The history of the letter Yo and in what cases must it be written? Is the letter Yo needed in Russian? In Russian there is a letter e.

Depardieu or Depardieu? Richelieu, maybe Richelieu? Fet or Fet? Where is the universe, and where is the universe, what deed was perfect, and what was perfect? And how to read "Peter the Great" by A.K. Tolstoy, if we don’t know whether there should be dots over e in the sentence: “Under such a sovereign, let’s take a break!”? The answer is not so obvious, and the expression "dot the I" in Russian could well be replaced by "dot the E".

This letter is replaced when printed with "e", but forced to put dots when writing by hand. But telegrams, radio messages, and Morse code ignore it. It was transferred from the last to the seventh place of the Russian alphabet. And she managed to survive the revolution, unlike, for example, the more ancient "fits" and "Izhitsa".
What difficulties do the owners of surnames with this letter face in the passport offices and it is not necessary to say. Yes, and before the appearance of passport offices, this confusion was - so the poet Athanasius Fet forever remained Fet for us.
Whether this is acceptable or not is up to the reader who has read to the end.

foreign ancestry

The youngest letter of the Russian alphabet "ё" appeared in it on November 29, 1783. It was proposed by Princess Dashkova at a meeting of the Russian Academy to replace the inconvenient combination of IO with a cap, as well as the rarely used signs ё, їô, ió, io.

The very form of the letter is borrowed from French or Swedish, where it is a full member of the alphabet, denoting, however, a different sound.
It is estimated that the frequency of occurrence of Russian Yo is 1% of the text. This is not so little: for every thousand characters (about half a page of printed text), there are on average ten “ё”.
At different times, different options for transmitting this sound in writing were proposed. It was proposed to borrow the symbol from the Scandinavian languages ​​(ö, ø), Greek (ε - epsilon), simplify the superscript symbol (ē, ĕ), etc.

Path to the alphabet

Despite the fact that Dashkova proposed this letter, Derzhavin is considered its father in Russian literature. It was he who was the first to use a new letter in correspondence, and also the first to print a surname with an “e”: Potemkin. At the same time, Ivan Dmitriev published the book “And my knick-knacks”, imprinting all the necessary points in it. But the “ё” acquired the final weight after N.M. Karamzin - an authoritative author - in the first almanac he published "Aonides" (1796) printed: "dawn", "eagle", "moth", "tears", as well as the first verb - "drip". True, in his famous "History of the Russian State" "yo" did not find a place for itself.
And yet, the letter "ё" was in no hurry to officially introduce into the Russian alphabet. Many were embarrassed by the “yoking” pronunciation, because it was too similar to “servile”, “low”, while the solemn Church Slavonic language ordered to pronounce (and, accordingly, write) “e” everywhere. Ideas about culture, nobility and intelligence could not come to terms with a strange innovation - two dots above the letter.
As a result, the letter "ё" entered the alphabet only in Soviet times, when no one was trying to show off intelligence. Yo could be used in the text or replaced by "e" at the request of the writer.

Stalin and maps of the area

In a new way, the letter "e" was looked at in the military of the 1940s. According to legend, I. Stalin himself influenced her fate by ordering the obligatory printing of “yo” in all books, central newspapers and maps of the area. This happened because German maps of the area fell into the hands of Russian intelligence officers, which turned out to be more accurate and “meticulous” than ours. Where the pronunciation of "yo" was "jo" in these cards - that is, the transcription was extremely accurate. And on Russian maps they wrote the usual “e” everywhere, and the villages with the names “Berezovka” and “Berezovka” could easily be confused. According to another version, in 1942, Stalin was brought an order for signature, in which the names of all the generals were written with an “e”. The leader was furious, and the next day the entire issue of the Pravda newspaper was full of superscripts.

Torment of typists

But as soon as control weakened, the texts rapidly began to lose their "ё". Now, in the era of computer technology, it is difficult to guess the reasons for this phenomenon, because they are ... technical. On most typewriters, there was no separate letter “ё”, and typists had to contrive, doing unnecessary actions: type “e”, return the carriage, put a quotation mark. Thus, for each "ё" they pressed three keys - which, of course, was not very convenient.
Handwriters also spoke of similar difficulties, and in 1951 A. B. Shapiro wrote:
“... The use of the letter ё has not received any wide distribution in the press to date and even in the most recent years. This cannot be considered a random occurrence. ... The very form of the letter ё (a letter and two dots above it) is an undoubted difficulty from the point of view of the motor activity of the writer: after all, writing this frequently used letter requires three separate techniques (letter, dot and dot), and each time you need to follow so that the dots are symmetrically placed above the sign of the letter. ... In the general system of Russian writing, which almost does not know superscripts (the letter й has a simpler superscript than ё), the letter ё is a very burdensome and, apparently, therefore not sympathetic exception.

