24
May
2015

Large anatomical atlas (Joganes V. Roen, S. Yokochi, E. Lutjen-Drekoll)

ISBN: 5-17-020920-7, 5-271-07362-9, 1-7817-3194-1
Format: PDF, Scanned pages
Authors: Johannes V. Roen, S. Yokochi, E. Lutjen-Drekoll
Year of manufacture: 2015
Genre: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Publisher: Astrel, AST
Russian language
Number of pages: 512

Description:

This publication, first published in Russian, is a global bestseller.
The reader is invited to:

• unique photographs of anatomical sections that accurately convey the color and structural features of the structure of organs;
• educational charts that complement and explain the stunning color photographs of anatomical sections;
• didactic material covering the functional aspects of the structure of organs and systems;
• the principle of studying sections “from external to internal” during preparation in the laboratory and in clinical work;
• An introduction devoted to the description of modern methods for visualizing the structural features of organs and systems of the body.

13
Feb
2011

Anatomical atlas (Lutien-Drecoll E., Rohen J.)

ISBN: 5-86290-317-2

Year of manufacture: 1998
Genre: Anatomical atlas
Publisher: Vneshsigma
Russian language
Number of pages: 145
Description: A beautifully illustrated atlas of the human functional system, with detailed descriptions, is simply irreplaceable when studying human anatomy.
Contents: Development of the human embryo. Systems of central organs and body cavities. Metabolic system and digestive organs. Stomach. Liver. Small intestine and large intestine. The immune system. Kidneys. Female genital organs. Female mammary glands. Male genital organs. En...

03
Jun
2008

Publisher: Glasklar
Year of manufacture: 2008
Interface language: Russian
Description: An educational 3D video tour of your body. 3D animations with voiceover, 400 detailed illustrations on 500 searchable pages. 1300 links on the Internet, a medical dictionary with more than 5000 terms and 1000 Latin translations.
Add. Information: Several non-electronic anatomical atlases are attached.

22
Jun
2016

Large illustrated atlas of primitive man (Jan Jelinek)

ISBN: 2-7000-1308-5

Author: Jan Jelinek
Translator: Efim Fishtein
Year of manufacture: 1982
Genre: Archaeology, ethnology, paleontology, anthropology
Publisher: Artia
Russian language
Number of pages: 562
Description: How and when did man arise? What did he look like at certain stages of his development? When did the first traces of human activity appear and how did the cultural development of primitive society occur? Dr. Jan Jelinek, an internationally respected scientist, explores these exciting questions in his illustrated atlas. More than 900 black and white and color...

28
Mar
2008

Year of manufacture: 2007
Genre: Electronic maps developer: INGIT
Publisher: IDDK
Publication type: license
Interface language: English + Russian
Medicine: Not required
Platform: all win
System requirements:
Operating system: Windows 98/ME/NT/2000/XP
Processor: Pentium 1000 MHz
Memory: 256 Mb
Video: SVGA HDD: 160 Mb CD-ROM: 4x The program is used directly from the CD
Description: The CD “Great Atlas of Russia” issue GWARU-03/07 contains four maps of the territory of Russia and the CIS - an administrative political scale of 1:4000000, a geographical scale of 1:1000000 (published for the first time...

27
Dec
2010

Atlas of Mammography (Petrovsky Oncology Research Institute)

Format: CHM, eBook (originally computer)
Author: Petrovsky Research Institute
Year of manufacture: 2006
Genre: Mammography (oncology)
Publisher: Moscow
Russian language
Number of pages: 600
Description: Electronic Atlas ~ MAMMOGRAPHY ~ This publication will allow you to get an idea of ​​the features of the radiographic image of the mammary glands under normal conditions and in various pathological conditions. The atlas contains 3780 mammograms (945 observations). The atlas is intended for radiologists, mammologists, oncologists and surgeons.
Add. Info: Limited HTML file

21
Dec
2018

Cloud Atlas (David Mitchell)

Format: audiobook, MP3, 128kbps
Author: David Mitchell
Year of release: 2018
Genre fiction
Publisher: Can't buy it anywhere
Performer: Irina Erisanova
Duration: 25:58:24 Listen to sample
Description: "Cloud Atlas" is like a mirror maze in which six voices echo and overlap: a mid-nineteenth-century notary returning to the United States from Australia; a young composer forced to trade body and soul in Europe between the world wars; a journalist in 1970s California uncovering a corporate conspiracy; small publisher - our contemporary, wise...

