Modern dismantling of walls, partitions and entire structures in a building is a high-tech process that includes two stages:

• Preparatory.
• Basic.

At the preparatory stage, the contractor must receive from the customer a complete package of design documentation and drawings, which must also include a drawn up working estimate, an underground communications plan, a PPR and a signed work order for dismantling work. All engineering and construction personnel involved in dismantling work must be familiarized with the documentation. It is also required to provide safety training during such work.

What is included in the preparatory period for dismantling

• Thorough inspection of premises intended for dismantling;
• Careful study of the technical specifications that formulate the conditions for performing such work;
• Selection and development of technologies for carrying out dismantling work on a specific site;
• Disconnection of all existing utilities in the dismantling area;
• Equipping the work site with special scaffolding, bunkers, construction chutes, waste chutes, scaffolding and other equipment necessary for dismantling. It is also necessary to establish a system for removing construction waste from the site.
• Selection of equipment for temporary fastening of necessary working structures;
• Installation and safe connection of temporary utilities to the work site.

Stages of the main period

• Dismantling of individual structures and elements not connected to each other. Elements that are not connected to each other are removed, sorted and stored in a special way. The destruction and subsequent loosening of monolithic structures made of reinforced concrete or natural stone is also carried out;
• Carrying out sorting of materials and building elements remaining from dismantling, engineering and other communications equipment, subsequent storage and transportation to the place specified by the customer;
• Preparing the site for subsequent installation and construction work.

During dismantling, old unusable structures, utilities and other building elements are removed, the further use of which has become impossible for technical reasons.

During the dismantling work, personnel must create a place for the installation of new structures or utilities and other equipment. Only after complete completion of the dismantling work will it be possible to begin the installation of new elements and new equipment.

Expensive good quality floor coverings, engineering equipment that is in working condition, and other equipment such as stoves, built-in furniture and lighting fixtures are subject to disassembly.

The main stages of dismantling various types of floors

Plank floors

Dismantling plank floors begins with removing the baseboards. After this, remove the boards. You need to start work from the area furthest from the front door. If you intend to reuse floorboards, then you must not disturb the layout of the boards. To preserve it, each board is marked with special symbols. After removing the joists, the inventory wooden flooring installed on the floors is also removed.

Parquet

Parquet floors are also removed. The ridges and tongues of the parquet floor must be very carefully marked to make it easier to reassemble the flooring later.

Dismantling of panel parquet begins from the open fastening point. If the fastening is made using screws, you must first unscrew the fasteners. If the parquet floor consists of independent parquet staves, then disassembly of the covering begins from the middle row. In this case, the base made of boards is disassembled according to the scheme for dismantling plank floors.

Removing linoleum begins with dismantling metal or plastic thresholds. Then the linoleum sheet is torn off the floor and rolled into a roll.

Removing the screed

The old screed is dismantled if it is completely or partially destroyed. Removal also occurs if the old screed is uneven and does not meet modern sound insulation standards. To remove the concrete layer from the flooring, special pneumatic concrete hammers, grinders, hammer drills of various types and other demolition tools are used.

In this case, it is very important not to touch the electrical wiring installed in the building. According to modern construction technologies used in the construction of residential buildings, electrical wiring for the lower floor is laid under the screed of the upper floor. Usually they are hidden in corrugation or HDPE insulation. Before starting dismantling in such places, you need to carefully study the construction documentation and find the location of the electrical wiring.

Window removal

Removing old window blocks should begin with the window sashes. They must be removed along with the vents. Before removing the structure, tear it off the window frame with a nail puller or unscrew the screws. It all depends on the condition of the window structure and the type of fasteners.

Glass and devices installed on them, such as air conditioners, are removed from window frames. For removal, special portable workbenches are used, which are convenient to work on. The removed glass is stored vertically in specially prepared boxes that protect the glass from damage.

After the dismantling of the window frames is completed, workers begin removing the slopes. Before this, the old plaster is knocked off of them. Only after this they begin to remove the window sills.

The leaning window block remaining in the window opening is pressed from the fasteners using a crowbar and tilted into the room, carefully laying it on the floor.

If window openings blocked with brick are being dismantled, then the work begins with dismantling the internal masonry. This is a complex, monotonous process that requires great physical effort from staff. Before disassembling the window unit itself, it is necessary to determine the degree of its suitability for reuse. If the block has become completely unusable, it should be destroyed.

Door dismantling

Disassembling the door frame begins with removing the fittings and glass from the door leaf. After complete removal of all these elements, the door leaf itself is removed from the hinges. Before dismantling it, the door frames are removed from the inside.

After this, the door frame must be secured using boards or special strips. 2 boards are driven into the box at an angle of 45 degrees into the upper corners of the box. The third board is installed in a horizontal position at the bottom of the door frame.