Esoteric controversy

Disputes about "ё" do not stop until now, and the arguments of the parties sometimes surprise with their unexpectedness. So, supporters of the widespread use of this letter sometimes build their argument on ... esotericism. They believe that this letter has the status of "one of the symbols of Russian life", and therefore the rejection of it is a disregard for the Russian language and Russia. “A spelling mistake, a political mistake, a spiritual and moral mistake” calls the spelling e instead of e the writer V.T. Proponents of this point of view believe that 33 - the number of letters of the Russian alphabet - is a sacred number, and "yo" occupies the sacred 7th place in the alphabet.
“And until 1917, the letter Zh was blasphemously placed in the sacred seventh place of the 35-letter alphabet,” their opponents answer. They believe that the "e" should be dotted only in a few cases: "in cases of possible discrepancies; in dictionaries; in books for students of the Russian language (i.e. children and foreigners); for the correct reading of rare toponyms, names or surnames. In general, it is these rules that are now in effect with regard to the letter “e”.

Lenin and "yo"

There was a special rule about how the patronymic of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin should be written. In the instrumental case, it was mandatory to write Ilyich, while every other Ilyich of the Soviet Union after 1956 was prescribed to be called only Ilyich. The letter Yo singled out the leader and emphasized his uniqueness. Interestingly, this rule has never been canceled in the documents.
A monument to this cunning letter stands in Ulyanovsk, the hometown of Nikolai Karamzin's "yofikator". Russian artists came up with a special badge - "epirayt" - for marking certified publications, and Russian programmers - "etator" - a computer program that automatically places a letter with dots in your text.

1. When it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading and understanding of a word, for example: learn Unlike let's find out; all Unlike all; bucket Unlike bucket; perfect(participle) as opposed to perfect(adjective).
2. When you need to specify the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: Olekma river.
3. In special texts: primers, school textbooks of the Russian language, orthoepy textbooks, etc., as well as in dictionaries to indicate the place of stress and correct pronunciation.

Note.Instead of a letter yo spelled yo in foreign words at the beginning of words and after vowels, for example: iodine, iot, area, major.

About the rules of §§4-6:

“The presence of these rules is a forced necessity caused by the special position of hissing and c in the phoneme system of the Russian language (their unpairedness in softness-hardness). The syllabic principle of Russian graphics is unable to dictate the spelling here yo or about.»

V. F. Ivanova. Difficult spelling questions: A guide for teachers. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulder, knife, hut, shoulder, Fomich, cloak, boundary, rein, soul, candle, sling, alien, large.
2. In suffixes:
1. a) nouns:

• -OK, for example: horn, cockerel, hook, borscht;
• -onok, for example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel;
• -onk -a, for example: little book, shirt, little hand; also money;

b) adjectives:

• -ov -, for example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas;
• -he(with a fluent about), for example: ridiculous;

c) adverbs, for example: freshly, hot, general.

In genitive plural nouns on -OK, -he, for example: intestines, princesses.

In words (and in derivatives from them): glutton, gooseberry, pulp, ratchet, slum, thicket, clink glasses, prim, Pechora, the seam, rustle, blinders, in nouns: heartburn, burn, arson(cf. writing with -er in the past tense of verbs: burned, burned, set on fire); also in some regional and colloquial words, for example: click, congestion(and congestion), zhokh, already(meaning "then", "after"), evening(meaning "last night") choh(for example, in the expression “does not believe in a dream or in a choh”), adverb chohom.

Note. Foreign words are written according to pronunciation, for example: hood, major, ramrod - ramrod, Chaucer(surname), but: gesture, tablet.