01
Oct
2009

Year of manufacture: 2003
Genre: Reference
Developer: Maris Technologies
Publisher: New disk
Interface language: Russian
Platform: PC
System requirements: Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME/XP
Description: 44 ancient civilizations, 52 multimedia lectures about the ancient world, about 30,000 color drawings and illustrations, 17 audio fragments
Add. information: 1. Open the game folder 2. Install the exe file 3. Run the program

27
Sep
2015

Illustrated atlas. Dinosaurs (Michael K. Brett-Schumann)

ISBN: 978-5-389-00061-2. 978-1-74178-854-9
Format: DjVu, Scanned pages
Author: Michael K. Brett-Shuman
Translator: Yuri Amchenkov
Year of manufacture: 2015
Genre: Educational and reference literature
Publisher: Azbuka-Atticus
Russian language
Number of pages: 192
Description: In this book you will find the newest and most unexpected information about dinosaurs, learn about the latest finds and discoveries of paleontologists studying the life and habits of these ancient reptiles. The Atlas will become an indispensable reference tool and reference book for anyone interested in the history of our planet and life on it. The newest saints...

31
May
2008

Description: Today's best multimedia atlas of the world. It has everything you need, navigation on a detailed map of the planet, short guides, descriptions of the nature of the regions, historical facts of certain places, detailed maps of central cities. Updated online support. This is not just an atlas, it is an encyclopedia of the planet, where, thanks to a convenient search system, you can find any point in the world and get information about it in literally a matter of seconds.
Add. information:
Sticky: Geographical Encyclopedia "Discover the World", New Millenium Atlas and Google Satellite Globe Google Ear...

17
Mar
2008

Year of manufacture: 2004
Genre: Encyclopedia developer: MasterSoft
Publisher: MasterSoft
Publication type: license
Interface language: Russian only
Medicine: Not required
Platform: Windows 98/2000/XP
System requirements: Pentium 100 MHz, 32 Mb RAM, from 2 to 32 x CD-ROM, 8 Mb Video.
Description: Today's best multimedia atlas of the world is a huge work that incorporates the scientific research of scientists from different eras, continents, peoples and countries. Everything you need is here: the atlas contains a fairly detailed and accurate image of the waters and topography of the Earth, political and administrative divisions...

06
Feb
2008

Tourist Atlas 2004

Genre: Encyclopedia
Author: K&M
Publisher: New Media Generation
Year of manufacture: 2004
Number of pages: 9999
Description: “Tourist Atlas of the World of Cyril and Methodius 2004” is the fourth edition of the most complete multimedia encyclopedia dedicated to tourism, recreation, countries and continents. “Tourist Atlas of the World of Cyril and Methodius 2004” is a navigator for your travels. Without getting up from your chair, in a matter of minutes you will find all the necessary information about the country you are interested in. You will learn how to properly organize your vacation, which attractions are the most interesting to visit. You can like...

19
Feb
2008

Tourist Atlas 2006

Genre: Encyclopedia
Author: K&M
Publisher: New Media Generation
Country Russia
Year of manufacture: 2006
Number of pages: 9999
Description: “Tourist Atlas of the World of Cyril and Methodius 2006” will help you plan your vacation correctly, choose an individual tourist route, choose a reliable travel agency, hotel for accommodation and minimize the risk of possible negative situations. “Tourist Atlas of the World of Cyril and Methodius 2006” - this is: 2820 articles about countries, cities, resorts; 600 geographical and tourist maps; 9100 illustrations; 100 videos about resorts and attractions; 50 mining schemes...

