized by a very high rate of shoot formation. The annual growth of this plant can be up to 2.5 meters. Unlike other varieties, Amur tolerates transplanting and pruning well.

Amur grapes are frost-resistant and unpretentious varieties - they can withstand temperatures down to -40 0 C.

It is thanks to these qualities that he receives a lot of positive feedback from winegrowers.

The bark of the vine is dark. On old shoots it begins to peel off in longitudinal stripes. On young shoots, the bark is green or reddish. In autumn, it, like the leaves, turns red-brown.

Quite large leaves with a dark green color are formed on the vine. The leaf blade can reach 30 cm in span. The shape of the leaves can vary quite widely. The leaves can be whole or have several lobes (three, five). Also, in shape, they are round, ovoid or arched at the base.

The edges of the leaf blade have sharp and serrated rounded-triangular teeth. It is naked above and densely covered with short bristles below. In autumn, they can become bright red-violet, orange, brown and yellow. It is during this period that the grapes become the most beautiful: bright leaves against the background of large and dark fruits. Leaf fall begins in early October. The leafing period lasts 163 days (approximately from May 6 to October 15).

Amur grapes begin to bloom in early May. Its flowers have small racemes of a yellowish tint. They are inconspicuous and dilute the delicate aroma, as well as a large amount of nectar.

The Amur variety is characterized by round berries up to 1.5 cm in diameter with a black bluish coating. The skin of the berries is thick. The pulp is juicy, and the taste, depending on the variety, can be sweet or sour.

The fruits are excellent for fresh consumption and for making compotes, preserves and jams. But a coffee surrogate is made from the seeds and oil is obtained.

Amur grapes are mainly a dioecious plant. In nature, bisexual vines are extremely rare. More often the plant is represented by one sex.

The Amur grape variety can be propagated in different ways: using seeds, layering or cuttings.

You can start breeding in the fall. After the grapes are harvested, the seeds are planted. If you decide to plant seeds in the spring, then you need to carry out a stratification process, which will take about four months. Seedlings of this grape variety, with proper care, begin to bloom in the fifth year.

This type of grape is moisture-loving - for normal growth it needs approximately 700 mm of precipitation per year; in case of insufficient annual precipitation, timely watering is needed.

There is comparative resistance to some diseases, it is not resistant to phylloxera, but only certain forms have resistance to mildew.

In the case of vegetative propagation, fruiting of the Amursky variety is significantly accelerated.

Amur grapes have the following advantages:

Application

The use of this grape variety is quite wide.

Let's look at the most common ways to use this grape:

As an ornamental plant, this grape is excellent for landscaping parks and squares, since it can easily withstand such unfavorable city conditions as dust, gas pollution and smoke. This variety is gas and smoke resistant.

Also, young leaves and shoots can be used for food: salads, soups, carbonated kvass.

In folk medicine, it is used for diseases such as inflammation of the pleura, chronic catarrh of the stomach, and gallstones.

Varieties

Amur grapes are represented by a large number of varieties. Let us briefly consider the most famous and popular varieties of this grape:

This is not the entire list of varieties. The article lists only the most interesting ones, both in terms of taste characteristics and decorative parameters.

Agricultural technology

In order for grapes to delight you with tasty fruits and an unusually beautiful appearance, you must follow all the rules of agricultural technology that are established for this variety.

Rules of agricultural technology for Amur grapes:

• The plant must be planted in a sunny place. Partial shade is allowed;
• acidic and loose soils are preferred;
• excess lime in the soil can lead to the death of grapes;
• it is necessary to add highly acidic high-moor peat;
• sufficient watering of the plant is required.

Any fertile and well-drained soil is suitable for growing Amur grapes.

Video “Grapes Agat Donskoy”

In this video you will get acquainted with the peculiarities of growing one of the varieties of Amur grapes - the Agat Donskoy variety.

As you can see, the advantages of Amur grapes make it definitely the best winter-hardy variety for planting in your garden.

Early Russian grapes - It is a table grape variety that ripens 115 days after growth begins. The size of the bushes of this variety is medium, the clusters are long and not very dense. The berries are large in size, round in shape, dark pink in color. One berry weighs approximately 5 g. The berries of this variety accumulate a lot of sugar, which makes it very tasty and enjoyable. Its flesh is crispy. Speaking specifically in numbers, the sugar percentage is 21%, and the acidity is 6-7 grams per liter. Fruiting is high, even several inflorescences are found. The fruits of early Russian grapes are easily transported, without much loss.

Frosts down to -23 degrees do not cause the death of this variety. It is also resistant to diseases such as mildew, oidium, and gray rot.

Variety "Incense-2". This variety is also an early variety, as it ripens 125 days after the start of growth. The shoots have a powerful structure, most of the vine becomes woody. The flowers are predisposed to pollination, subsequently forming a massive cylindrical cluster weighing up to 1.5 kg. The berries are large, their density is average. The weight of the berry is up to 8 grams, and the size is 2x2.5 cm. The berries have a greenish-yellow color.

The taste of the berries of this variety is reminiscent of muscat varieties. The thickness of the skin is medium, so it is not particularly noticeable when eating grapes. One bush of the Ladanny-2 grape variety produces about six kilograms of harvest. This variety has a stable and high yield, is resistant to frost, can withstand up to -24 degrees. It is also resistant to major diseases - mildew and rot. “Incense-2” ripens very quickly and early, giving the opportunity to consume large and very tasty berries when most varieties are far from ripening.

Early grapes Transfiguration- a complex interspecific hybrid characterized by early maturation (about 115 days after the start of growth).