B. In all other cases after and, h, sh, sch letter is written under stress yo , although pronounced about, namely:

1. In verb endings -you eat, -et, -eat, -youte, for example: lying, lies etc., you bake, bakes etc.
2. In the verb suffix -yovyva -, for example: obscure, migrate, also shading, migration.
3. In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk -,
   for example: migration, demarcation.
4. In noun suffix -er -, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
5. In the suffix of the passive participles -yonn - (-yeon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tensely; detached, detachment; softened, softness; simplified, simplicity; scientist, scholarship; crushed; burnt, zhzhenka.
6. In words in the root of which the accent is pronounced about, alternating with e in other forms or in other words of the same root, for example: yellow(turn yellow) hard(harsh) millstone(millstone), acorn(acorns), perch(poles); cheap, cheap(cheaper) silk(silky), wool(woolen), lattice, lattice(sieve), purse(wallet), whisper(whisper); canoe(shuttle), bang(brow) crap(devils) the black(black), even(odd) tap dance(chechet), report, check(subtract, subtract) dash(dash) liver(liver), twine(twine); brush(stubble), click(click), slap in the face, cheeks(cheek); in the roots of verb forms: burned, set fire to, burnt, set fire to(burn, burn) walked(walking) chew(chew).
7. In the prepositional case of the pronoun what: about what, on what, as well as in words and, at all.

Note. The rules of §4, like all others, do not apply to surnames: they are written in accordance with spellings in official personal documents.

"In the roots spelled and e... Exceptions: combine, combination.»

§ fourteen.alternation and and e found in the following verbs:

• burn - burn, burn out - burn out etc.;
• spread - bed, spread out - spread out etc.;
• rend - tear apart, scoot - get away etc.;
• unlock - unlock, lock - lock up etc.;
• wash - erase, rub - grind etc.;
• die - die, die - die, freeze - freeze etc.;
• elect - I will choose, clean up - I'll clean up etc.;
• subtract - subtract, read - read etc.;
sit - sit down,
• as well as shine - shine.

"In the roots ber - - bir -, der - - dir -, mer - - world -, lane - - feast -, ter - - shooting range -, shine - - blist -, burn - - jig -, stele - - style -, even - - chit -, spelled and, if followed by the suffix -a -... otherwise written e... Exceptions: combine, combination.»

Rosenthal D. E. et al., Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M.: CheRo, 1999.

§ 19.Suffixes to be distinguished -echk - and -IC - .

Suffix -echk - it is written:

1. in feminine and neuter nouns, which are formed from words that have a suffix in the genitive plural -ek - with a fluent e, for example: babysitter(nanny - nanny), watering can(watering can - watering can), stove(stove - stove), little window(windows - window); also in masculine and feminine pet names, for example: Vanechka, Olga, Anechka;
2. in neuter nouns formed from nouns in -me eg: time - time, seed - seed.

Suffix -ichc - written in feminine nouns formed from words with the suffix -itz - , for example: stairs - ladder, button - button, scissors - scissors.

Section 29.Adjectives ending in unstressed -inskiy or -ensky , are grouped by spelling as follows:

1. -inskiy:
1. if from the corresponding nouns the possessive adjective on -in, for example: sister(sister - sisters), Mariinsky(Maria - Mariin), Anninsky(Anna - Annin) Savvinsky(Savva - Savvin);
2. if they are formed from geographical names (inflected and indeclinable) ending in -and (-s ) , for example: gryazinsky(Mud), Mytishchi(Mytishchi), Khimki(Khimki), Sochi(Sochi), topkinsky(Fireboxes), Talsi(Tulsa);
3. if they are formed from geographical names ending in -a (-I) , for example: zhizdrinsky(Zhizdra), Yalta(Yalta), Okhtinsky(Ohta), Rongin(Ronga), balashikha(Balashikha), e lninsky(Yelnya).

Note. Some adjectives derived from nouns in -a (-I) , in accordance with a well-established tradition, retain spelling with -ensky, for example: Presnensky(Presnya), Penza(Penza).

2. Adjectives ending in -ensky, if they belong to other derivational types, for example: Grozny(Grozny), gorodishchensky(Fortification), Zarechensky(District), frunze(Frunze), Kolomna(Kolomna), Pesochensky(Sandbox), Gorshechenskiy(Potty). (In the last three examples, adjectives contain fluent e and suffix -sk -) .

§ thirty. In adjectives on -whose formed from nouns on -shka, before h spelled e in an unstressed position, for example: old lady, cuckoo, feline, frog, turkey, but known and education on -achy with the striker a, for example: feline, frog, turkey.

