Analysis for c. Srb blood test - decoding and norm

A complete blood count is a simple and informative laboratory examination, the results of which can provide the necessary information for diagnosing many diseases, as well as assess their severity and follow the dynamics against the background of ongoing treatment.

The UAC includes the following indicators:

• hemoglobin
• erythrocytes
• leukocytes and leukocyte formula (eosinophils, basophils, segmented and stab neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes)
• erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• platelets
• color index and hematocrit
• highly specific indicators

The decision on how extensive to prescribe a blood test is made by the attending physician, based on the goals of diagnosis and existing diseases.

Abbreviations in analysis printout

Very often, a printout of the results of a clinical blood test is presented in the form of abbreviations in English. Deciphering the abbreviations of the general blood test from English into Russian will help the average user to navigate the indicators and adequately evaluate the result of the laboratory analysis.

Here is what is included in a clinical blood test (in an abbreviated version in English):

1. MCV (HCT/RBC)
2. MCH (HGB/RBC)
3. MCHC (HGB/HCT)
4. LYM/Lymph(%, #)
5. MXD(%,#)
6. NEUT (NEU - %, #)
7. MON(%,#)
8. EO(%, #)
9. BA (%, #)
10. imm(%,#)
11. ATL(%,#)
12. GR(%,#)
13. RDW (SD, CV)
14. P-LCR

Printout of a clinical blood test

The use of such abbreviations in the UAC is convenient and practical: it does not take up much space in the printout of the analysis and complies with international standards for the designation of blood parameters. Hematologists and therapists can decipher them without much difficulty, and for highly specialized doctors and patients, a memo of designations for each indicator is useful.

Explanation of abbreviations

WBC

Deciphering WBC in the general blood test - white blood cells, which in English means white blood cells. So in the blood test, leukocytes are indicated, which under the microscope look exactly in the form of white cells. Unit of measurement - 10 9 / l.

• (table)

RBC

Deciphering RBC in a blood test - red blood cells(red blood cells). In laboratory analysis, erythrocytes are designated as such. Unit of measurement - 10 12 /l

• (table)

HGB

HGB is an abbreviated version of the English word Hemoglobin. So in the printout of a blood test, hemoglobin is indicated. The unit of measure is g/l (g/l), g/dl (g/dl).

HCT

HCT stands for Hematocrit(hematocrit).

PLT

PLT means Platelets(blood plates). So platelets are encrypted in the printout of a clinical blood test.

MCV

MCV is short for Mean Corpuscular Volume, which means the average volume of an erythrocyte. It is measured in microns 3 or femtoliters (fl).

As can be seen from the table, the MCV norm in the general blood test does not differ much for adults and children of all ages, with the exception of newborns. Their erythrocyte volume is much larger, which is associated with a high content of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in their structure.

The name of erythrocytes depending on the size:

• Norma - normocyte
• More than normal - macrocyte
• Less than normal - microcyte

MCH

The abbreviation MCH stands for − mean corpuscular hemoglobin. It is translated as the average amount of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte. It is measured in picograms (pg).

MCH is an analogue, only not in relative numbers, but in picograms.

MCHC

MCHC- mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. This is the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. The difference between this indicator and total hemoglobin in a blood test is that MCHC takes into account the volume of only red blood cells, and the total hemoglobin level is determined based on the volume of all blood (cells + plasma).

As can be seen from the table, the MCHC norm in the analysis does not change much with age.

MPV

MPV is short for mean platelet volume. It stands for Mean Platelet Volume. Platelets are in the bloodstream for a short time and as they "grow up" decrease in size, so determining their volume (MPV) helps determine the degree of maturity of platelets in the blood. The unit of measure for MPV is the femtoliter (fl), which is equal to µm 2 .

The MPV norm is when the volume of 83-90% of platelets corresponds to the age norm indicated in the table and only 10-17% of large and small (immature and old).

PDW

Deciphering PDW in a blood test - platelet distribution width. The contraction means the relative width of the distribution of platelets by volume.

The PDW norm is 10-17%. This figure means what percentage of the total number of platelets differs in volume from the mean value (MPV).

PCT

PCT is the full name in English platelet crit. Translated as thrombocrit. The indicator means how much platelets occupy in relation to the volume of whole blood.

The PCT norm in analyzes in children and adults is 0.15-0.4%.