The mass of the bunches is up to 1.5 kg, the berries are large, their weight is 18 g or more. The berry shape is oval, the taste is pleasant, the color is pink.

The grapes of this variety produce a large harvest, the bushes themselves grow quickly and take root well.

Preobrazhenie grapes are frost-resistant, which makes it possible to grow them in different places. It is in great demand on the market and is practically not affected by fungal diseases.

Early grapes Violet very resistant to frost and very resistant to various diseases. The young shoot has a light green crown, and the young green leaves have bristles. The leaves of this variety have different sizes, mostly large format. The shape of the leaf blade is vesicular, 3 or 5 lobed, the edges are bent down. There are two types of cutouts. One is the upper one, the corner of which enters the middle of the sheet, and the lower one is either absent or enters like a small open corner.

Petioles are distinguished with a free and open notch. The pubescence is shaped like bristles like a web. The grapes bloom with bisexual flowers, then forming a cluster 17 centimeters long and 12 centimeters wide. The grape stem has a decent length and is green in color. The bunch weighs up to 150 g, the berries are medium, round, violet-gray, with a bluish-gray bloom. The skin of the berries is dense, the pulp is juicy, the taste is nutmeg, the juice is colorless, there are several seeds.

Briefly described above characteristics sound like this:

— the shape of the bunches is elongated and loose;

- the surface of the leaves is bubbly, the edge is three-lobed;

- the berries are small, round, purple in color and have a muscat taste;

— The stalk of the bunch is quite long.

The shoots of this variety are small in thickness and the leaves are rounded. The leaf blades have sharp teeth along the edge, but they themselves are slightly convex. In autumn the leaves turn yellow.

To eat grapes fresh, the most successful harvest time is the beginning of September, and for preserving wine - the end of September.

This litter has a high yield. Fruitful shoots have a ratio of 78% in relation to the total number.

Early Violet grapes have high resistance to mildew and other diseases, but are not resistant to bacterial canker, leaf roller and phylloxera. Just like the above varieties, it tolerates frosts down to -27 degrees.

Purple grapes are recommended to be grown in areas with slopes and plains. This is due to its early maturation. It can be grown in heavy soils. When pruning, leave at least a small amount of healthy eyes. Also consider how well the variety bears fruit. After pruning, Violet regenerates well.

The main advantage of this grape is its juice content up to 84%. It is also recommended to be consumed fresh, as it has a pleasant taste and aroma, as well as low acidity.

Early grapes Gourmand

Gourmand is a hybrid form of early-ripening grapes that is ready to be harvested in early August. The bushes grow to medium size. The formed clusters are cylindrical in shape, large, weighing up to 0.6 kg.

One berry weighs up to 9 g. It has the appearance of a pink oval, its taste is of muscat varieties, and the skin is edible.

This variety has not been tested for weather tolerance or disease resistance. The berries ripen 125 after the start of growth. Shoots of medium size and growth rate. Cuttings of this variety are very successful.

It is reliably known that Gurman can withstand frosts down to -23 degrees. Quite resistant to oidium, has increased resistance to the incidence of gray mold.

The fruits of this variety are very beautiful in appearance and pleasant in taste.

Early Magaracha grapes

Magaracha is a table grape variety. The shoots have a dark green crown with red edges. The leaf blade can have several types of shapes: funnel-shaped, deeply dissected and five-lobed. The blades are larger on the side than in the center. Of the two types of outgrowths, the upper ones are open with a depth of medium size, and the lower ones are shallow and also open.

If we talk about the characteristics of this variety briefly, then these are:

- leaves with a corrugated surface;

— bunches of oblong loose shape;

— early ripening berries;

There are bubbles on the light green leaf blades. The central lobes are less pronounced than the lateral ones. The leaves turn yellow in autumn, sometimes turning red.

Growing season. Magaracha grapes ripen very early, 120 days after the start of growth. By the end of August the fruits are ready for harvest.

Early ripening grapes of Magaracha are quite productive, giving a high yield.

Also, the advantage of this variety is its low susceptibility to rot due to its rapid ripening. But it has low resistance to mildew and frost. Therefore, it is best to grow it in regions such as Crimea.

Early grape Muscat pink bred on the basis of the White Muscat variety, which has existed for many centuries. This variety is grown in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Portugal, and Italy.

The shoot has a red-pink crown, the leaves are downward, green. The leaves of Muscat Rose are medium-sized, dissected or five-lobed. There are upper and lower types of cutouts. The upper ones reach medium depth or shallow, they are open and closed, while the lower ones are mostly shallow, open type. Flowers of both sexes.

When the bunch is ripe, it measures up to 28 cm long and 10 cm wide. The shape of the bunch is cylindrical and elongated. One bunch weighs up to 200 g, and the berry reaches sizes of 17-18 mm in length and width. The color of the berry is dark red, round in shape, and has a waxy coating. The skin is thin and durable. The taste of the pulp is delicate, the color is pink, there are up to four seeds. The leaves of Pink Muscat are similar to those of White Muscat, and the berries are almost black when ripe.

Growing season. Under optimal growing conditions, the fruits ripen in 140 days. At the end of September the grapes reach full ripeness. The bushes are medium in size and the shoots grow quickly.

The grapes have average fruitfulness; the largest harvests are harvested in the Southern Crimea.

Pink nutmeg is resistant to mildew, but weak to oidium, leaf roller and phylloxera. It survives poorly in the cold and requires special climatic conditions.

Grapes contain up to 70% juice and have a lot of sugar. Used as a wine variety and also for food in raw form.