§ 37. In compound words connecting vowels between stems can only be about and e , for example: water pipes, turnover, moskvoretsky, centipede, agriculture, biography, circulatory, perjurer, cook, stationery, sheep breeding, tea party, self-serving, crop production.

In a few compound words, the first part of which is formed from words with a soft stem, a connecting vowel is possible about, for example: hitching post(cf. horse breeding), circulation(cf. circulatory), also fabulist, trapper.

The case ending of the first part of the compound word should be distinguished from the connecting vowel, for example: insane, crazy, five-dollar, forty-ruble, forty-year-old, but: ninety-year-old, centennial.

§ 40. In masculine and neuter nouns in the prepositional case and in feminine nouns in -a (-I) in the dative and prepositional singular written in unstressed position and only if it is preceded by and , for example: about genius, about kii, in "Via", along the river Biya, in the department, upon return, with the assistance, to Mary, about Mary; in other cases, in an unstressed position, it is written e, for example: about glue, in a dress, in the gorge, at the mouth, in Transcaucasia, on the seaside, at a crossroads, to Marya, about Marya, about happiness.

§ 79. Written with a hyphen:

1. Compound nouns that have the meaning of one word and consist of two independently used nouns connected without the help of connecting vowels about and e, for example:
1. Firebird, boy-woman, diesel engine, cafe Restaurant, Prime Minister, major general, Buryat-Mongolia(in declension, only the second noun changes);
2. hut-reading room, purchase and sale, good boy, sawfish, Moscow river(both nouns change in declension).

1. Compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, for example: social democracy, anarcho-syndicalism, social democrat, anarcho-syndicalist.

1. Compound units of measure, whether formed with or without connecting vowels, for example: man-day, ton-kilometer, kilowatt-hour.

Word workday is written fluently.

1. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign, for example: northeast etc., northeast etc.

1. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include:
1. a) a verb in the personal form, for example: Dont touch me(plant), love-not-love(flower);
2. b) union, for example: Ivan da Marya(plant);
3. c) a suggestion, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt am Main.

1. Compound surnames formed from two personal names, for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Skvortsov-Stepanov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Andersen-Nexe.

1. Foreign compound surnames with the first part Saint- and St. , for example: Saint Simon, Saint Just, saint sans, Sainte-Beuve. Oriental (Turkic, Arabic, etc.) personal names are also written with an initial or final component denoting kinship, social status, etc., for example: Ibn Fadlan, Ker-ogly, Tursunzade, Ishmael Bey, Osman Pasha.

Note 1. Compound names with a first part Don- are written with a hyphen only in cases where the second, main part of the name in the Russian literary language is not used separately, for example: Don Juan, Don Quixote. But if the word Don used in the meaning of "master", it is written separately, for example: don Pedro, Don Basilio.

Note 2. Articles and particles that are part of foreign-language surnames are written separately, without a hyphen, for example: von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, Lope de Vega, Baudouin de Courtenay, von der Goltz. Articles and particles, without which surnames of this type are not used, are written with a hyphen, for example: Van Dyck.

In the Russian transmission of some foreign-language surnames, articles and particles are written together, although in the corresponding languages ​​they are written separately, for example: Lafontaine, Laharpe, decandol, Delisle.

Note 3. Names of different categories are not connected by hyphens, for example, Roman Gaius Julius Caesar, similar to the corresponding Russian name, patronymic and surname.

Note 4. Personal names and surnames combined with nicknames are written separately with the latter, for example: Ilya Muromets, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest, Vanka Cain, Muravyov Hanger.

1. Place names consisting of:
1. a) from two nouns, for example: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kamenetz-Podolsk, Heart Stone(cape);
2. b) from a noun and a subsequent adjective, for example: Mogilev-Podolsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Moscow-Commodity;
3. c) from a combination of an article or a particle with a significant part of speech, for example: Le Creusot(city), la carolina(city), De-Kastri(bay).

Note. Geographical names are written separately:

1. a) consisting of an adjective followed by a noun or a numeral followed by a noun, for example: White church, Nizhny Tagil, Velikiye Luki, Yasnaya Polyana, Seven Brothers;
2. b) which are combinations of first and last name, first name and patronymic, for example: village Lev Tolstoy, station Erofei Pavlovich.