24
Jan
2013

Atlas of indoor plants (team of authors)

Format: DjVu, Scanned pages
Author: Team of authors
Year of manufacture: 2004
Genre: Housekeeping
Publisher: EKSMO
Russian language
Number of pages: 429
Description: The world of indoor plants is so large and diverse that those traveling through it cannot do without a guidebook. This atlas guide will help you make the right choice if you go to a flower shop to replenish your home flower collection. This book is primarily aimed at helping the fair sex, dear women, grow more beautiful, useful and all sorts of flowers, and this book will help you!

15
Aug
2010

Operative urology. Atlas. (Frank Hinman)

Format: Plain text, eBook (originally computer)
Year of manufacture: 2007
Genre: Tutorial
Publisher: GEOTAR-Media
Russian language
Number of pages: 1192
Description: An illustrated guide with a detailed description of all stages of urological operations, including laparoscopic, microsurgical, and extracorporeal kidney operations. Methods of managing patients in the pre- and postoperative period, treatment of postoperative complications, indications and contraindications for surgical intervention are described in detail. The book is intended for urologists, general surgeons and med...

04
Aug
2015

Atlas of cat breeds (Jan Warzeichko)

Format: PDF, Scanned pages
Author: Jan Varzeichko
Year of manufacture: 1984
Genre: Popular science literature
Publisher: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature
Russian language
Number of pages: 208
Description: The book is illustrated - 95 drawings. Origin, history of breeding, morphology and physiology of the domestic cat. Cat food. Caring for a cat, its health status. Traveling with a cat. Basics of genetics. Organization of breeding work. Cat show. Cat breeds. List of FIFA members. The author introduces readers to his many years of experience in keeping and breeding purebred...

The first anatomical atlas in Russia by Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov for forensic doctors. Aleksina L.A., St. Petersburg State Medical University. acad. I.P. Pavlova, St. Petersburg Musin M.N., Russian Gerontological Scientific Clinical Center of the Federal Service for Healthcare, Moscow The first edition of the Atlas “Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body, intended primarily for forensic doctors with a full explanation” refers by 1846 Photo of N.I. Pirogov with an inscription from the period when the atlas was written The rapid development of legal sciences and forensic medicine, as well as the high cost of the above-mentioned Atlases, required the publication of a special anatomical atlas of a textbook for forensic doctors. From the preface of the editors of the military medical journal “Anatomical images published by Mr. Pirogov in 1846 in a very limited number of copies, due to the significant costs incurred for each copy when publishing lithographed drawings, naturally could not have had much circulation among Russian doctors, not could become a reference book for them.” From the preface of the editors of the military medical journal “Keeping in mind the undeniable merit of this classic work of our famous anatomist, and wanting to disseminate it as widely as possible among Russian doctors, the Editorial Board of the Military Medical Journal decided to publish these “Anatomical Images” with polytypes, thereby preserving the accuracy and elegance of the original, to make it, at a fraction of the cost, more accessible to everyone and more convenient for practicing in anatomical theaters;.” From the preface of the editors of the military medical journal, “primarily for forensic doctors, with this publication the Editors hope to bring some service: for them it can serve as a reference pocket book (Vademecum) for autopsies of dead bodies, while the lithographic publication was until now the property of some libraries.” Title page of Atlas N.I. Pirogov for forensic doctors 1850 Atlas N.I. Pirogov was illustrated for forensic doctors by the President of the Imperial Academy of Arts, Baron P.K. Klodt. Baron Klodt's horses on the Anichkov Bridge "Fig. 8 image of a side section of the head and the rear chest space on the right side" The atlas used pseudo-three-dimensional graphics technology Baron Peter Karlovich Klodt von Jurgensburg author of monuments in St. Petersburg to Krylov, Krylov, Nicholas I, Kiev (monument Prince Vladimir), Vladimir), Berlin, Berlin, Paris, Paris, Naples, Naples, Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow, etc. The atlas included 22 drawings, which were accompanied by 79 pages of text. The atlas described the methods of preparation and purposes of the drugs, and also presented a fairly large section of dentistry, including descriptions of age-related changes. What was original and progressive for book printing and pedagogy in this atlas was that illustrations were introduced directly into the text, while in previous editions the descriptive part was included in a separate volume. Atlas page describing the preparation of a brain preparation In 1853, Pirogov presented five issues of his atlases, including this atlas, to the Paris Academy. On September 19 of the same year, at a meeting of the Medical-Surgical Academy, the atlas was recommended for publication. Permission from the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy. Atlas N.I. Pirogov served as the basis for many subsequent laws, including the “Resolution issued to guide forensic doctors in the conduct of forensic medical studies of human corpses” dated February 13, 1875. This atlas also formed the basis for all subsequent legislation. N.I. Pirogov was the first to use the terms head cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity in the Atlas. Thus, according to the Circular of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and “Ministerial Regulations” of 1881-1884, “during an internal examination of the head cavity after removing the skin, an assessment is made of the degree of its connection with the skull, as well as an assessment of the dura mater, sinuses, soft and arachnoid membrane, and the essence of the brain , ventricles of the brain and its other parts. Then the organs of the neck are examined: blood vessels, larynx, windpipe, pharynx and food inlet.” “Fig.3 The brain is viewed layer by layer from above.” Further, “the organs of the thoracic cavity: lungs, pericardial sac, blood vessels, heart. Abdominal cavity: omentum, stomach and its contents, small and large intestines and their contents, mesentery, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, reproductive parts. Spinal column: deviations from naturalness and damage.” Atlas N.I. Pirogov "Fig. 7 represents the position of the organs of the neck from above" served as the basis for many subsequent laws, including the "Regulation issued to guide forensic doctors in the conduct of forensic examinations of human corpses" dated February 13, 1875. Thus: “Page 72 of the Atlas” Pirogov’s Atlas “Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body, intended primarily for forensic doctors with a full explanation” became the first educational and methodological manual in Russia intended primarily for forensic experts. Thank you for your attention! “The departure of N.I. Pirogov from Moscow after the anniversary” illustration for an article from the magazine “Russia” 927 N 1901