You might be interested :

Grape varieties for Siberia

Grapes conquer Siberia

In recent years, despite any weather conditions, Siberian gardeners have been striving to grow not only apple trees, pears, the now familiar cherries, plums and apricots, but also more heat-demanding peaches and other heat-loving crops. Interest in grape culture has also grown noticeably. This is evidenced by reviews of my previously published articles on grapes, including in the newspaper “Gardens of Siberia” No. 4 for 2012, No. 1 and 4 for 2013.

I received calls and letters from many regions, including central Russia, the Far East and Transbaikalia, Central and Southern Siberia. This is evidence that interest in grape culture is growing in places where, 2-3 decades ago, grape growing was generally not even thought of. Most of the gardeners who called me, along with questions, asked to tell me in more detail about those grape varieties that can be grown without major problems in areas that are risky for viticulture.

Currently, there are many sources from which you can get the necessary information: catalogues, directories, magazine and newspaper publications, the Internet, and finally. But, fulfilling my promise to the readers, I decided to present my view on some grape varieties.

I will immediately make a reservation that I will not give a description of all varieties, since I will write only about those that I have tested and continue to test in my vineyard. Many of these varieties, over the years of their cultivation, have already proven their right to life on our land, some are still being tested, but have already attracted some interest.

I’ll start with the most unpretentious, hardy, forgiving varieties, and varieties adapted to our conditions, with which, having certain knowledge of grape agricultural technology, great desire and ability to work, you can begin to get acquainted with this wonderful, unique crop.

BASHKIR EARLY - the variety was bred by L.N. Strelyaeva (city of Ufa) on the basis of Amur grapes, has a higher winter hardiness of the root system than varieties of European and Asian origin. A bush of medium vigor, the vine ripens early and well, often to almost the entire length of growth. The variety has a female flower type and blooms very early, so for pollination it is necessary to plant other early-flowering varieties nearby (Amur hybrids by A.I. Potapenko, varieties selected by Sharova, Alfa, Zilgu and others).

The variety is very productive - up to 4-5 flower clusters per shoot, and with good pollination it gives a good harvest, although it has a small bunch and not a large berry (10-15 mm). The berry is dark purple, has a pleasant sour-sweet taste (baby berry), and has a very early ripening period. The variety is valuable for its increased winter hardiness of the root system, good vitality and adaptability to our conditions.

RUSSIAN EARLY is also a very resilient variety from Novocherkassk with a very early ripening period (105-110 days). The bush is vigorous. Bunch - 250-400 g, conical, moderate density or loose. Berries from 3 to 5 g (on adult bushes the cluster and berries are larger), round or oval-round in shape, dark pink, sweet, with a pleasant harmonious taste. The vine ripens well. Repeatedly tested in amateur vineyards, this is a reliable variety.

MYSTERY OF SHAROV - a hybrid form of Siberian grapes by the breeder-enthusiast, author of the Siberian Viticulture System (SSV) R.F. Sharov (city of Biysk), was obtained back in 1972, and over the past decades has proven its reliability in Siberian vineyards. (All Sharov hybrids are popularly called “varieties”).

Their flowers are bisexual, the berries set well. The clusters are small and medium-sized, the berries are round, dark blue, medium-sized, sourish-sweet. Ripens in our region by mid-August. The hybrid is very productive (3-4 clusters per shoot), capable of bearing fruit on almost all stepsons. The clusters on the stepsons are smaller, but the berries are somewhat larger and ripen a little later than the main harvest.

The higher the stepson is on the vine, the later the berries ripen on it. The lower stepsons should be pinched, as with other varieties, above 3-4 leaves, and it is better to remove the uppermost ones or, by pinching them, remove the inflorescences from them. The vine of this variety ripens early and for almost the entire length of growth. Ripe bunches can be stored on the bushes for a long time; as the berries wither, they become very sweet.

KROPNY SHAROVA (Large-fruited Sharova) is a hybrid of very early ripening. The bush is medium-sized. The bunch is medium and large, broadly conical, of medium density. The berry is round-oval in shape, light green or greenish-amber, very sweet with a slight nutmeg flavor, and in our conditions ripens in the 3rd decade of August. The vine ripens well.

Pinocchio (deciduous) is a very early and weather-resistant hybrid bred by R. F. Sharov. Received in 1983. The bush is of medium vigor, the flowers are bisexual, the clusters are small (up to 100 g), loose. The berry is white, translucent, round, almost medium in size (about 2 g), ripens in the second half of August, very sweet, can remain on the bushes for a long time without damage. The variety is valuable for northern vineyards due to its very early ripening of berries and good ripening of the vines.

KATYR-2 is one of the most winter-hardy and productive hybrids, selected by Sharov from seedlings in 1970. The bush is vigorous, the leaves are medium-sized, five-lobed, slightly dissected. The flowers are bisexual. The clusters are medium or larger than average, 2-3 per shoot. The berry is about 3 g, round-oval or slightly oval, dark blue, has a unique and harmonious taste (in cold summers it may lack sugar), ripens in the 3rd decade of August. The vine ripens early.

KATYRSHA (in some publications - Kakatyrsha) is another reliable hybrid for Southern Siberia, selected by R. F. Sharov. A powerful bush, with rounded, almost uncut leaves. The flowers are bisexual. The clusters are medium, dense, cylindrical or slightly conical. The berry is medium-sized, black, round, with a faint strawberry aroma, sweet, with a slightly noticeable labrusca (“isabelle”) flavor.

Even in cold summers it ripens early and acquires enough sugars. Can be used in winemaking. The vine ripens well. Due to its winter hardiness and powerful vegetative mass of the bush, the variety can be used for landscaping gazebos, decorating walls, and the like.