1. Names of settlements, which as the first part include: mouth-, salt-, top- etc., as well as some names of settlements with the first part new-, old-, top-, lower- etc., except for those whose continuous spelling is fixed in reference publications, on maps, etc., for example: Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, Lower Rotten, but: Novosibirsk, Maloarkhangelsk, Starobelsk, Novoalekseevka, Verkhnekolymsk, Nizhnedevitsk.

1. Compound geographical names formed both with and without a connecting vowel from the names of parts of a given geographical object, for example: Austria-Hungary, Alsace-Lorraine, but: Czechoslovakia.

1. Foreign phrases that are proper names, names of inanimate objects, for example: Amu Darya, Alma-Ata, pas de calais, Boulogne-sur-Mer, New York, Palais Royal, Grand Hotel.

Note. This rule does not apply to composite foreign-language names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, etc., transmitted in Russian letters, which are written separately if they are highlighted in quotes in the text, for example: "Standard Oil", "Corriero della Roma".

Missed -

1. Floor-(half) followed by the genitive of the noun if the noun begins with a vowel or consonant l, for example: half turn, half an apple, half a lemon, but: half a meter, half an hour, half a room; combinations are also written through a hyphen floor- followed by a proper name, for example: half of Moscow, half of Europe. Words starting with semi handsome son.

   Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then no hyphen is written between them, for example: Social Democrat Mensheviks.

   Note 3. The hyphen is also not written:

   1. a) in combination with a common noun followed by a proper name, for example: Moscow city, Volga river, frolic Masha;
   2. b) in a combination of nouns, of which the first denotes a generic, and the second specific concept, for example: bird finch, magnolia flower;
   3. c) after words citizen, comrade, mister etc. combined with a noun, for example: citizen judge, comrade colonel, Mr. Ambassador.

1. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of a word, for example: about(society), dr(doctor), t-in(partnership), b-ka(library).

1. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if this common part is omitted in the first of the nouns, for example: ball and roller bearings(instead of ball bearings and roller bearings); steam, electric and diesel locomotives(instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives); party and trade union organizations; north and southeast.

For a long time in the Russian language there was no famous letter "ё". But this letter can boast that the date of its birth is known - namely, November 29, 1783. The "mother" of the letter is Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, an enlightened princess.

Let's take a look at the details of this event...

In the house of Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, who at that time was the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, a meeting of the Academy of Literature, created shortly before this date, was held. Present at that time were G. R. Derzhavin, D. I. Fonvizin, Ya. B. Knyazhnin, Metropolitan Gabriel, and others.

And somehow, during one of the meetings, she asked Derzhavin to write the word "Christmas tree." Those present took the offer as a joke. After all, it was clear to everyone that it was necessary to write “iolka”. Then Dashkova asked a simple question. Its meaning made academics think. Indeed, is it reasonable to designate one sound with two letters when writing? The proposal of the princess to introduce into the alphabet a new letter "e" with two dots on top to denote the sound "io" was appreciated by connoisseurs of literature. This story happened in 1783. And then off we go. Derzhavin began to use the letter "ё" in personal correspondence, then Dmitriev published the book "my knick-knacks" with this letter, and then Karamzin joined the "yo-movement".

The image of the new letter was probably borrowed from the French alphabet. A similar letter is used, for example, in writing the car brand Citroën, although it sounds completely different in this word. Cultural figures supported the idea of ​​Dashkova, the letter took root. Derzhavin began to use the letter ё in personal correspondence and for the first time used it when writing a surname - Potemkin. However, in print - among the typographic letters - the letter ё appeared only in 1795. Even the first book with this letter is known - this is the book of the poet Ivan Dmitriev "My knick-knacks". The first word, over which two dots were blackened, was the word “everything”, followed by the words: light, stump, etc.

A well-known new letter yo became thanks to the historian N.M. Karamzin. In 1797, Nikolai Mikhailovich decided to replace two letters in the word “sl io zy" for one letter e. So, with the light hand of Karamzin, the letter "e" took its place under the sun and was fixed in the Russian alphabet. Due to the fact that N.M. Karamzin was the first to use the letter ё in a printed publication, which was published in a fairly large circulation, some sources, in particular, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, it is he who is erroneously indicated as the author of the letter ё.