LYM

LYM or Lymph in UAC stands for - lymphocyte. So in the blood test, lymphocytes are abbreviated. There can be 2 indicators in the printout:

1. LYM% (LY%) - relative content of lymphocytes
2. LYM# (LY#) — absolute content of lymphocytes

MXD (MID)

The abbreviation MXD stands for mixed. An indicator of a mixture of varieties of leukocytes: monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. In the results of the general analysis can be in 2 versions:

1. MXD% (MID%) - relative content of cells
2. MXD# (MID#) - absolute cell content

Norm MXD: relative to all leukocytes - 5-10%, in absolute terms - 0.25-0.9 * 10 9 / l.

NEUT

NEUT is short for neutrophils. This indicator in the general analysis means blood neutrophils. It is determined in the analysis in 2 versions:

1. NEUT% (NEU%) - relative content of neutrophils
2. NEUT# (NEU#) - absolute neutrophil count

MON

MON is short for Monocyte. So in the UAC, monocytes are indicated, the indicator of which in the analysis printout can be of 2 types:

1. MON% (MO%) - relative number of monocytes
2. MON# (MO#) — absolute number of monocytes

EO

You can decipher EO from a complete blood count as Eosinophils, which means eosinophils in English. In the results of clinical analysis, there can be 2 of its indicators:

1. EO% - relative content of eosinophils
2. EO# - absolute content of eosinophils

BA

BA - Basophils (basophils)

1. BA% - relative content of basophils
2. BA# - absolute content of basophils

IMM

The abbreviation IMM stands for immature granulocytes.

1. IMM% - relative content of immature granulocytes
2. IMM# - absolute content of immature granulocytes

ATL

ATL is the designation for atypical lymphocytes.

1. ATL% - relative content of atypical lymphocytes
2. ATL# - absolute content of atypical lymphocytes

GR

GR is the number of granulocytes in the blood. Granulocytes include: basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.

1. GR% - relative content of granulocytes. The norm in adults is 50-80%
2. GR# - absolute content of granulocytes. The norm in adults is 2.2-8.8 * 10 9 / l

HCT/RBC

The HCT/RBC ratio means the average volume of erythrocytes. Same as MCV (see above)

HGB/RBC

HGB / RBC - this indicator determines the average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte. Same as MCH (see above).

HGB/HCT

HGB/HCT - average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Same as MCHC (see above)

RDW

RDW - distribution width of erythrocytes in%. Shows in what percentage of erythrocytes the sizes differ from the norm (7-8 microns). The more microcytes in the blood (size<7 мкм) и макроцитов (размер >8 µm), the higher the RDW.

1. Norm RDW in adults - 11.5-14.5%
2. The norm in newborns (up to 1 month) - 14.9-18.7%

In children older than 1 month, the RDW norm practically does not differ from adults. In newborns, the rate is much higher, because. in their blood there is still a large amount of fetal (fetal) hemoglobin, which affects the size of red blood cells.

An excess of RDW above the indicated values ​​is erythrocyte anisocytosis.

RDW-SD

RDW-SD is a measure of the size gap between the smallest microcyte and the largest macrocyte.

RDW-CV

RDW-CV - percentage distribution of erythrocytes by size: % microcytes, % normocytes and % macrocytes.

P-LCR

P-LCR - large platelet ratio

ESR

ESR stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which translates from English as erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The Russian abbreviation for this value is SOE (in old forms it can be designated ROE).

The presence of a transcript of a complete blood count from English transcription into Russian will be useful not only to the patient, but also to doctors of various profiles, because. in everyday practice, it is extremely rare to encounter the whole variety of possible indicators of the KLA.

With timely and effective treatment, a CRP blood test will show a decrease in protein concentration in a few days. The indicator normalizes on 7-14 days after the start of taking medications. If the disease has passed from the acute stage to the chronic stage, then the value of C-reactive protein in the blood serum will gradually become zero. But with an exacerbation of the disease, it will increase again.

Biochemical analysis of CRP blood makes it possible to distinguish a viral infection from a bacterial one. Since with the viral nature of the disease, the protein level does not increase much. But with a bacterial infection, even if it has just begun to develop, the concentration of C-reactive protein in the blood increases exponentially.

In a healthy person, CRP is normally negative.

When sent for a biochemical blood test CRP

The doctor directs the patient to a CRP biochemical blood test in the following cases:

1. Preventive examination of elderly patients.
2. Determination of the probability of cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis, who are on hemodialysis.
3. Examination of patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease to prevent possible complications: sudden cardiac death, stroke, myocardial infarction.
4. Identification of complications after coronary artery bypass grafting.
5. Assessment of the risk of restenosis, recurrent myocardial infarction, death after angioplasty in patients with acute coronary syndrome or angina pectoris.
6. Monitoring the effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications using statins and acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) in patients with cardiac problems.
7. Collagenosis (to determine the effectiveness of therapy and the reactivity of the process).
8. Monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of a bacterial infection (eg, meningitis, neonatal sepsis) with antibacterial drugs.
9. Monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment of chronic diseases (amyloidosis).
10. Neoplasms.
11. Acute infectious diseases.