Currently, there are a large number of good anatomical atlases. Therefore, the need to create a new option should be justified. We see three main reasons for creating this book.

First of all, most previously published atlases contain only schematic or semi-schematic images that represent real objects in a very limited way; they do not have a third dimension, they lack volume. In contrast, photographs of anatomical preparations convey a real image of the object, preserving their proportions and spatial size more accurately than the schematized color drawings in most previous atlases. Moreover, photographs of specimens of the human body correspond to the student's observations while taking an anatomy course. Thus, he is able to quickly navigate using photographs of preparations, and not only when working with a corpse.

Secondly, some of the existing atlases provide classification by organ systems rather than by body parts. As a result, the student needs several books, in each of which he is forced to look for the necessary information on a specific part of the body. In this atlas, an attempt is made to display the macroscopic anatomy as realistically as possible in terms of topography and functional features of the object itself. Consequently, it may be useful in the study of anatomy by doctors of various specialties, including dentists.

The third task of the authors was to reduce the course to the required volume and present it in the form of a didactic tutorial. To the images of all parts of the body we have added schematic drawings of the main vessels and nerves, muscle mechanisms, etc., which will improve the understanding of the details of the images in the photographs. The complex structure of the cranial bones is presented not in a descriptive manner, but through a series of images showing the mosaic of bones and their relationships in a way that ultimately facilitates understanding of the structure of the cranial bones.

Finally, the authors were prompted to create the atlas by the current situation in medical education, when, on the one hand, there is a constant shortage of corpses in many anatomical departments, and on the other hand, the number of students is constantly increasing everywhere. As a result, students do not have sufficient illustrative material for anatomy classes. Of course, photographs will never replace direct study of the specimen, but we think that the use of large format images rather than drawn, mostly schematic representations is more appropriate and is a significant improvement in an anatomy course over drawings alone. From the Preface to the Fourth Edition: Fifteen years after the first edition, the atlas has been thoroughly revised and revised.