NOTES. All hybrids selected by R. F. Sharov, having a more winter-hardy root system, can be used as rootstocks for less winter-hardy European varieties. Having low resistance to fungal diseases, they are not recommended for areas with a damp climate.

SEEDLESS BLACK WINTER-HARDY or BCZ (analogue of the variety Pamyati Dombkovskaya) - bred in Orenburg, feels relatively well in the conditions of Khakassia and the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The bush is vigorous, powerful, with large, slightly dissected leaves. The vine ripens well, and under favorable weather conditions it can ripen almost the entire length of the growth.

The variety is very productive and is prone to overload with the harvest, so in the spring, before flowering, it is necessary to normalize the shoots and inflorescences, otherwise the berries in the clusters will pea and their ripening will be delayed. The cluster is medium or large (in a greenhouse up to 800-900 g), dense (in greenhouse clusters the density is less), with a “wing” (sometimes two). The berry is almost black, about 2 g, slightly oval or round-oval, seedless, with a pleasant sour-sweet taste (in the hot summer it picks up more sugars).

The variety is universal: both table and suitable for drying, and is also valued for the high quality of juices and wines - one of the best varieties adapted to the conditions of Southern Siberia. Compared to other table varieties, it has a more resilient root system; the vine can withstand frosts down to minus 28 degrees Celsius.

EARLY MAGARACH (Magarach No. 372) - bred at the Magarach Institute (Crimea). The variety is quite old, proven and adapted to our conditions. The bush is vigorous, with five-lobed, strongly dissected large leaves. The flowers are bisexual, the cluster is medium or large (up to a kilogram), wide-conical, of medium density. The berry is early ripening, medium size, dark blue with a pruin coating, pleasant taste. The vine ripens well; long pruning is recommended, since the fruitfulness of the shoots is low.

MUSCAT KATUNSKY (ARMENIAN) - also a reliable, time-tested, universal (table and technical) variety, bred in the ArmNIIVViP. The bush is medium-sized with a large, almost whole leaf, forms long, well-ripening shoots. The flowers are bisexual, the yield is high: the clusters are well pollinated even in unfavorable weather conditions during flowering. The clusters are medium and large, rather loose and branched. The berry is white, 3-3.5 g, with a nutmeg taste, ripens in the first ten days of September, in cold summers ripening is delayed for 1-2 weeks, the berry may not contain sugars, however, it can be a good raw material for white nutmeg guilt. The berries of this variety can be kept fresh for several months.

TUKAY is a high-yielding variety bred by VNIIiV (Novocherkassk). The growth vigor of the bush is average, but the fruitfulness of the shoots is very high, therefore it is prone to overload with the harvest, which is why both the weight of the bunches and the size of the berries are reduced. It is recommended to prune the vines short in the fall and break out weak shoots in the spring, as well as normalizing the inflorescences. The flower is bisexual, the clusters are large (up to 1.0 kg), branched. The berries are medium-sized, white (sometimes tanned on the sunny side), good taste with a nutmeg aroma. The ripening period is very early: in our region it is the first or second ten days of August. Under certain conditions, berries of this variety can be stored fresh for a long time.

ALYOSHENKIN - bred by the scientist-breeder P. E. Tsekhmistrenko (Volgograd) and named by him in honor of his grandson. The variety is quite widespread in the vineyards of Southern Siberia. Even if only a few varieties are grown, Alyoshenkin will be one of them. Winegrowers value it for its good adaptability to Siberian conditions, tasty berries and high yield. But the attitude towards him is ambiguous: some admire it, some are dissatisfied.

We can conclude that the variety is somewhat capricious, and only with proper handling will it reveal all its advantages. The variety is vigorous and very productive. The bunches are large (600-800 g), with good agricultural technology the weight of the bunch increases (up to 1500 g). The bunch is cylindrical-conical, sometimes wide-conical, medium density, beautiful.

The berry is larger than medium in size, oval, light greenish or white; in the sun it takes on the color of baked milk. The taste of the berries is harmonious, ripening is very early, they can be consumed before full ripening. Normalization of inflorescences is necessary: ​​if the crop is overloaded, peas may occur and ripening may be delayed. The shoots ripen well.

SVETLANA - in many respects similar to the Alyoshenkin variety, but differs in the larger size of the bunches and berries, a slightly earlier ripening period and higher sugar content of the berries.

SUNNY - variety bred in Moldova. The bush is of medium vigor, the leaves are also of medium size, deeply dissected. The ripening of the shoots is good. The bunch is 300-400 g, conical, often winged, of medium density. The berry is about medium in size, round, yellow-green, fleshy-juicy, pleasant taste with a light nutmeg aroma. It ripens in late August - early September. In cold summers, the ripening and accumulation of sugars is delayed.

P-33 is a Far Eastern seedling (isolated from Potapenko’s seedlings in 2006 by breeder-enthusiast O.A. Galver, a former employee of the Primorsky fruit and berry OS). Bush of medium vigor. The bunch and berry are smaller than the average standard. The berry is dark blue with high sugar content (can be eaten before full ripening), ripens by early September. The ripening of the vines is good. The form is promising both for winemaking and for breeding purposes; it can also be used as a rootstock with good winter hardiness of the root system.

MILADI is an elite form of technical grapes, isolated at the All-Russian Research Institute named after Ya. I. Potapenko (Novocherkassk) for the production of red wine, but due to the sugar content of the berries it can also be used as table grapes. A bush of medium vigor with rounded three- and five-lobed, deeply dissected decorative leaves of medium size.