How to prepare for analysis

For a biochemical blood test, CRP donate venous blood. On the eve of blood sampling, you must adhere to simple rules:

• Do not drink alcohol, fatty and fried foods.
• Try to avoid physical and emotional stress.
• Last meal 12 hours before analysis.
• Drinking juice, tea and coffee before the study is not allowed. You can quench your thirst only with non-carbonated water.
• Do not smoke 30 minutes before donating blood.

Deciphering the analysis

The doctor should decipher the CRP blood test. Only a specialist will be able to correctly assess how much the level of C-reactive protein has increased, compare it with the symptoms and prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Although CRP blood chemistry is normally negative, positive reference values ​​of 0 to 5 mg/L are accepted. Consider the indicators of CRP and the state, they are shown in the table.

C-reactive protein during pregnancy

Elevated CRP levels are not dangerous for a pregnant woman if other tests are normal. Otherwise, it is necessary to look for the cause of the inflammatory process. With toxicosis, indications can increase to 115 mg / l. With an increase to 8 mg / l from 5 to 19 weeks, there is a risk of miscarriage. The reason for the increase in CRP can be viral infections (if the indicator is up to 19 mg / l), bacterial infections (if the indicator is above 180 mg / l).

Reasons for deviations

• Acute bacterial (newborn sepsis) and viral (tuberculosis) infections.
• Meningitis.
• Postoperative complications.
• Neutropenia.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Tissue damage (trauma, burns, surgery, acute myocardial infarction).
• Malignant neoplasms and metastases. (an increase in the level of CRP is observed in cancer of the lungs, prostate, stomach, ovaries and other tumor localizations)
• Arterial hypertension.
• Diabetes.
• Overweight.
• Hormonal imbalance (high levels of progesterone or estrogen).
• Systemic rheumatic diseases.
• Atherogenic dyslipidemia (decreased cholesterol levels, increased triglyceride concentrations).
• A chronic inflammatory process associated with an increased likelihood of cardiovascular diseases and the occurrence of their complications.
• Exacerbation of chronic inflammatory (immunopathological and infectious) diseases.
• transplant rejection reaction.
• Myocardial infarction (an elevated level of CRP is determined on the 2nd day of the disease, by the beginning of the 3rd week the value of C-reactive protein returns to normal).
• secondary amyloidosis.

What can affect the result of the analysis

Pregnancy, taking oral contraceptives, intense physical activity, hormone replacement therapy, smoking can cause an increased CRP blood test value.

- one of the most popular research methods for patients and doctors. If you clearly know what a biochemical analysis from a vein shows, you can identify a number of serious ailments in the early stages, including - viral hepatitis , . Early detection of such pathologies makes it possible to apply the correct treatment and cure them.

The nurse collects blood for examination for several minutes. Each patient must understand that this procedure does not cause discomfort. The answer to the question of where blood is taken from for analysis is unequivocal: from a vein.

Speaking about what a biochemical blood test is and what is included in it, it should be noted that the results obtained are actually a kind of reflection of the general condition of the body. Nevertheless, trying to understand on your own whether the analysis is normal or there are certain deviations from the normal value, it is important to understand what LDL is, what is CPK (CPK - creatine phosphokinase), to understand what urea (urea), etc.

General information about the analysis of blood biochemistry - what it is and what you can learn by doing it, you will receive from this article. How much it costs to conduct such an analysis, how many days it takes to get the results, you should find out directly in the laboratory where the patient intends to conduct this study.

How is the preparation for biochemical analysis?

Before you donate blood, you need to carefully prepare for this process. For those who are interested in how to properly pass the analysis, you need to take into account a few fairly simple requirements:

• you need to donate blood only on an empty stomach;
• in the evening, on the eve of the upcoming analysis, you can not drink strong coffee, tea, consume fatty foods, alcoholic beverages (it is better not to drink the latter for 2-3 days);
• do not smoke for at least an hour before the analysis;
• a day before the test, you should not practice any thermal procedures - go to the sauna, bath, and a person should not subject himself to serious physical exertion;
• you need to take laboratory tests in the morning, before any medical procedures;
• a person who is preparing for analysis, having come to the laboratory, should calm down a little, sit for a few minutes and catch his breath;
• the answer to the question of whether it is possible to brush your teeth before taking tests is negative: in order to accurately determine blood sugar, in the morning before the study, you need to ignore this hygiene procedure, and also do not drink tea and coffee;
• should not be taken before blood sampling, hormonal drugs, diuretics, etc .;
• two weeks before the study, you need to stop taking drugs that affect lipids in the blood, especially statins ;
• if you need to take a full analysis again, this must be done at the same time, the laboratory must also be the same.