Currently, much attention is paid to the method of layer-by-layer anatomy, so we have added a number of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging images to clarify the detailed diagrams of the structure. The first part is devoted to the traditional description of the anatomical structures of organs, such as limbs: bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels and nerves. The second part presents data on layer-by-layer anatomy, where the description of the superficial layer is followed by a description of the middle and deep layers so that the student can navigate the sections of anatomical preparations. When viewing photographs, we strongly recommend using a magnifying glass for a more accurate perception of the three-dimensional image of the structures of organs and tissues.

Format: DJVU.
Pages: 480 pp.
The year of publishing: 2000
Archive size: 25.11 MB.

Buy “Big atlas of anatomy” in Labirint.ru.

Download a book: .

Andreas Vesalius made an anatomical revolution, not only creating amazing textbooks, but also raising talented students who continued breakthrough research. In this post, we'll look at anatomical illustrations from the Baroque era and a stunning atlas by the Dutch anatomist Howard Bidloo, and also show illustrations from the first Russian anatomical atlas, which we received courtesy of the staff of the New York Medical Library.

17th century: from blood circulation to the doctors of Peter the Great

The University of Padua in the 17th century maintained continuity, remaining something like the modern MIT, but for early modern anatomists.
The history of anatomy and anatomical illustration of the 17th century begins with Hieronymus Fabricius. He was a student of Fallopius and after graduating from university he also became a researcher and teacher. Among his achievements is a description of the fine structure of the organs of the digestive tract, larynx and brain. He was the first to propose a prototype for dividing the cerebral cortex into lobes, highlighting the central sulcus. This scientist also discovered valves in the veins that prevent the blood from flowing back. In addition, Fabricius turned out to be a good popularizer - he was the first to begin the practice of anatomical theaters.
Fabricius worked extensively with animals, which gave him the opportunity to make contributions to zoology (he described the bursa of Fabricius, a key organ of the immune system of birds) and embryology (he described the stages of development of bird eggs and gave the name ovarium to the ovaries).
Fabricius, like many anatomists, worked on the atlas. Moreover, his approach was truly thorough. Firstly, he included in the atlas illustrations of not only human anatomy, but also animals. In addition, Fabricius decided that the work should be done in color and at a 1:1 scale. The atlas created under his leadership included about 300 illustrated tables, but after the death of the scientist they were lost for a while, and were rediscovered only in 1909 in the State Library of Venice. By that time, 169 tables remained intact.

Illustrations from Fabritius' tables (). The works correspond to the artistic level that painters of that time could demonstrate.

Fabricius, like his predecessors, managed to continue and develop the Italian anatomical school. Among his students and colleagues was Giulio Cesare Casseri. This scientist and professor of the same University of Padua was born in 1552 and died in 1616. He devoted the last years of his life to working on an atlas, which was called exactly the same as many other atlases of that time, “Tabulae Anatomicae”. He was assisted by the artist Odoardo Fialetti and the engraver Francesco Valesio. However, the work itself was published after the anatomist’s death, in 1627.

Illustrations from Casserio's tables ().

Fabricius and Casseri went down in the history of anatomical knowledge by the fact that both were teachers of William Harvey (our surname is better known in Harvey's transcription), who took the study of the structure of the human body to an even higher level. Harvey was born in England in 1578, but after studying at Cambridge he went to Padua. He was not a medical illustrator, but he focused on the fact that each organ of the human body is important not primarily because of how it looks or where it is located, but because of the function it performs. Thanks to his functional approach to anatomy, Harvey was able to describe the circulatory system. Before him, it was believed that blood is formed in the heart and with each contraction of the heart muscle is delivered to all organs. It never occurred to anyone that if this were actually true, about 250 liters of blood would have to be formed in the body every hour.

A prominent anatomical illustrator of the first half of the seventeenth century was Pietro da Cortona, also known as Pietro Berrettini.
Yes, Cortona was not an anatomist. Moreover, he is known as one of the key artists and architects of the Baroque era. And it must be said that his anatomical illustrations were not as impressive as his paintings:

Anatomical illustrations by Barrettini ().