In the first book of the poetic almanac “Aonides” (1796) published by him, he printed the words “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears” and the first verb with the letter ё - “drip”. But, oddly enough, in the famous "History of the Russian State" Karamzin did not use the letter "e".

In the alphabet, the letter fell into place in the 1860s. IN AND. Dahl placed ё together with the letter "e" in the first edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. In 1875, L.N. Tolstoy in his "New ABC" sent it to the 31st place, between the yat and the letter e. But the use of this symbol in typographic and publishing was associated with some difficulties due to its non-standard height. Therefore, officially the letter ё entered the alphabet and received serial number 7 only in Soviet times - on December 24, 1942. However, for many decades publishers continued to use it only in case of emergency, and even then mainly in encyclopedias. As a result, the letter “e” disappeared from the spelling (and then the pronunciation) of many surnames: Cardinal Richelieu, philosopher Montesquieu, poet Robert Burns, microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur, mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev (in the latter case, the place of stress even changed: Chebyshev; exactly the beets became beets). We speak and write Depardieu instead of Depardieu, Roerich (who is pure Roerich), Roentgen instead of the correct Roentgen. By the way, Leo Tolstoy is actually Leo (like his hero, the Russian nobleman Levin, and not the Jew Levin).

The letter ё also disappeared from the spellings of many geographical names - Pearl Harbor, Koenigsberg, Cologne, etc. See, for example, the epigram on Lev Pushkin (authorship is not exactly clear):
Our friend Pushkin Lev
Not devoid of reason
But with champagne fat pilaf
And duck with milk mushrooms
They will prove to us better than words
that he is healthier
The power of the stomach.

The Bolsheviks, having come to power, “scrambled” the alphabet, removed the “yat” and fita and Izhitsa, but did not touch the letter Yo. It was under Soviet rule that the dots over yo in order to simplify typing disappeared in most words. Although formally no one forbade or abolished it.

The situation changed dramatically in 1942. Supreme Commander-in-Chief Stalin received German maps on the table, in which German cartographers entered the names of our settlements to the point. If the village was called "Demino", then Demino (and not Demino) was written in both Russian and German. The Supreme appreciated the enemy's meticulousness. As a result, on December 24, 1942, a decree was issued requiring the mandatory use of the letter Yё everywhere, from school textbooks to the Pravda newspaper. Well, of course, on the cards. By the way, no one has ever canceled this order!

Often the letter "e", on the contrary, is inserted into words in which it is not needed. For example, "scam" instead of "scam", "being" instead of "being", "guardianship" instead of "guardianship". The first Russian world chess champion was actually called Alexander Alekhine and was very indignant when his noble surname was spelled incorrectly, “commonly” - Alekhin. In general, the letter "ё" is contained in more than 12 thousand words, in about 2.5 thousand names of citizens of Russia and the former USSR, in thousands of geographical names.

The categorical opponent of the use of this letter when writing is designer Artemy Lebedev. For some reason she didn't like him. I must say that on the computer keyboard it is really located inconveniently. Of course, it is possible to do without it, as, for example, the text will be understandable, even if it does not contain all glans bkv. But is it worth it?

In recent years, a number of authors, in particular Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Yuri Polyakov and others, some periodicals, as well as the scientific publishing house "Great Russian Encyclopedia" publish their texts with the obligatory use of the discriminated letter. Well, the creators of the new Russian electric car gave their brainchild a name from this one letter.

Some statistics

In 2013, the letter Yoyo turns 230 years old!

She stands at the 7th (lucky!) place in the alphabet.

In Russian, there are about 12,500 words with the letter ё, of which about 150 words begin with it and about 300 words end with ё!

For every hundred characters of text, there is an average of 1 letter ё. .

There are words in our language with two letters Ё: “three-star”, “four-bucket”.

In Russian, there are several traditional names in which the letter Y is present:

Artyom, Parmen, Peter, Savel, Seliverst, Semyon, Fedor, Yarem; Alena, Matryona, Thekla and others.

Optional use letters ё leads to erroneous readings and the inability to restore the meaning of the word without additional explanations, for example:

Loan-loan; perfect-perfect; tears-tears; sky-sky; chalk-chalk; donkey donkey; merry merry...

And, of course, a classic example from "Peter the Great" by A.K. Tolstoy:

Under such a sovereign take a break!

It was meant - " let's take a break". Feel the difference?

And how do you read "We'll Sing"? Do we all eat? Do we eat everything?