Using a crowbar or a nail puller, after unfastening, the box is separated from the wall and pulled out of the doorway. If necessary, you can remove the trim from the outside of the doorway.

When carrying out dismantling in old houses, as well as when dismantling metal and polymer window structures, it is necessary to follow special recommendations. In this case, special gas-cutting and cutting machines are used. They should be delivered to the work site before dismantling begins.

The last stage of dismantling work is removing debris and dust from the window or doorway. All construction waste is placed in bags and removed from the premises.

Dismantling of internal partitions

In construction technologies, it is customary to distinguish two types of interior partitions: load-bearing and non-load-bearing. Non-load-bearing structures are made of thin concrete slabs, gas silicate or tongue-and-groove elements. Such partitions are disassembled in parts and stored on the floor.

Before you begin dismantling the internal partitions in the room, you need to seal the windows.

Dismantling of load-bearing partitions should be carried out carefully. The condition of the entire building structure will depend on this. Often, to create arches or when expanding a doorway, the load-bearing partition is partially dismantled. In this case, it is necessary to strengthen the load-bearing wall. Complete dismantling of load-bearing partitions is never carried out.

At the beginning of dismantling work on load-bearing partitions, it is necessary to check the general condition of the building and obtain permission to carry out dismantling work from the city architectural committee.

Partial dismantling is carried out using a grinder, which is used to cut out an opening of the required size. All figures must be given in the project document that guides the workers. Between the enlarged opening, metal corners are inserted and welded at the joints. The same is done on the back side of the wall.

After strengthening the load-bearing wall, pieces are crushed in a designated area using a hammer drill or grinder. Work must be carried out from top to bottom. To protect and strengthen the metal corners, after making the opening under the arch, a weld is injected and the corners are painted. To inject the seam, the wall located between the horizontal and vertical ceilings is chipped, and the working solution is poured into the resulting opening.

For the safety and security of the ceilings of the lower floors, boards are laid in the dismantling areas. This will prevent the ceiling joint on the lower floor from being damaged by the weight of falling concrete structures.

Dismantling of partitions is carried out only after the dismantling of utilities has been carried out. Before dismantling the load-bearing partitions, the structure should be inspected again.

Analysis of non-load-bearing partitions made from blocks

If there is a doorway in such a partition, dismantling should begin from the top of the doorway. First, you should open the joint between the ceiling and the wall. Only after this start knocking out blocks. In this case, it is necessary to move along the course of the masonry - horizontally or like a ladder. This will ensure the safety of the worker.

Non-load-bearing reinforced concrete panels are also dismantled from the top. In this case, to cut the reinforcement of reinforced concrete partitions, you need to use a grinder.

Cleaning walls from old wallpaper is done with a special fur roller, which is well wetted with water. With its help, the wallpaper is moistened with water. You need to apply water in several stages so that the old wallpaper is better saturated. Having removed the layer of wallpaper, you can begin to remove the layer of old newspapers in the same way. Ultimately, the walls should be completely bare.

Decorative plaster can also be dismantled by wetting the wall. After this, the old layer of plaster is removed with a spatula.

IT IS FORBIDDEN!

Start dismantling without obtaining permission from regulatory architectural authorities.

Specifics of dismantling work

All work of this type begins only after full approval of all project documentation. Dismantling the floor screed must be carried out very carefully so as not to disturb the electrical cable laid in the floor, which provides ceiling lighting on the lower floors in new buildings. Damage to it will delay construction work and increase its total cost.

When dismantling the sewer system, the openings of the necks of the sewer risers should be closed.

Checking the quality of the dismantling performed

Floor coverings must be completely freed from old screeds.
The door or window opening must be completely cleaned.
All work must be carried out strictly according to the drawn up and confirmed project.
No cracks should form in the ceilings after dismantling.

Dismantling concrete is a very labor-intensive and energy-consuming process. Depending on the overall dimensions and design of the concrete element, there are various ways to achieve this goal. But all methods used to dismantle concrete are based on diamond drilling technology. Dismantling concrete using new technologies allows us to optimize this process as much as possible, carry it out with high productivity and avoid unnecessary noise and vibrations that interfere with work.

What are hydraulic wedges?

The most effective means for dismantling large concrete structures are hydraulic wedges. The destruction of rocks using a wedge has been used since ancient times. Previously, wooden elements driven into holes were used as a power link. Today, progress has taken significant steps forward, and the work is carried out using a hydraulic system.

Hydraulic wedges allow you to destroy even reinforced or brick blocks with high accuracy rates and the absence of the risk of premature and uncontrolled destruction. Such advantages make this tool indispensable in large construction and dismantling works, when working with the foundations of old buildings or dismantling concrete slabs of any size.