If a clinical blood test was performed, the decoding of the indicators is carried out by a specialist. Also, the interpretation of indicators of a biochemical blood test can be carried out using a special table, which indicates the normal indicators of analyzes in adults and children. If any indicator differs from the norm, it is important to pay attention to this and consult a doctor who can correctly “read” all the results obtained and give his recommendations. If necessary, blood biochemistry is prescribed: an extended profile.

Table for decoding a biochemical blood test in adults

Thus, a biochemical blood test makes it possible to conduct a detailed analysis to assess the functioning of internal organs. Also, decoding the results allows you to adequately "read" which macro- and microelements, the body needs. Blood biochemistry allows you to recognize the presence of pathologies.

If you correctly decipher the obtained indicators, it is much easier to make any diagnosis. Biochemistry is a more detailed study than the KLA. After all, deciphering the indicators of a general blood test does not allow obtaining such detailed data.

It is very important to conduct such studies with. After all, a general analysis during pregnancy does not provide an opportunity to obtain complete information. Therefore, biochemistry in pregnant women is prescribed, as a rule, in the first months and in the third trimester. In the presence of certain pathologies and poor health, this analysis is carried out more often.

In modern laboratories, they are able to conduct a study and decipher the obtained indicators for several hours. The patient is provided with a table in which all the data are indicated. Accordingly, it is even possible to independently track how blood counts are normal in adults and children.

Both the table for deciphering the general blood test in adults and biochemical analyzes are deciphered taking into account the age and gender of the patient. After all, the norm of blood biochemistry, as well as the norm of a clinical blood test, can vary in women and men, in young and elderly patients.

Hemogram - This is a clinical blood test in adults and children, which allows you to find out the amount of all blood elements, as well as their morphological features, ratio, content, etc.

Since blood biochemistry is a complex study, it also includes liver tests. Deciphering the analysis allows you to determine whether liver function is normal. Liver parameters are important for diagnosing pathologies of this organ. The following data make it possible to assess the structural and functional state of the liver: ALT, GGTP (GGTP norm in women is slightly lower), alkaline phosphatase, level and total protein. Liver tests are performed when necessary to establish or confirm the diagnosis.

Cholinesterase is determined to diagnose the severity and condition of the liver, as well as its functions.

Blood sugar determined to assess the functions of the endocrine system. What is the name of the blood test for sugar, you can find out directly in the laboratory. The sugar designation can be found on the results sheet. How is sugar defined? It is denoted by the concept of "glucose" or "GLU" in English.

The norm is important CRP , since a jump in these indicators indicates the development of inflammation. Index AST indicates pathological processes associated with tissue destruction.

Index MID in a blood test is determined during a general analysis. The MID level allows you to determine the development, infectious diseases, anemia, etc. The MID indicator allows you to assess the state of the human immune system.

ICSU is an indicator of the average concentration in . If MCHC is elevated, the reasons for this are associated with a lack of or, as well as congenital spherocytosis.

MPV - the average value of the volume of measured .

Lipidogram provides for the determination of indicators of total, HDL, LDL, triglycerides. The lipid spectrum is determined in order to identify disorders of lipid metabolism in the body.

Norm blood electrolytes indicates the normal course of metabolic processes in the body.

Seromucoid is a fraction of proteins, which includes a group of glycoproteins. Speaking about seromucoid - what it is, it should be noted that if the connective tissue is destroyed, degraded or damaged, seromucoids enter the blood plasma. Therefore, seromucoids are determined for the purpose of predicting development.

LDH, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) - this is involved in the oxidation of glucose and the production of lactic acid.

Research on osteocalcin carried out for diagnosis.

Analysis for ferritin (protein complex, the main intracellular depot of iron) is carried out with suspicion of hemochromatosis, chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases, tumors.

Blood test for ASO important for diagnosing a variety of complications after a streptococcal infection.

In addition, other indicators are determined, as well as other investigations are carried out (protein electrophoresis, etc.). The norm of a biochemical blood test is displayed in special tables. It displays the norm of a biochemical blood test in women, the table also provides information on normal indicators in men. But still, it is better to ask a specialist who will adequately evaluate the results in the complex and prescribe the appropriate treatment about how to decipher a general blood test and how to read the data of a biochemical analysis.