Fresco “The Triumph of Divine Providence”, on which Barrettini worked from 1633 to 1639 ().

Barrettini's anatomical illustrations were probably made in 1618, during the early period of the master's work, based on autopsies carried out at the Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Rome. As in a number of other cases, engravings were made from them, which were not printed until 1741. Barrettini's works are interesting in compositional solutions and depictions of dissected bodies in lively poses against the backdrop of buildings and landscapes.

By the way, at that time artists turned to the theme of anatomy not only to depict the internal organs of a person, but also to demonstrate the very process of dissection and the work of anatomical theaters. It is worth mentioning the famous painting by Rembrandt “The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp”:

Painting “The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp”, painted in 1632.

However, this story was popular:

Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Willem van der Meer An earlier painting showing a teaching dissection is “The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. William van der Meer,” painted by Michiel van Mierevelt in 1617.

The second half of the 17th century in the history of medical illustration is notable for the work of Howard Bidloo. He was born in 1649 in Amsterdam and trained as a doctor and anatomist at the University of Franeker in Holland, after which he went to teach anatomy techniques in The Hague. Bidloo’s book “Anatomy of the Human Body in 105 Tables Depicted from Life” became one of the most famous anatomical atlases of the 17th-18th centuries and was distinguished by the detail and accuracy of its illustrations. It was published in 1685, and was later translated into Russian by order of Peter I, who decided to develop medical education in Russia. Peter’s personal doctor was Bidloo’s nephew Nikolaas (Nikolai Lambertovich), who in 1707 founded Russia’s first hospital medical-surgical school and hospital in Lefortovo, the current Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N. N. Burdenko.

The illustrations from the Bidloo atlas show a tendency towards more accurate drawing of details than before and greater educational value of the material. The artistic component fades into the background, although it is still noticeable. Taken from here and here.

18th century: exhibits from the Kunstkamera, wax anatomical models and the first Russian atlas

One of the most talented and skillful anatomists in Italy at the beginning of the 18th century was Giovanni Domenico Santorini, who, unfortunately, did not live a very long life and became the author of only one fundamental work called “Anatomical Observations”. This is more of an anatomical textbook than an atlas - there are illustrations only in the appendix, but they deserve mention.

Illustrations from the book of Santorini. .

Frederik Ruysch, who invented the successful embalming technique, lived and worked in the Netherlands at that time. It will be interesting to the Russian reader because it was his preparations that formed the basis of the Kunstkamera collection. Ruysch knew Peter. The Tsar, while in the Netherlands, often attended his anatomical lectures and watched him perform dissections.
Ruysch made preparations and sketches, including children’s skeletons and organs. Like earlier authors from Italy, his works had not only a didactic, but also an artistic component. A bit strange, however.

Another prominent anatomist and physiologist of that time, Albrecht von Haller, lived and worked in Switzerland. He is famous for introducing the concept of irritability - the ability of muscles (and subsequently glands) to respond to nerve stimulation. He wrote several books on anatomy, for which detailed illustrations were made.

Illustrations from von Haller's books. .

The second half of the 18th century in physiology is remembered for the work of John Hunter in Scotland. He made a great contribution to the development of surgery, the description of the anatomy of teeth, the study of inflammatory processes and the processes of bone growth and healing. Hunter's most famous work was the book “Observations on certain parts of the animal oeconomy”

In the 18th century, the first anatomical atlas was created, one of the authors of which was the Russian doctor, anatomist and draftsman Martin Ilyich Shein. The atlas was called “Glossary, or illustrated index of all parts of the human body” (Syllabus, seu indexem omnium partius corporis humani figuris illustratus). One of its copies is kept in the library of the New York Academy of Medicine. The library staff kindly agreed to send us scans of several pages of the atlas, first published in 1757. This is probably the first time these illustrations have been published on the Internet.