The clusters are medium and large, conical, often winged. When fully ripe, the berries are dark blue, smaller than average in size, sweet and juicy. The productivity is very high. The variety is new to our region, but has already “proven” its right to life in Siberian vineyards. Winter hardiness of the vine is down to minus 28 degrees Celsius.

Speaking about grape varieties that are quite winter-hardy and adapted to the conditions of Southern Siberia, it is impossible not to. mention the Amur hybrids selected by A.I. Potapenko, which he united into the group RUSSIAN WINTER-HARDY GRAPES. In fact, with his more than half a century of painstaking work with Amur grapes, he created a new species. Potapenko's hybrid forms are interesting, first of all, for their increased winter hardiness: vines down to minus 35-40 degrees; root system - up to minus 15-17 degrees Celsius.

Amur grapes not only tolerate low winter temperatures, but also organically need them; they do not tolerate mild winters well, so the cultivation of Russian WINTER-HARDY grapes will be more successful where frosty, stable winters (without thaws) are combined with hot, sunny summers.

In regions where winter temperatures do not fall below minus 35-40 degrees Celsius, all hybrid forms of Potapenko can be cultivated in an uncovered form, using them in landscaping gazebos, for decorating various walls, and the like. Berries of these forms are suitable for fresh consumption and for making high-quality juices and red wines (they yield up to 70 percent juice); It should be noted that the seeds in the berries are small and there are few of them. Below are the characteristics of some forms.

AMUR TRIUMPH (Potapenko-8, In Memory of Thor Heyerdahl) - a new generation hybrid, no different. only good winter hardiness, but also a berry large enough for Amur hybrids (up to 3.5 g) with high sugar content and taste of European varieties. The berry is blue (sometimes light purple) and ripens in late August - early September. Bunch - 250-300 g. The bush is vigorous, the vine ripening is good.

AMUR BREAKTHROUGH (Potapenko-7, One). Odin (with emphasis on the first letter) is a Norse deity who patronizes travelers. And the grape hybrid received this name at the request of the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl, with whom A.I. Potapenko was friends for many years.

ONE is a very frost-resistant hybrid; in our microclimate it can be cultivated in an uncovered form. The bush is powerful, with large leaves. Clusters - 200-300 g, dark berries, medium size, early ripening. The vine ripens well.

AMETHYST - a vigorous form, very decorative, with large, slightly corrugated leaves, productive (three clusters per shoot). Bunch up to 300 g, conical, dense. The berry is 2-2.5 g, dark blue, pleasant taste with good sugar content. Ripening is the first ten days of September.

NERETINSKY is similar in characteristics to Amethyst, but has a sweeter berry with an earlier ripening period. The vine ripens well in our conditions.

AGATAM (Agat Donskoy x Amursky) is a vigorous table-technical hybrid. Clusters up to 500 g, round, dark blue berries up to 3 g, sweet. Ripening - 3rd ten days of August.

GRACE (Potapenko-9, Potapenko's Testament) - this form was isolated by A.I. Potapenko from seedlings from the parent pair One x Amur Triumph and named by L.P. Potapenko in memory of her husband. The bunch is 18-20 cm long, dense. The berry is large (about 25 mm), dark, sweet, very early ripening. Frost resistance down to minus 40 degrees Celsius. This form can rightfully be classified as a table grape variety. According to L.P. Potapenko, this form is in great demand in the northern regions of the middle zone.

KISHMISH POTAPENKO WHITE is a productive hybrid of very early ripening. The bush is vigorous, the vine ripens early and well. The bunch is medium-sized and larger, loose, conical, 15-20 cm long. The berry is small, round, seedless (without rudiments), light amber, very sweet with a slight nutmeg flavor, can be consumed long before full ripening. Winter hardiness of the vine is down to minus 30 degrees Celsius. Due to its decorative properties and children’s favorite berries, this form is often used for landscaping gazebos; in landscaping it goes very well with Odin.

NEW RUSSIAN - a hybrid (Russian early x Amur) of a very early ripening period (in our region - the first ten days of August, despite any natural anomalies), the growth vigor of the bush is above average, annual shoots ripen well. The clusters are medium and large (300-500 g), cylindrical-conical, of medium density.

The berry is above average size, light green-pink, beautiful, round and round-oval in shape, with thin skin and delicate pulp, harmonious, very good taste. Annual shoots ripen well. Frost resistance of the vine down to minus 28 degrees. Disease resistant, very interesting and promising form.

In terms of winter hardiness and adaptability to our climate, the Tayozhny variety with similar (possibly higher) frost resistance can be placed on a par with the GF A.I. Potapenko.

TAIGA - found in 1933 by the scientist breeder N.N. Tikhonov in the south of the Primorsky Territory. The variety is very vigorous, table-grade, very early ripening (90-95 days). The clusters are conical, loose, and medium in size (up to 300 g). Berries with a light nutmeg aroma, dark blue, 3-3.5 g, can remain on the bushes for a long time without spoiling. The flower is functionally female, but in the presence of simultaneously flowering pollinating varieties, the yield is consistently high.

The American variety ALPHA (erroneously called Isabella) is also widespread in Siberian vineyards. It is very winter-hardy (minus 40 degrees), but it has a small (60-70 g) bunch, with small, black, very mediocre-tasting berries, and it is also late ( mid-September) ripening and not acquiring sugars in the cold summer.

This variety can be recommended as a winter-hardy rootstock: frost resistance of the root system down to minus 20 degrees, good compatibility with many European varieties. (For reference: the real Isabella has a larger, loose bunch and a berry with more sugar content and a pronounced strawberry flavor).