Decoding of blood biochemistry in children is carried out by a specialist who appointed the study. For this, a table is also used in which the norm for children of all indicators is indicated.

In veterinary medicine, there are also norms for biochemical blood parameters for dogs and cats - the corresponding tables indicate the biochemical composition of animal blood.

What some indicators mean in a blood test is discussed in more detail below.

Protein means a lot in the human body, as it takes part in the creation of new cells, in the transport of substances and the formation of humoral.

The composition of proteins includes 20 main ones, they also contain inorganic substances, vitamins, lipid and carbohydrate residues.

The liquid part of the blood contains approximately 165 proteins, moreover, their structure and role in the body are different. Proteins are divided into three different protein fractions:

• globulins (α1, α2, β, γ);
• fibrinogen .

Since the production of proteins occurs mainly in the liver, their level indicates its synthetic function.

If the conducted proteinogram indicates that there is a decrease in total protein in the body, this phenomenon is defined as hypoproteinemia. A similar phenomenon occurs in the following cases:

• with protein starvation - if a person observes a certain, practices vegetarianism;
• if there is an increased excretion of protein in the urine - with kidney disease,;
• if a person loses a lot of blood - with bleeding, heavy periods;
• in case of severe burns;
• with exudative pleurisy, exudative, ascites;
• with the development of malignant neoplasms;
• if protein formation is impaired - with hepatitis;
• with a decrease in the absorption of substances - with , colitis, enteritis, etc.;
• after prolonged use of glucocorticosteroids.

Increased levels of protein in the body hyperproteinemia . There is a difference between absolute and relative hyperproteinemia.

The relative increase in proteins develops in case of loss of the liquid part of the plasma. This happens if you are worried about constant vomiting, with cholera.

An absolute increase in protein is noted if there are inflammatory processes, multiple myeloma.

The concentration of this substance changes by 10% with a change in body position, as well as during physical exertion.

Why do the concentrations of protein fractions change?

Protein fractions - globulins, albumins, fibrinogen.

The standard bioanalysis of blood does not involve the determination of fibrinogen, which reflects the process of blood clotting. Coagulogram - analysis in which this indicator is determined.

When is the level of protein fractions increased?

Albumin level:

• if fluid loss occurs during infectious diseases;
• with burns.

Α-globulins:

• in systemic diseases of the connective tissue ( , );
• with purulent inflammation in acute form;
• with burns during the recovery period;
• nephrotic syndrome in patients with glomerulonephritis.

β-globulins:

• with hyperlipoproteinemia in people with diabetes,;
• with a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or intestines;
• with nephrotic syndrome;
• at .

Gamma globulins are elevated in the blood:

• with viral and bacterial infections;
• with systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma);
• with allergies;
• with burns;
• with helminthic invasion.

When is the level of protein fractions lowered?

• in newborns due to underdevelopment of liver cells;
• with lungs;
• during pregnancy;
• with liver diseases;
• with bleeding;
• in case of accumulation of plasma in the body cavities;
• with malignant tumors.

In the body, not only the construction of cells occurs. They also break down, and nitrogenous bases accumulate at the same time. Their formation occurs in the human liver, they are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore, if the indicators nitrogen metabolism elevated, it is likely a violation of the functions of the liver or kidneys, as well as excessive breakdown of proteins. The main indicators of nitrogen metabolism - creatinine , urea . Less commonly, ammonia, creatine, residual nitrogen, and uric acid are determined.

Urea

• glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic;
• nephrosclerosis;
• poisoning with various substances - dichloroethane, ethylene glycol, mercury salts;
• arterial hypertension;
• crash syndrome;
• polycystic or kidneys;

Reasons for the downgrade:

• increased urine output;
• the introduction of glucose;
• liver failure;
• decrease in metabolic processes;
• starvation;
• hypothyroidism.

Creatinine

Reasons for the increase:

• renal failure in acute and chronic forms;
• decompensated;
• acromegaly;
• intestinal obstruction;
• muscle dystrophy;
• burns.

Uric acid

Reasons for the increase:

• leukemia;
• vitamin B-12 deficiency;
• acute infectious diseases;
• Wakez disease;
• liver disease;
• severe diabetes mellitus;
• pathology of the skin;
• carbon monoxide poisoning, barbiturates.

Glucose

Glucose is considered the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. It is the main energy product that enters the cell, since the vital activity of the cell depends on oxygen and glucose. After a person has taken food, glucose enters the liver, and there it is utilized in the form glycogen . They control these processes of the pancreas - and glucagon . Due to the lack of glucose in the blood, hypoglycemia develops, its excess indicates that hyperglycemia occurs.

