What are the means of expression. Lexical means of expression (memo to help the teacher of the Russian language and literature)

I. Phonetic (sound writing)

II. Lexical (tropes)

III. Stylistic figures

Not all means of expression are presented in this table. In a more convenient and complete form (pdf format), you can download this topic from the links below.

Expressive means phonetics

expressive derivational funds

Expressive means vocabulary andphraseology

Expressive means syntax

Language means of expressiveness: phraseological units and aphorisms.

Those properties and features of the speaker's speech that maintain the attention and interest of listeners, activate the process of perception, are called expressive means. Their goal is not to decorate speech, but to manage the process of active thinking of listeners. expressiveness can be information,structural and emotional. The figurative-emotional expressiveness of speech is determined by linguistic and extralinguistic (behavior, facial expressions, gestures, contact with the audience, etc.) factors, features of the speaker's speech technique. Depending on the type of speech and individual oratorical characteristics, the speaker chooses one or another means of expression.

Language means of figurativeness, emotionality and expressiveness are: pronunciation, accentological, intonation, phonetic(sounds do not carry conceptual content, but can evoke a certain mood and emotions in listeners, for example: sounds V, L, N, I, E "gentle, light", G, X, F, S - "dreary, sad, dark"), derivational(nouns with suffixes -enie, -anie. -utie - heavy and cumbersome, they make it difficult to perceive speech), morphological(verbs contribute to emotional expressiveness, and adjectives in large numbers, participles, participles make speech heavier), lexical, syntactic, stylistic.

Special means of figurative and emotional expressiveness are phraseological units and aphorisms (winged words and expressions, proverbs, sayings), which are used in oral speech, firstly, for a more accurate and emotional expression of one's own thoughts, and secondly, to reinforce one's own words, their greater persuasiveness. "Short sayings cut into the minds of people, take root, give flowers, bear fruit and do not cease to have an effect."

Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal figurativeness of the narrative: tropes, various forms of instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figures.

In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.

(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

It snows and lays a shawl"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the whole universe"

personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,

Disheveled silk braids "

Hyperbola- an exaggeration.

(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.

(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,

The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "

paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.

Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes- an understatement.

(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"

Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything that I was deceived"

Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.

(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", "Dead souls".

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”

Rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) "What summer, what summer?"

Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.

stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

polyunion- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same union

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.

Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "

Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, then without reason,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "

gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”

Antithesis- opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”

Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.

(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”

Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,

(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"

Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"

Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)

Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).

(p) "I have experienced many, many"

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Expressive means of language

- a concept that is differently defined in the specialized literature due to the ambiguous interpretation of the category of expressiveness (see:). In the works of some researchers V. s. are identified with stylistic figures (see, for example: Arnold I.V., 1981, p. 53; Dictionary of literary terms, 1974, p. 57) and, more broadly, with stylistic devices (see, for example: Culture of Russian speech, 1998, pp. 264–280). M.R. Savova writes that "the means of expression can be all means of language and speech (if they correspond to the communicative goals of the author of the speech)" ( Savova M.R., 1998, p. thirty). A.V. Fedorov: "In the system of style, every means of expression, every element of language that acquires a stylistic function, is an expressive means, regardless of whether, in combination with other elements, it creates the impression of familiarity of a given segment of speech, or, on the contrary, makes it stand out in general contrast with neutral forms of speech, or, finally, creates a contrast within it, colliding with surrounding words or grammatical structures" ( Fedorov A.V., 1971, p. 73).

From the point of view of a systematic approach to stylistic terms, V. s. are such linguistic means that contribute to accuracy, consistency, clarity, expressiveness (emotionality, evaluativeness, intensity and figurativeness) and provide a full-fledged (as close as possible to understanding the information contained in the text) perception of speech by the addressee.

V.'s choice and use with. depend on the situation of communication, the chosen genre and style of speech, as well as on the author's individuality. So, in the office. speech accuracy, which does not allow for other interpretations, is achieved through the use of special terminology, unambiguous and ugly non-terminological vocabulary, repetitions of words (mainly terms), clarifying phrases, and other means of language. In the newspaper-public. speech accuracy is emphatically documentary and factual in nature and, therefore, is created through the widespread use of professionalism, evaluative metaphors, and other V. with. language. V.'s use with. also depends on the individuality of the author.

Traditionally distinguished:

- phonetic V. s .: sound repetitions, stress, intonation, sound writing, onomatopoeia, sound symbolism;

- lexical V. s .: polysemants, homonyms(cm.), (cm.), (cm.), paronyms(cm.), (cm.), phraseological units, vocabulary of limited use (dialectisms(cm.), colloquial words(cm.), jargon(cm.), professionalism, (cm.), (cm.), neologisms, foreign words and etc.);

- derivational V. s.: expressive affixes, occasional derivation, derivational archaisms;

- grammatical V. with .: synonymy of parts of speech(mass media synonymy of syntactic constructions(see), understood quite broadly: "synonyms are determined on the basis of interchangeability (possibility of replacement in a certain context)", which creates the possibility of choosing the most appropriate language tool ( Kozhina M.N., 1993, p. 106, 111).