The history of anatomical atlases

One of the first known ancient Greek anatomists was Hippocrates. In his works, he described the structure of some internal organs, the eye, skull bones, ribs, vertebrae, muscles, joints and the largest blood vessels. Herophilus and Erasistratus were the first scientists in ancient Greece who dissected human corpses and thus studied the structure of organs.

Galen, an outstanding physician of Ancient Rome, studied anatomy on the corpses of sheep, dogs and pigs due to the ban on autopsies on human corpses. At the same time, he believed that the body structure of animals and humans is no different, which is why many significant mistakes were made in his works. Galen systematized all the anatomical information available at that time, and his works served for the training of doctors for thirteen centuries.

In the Middle Ages, due to the dominance of the church, the study of anatomy almost ceased, but during the Renaissance this science took a big step forward in its development. Leonardo da Vinci, a famous artist, philosopher and scientist, was interested in plastic anatomy, and he made many accurate drawings of the internal organs, muscles and bones of humans and animals. These were the first anatomically correct images of the human body, its organs and systems. But the works of this outstanding scientist were not widely known among his contemporaries.

Andreas Vesalius is considered the creator of systematic human anatomy. Studying the corpses of executed criminals, he described the organs and systems of the human body and pointed out the mistakes of many anatomists in his work “On the Structure of the Human Body.” The seven volumes of this book were accompanied by excellent illustrations. Vesalius' students made many discoveries in the field of anatomy and corrected some mistakes that had been made by scientists earlier.

One of the most famous anatomical atlases of the 17th-18th centuries was the book by G. Bidloo “Anatomy of the human body in 105 tables depicted from life.” It was published in 1685, and was translated into Russian especially for Peter I. Later, in 1729, the book was translated again, but, like the first time, it existed only in a handwritten version.

In Russia, the first anatomical atlas was compiled in 1744 by M.I. Shein, it was called “Glossary, or an illustrated index of all parts of the human body.” The author independently completed most of the illustrations for this publication. In 1757 M.I. Shein translated “Abbreviated Anatomy” by L. Geister into Russian and thus became the creator of scientific medical terminology in Russia. Many of the names of the anatomical structures that this scientist proposed are in use today. For example, the terms “blood vessels”, “ileum”, “ureter” were translated by M.I. Shein.

In the 20th century, anatomical atlases continued to be improved. V.P. made a great contribution to the development of anatomy. Vorobyov, professor of anatomy at the Medical Institute in Kharkov and Lenin Prize laureate. He was a wonderful teacher, wrote several textbooks and created an anatomical atlas, which was used for a long time to train doctors.

R.D. Sinelnikov, student of V.P. Vorobyov, for many years he was the head of the department of anatomy at the Kharkov Medical Institute. The first edition of his Atlas of Human Anatomy was published in 1938-1942 and consisted of five volumes. Since then, this manual has remained one of the most popular for students of higher medical schools. This anatomical atlas has been translated into English, Czech, Spanish, Bulgarian and Arabic. The latest (seventh) edition of the book was published in 2007-2011 in Moscow.

What can you learn from anatomical atlases?

The atlas helps medical students understand the structure and position of organs during classes in an anatomical museum or in a section hall. Also, thanks to this tutorial, during home preparation you can easily remember and repeat the structure of anatomical preparations. The book consists of several mandatory sections:

• Osteology, arthrology and syndesmology, which describe the structure of bones and their connections to each other;
• Myology is a section that deals with muscles. At the same time, it necessarily reflects not only their structure, but also their relationship to bone formations;
• Splanchnology is the study of internal organs. This section details the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems;
• The structure of the endocrine glands;
• The structure of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries of the systemic and pulmonary circulation);
• The structure of lymphatic vessels and the spleen;
• Neurology - the structure of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system;
• Aesthesiology is the study of the structure of the sense organs.

Each section consists of numerous detailed illustrations, which are accompanied by descriptions. In addition to drawings, the manual may contain photographs of anatomical preparations and x-rays, which help to form a more complete understanding of the structure of the human body. All anatomical structures have names in Latin and in the language in which the atlas was published. Often sections are supplemented with information about the development and age-related characteristics of organs.