Violation of the concentration of glucose in the blood occurs in the following cases:

hypoglycemia

• with prolonged fasting;
• in case of impaired absorption of carbohydrates - with, enteritis, etc .;
• with hypothyroidism;
• with chronic liver pathologies;
• with insufficiency of the adrenal cortex in a chronic form;
• with hypopituitarism;
• in case of an overdose of insulin or hypoglycemic drugs taken orally;
• with, insuloma, meningoencephalitis, .

hyperglycemia

• with diabetes mellitus of the first and second types;
• with thyrotoxicosis;
• in case of tumor development;
• with the development of neoplasms of the adrenal cortex;
• with pheochromocytoma;
• in people who practice treatment with glucocorticoids;
• at ;
• with injuries and tumors of the brain;
• with psycho-emotional arousal;
• if carbon monoxide poisoning has occurred.

Specific colored proteins are peptides that contain a metal (copper, iron). These are myoglobin, hemoglobin, cytochrome, ceruloplasmin, etc. Bilirubin is the end product of the breakdown of such proteins. When the existence of an erythrocyte in the spleen ends, bilirubin is produced due to biliverdin reductase, which is called indirect or free. This bilirubin is toxic, so it is harmful to the body. However, since it quickly binds to blood albumins, poisoning of the body does not occur.

At the same time, in people who suffer from cirrhosis, hepatitis, there is no connection with glucuronic acid in the body, so the analysis shows a high level of bilirubin. Next, indirect bilirubin binds to glucuronic acid in the liver cells, and it turns into conjugated or direct bilirubin (DBil), which is not toxic. Its high level is noted at Gilbert's syndrome , biliary dyskinesia . If liver tests are performed, transcribing them may show a high level of direct bilirubin if the liver cells are damaged.

Rheumatic tests

Rheumatic tests - a comprehensive immunochemical blood test, which includes a study to determine the rheumatoid factor, an analysis of circulating immune complexes, and the determination of antibodies to o-streptolysin. Rheumoprobes can be carried out independently, as well as as part of the research that provides for immunochemistry. Rheumoprobes should be performed if there are complaints of pain in the joints.

conclusions

Thus, a general therapeutic detailed biochemical blood test is a very important study in the diagnostic process. For those who want to conduct a complete extended BH blood test or UAC in a polyclinic or in a laboratory, it is important to consider that a certain set of reagents, analyzers and other devices are used in each laboratory. Consequently, the norms of indicators may differ, which must be taken into account when studying what a clinical blood test or biochemistry results show. Before reading the results, it is important to make sure that the standards are indicated on the form that is issued in the medical institution in order to decipher the test results correctly. The norm of KLA in children is also indicated in the forms, but the doctor should evaluate the results.

Many are interested in: a blood test form 50 - what is it and why take it? This is an analysis to determine the antibodies that are in the body if it is infected. F50 analysis is done both for suspected HIV and for the purpose of prevention in a healthy person. It is also worth preparing properly for such a study.

Education: She graduated from the Rivne State Basic Medical College with a degree in Pharmacy. Graduated from the Vinnitsa State Medical University. M.I. Pirogov and an internship based on it.

Work experience: From 2003 to 2013 she worked as a pharmacist and head of a pharmacy kiosk. Awarded with certificates and distinctions for long-term and conscientious work. Articles on medical topics were published in local publications (newspapers) and on various Internet portals.

It is not always possible to diagnose a disease of the genital organs in women. Especially when it comes to the initial stages of the disease. As a result, valuable time needed for successful treatment is wasted. The development of oncology in most cases is asymptomatic. It is impossible to know about the presence of cancer without a special examination. One of the methods to reliably determine the development of cancer cells in the early stages is the analysis of cytology.

What does a gynecological examination show?

Cytology in gynecology is one of the ways to study cellular material. The gynecologist collects a smear from the cervix and cervical canal to find or exclude pathological cells, dysplasia.

The most important study in gynecology is the analysis of a smear from the cervical canal.

The test is carried out under a powerful microscope and makes it possible to recognize atypical cells in a timely manner, showing their shape, size and location.

When deciphering the test, the number of epithelial cells is indicated as a percentage. The classification of the results most often occurs according to the Papanicolaou method. Only cells with a pictonic nucleus are taken into account. Changes in the tissues of the neck according to the standard method are divided into several types:

2, 3, 4 stages of changes may indicate the presence of some sexual diseases, namely:

• vaginitis;
• genital herpes;
• candidiasis;
• papillomavirus.