In addition to the listed varieties and forms, larger-fruited ones can also be grown in Siberian vineyards. varieties tested and proven under our conditions.

KODRYANKA - a vigorous Moldovan variety, ripening period 110-115 days. Clusters 400-600 g, conical, medium density; berries 6-7 g, dark purple, oval-elongated shape, simple, pleasant taste. Productivity is high. Frost resistance - minus 22-23 degrees Celsius.

NADEZHDA AZOS is a medium-sized variety, bred in Anapa, with an early ripening period (120-130 days). Clusters from 500-700 to 1,500 g, conical, loose, beautiful. The berries are large (7-8 g), oval-elongated, nipple-shaped, dark blue, with fleshy pulp of very good taste; when ripe, they can remain on the bushes for a long time, and after picking they are well stored. The variety is an analogue of Kodryanka, but surpasses it in the size of clusters and berries, but at a later ripening period. In our microzone, it is better to grow this variety in a greenhouse, since in the cold summer the ripening of both the berries and the vines is delayed. Frost resistance - minus 22 degrees.

VICTORIA - the variety was bred in Novocherkassk, in the parent pair it has a European-Amur hybrid. Medium-sized, vigorous in greenhouse conditions. The shoots ripen early and well. Decorative leaves. Clusters with good pollination are large, conical, moderately loose. The berries are large (6-7 g), oval-ovoid in shape, dark pink or red-raspberry, fleshy, juicy, tasty, with a light nutmeg aroma when fully ripe. The variety is very productive, the fruitfulness of the shoots is high. Frost resistance - up to minus 27 degrees Celsius. The disadvantages of the variety include the female type of flower.

SUMMER MUSCAT is an early ripening Moldovan variety, one of the sweetest in my collection. The bushes are tall, the shoots ripen well. Bunches of medium. and above-average size, loose. The berries are large (6-7 g), elongated-ovoid, sometimes nipple-shaped, amber-yellow. The pulp is fleshy and juicy, with a nutmeg aroma. A ripe harvest should not be kept on the bushes, as the bunch becomes fragile and the berries fall off. The ripening of the shoots is good. The frost resistance of the vine is minus 25 degrees.

AUGUSTINE (Phenomenon, Pleven resistant) - a common Bulgarian variety, vigorous. The clusters are large (500-600 g), of moderate density. The berries are large (yes 7 g), oval, amber-white with dense crispy pulp, good taste, sweet. The variety is unpretentious, but responsive to good agricultural technology - it increases the size of bunches and berries. The ripening of the shoots is good. Frost resistance - up to minus 24 degrees.

New grape varieties suitable for development in Siberia

In recent decades, the assortment of table grapes has been significantly expanded with new products from amateur breeders who create large-berry hybrid forms (HF) of various colors and wonderful taste. “The immensity cannot be grasped,” that’s what they say when there is a very large choice, but I still decided to try some of the new products.

State Fund of V. U. Kapelyushny (Aksaiy district, Rostov region)

NADEZHDA AKSAYSKAYA - according to the author of the variety, this is an improved analogue of the Arcadia variety. The bush is vigorous. Early (110-115 days) ripening period. It ripens in a greenhouse in the 3rd ten days of August; provided it is temporarily covered in spring and autumn, it can also grow successfully in open ground. The clusters are large (from 600-700 to 1200 g).

The berries are very large (8-12 g), oval-oblong, white, very good taste, with a slight nutmeg aroma. The ripening of the shoots is relatively good. Frost resistance - up to minus 24 degrees. With its yield, beauty of clusters, and taste of berries, this GF truly deserves the attention of amateur winegrowers.

AKSAI KISHMISH - medium-sized form, early ripening (110-115 days). Clusters 500-600 g, conical, medium density. The berries are 4-5 g, dark pink, with a bluish coating, oval in shape, the taste is harmonious with a nutmeg aroma, rudiments of seeds are found in the berries. Frost resistance - up to minus 26 degrees. In cold summers, the berries do not absorb sugars, but in greenhouse conditions the variety reveals its potential more fully.

GRAY (VN-6) is a new hybrid form of grapes of very early ripening. The clusters are very large (1000-1200 g), classic cylindrical in shape. The berries are amber-yellow in color, large (10-14 g), oval-ovoid in shape, pleasant taste with a slight nutmeg. The form is very productive, prone to overload, and therefore requires crop rationing. The ripening of the shoots is good. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 25 degrees.

GF V. N. KRAINOV (CITY OF Novocherkassk, Rostov region)

FIRST-CALLED - medium vigor, very early (95-100 days) form. The clusters are large, from 700 g to 1 kg, conical, moderately dense, not susceptible to peas. The berries are very large (10-12 g), oval, white or light amber with tan, sweet, pleasant harmonious taste with a faint citrus aroma. The pulp of the berries is dense and juicy. The shoots ripen well. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 23 degrees.

PINK KRAINOVA - a vigorous sultana form of very early ripening. The bunch is large (500-600 g), conical, of medium density. The berry is large (5-6 g), oval-shaped, pink, with a very good nutmeg taste. The ripening of the shoots is good. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 24 degrees.

VANYUSHA is a very vigorous form of early ripening. The bunch is very large (1.5-2 kg), wide-conical or cylindrical, of medium density. The flowers are bisexual. The berry is large (10-12 g), round-oval or round, in the sun an amber color, harmonious taste. In my opinion, the form is very promising, but in our climate zone it is better suited for greenhouse cultivation. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 23 degrees.