Hydraulic wedges provide independent choice of direction of destruction and continuously monitor the entire process. The absence of noise allows work to be carried out even in used premises, without attracting attention or causing dissatisfaction from the residents of the house. Unlike other tools that use impact principles in their design, diamond drilling makes the dismantling process economical and cost-effective.

§ 13.3. Technology for demolition of large-panel buildings

The technology for dismantling buildings by destruction is based on the use of powerful excavators equipped with multi-section hydraulically driven booms and special working bodies that ensure mechanical destruction of structural elements made of brick, concrete and reinforced concrete. To carry out the work, Hitachi EX-400 and Liebherr 942 excavators are used, which ensure the destruction of buildings up to 20 m high and up to 3 m deep.

For continuous production of work, a set of machines is used, including dump trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 16.5 tons, a machine for cleaning sewer networks, a fuel tanker, a water jet nozzle and hoses for washing, cleaning dump trucks and removing dust from damaged structures.

Table 13.1 provides a list of the main mechanisms of machines and equipment for the production of main types of work.

Table 13.1

List of machines and equipment

To intensify the dismantling processes, the joint work of two excavators is used, one of which carries out the destruction of structures, and the second loads the waste into dump trucks with increased body capacity and carrying capacity.

Before the start of work on the destruction of a building, the entire set of permits, including environmental protection requirements, is drawn up.

When carrying out work, the requirements of SNiP " Technique safety in construction." The safety of the work is ensured by: choosing a rational technological sequence for dismantling, depending on the degree of constraint of the facility; preparation of the construction site with the implementation of all activities of the preparatory period; safe methods of performing work operations; with constant monitoring of the work by the responsible engineer; removal of personnel and machinery not related to dismantling from the hazardous area.

Before starting work, working personnel are required to undergo safety training and a medical examination.

The work site must be fenced and provided with signs.

Technology and organization of work when dismantling the roof and interior of large-panel five-story buildings

To obtain recycled materials, the roof and interior of the building are dismantled and prepared for destruction. Before the start of dismantling the building, the following types of work and activities are carried out: dismantling the fencing of balconies from the facade of the building in the places where the lifts are installed; a lift is installed and secured to move dismantled materials; acceptance is carried out according to the certificate of safety and quality of installation of the lift, for its compliance with technical parameters; a check is made to disconnect all communications from the building being dismantled.

The technology for dismantling the roof covering is shown in Fig. 13.4. It includes cutting and cutting the waterproofing carpet and its removal using trolleys and a lift, followed by removal of the insulation and delivery to dump trucks.

Rice. 13 .4 . Technological diagram for dismantling the roof covering

Dismantling of the roof, including insulation, is carried out section by section from the edges of the building section to the installation site of the lift. Within the section, the roofing is cut into cards with dimensions of 1’0.5 m and removed manually. As the work on dismantling the roof is completed, part of the team moves on to dismantling the floors. It is carried out according to the scheme from the back rooms to the kitchen opening. A similar scheme is used to dismantle plumbing equipment, window and door units.

After completion of work on the first section of the building, the lift moves to the next parking lot and the cycle of work is repeated.

Rice. 13 .5 . Installation diagrams for a mast forklift ( A) and a technological diagram for the dismantling of plumbing equipment in a section of a residential building ( b)

Disassembly materials are fed using a lift and a hopper into a dump truck for subsequent transportation and processing (Fig. 13.5).

A complex team of 10-12 people is used.

Demolition of buildings using mechanical destruction

Depending on the position of the dismantling object relative to existing buildings, a scheme of lateral or axial movement of excavators is used. During lateral penetration (Fig. 13.6), the end outer wall panels are initially destroyed according to the “top to bottom” scheme. Dismantling materials are placed in close proximity to the axial zone of the building. Then the supporting structures are destroyed: floors and internal wall panels. The technological sequence of destruction is adopted in such a way as to exclude loss of stability of individual elements and their arbitrary collapse.

Rice. 13 .6 . Technology for dismantling a large-panel 5-section residential building with side excavation with a Liebherr excavator and loading of debris with a Hitachi excavator (fragment of the construction plan ( A) and a diagram of the destruction of a house with the loading of combat ( b))

A Liebherr excavator is used to demolish the structures of the 3-4 upper floors. The dismantling materials serve as the basis for moving a Hitachi excavator, which loads the waste into dump trucks.

Lateral excavation is used in cases where, according to the conditions of the construction plan, it is impossible to organize a ring road.