You need to understand that this study shows the existing inflammation, genital infections, but does not determine the cause that caused them.

Analysis results

The test must be interpreted by a qualified medical professional. The information found on the Internet is for guidance only and is inaccurate.

What data does the analysis result contain:

In addition, you need to remember some features of the cytology study:

1. The test is reliable in 90% of cases. Therefore, it can be carried out in a year or two. Repeating the procedure is necessary to completely eliminate the risk of the disease.
2. 2% of all smears are non-informative due to the lack of test materials.
3. Not always detected pathological changes in the smear indicate the presence of an oncological disease.
4. A woman cannot be definitively diagnosed on the basis of a Pap test alone.

The interpretation of the results can be performed using various methods. In modern gynecology, along with the PAP test, other interpretation options are also taken into account, for example, the Bethesda system.

In cytology, a result is considered normal in which there are no changes in the cellular material. Healthy cells must meet certain standards for shape and size.

In addition, the analysis of a healthy woman must meet certain requirements:

1. The cells of the cervix consist of a single layer of cylindrical epithelium. Stratified epithelium is acceptable in a vaginal smear.
2. No pathological changes were found in the stratified epithelium.
3. The number of leukocytes does not exceed 15 units.

Sometimes the results show the presence of benign cellular material. The situation is not considered normal, but is not a cause for great concern due to oncology.

Indications for the procedure and preparation for it

Indications for histology analysis are obesity and diabetes mellitus. Women over the age of 40 are recommended to have a test at least once a year.

To maximize the reliability of the result, before going to the gynecologist, you must follow the following instructions:

1. Refuse to take topical drugs, such as suppositories and vaginal tampons.
2. Do not perform the procedure during menstruation, as well as in inflammatory diseases with a strong secretion. A smear is done only after complete recovery.
3. Do not go to the toilet a few hours before taking the material.
4. 2 days before the analysis, you should refrain from sexual activity.
5. Do not douche.

These simple rules will avoid repeated visits to the gynecologist. Smear sampling lasts no more than 15 minutes, along with an examination by a gynecologist. The procedure is carried out in this way:

The reaction of the biological material and the dye allows us to conclude that it is possible to develop an oncological disease. If the test was carried out taking into account all the requirements, then the study of the material will take 7-8 days. The woman will be able to find out about the test results from the attending physician 2 weeks after the procedure. If the analysis was carried out in the cito mode, then the indicators will be known in a few days.

Diabetes mellitus is a very difficult disease to diagnose, since its symptoms are quite extensive and can be signs of other diseases.

Sometimes there is an urgent need not only to carry out standard tests, but also to prescribe a number of special tests to determine a specific type, type of endocrine disease, in order to put together an individual comprehensive treatment program that can help patients cope with the disease.

This helps a special test - analysis of the C-peptide.

To put it simply, the C-peptide is a “by-product” that is formed as a result of the synthesis of the hormone insulin.

You all already know that a particularly important hormone for diabetics - insulin is synthesized by the pancreas. The method of its endogenous formation (natural, inside the body) is a very complex and multifaceted process that takes place in several stages.

But in order to talk about it, it is necessary to outline a little the metabolic processes that take place every second in our body.

All organs “communicate” with each other through blood, which delivers from one part of the body to another a certain set of chemicals that were produced by certain human organs or received through food. These substances can be both beneficial and harmful, which were formed in the process of cell nutrition (these are the so-called metabolic waste products that enter the bloodstream and are excreted through the blood-filtering organ - the kidneys).

Glucose is needed to saturate the cell with energy.

It can be produced from the reserves of one's own body (there is a certain percentage of reserves in the form of glycogen in the liver, muscles, fat reserves, which can also be used as "food" for the body), and from (this source of energy is the main one).

But glucose by itself cannot be used by cells without a special hormone that has the ability to penetrate them. Insulin can be imagined as a waiter who sets a special buffet table for each specific cell. That is why it is called a transport hormone (it distributes glucose).

Without it, the cells cannot “eat” themselves and will gradually begin to suffer from hunger and die! That's why it's so important!

In the pancreas, like many other internal organs, there are special zones that are responsible for the secretion (segregation, formation) of certain substances that accelerate or slow down the processes of metabolism (exchange), which is the basis for the well-being of the entire internal human body.

Specifically, our hero is born in the form of a special substance, consisting of several elements.

Initially, in a special zone of the gland (in β-cells or in the pancreas section - this is a special group of cells called the islets of Langerhans), a special primary process of chemical reactions begins in response to an increased amount of sugar in the blood, resulting in the formation of a large mass of amino acids (110 amino acids ).