VICTOR (accent on the last syllable) is a tall form of very early ripening (105-110 days). The flowers are bisexual. The clusters are beautiful, large (from 0.7 to 1 kg), conical, medium density, not susceptible to peas. The berries are large and very large (12-18 g), elongated, classic “lady fingers”, dark pink, harmonious taste. Annual shoots ripen well. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 23 degrees.

GF E. G. PAVLOVSKY (CITY OF Novoshakhtinsk, Rostov region)

SUPEREXTRA is a very successful hybrid form with an extremely early ripening period (90-100 days), which has already proven itself quite well in the northern viticulture zones. The growth vigor of the bush is average or strong (with good agricultural technology). The flowers are bisexual. The clusters are very large (500-800 g); beautiful, wide-conical, medium density, not subject to crushing.

The yield is consistently high, but the bushes cannot be overloaded - ripening is delayed; it is better if one shoot - one bunch. The berries are large (7-10 g), white or white-yellow, high-sugar, with an excellent, refreshing taste. Can be consumed before full ripening. In cold summers, the ripening of shoots is delayed. Frost resistance of mature vines is minus 25 degrees.

IN MEMORY OF THE SURGEON - a vigorous, productive form with early ripening. The clusters are large (500-600 g), wide-conical, of moderate density. The flowers are bisexual. The berries (8-10 g), greenish-pink, sweet, very good taste, are suitable for consumption long before they are fully ripe. With the age of the bush, not only the yield increases, but also the size of the bunches and berries. The ripening of the shoots is good. Winter hardiness of the vine is minus 23-25 ​​degrees.

CARMEN is a vigorous, early ripening form. The clusters are large (600-800 g), cylindrical, medium density, elegant. The flowers are bisexual. Berries 6-8 g, black, with a blue pruin coating, ovoid-elongated shape, harmonious taste. The shoots ripen relatively well. Frost resistance of the vine is up to minus 23 degrees Celsius.

BEAUTY - the form deserves its name (bred with the participation of the Victoria variety and European-Amur forms), very early ripening, vigorous, productive. The flowers are bisexual. The clusters are 500-600 g, cylindrical, medium density.

The berries are large (6-7 g), beautiful, with a prune coating, oval-ovoid in shape, sweet harmonious taste with firm pulp. The color of the berries ranges from dark pink to dark burgundy. The bush is not afraid of being overloaded with the harvest, although when overloaded it delays the ripening of berries for a week. The berries absorb sugar well even in cool summers. The ripening of shoots is early and good. Frost resistance - up to minus 25 degrees.

PRODUCER - tall, powerful. The clusters are 600-800 g, wide-conical, medium density. The flowers are functionally female; when under-pollinated, slight peas are observed. Berries 8-9 g, greenish-yellow, shiny. The pulp is fleshy-juicy, crispy, harmonious in taste, with a slight nutmeg when fully ripe. The shoots ripen well. Winter hardiness - down to minus 23 degrees.

ROCHEFORT is a vigorous form, meets almost all the requirements for a very early ripening variety (100-110 days), and is worthy of the attention of winegrowers. Clusters up to 500 g, wide-conical, medium density. The flowers are bisexual, the yield is stable. The berries are round in shape, large and very large (from 6-8 g to 12-20 g - for an adult bush and with good agricultural technology) with dense pulp, dark red, black when ripe, tasty, with a light nutmeg aroma. The ripening of the shoots is good. Frost resistance of the vine is minus 24-25 degrees.

CHARLI (Victoria x Nadezhda AZOS) - a form (already appreciated by winegrowers in the regions of Southern Siberia) of medium vigor, very early ripening. The clusters are 600-800 g (up to 35-40 cm long), wide-conical, medium density. The flower is bisexual. The berries are 7-10 g, black, with a gray pruin coating, beautiful, egg-shaped, rich, harmonious taste with dense pulp. The shoots ripen early, in favorable weather - along almost the entire length of the growth. The frost resistance of the ripened vine is minus 25 degrees Celsius.

SOKOL - vigorous, early (105-115 days) GF. The bunch is wide-conical, medium density, large (600-800 g). Bisexual. The berries are large (10-15 g), red-plum, when fully ripe - black, oval, good harmonious taste, sweet. The ripening of the shoots is satisfactory. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 23 degrees.

LADA-T (A-5-8) is one of the breeder’s new products (2012), bred from the parent pair Talisman x Krasotka. Very early ripening (100-110 days), vigorous. The flower is bisexual and pollinated well. The clusters are large (from 0.5 to 1.0 kg), wide-conical, medium-loose, elegant. The berries are large (10-15 g), oval, dark pink in color, harmonious taste, with a light nutmeg aroma. The harvest can be stored on the bushes for a long time. The ripening of the shoots is very good. Frost resistance of the vine down to minus 24 degrees.

GF A.I. KITAYCHENKO (city of Lugansk, Ukraine)

POLA is a medium-sized form of very early ripening. The bunch is up to 900 g, the berries are large (10-14 g), red-violet in color, good, harmonious taste. The vines are ripening well. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 24 degrees.

GF V. V. ZAGORULKO (city of Zaporozhye, Ukraine)

GALA is a large-fruited hybrid form with an early ripening period (110-115 days). The bush is vigorous. The bunch is large (500-1000 g), wide-conical, moderate density, attractive in appearance. The berry is very large (up to 12 g), oval or round-oval in shape, blue, with a smoky coating, harmonious taste. The shoots ripen well. Frost resistance of the vine is down to minus 21 degrees.

Of course, of the large-fruited hybrid forms of amateur selection listed above, not all can be recommended for cultivation in “northern” vineyards - this is, as they say, “for information” that in our zone it is possible to obtain harvests of such grapes. But, of course, we need to start with varieties that have been tested for years under local conditions.