To V. s. are also trails(mass media stylistic figures(cm.). In addition, non-verbal V. s are used in speech communication: in oral speech - postures, gestures, facial expressions; in writing - graphic means.

As an example of the use of V. s. language, we give the beginning of "The Ballad of the Blue Package" by Nikolai Tikhonov:

Elbows cut the wind, beyond the field - a log,

The man ran, turned black, lay down.

He lay down by the fire, croaked: "Horse!"

And it became cold by the fire.

And the horse hit, bit the mouthpiece,

Four hooves and a pair of hands.

Lake - into the lake, into the meadow quarry,

The sky bent like an arc.

Like a telegram, the earth flies

The fields are ringing.

This text uses phonetic V.s.: onomatopoeia ( croaked); sound anaphora ( ringing ringing); alliteration in 'k', 't', 'r' ( Four hooves and a pair of hands); assonance to ‘u’ ( The sky bent like an arc); lexical V. s .: specific-subject vocabulary, metaphors ( elbows were cut, the man turned black, the horse struck, the sky bent, the earth flies); grammatical (syntactic) V. s .: expressive non-conjunction ( The man ran, turned black, lay down); ellipsis ( Lake - into the lake, into the quarry meadows). In addition, lexical and syntactic devices were used: anadiplosis ( ... turned black, lay down. / Lie down by the fire...); comparison ( ... The sky bent like an arc. / Like a telegram, the earth flies ...).

Lit.: Bakhmutova E.A. Expressive means of language. - Kazan, 1967; Fedorov A.V. Essays on general and comparative stylistics. - M., 1971; Dictionary of literary terms / Ed.-sost. L.I. Timofeev and S.V. Turaev. - M., 1974; Arnold I.V. The style of modern English (). - L., 1981; Kovalev V.P. Language expressive means of Russian artistic prose. - Kyiv, 1981; Vinarskaya E.N. Expressive means of the text (on the material of Russian poetry). - M., 1989; Stylistics of the English language: Textbook. - Kyiv, 1991; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1993; Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1997; Culture of Russian speech / Edited by L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaev. - M., 1998; Savova M.R. Expressiveness // Pedagogical speech science: Dictionary-reference book. - M., 1998; Moskvin V.P. Stylistics of the Russian language: Techniques and means of expressive and figurative speech (general classification). - Volgograd, 2000.

G.A. Kopnina, A.P. Skovorodnikov

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

See what "Expressive means of language" is in other dictionaries:

expressive means of language- a system of signs used to express thoughts in any language ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

language means- In linguistics, expressive means of language are distinguished (phraseological units, metaphors, etc.). In addition, the terms grammatical means, derivational means, etc. are often used. Consideration of grammatical means shows that ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Film technology and expressive means of film art- CINEMA AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF CINEMA ART CINEMA AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF CINEMA ART, a set of problems that has developed as a result of the development and mutual influence of technical. funds and art. cinematographic methods. Cinema owes its... Cinema: Encyclopedic Dictionary

means of lexical expression- lexical units of the language, the visual capabilities of which are used to create literary images. Rubric: language. Visual expressive means Type: antonyms, archaisms, barbarisms, vulgarisms ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

expressive movements- external expression of mental states, especially emotional ones (see emotions), manifested in facial expressions (V. f. facial muscles), pantomime (V. f. of the whole body) and “vocal facial expressions” of the dynamic side of speech (intonation, timbre ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

EXPRESSIVE MOVEMENTS- body movements that serve as a manifestation of mental. states of a person (ch. arr. emotional), his aspirations, assessments, attitudes towards other people, objects and phenomena of reality. They include facial expressions (V. of the face), pantomime (V. of the whole body), gestures (V ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Language origin- The origin of the language. Question about P. I. was raised in ancient linguistics (see Ancient linguistic tradition) within the framework of more general philosophical discussions about the essence of language (the question of "the correctness of names"). One of the directions of the Greek (and later ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Non-verbal means of communication- a variety of means of communication, in addition to speech and language. Non-verbal means of communication include: gestures, facial expressions, pantomime and other expressive movements ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Expressive movements- external expression of mental states, especially emotional ones, manifested in facial expressions (D. century of facial muscles), pantomime (D. century of the whole body) and vocal facial expressions of the dynamic side of speech (intonation, timbre, rhythm, voice vibrato), in expression, which... Psychological lexicon

Skovorodnikov, Alexander Petrovich- Alexander Petrovich Skovorodnikov Date of birth: November 30, 1929 (1929 11 30) (83 years old) Place of birth: Harbin, China Country ... Wikipedia

Books

• Dictionary of the language of poetry. Expressive means of Russian lyrics of the late XVIII - first third of the XX century, N. N. Ivanova, O. E. Ivanova. The dictionary presents the figurative means of the language of Russian poetry: words and phrases that have a special aesthetic meaning and expressive loading in poetic use. First…

In order to bring brightness into speech, to strengthen its emotional sounding, to give it an expressive coloring, and also to draw the attention of readers and listeners to words, special means of language expressiveness are used. Such speech figures are very diverse.