To put it simply, in β-cells there is a chemical laboratory in which, by adding various elements, the process of formation of active insulin begins.

These same 110 amino acids are called preproinsulin, consisting of A-peptide, L-peptide, B-peptide, C-peptide.

This mass is still not at all like the usual insulin, but is only a rough preparation that requires some good processing to separate the elements we need.

The processing lies in the fact that the chemical chain is broken by enzymes (they are also enzymes), which allow you to split off only what will be necessary for the formation of the hormone we are looking for.

This separates a small part of the L-peptide.

At this stage, the so-called proinsulin already appears - a substance closer to “pure” insulin.

But it is "empty", inactive and cannot enter into special relationships with sweet glucose and other substances. It is activated by another set of enzymes that separate the C-peptide from the substance, but at the same time form a strong bond between the A and B peptides. This bond is a special disulfide bridges.

Just the same, the chains of A-B peptides connected by disulfide bridges are our hormone insulin, which is already able to fulfill its role and distribute glucose throughout the cells.

Equal amounts of insulin and C-peptide are released into the blood!

But what is the role of the residual substance C is still not clear. Scientists tend to believe that it does not play any significant role in metabolism and attribute it to a number of residual products obtained during the exchange process.

That is why the C-peptide is so irresponsibly attributed to the by-products that enter the bloodstream after the formation of the insulin substance.

This is still considered so, since chemists cannot understand why this element is needed. Its function and benefit to the body remains a mystery. However, after conducting a series of studies, American scientists came to an unexpected conclusion. If the same amount of C-peptide is administered to diabetics simultaneously with insulin, then there is a noticeable decrease in the risk of developing, especially such as:

But it is impossible to cure diabetes with C-peptide!

In addition, the cost of such an artificially synthesized substance is unreasonably high, since it is not produced as part of mass pharmaceutical products, and has not yet been officially accepted as a therapeutic drug.

How to get tested for C-peptide

An analysis for c-peptide, like many other types of laboratory tests, is taken strictly on an empty stomach!

At least 8 hours must have passed since the last meal.

You do not need to follow any special diet or a number of other recommendations.

In order for the test to show reliable results, you must lead your usual lifestyle, but do not eat in the early morning before donating blood for analysis. Of course, you can not use, smoke and use other drugs.

Stress also affects the condition of the blood taken for analysis.

Of course, do not forget that insulin synthesis is directly affected by glucose. If its concentration in the blood is high, then this stimulates the pancreas to release a larger volume of the hormone into the blood, the same amount will be in the blood and C-peptide.

Usually, blood for the test is taken from a vein.

Why is it the C-peptide, and not the insulin itself, that is determined in the laboratory analysis?

Of course, this fact is rather strange, considering that the C-peptide is a by-product, an unnecessary product of hormonal synthesis. Then why is it given so much attention when the active and ready-to-work hormone is more important?

Everything is extremely simple! The concentration of substances in the blood is not constant, since they perform a certain role and are gradually consumed.

The life span of insulin is very short - only 4 minutes. During this time, it helps glucose assimilate in the process of intracellular metabolism.

The lifespan of the C-peptide is much longer - 20 minutes.

And since they are released in equal amounts, it is much easier to judge the amount of insulin by the “side” peptide concentration.

Reasons for the appointment of such an analysis

Why we need such an analysis, we already mentioned at the beginning of the article, but they can be assigned for its delivery for other reasons:

The doctor needs to make sure that the pancreas produces a certain percentage of endogenous insulin in response to the qualitative properties of the pancreas. Based on the results obtained, it is much easier to verify the required dose of the hormone. In the future, this test can be prescribed and repeated.

• inaccuracies in the diagnosis

When other laboratory studies were obtained, but it is difficult to judge the type of diabetes mellitus based on their results, then this analysis can easily determine the specific type of disease: if there is a lot of C-peptide in the blood, then type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, if its low concentration is noted, then it speaks of .

• a person diagnosed with polycystic ovaries

The functional state of the ovaries is directly affected by the amount of insulin in the blood. If it is low in the blood, then this can cause: primary amenorrhea, anovulation, early onset of menopause, or serve as one of the reasons why fertilization is a very difficult process, and sometimes impossible. In addition, insulin also affects the production of steroid hormones in the ovary.

• it is necessary to control the residual ability to synthesize endogenous hormone after surgery on the pancreas

Deciphering and norm of C-peptide

Depending on the research method, the norm or reference values ​​are as follows.