And the name of the French actor will be Depardieu, not Depardieu. (see Wikipedia)

And, by the way, A. Dumas has the name of the cardinal not Richelieu at all, but Richelieu. (see Wikipedia)

And it is necessary to pronounce the name of the Russian poet correctly Fet, not Fet.

sources

http://origin.iknowit.ru/paper1262.html

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81

http://esperanto-plus.ru/bukva_io.htm

Here's something else interesting about symbols I'll tell you: for example, but an interesting symbol is, find out its history. Look also at and read an unusual topic - The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -

The history of the letter Yo in Russian has more than two centuries. Its status was formalized by law as early as 1784. At the end of the 19th century, during the period of rapid development of typography, it began to be ousted from the text by the letter E.

In 1917, the use of Yo was recognized as desirable, but not mandatory.
In 1942, the law introduced the mandatory use of the letter in the school curriculum.
In 1956, the letter was again recognized as "optional".

With more people typing than writing by hand now, Yo's unpopularity is even affected by her disadvantaged position on the computer keyboard.

The use of the letter Yo is not widespread today, and its spelling in documents sometimes causes bureaucratic disputes and delays.

What law regulates the order of writing E and Yo in documents?

Federal Law N 53-FZ "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" obliges officials to follow the rules of the modern Russian language in terms of spelling and punctuation when filling out official papers.

The main provisions of the Federal Law on the status of judges more

In 2012, the state issued a law on the spelling of the letters E and Yo in official documents -.

The law reports on multiple appeals on the issues of issuing acts of identification of a person, certificates of registration of marriage or divorce, diplomas of education and other papers in terms of writing the letter Y in them.

The Ministry explains that the order of writing these letters in documents does not differ from the order in which they are written in other texts, since the laws of the Russian language are the same. At the same time, spelling Yo in proper names is obligatory according to the rules. The reasons are below.

Read also the Federal Law on notaries in the new edition

Rules for writing the letters E and Yo

The order of using the letter Yo in Russian writing is regulated by the 10th paragraph of the Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation.

The spelling of the letter Yo is required in the following cases:

• Without Yo, the word can be misread and perceived:
  • Chalk - chalk, donkey - donkey, sky - sky;
• The word is uncommon, little known:
  • Geographical names, highly specialized terms;
• When writing words with "Yo" in printed educational materials for children, dictionaries and specialized literature.

In 2007, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia released the decisions taken by the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language. The document serves as a normative source regarding the use of the letter Ё in written Russian speech. The letter consists of 2 parts:

• Preambles stating the theses of the history of the emergence and practice of using the letter, the conclusions of scientists about its necessity, examples of problems arising in connection with its replacement with "e" and other aspects;
• clarification, in which the commission, referring to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 714 of 2006. The normative act states that the Russian Ministry of Education, when resolving issues related to the regulation of the norms of the modern literary language and the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation, should be based on the recommendations developed by the interdepartmental commission on the Russian language.

On the basis of delegated authority, the commission decided in the Letter that the spelling of the letter Ё is required. Ignoring the requirements is characterized as a violation of the provisions of Law N 53-FZ on the state language of the Russian Federation.

The recommendation is addressed to print media, employees of government agencies and executive departments, especially to persons who are faced with the work with personal data of citizens, their registration, filling out and issuing documents.

Spelling E and Yo in the surname and name according to the law

The issue of writing E and Yo in documents is relevant for about 3-4% of the Russian population: Artyomov, Alen, Semyonov, Fedorov and many other lucky ones with a first name, surname or patronymic containing the letter Y.

Officials, drawing up important documents identifying the identity of citizens, consider it optional to use the letter "ё". At the same time, when accepting or processing the documents of a person with a “problematic” name or surname, they strive to refuse service, to convince the person of the need to replace the documents.

Problems manifest themselves when applying for a foreign passport in the process of writing proper names in Latin. Much more often, disputes with officials arise in situations where in the surname, name, place of birth of a citizen in some documents Y is written, in others - E. There are even situations when members of the same family have surnames in personal documents written differently.

Differences in the spelling of names and surnames with Yo lead to difficulties:

• In determining the personality of a person;
• When filing a divorce;
• Submission of papers of a state institution and the FIU to receive benefits, maternity capital, etc .;
• Performing legal actions related to liability: certification of papers related to inheritance, financial transactions.