Speech expressive means are divided into several categories: they are phonetic, lexical, and also associated with syntax (syntactic), phraseological units (phraseological), tropes (speech figures with the opposite meaning). The expressive means of the language are used everywhere, in various areas of human communication: from fiction to scientific journalism and simple everyday communication. Less often, such expressive turns of speech are used in the business sphere due to their inappropriateness. As you might guess, the means of expression and artistic language go hand in hand: they serve as the best auxiliary means for creating vivid literary images and conveying characters, helping the writer to better characterize the world of his work and most fully embody the intended plot.

Modern philologists do not offer us any clear classification of the expressive means of the language into certain groups, but they can be conditionally divided into two types:

• trails;
• stylistic figures.

Tropes are turns of speech or individual words used in a non-literal sense, using a hidden meaning. Such expressive means of language are an important part of the transmission of the author's artistic intention. The tropes are represented by such separate phrases as metaphor, hyperbole, synecdoche, metonymy, litotes, etc.

Stylistic figures are expressive means used by the author of a work of art in order to convey to readers the greatest degree of feelings and characters of characters and situations. The correct use of stylistic figures allows you to better express the meaning of the text and give it the necessary coloring. Antithesis and anaphora, inversion and gradation, as well as epiphora, parallelism - these are all stylistic figures of speech.

The most commonly used expressive means of the Russian language

Earlier we talked about a wide variety of expressive lexical means of speech that help convey the desired emotional coloring. Let's see which of the means of expression are used most often both in fiction and in everyday speech.

Hyperbole is a speech turnover, which is based on the technique of exaggerating something. If the author wants to enhance the expressiveness of the transmitted figure or impress the reader (listener), he uses hyperbole in his speech.

Example: fast as lightning; I told you a hundred times!

Metaphor is one of the main figures of language expressiveness, without which a full-fledged transfer of properties from one object or living thing to others is unthinkable. Such a trope as a metaphor is somewhat reminiscent of a comparison, but the auxiliary words “as if”, “as if” and the like are not used, while the reader and listener feel their hidden presence.

Example: seething emotions; sunny smile; ice hands.

An epithet is a means of expressiveness that paints even the simplest things and situations in expressive, bright colors.

Example: ruddy dawn; playful waves; languid look.

Please note: the first adjective that comes across cannot be used as an epithet. In the event that the existing adjective defines the clear properties of an object or phenomenon, it should not be taken as an epithet ( wet asphalt, cold air, etc.)

Antithesis is a technique of expressiveness of speech, which is often used by the author to increase the degree of expression and drama of a situation or phenomenon. Also used to show a high degree of difference. Antithesis is often used by poets.

Example: « You are a prose writer - I am a poet, you are rich - I am very poor ”(A.S. Pushkin).

Comparison is one of the stylistic figures, in the name of which lies its functionality. We all know that when comparing objects or phenomena, they are directly opposed. In artistic and everyday speech, several techniques are used that help the comparison to be successfully conveyed:

• comparison with the addition of a noun ("storm haze the sky covers ... ");
• turnover with the addition of unions of comparative color (The skin of her hands was rough, like the sole of a boot);
• with the inclusion of a subordinate clause (Night fell on the city and in a matter of seconds everything was quiet, as if there was not that liveliness in the squares and streets just an hour ago).

Phraseologism is a figure of speech, one of the most popular means of expression in the Russian language. Compared to other tropes and stylistic figures, phraseological units are not compiled by the author personally, but are used in a ready-made, accepted form.

Example: like an elephant in a china shop; brew porridge; fool around.

Personification is a type of path that is used when you want to endow inanimate objects and everyday phenomena with human qualities.

Example: it's raining; nature rejoices; the fog is leaving.

In addition to those expressive means that were listed above, there are still a large number of not so often used expressive turns, but just as important for achieving the richness of speech. Among them are the following means of expression:

• irony;
• litotes;
• sarcasm;
• inversion;
• oxymoron;
• allegory;
• lexical repetition;
• metonymy;
• inversion;
• gradation;
• polyunion;
• anaphora and many other tropes and stylistic figures.

How a person has mastered the techniques of expressiveness of speech depends on his success in society, and in the case of the author of fiction, his popularity as a writer. The absence of expressive turns in everyday or artistic speech predetermines its wretchedness and the manifestation of a weak interest in it by readers or listeners.