A large list of varieties for Siberia with full characteristics can be found on the page.

Late autumn apple variety from the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. Obtained from crossing the varieties Uralskoye nalivnoye and Korichnoye novoe. Authors: G.A. Mansurov, Kh. N. Fazliakhmetov, T. G. Demina.
Distributed in Bashkortostan, Kirov and Orenburg regions. Zoned in 2001.

The tree is medium-sized and fast-growing. The crown is of medium density, spreading when young, and broadly rounded when fruiting. The branches are straight, compactly arranged, extending from the trunk at an angle close to straight, the ends are directed upward, the foliage is average. The bark on the trunk and main branches is smooth and greenish. Fruits on short and long fruit twigs.

The shoots are thin, straight, round, brownish-brown, glabrous. Lentils are few in number, small, convex. The buds are appressed, reddish-brown, cone-shaped. The leaves are medium-sized, elongated, elliptical, long-pointed, light green, smooth, shiny with delicate nerves. The plate is flat, slightly curved upward, pubescence is absent. The edge of the leaf is finely crenate, smooth. The petiole is medium-sized, thin, slightly pubescent. Stipules are large, lanceolate.
The flowers are medium-sized, small-cupped, pinkish, slightly fragrant, the stigmas are located above the anthers.

The fruits are of below-average size, 55-87 g, one-dimensional, conical, slightly ribbed, regular in shape, smooth. The skin is of medium thickness, smooth, oily, shiny, no rustiness. The color is greenish-yellow, there is no cover, subcutaneous points are invisible. The peduncle is of medium length and thickness, straight. The funnel is medium, pointed and without rust. The saucer is small, wide, grooved. The calyx is non-descending, closed, the subcalyx tube is short, medium, funnel-shaped. There is no axial cavity. The heart is large, bulbous, the seed chambers are semi-open, membranous, the seeds are medium-sized, conical, brown.
The pulp is yellowish, medium density, sweet and sour, aromatic, juicy, fine-grained. Appearance rating – 3.7 points, taste – 4.4 points. Chemical composition of fruits: dry matter - 16.4%, sugars - 10.4%, acidity - 0.47, pectin - 0.79%, ascorbic acid - 11 mg/100g.

The fruits are stored for 120 days, transportability and marketability are high, the variety is universal.
The best pollinators: Bashkir handsome, Buzovyazovskoe, Ural liquid.
A fast-growing variety, it begins to bear fruit in 4-5 years. Productivity 160-470 c/ha. Fruiting is regular, shedding is weak. Durability is average.

Advantages of the variety: highly winter-hardy variety, general degree of freezing for the period 1985-1999. did not exceed 1.0 points. High resistance to extreme conditions. Highly resistant to scab.

Apples are equally widely used both fresh and in the form of juice, jam, and cider. More than 68 million tons of these fruits are grown annually in the world. Owners of personal plots can harvest their own apples with a minimum of land. Modern dwarf varieties combine compactness and productivity.

Apple tree planting technology

• Apple trees prefer good light, but can easily grow in partial shade.
• When choosing a variety, you need to pay attention not only to taste and appearance, but also to ripening time. When setting up your own apple orchard, it is advisable to select varieties with different fruit ripening periods.
• Planting time: spring or autumn.
• Apple trees are not suitable for lowlands, where cold air settles and there is a high probability of spring frosts. The close occurrence of groundwater will not be beneficial either.
• Chernozem, gray forest and soddy-podzolic soils are best suited for these fruit trees. An excessively acidic or alkaline substrate is not suitable for planting apple tree seedlings.
• It is advisable to dig holes for seedlings approximately a month before planting. The approximate diameter should be about 0.8 meters, the depth - 0.6 meters.
• Do not overdo it with fertilizer, as this stimulates excess growth to the detriment of the harvest. It is preferable to use fertilizers of organic origin.
• In turfed areas, when planting, it is recommended to add bone meal and phosphorus fertilizers to the substrate.
• The rhizome in the hole should be sprinkled with earth gradually, compacting the substrate with your hands to ensure good contact between the roots and the earth.
• The root collar of the seedling should be located 4-5 centimeters above the ground surface.
• After finishing planting, you need to add 3-4 buckets of water to each seedling.

• Modern columnar and some dwarf varieties require staking to a stake throughout their entire lifespan.
• For this purpose, strong stakes with a diameter of about 5 centimeters and a height of up to 1.8 meters should be used.
• It is necessary to tie the branches of the seedling to the stake with soft twine without excessive tension. The wire can damage the tender bark of a young tree.
• Minimal pruning of young trees is recommended. Excessive pruning can delay fruiting. Only broken, dead or clearly abnormally growing branches are subject to mandatory removal.
• Mature trees, on the other hand, should be pruned regularly and in moderation. For example, intensively growing vertical branches, as well as branches that are too drooping, must be removed.
• Moderate, careful pruning provides the necessary light and air, preventing pathogenic processes.
• To get a good harvest, the apple tree needs to thin out the ovary. First of all, the central fruit in each bunch should be removed. As the fruits ripen, thinning is repeated.

• Only ripe fruits should be collected whose appearance and taste correspond to the description of the variety.
• The main sign of ripening is the falling of fruits undamaged by pests.
• Only apples without external or internal damage or rot are suitable for long-term storage.
• Only some varieties of apples are stored throughout the winter.
• A cool, well-ventilated room where the temperature does not fall below 0°C is suitable for storing apples. An attic or a too-damp cellar are poor places to store apples.
• It is advisable to isolate the apples in the box from each other by wrapping them in paper or sprinkling them with sawdust.