Proper names (surnames, first names, patronymics, geographical names, names of organizations and enterprises) refer specifically to the first case indicated in the rules, therefore, according to the law:

The use of the letter "Ё" in proper names is mandatory.

When drawing up documents, pay the attention of the operator to the correct spelling of your personal data! All citizens should carefully check the papers during their execution and receipt, not only the owners of the problematic “Yo”. In legal matters, every little thing counts.

When is it necessary to replace documents because of the letters E, E?

In 2009, a situation resonated in Russia when a retired judge of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, when applying to the Pension Fund, faced the “problem of E and E”. Then the head of the personnel department of the RF Armed Forces wrote a letter to the FIU with the position that there were no discrepancies in this particular surname, since spelling through E does not distort the essence. Then many citizens took it as a decree or instruction. However, the letter has no legal force and is of an explanatory nature in a specific (demonstrative) case.

As a result of studying the laws and regulations presented in this article, one may get the impression that they contradict each other. Let's summarize by dotting the "e":

• When in some documents in the name or surname is E, and in others - Yo, - this is not the fault of the citizen;
• When other data of a person match, there can be no grounds for refusing to accept papers and perform certain legal actions. There is also no need to replace documents.

Also, employees of executive authorities, when drawing up documents and entering personal data of citizens into databases and registers, are required to write the letter Y in proper names and all official papers.

Terekhina Sofia

Project Manager:

Suntsova Elena Andreevna

Institution:

MBOU "Sivinskaya secondary school" Perm region

AT research work on the Russian language "Do we need the letter "e"" A 2nd grade elementary school student studies the changes that the Russian language underwent after the letters "e" and "e" were equated to each other. Is the letter "ё" important in Russian?

The Russian language project "Do we need the letter ё" in elementary school highlights the problem of the fading of the letter "ё" in writing and looks at the consequences we face when two letters merge - from the distortion of original names and names, to problems with official documents .

The author of the work on the Russian language "Do we need the letter "ё"" studies the theoretical basis of the issue, the causes of the problem and shares some facts on the topic. In the practical part of the study, a 2nd grade student conducts an experiment and a survey among primary and secondary school students.

Introduction
1. From the history of the letter "e"
2. Why is the letter "ё" optional and why is it replaced by "e"?
2.1 The reason for the optional letter "ё"
2.2 A few colon facts
3. Why do we need the letter "e"?
3.1 Study of educational and fiction
3.2 Conducting the experiment
3.3 Survey results
3.4 Opinion of classmates and the public
Conclusion
Literature
Applications

Introduction

Touch your tongue to the SKY, - A speech therapist writes in a notebook.
I would like to understand seriously, What is it: a joke, really, nonsense?
Here is an SMS from a friend - I carefully read:
- THE THEME has a new interest, - And what kind of topic, I don’t know.
A friend in ICQ wrote: - Come, LAZY, help!
As you can see, this friend got up in the morning on the wrong foot!
Some kind of absurdity, I can not understand it,
But soon everything will change: Happy letter E, friends!

My work is dedicated to one of the wonderful letters of Russian writing - the letter "ё".

Over 200 years ago she entered the Russian language. None of the thirty-three letters of the Russian alphabet has generated as much controversy as the letter "ё". The development of the Russian language has long proved the indisputable need for this letter.

But even now it is almost never used, increasingly replacing it with the letter “e”.

This is the case not only in the mass media (newspapers, magazines), but also in fiction and scientific literature, and even in Russian language textbooks for high school students. Younger students do not always read well, and the difference between the letters is very significant and important for them in order to correctly read and understand the meaning of the word.

I wondered:“Is the letter “yo” even necessary if it is hardly used?”

Objective - to show its necessity on concrete examples.

Tasks:

1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Explore the history of the origin of the letter "ё".
3. Prove the need to use the letter "ё" in written speech.

Hypothesis: Is the non-use of the letter “ yo»leads to the distortion of the Russian language?

Research methods:

1. analysis of the literature used;
2. conducting a survey;
3. processing of data obtained during the survey;
4. conducting an experiment.

Practical value research is that it can be used in Russian language lessons, in extracurricular activities, in circle classes and draws attention to the problems of the Russian language, introduces the history of the development of the Russian alphabet.

On the role of the Russian letter " yo"The story will go in this work.