The process of loading the battle begins after the destruction of one section of the house, which is 3-4 hours of work by a Liebherr excavator. To ensure a more complete loading of the mechanisms, the Hitachi excavator carries out, in addition to loading the debris, the destruction of the first, ground floors and basement. These processes are combined with the operation of a Liebherr excavator. To increase the productivity of excavation work, additional destruction of prefabricated elements is carried out, which makes it possible to more fully use the carrying capacity of vehicles.

The technological sequence of structural destruction of building elements is shown in the diagrams presented in Fig. 13.7.

Rice. 13 .7 . Technological stages of demolition of a large-panel building A- dismantling the end external panels; b- demolition of the structure of the 1st, 2nd and ground floors; V- loading the battle; G- sequence of destruction of external wall panels; d- the same, ceilings and internal walls

It is determined taking into account the design features of buildings and should exclude loss of stability and spontaneous fall of structures.

The joint work of two excavators ensures an intensive process of dismantling the above-ground parts of buildings.

A Hitachi excavator is used to develop the basement and basement sections. He also excavates the foundation pit for the newly erected building.

The axial excavator excavation scheme is more technologically advanced. It ensures a continuous cycle of destruction of building floors and loading of combat, more rational use of vehicles (Fig. 13.8). This scheme of work allows reducing technological interruptions in the operation of excavators and vehicles. The ring road layout reduces technological downtime of dump trucks and provides a more rational traffic pattern.

Rice. 13 .8 . Technology for dismantling a large-panel 5-section residential building with axial excavation using a Liebherr excavator and loading debris with a Hitachi excavator (fragment of the construction plan)

To optimize processes, technological maps are developed, including work flow diagrams, determination of machine stops and duration of work. Technological calculations provide an analysis of the cost of production of work, which is defined as the sum of operating costs for the work of excavators, vehicles, lifts and wages of workers associated with the dismantling of internal equipment.

A special place is given to the calculation of vehicles that ensure continuous operation of excavators.

The required number of vehicles is determined by the dependence where t P- loading time of the transport unit, taking into account the duration of maneuvers; L-transportation range of the combat structure; v cp- average speed; t p- unloading time.

When vehicles move in urban conditions, the optimal route is determined, and statistical data on the intensity or load of this route at different times of the day is also taken into account. These data make it possible to more accurately determine the average speed of movement and, accordingly, the number of vehicles.

The duration of loading one dump truck is determined according to regulatory data, taking into account the mass of broken structures, the load capacity of the dump truck and the operational performance of the excavator t n = N V 60M b /E P, Where N V- standard excavator time for loading; M b- average weight of combat loaded into a dump truck; E P- standard time, machine-hour, for loading 10 tons of combustibles.

Depending on the size of the destruction of prefabricated elements, the load capacity utilization coefficient of a dump truck ranges from 0.6 to 0.8. Taking into account the random parameters of the speed of movement and the load capacity coefficient, the number of cars is taken in such a way that a certain queue is formed for loading. This circumstance is a necessary condition for the continuous operation of excavators and is a factor that reduces the cost of work.

Dismantling buildings and structures is one of the most labor-intensive construction processes. Its complexity increases several times if the work is carried out in dense urban areas. In general, dismantlingrepresents the division of an object into elements and their further removal from the construction site. In this case, the technology is selected taking into account the material, shape, weight, dilapidation, location and other features of outdated structures and their environment.

Piece by element disassembly

The most gentle and at the same time the most labor-intensive method. Involves the use of manual labor and appropriate tools - sledgehammer, crowbar, jackhammer, etc. It is advisable in small areas, as well as if the dismantled elements are planned to be used in the future for reconstruction or .

Directional explosion

The fastest and most effective way to demolish large structures located away from residential areas and busy areas. It is strictly regulated by law and requires high professionalism from performers and permission to work with explosives.

Mechanized demolition

The most popular way in densely built conditions - using special equipment: hydraulic hammers, hydraulic shears, excavators with an extended boom. It is characterized by high efficiency and speed of work, affordable cost.

Diamond cutting

In cases where it is necessary to remove structures without dust and vibration, equipment with a diamond cutting part is used. At the same time, it is possible to saw reinforced concrete and brick structures with maximum precision, cutting off parts and sawing out openings. The main disadvantage of the method is the high cost of using equipment.

Hydraulic wedging

The use of an expanding hydraulic wedge allows you to quickly and cleanly dismantle stone and reinforced concrete structures up to 1.5 m thick. It is installed in special holes and, under the influence of a hydraulic pressure system, is expanded with a force of 200-300 tons, breaking concrete in the desired direction without noise or dust.

AlfaStroy specialists have extensive experience in carrying out dismantling work of varying complexity. We provide a full range of services, from pre-project inspection of the site to waste removal after completion of work, choosing in each case the most economical and efficient technologiesdismantling.