Proposals in the affirmative form in English. English sentences: affirmative, negative sentences, questions in English

Sentence – this is a separate statement that has intonation and semantic completeness. A sentence is a word or group of words, organized according to the rules of grammar, that carries a specific message, question, exclamation, or call to action.

• It's raining. - It's raining.
• go outside! - Get outside!
• What are you doing? - What are you doing?

Offers English, as in Russian, depending on how many grammatical bases (combinations of subject and predicate) in the sentence, are divided into simple and complex sentences.

• Simple sentences
• There is my house.- This is my home.
• I have to go to the university.- I have to go to the university.

• Complex sentences
• There is the house where my family lives. This is the house where my family lives.
• I have to go to the university now but I will come back soon. I have to go to the university now, but I will be back soon.

simple sentence(simple sentence) is a sentence that contains only one grammatical basis(one combination of subject and predicate).

• Kate likes dogs. Kate loves dogs.
• We go jogging every Sunday. We go jogging every Sunday.
• They didn't go to school last year. They didn't go to school last year.

Simple sentences for the purpose of the statement

All simple sentences, depending on the purpose of the utterance, can be narrative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory.

Declarative sentences

Declarative sentence(declarative sentence) - a sentence that communicates a certain fact or information in affirmative or negative form. The intonation of such a sentence is mainly descending, direct word order is used (subject before the predicate).

• My name is Paul. - My name is Paul.
• Kate is good at cooking. Kate cooks well.

• I don't like honey. - I don't like honey.
• George hasn't finished his work yet. George has not finished his work yet.

AT English language, usually, There can only be one negative in a sentence, in contrast to the Russian language, where there can be a double negation (using together the particles not, nor negative pronouns, adverbs, etc.).

• I know nothing.- I do not know anything.
• I don't know anything.- I do not know anything.

• We met no one yesterday. We didn't meet anyone yesterday.
• We didn't meet anyone yesterday. We didn't meet anyone yesterday.

Twice no in English it can be used to further strengthen the negation, but this is not common.

• I ain't got no money.- I don't have any money.
• We don't need no education, we don't need no thought control.“We don't need any education, we don't need any thought control.

Interrogative sentences

Imperative sentences

imperative sentence(imperative sentence) - a sentence that encourages the interlocutor to act, that is, it expresses an order, request, command, invitation, etc. These sentences often omit the subject. you(you, you), since it is clear from the context, the verb is used only in the infinitive form without a particle to.

• Watch this!– Look at this!
• Listen to me.- Listen to me.
• Go and buy some bread, please.- Go buy some bread, please.

Sometimes in imperative sentences the pronoun you is not omitted in order to emotionally highlight and reinforce an order or command.

• You sleep now.- You're going to bed now.
• We will rest and you drive. We will rest and you will drive the car.
• I will go to the shop and you stay at home.- I'm going to the store, and you stay at home.

In order to form negative imperative sentence(prohibition or request), the auxiliary verb is always used do in the negative form, even with a verb to be.

• Don't give me orders!- Don't order me!
• Don't touch it, please.- Don't touch it, please.

• Don't be so silly!- Don't be so stupid!
• Oh come on don't be mad.“Oh come on, don’t be mad.

To form an order, a command directed at third parties, the verb is used to let(permit). To let also used to offer help or when asking for permission to do something.

• Let her go.- Let her go. (Let her go.)
• Let him do whatever he wants. Let him do whatever he wants.
• Let the children play with our dog. Let the children play with our dog.

• Let me help you.- Let me help you.
• Let us do this.- Let us do it.

The form let's(short for let us) is used to suggest joint action. In this sense, the full form let us practically not used.

• Let's go for a walk!- Let's go for a walk!
• Let's play football outside. Let's play football outside.
• Let's invite Paul and Janice to the party. Let's invite Paul and Janice to the party.

exclamatory sentences

exclamatory sentence(exclamatory sentence) - a sentence expressing certain emotions or feelings. Often such sentences begin with the words what and how, and end exclamation mark.

AT exclamatory sentences only direct word order is used. However, often a sentence can only consist of one or two words.

• Marvelous! - Wonderful! (also with a touch of sarcasm)
• How wonderful! - How wonderful!
• It's such a beautiful life! - What a beautiful life!
• What a lovely day it is. - What a wonderful day today.

Types of simple sentences by structure

Simple sentences according to their structure (the presence or absence of some members of the proposal) are divided into two-part and one-component, as well as on uncommon and common.

Two-part sentence

Two-member sentence(two-part sentence) - a sentence in which there are both main members of the sentence (subject and predicate), or one of them is omitted, as it is clear from the context or the previous sentence.

• I don't like this book.- I don't like this book.
• We had a lot of fun in Brazil! Swimming in the ocean, drinking cocktails, dancing . We had a lot of fun in Brazil! We swam in the ocean, drank cocktails, danced.

Two-part sentences, in turn, are divided into complete and incomplete. complete sentence(full sentence) - a two-part sentence in which there is both a subject and a predicate.

• The baby was smiling to us. The child smiled at us.
• We've bought a lot of candies for you. We bought you a lot of sweets.
• There was a big party at Caroline's place. Caroline had a big party.

Incomplete sentence(incomplete sentence) - a sentence in which one of the main members of the sentence is missing or both of them, as they are clear from the context. Such sentences are often found in colloquial speech, dialogues.

• Who did that? Mark, of course.- Who did it? Of course Mark.
• What did he do? Nothing at all!- What did he do? Nothing at all!
• What were we doing? Just chilling and talking.– What did we do? They just relaxed and talked.

One-part sentence

One-member sentence(one-part sentence) - a special type of sentence in which there is only one main member of the sentence, and it cannot be unambiguously defined as a noun or a predicate. Sometimes these suggestions are called phrase sentences.

One-part sentences can be expressed using a noun or an infinitive of a verb.

• To be or not to be?- To be or not to be?
• To stay here - alone, forgotten by everyone.– To stay here – alone, forgotten by everyone.
• Spring! Birds singing, the sun shining, flowers in blossom.- Spring! The birds are singing, the sun is shining, the flowers are blooming.

Uncommon and Common Suggestions

unextended sentence(non-common sentence) - a sentence in which there are no secondary members of the sentence, but only grammatical basis. Uncommon can be both one-part and two-part sentences.

• Spring. - Spring.
• to live! - Live!
• Don't talk!- Do not talk!
• She is sleeping.- She is sleeping.
• Matt is a student. Matt is a student.

extended sentence(common sentence) - a sentence in which there is one or more minor members of the proposal depending on the subject or predicate.

• beautiful spring!- Beautiful spring!
• Don't talk to me now!- Don't talk to me now!
• My little sister is sleeping upstairs. My little sister sleeps upstairs.
• Matt is not really a good student. Matt is not a very good student.

Sentence in English is a complete set of words for statements, questions and commands, usually consisting of a subject and a predicate with a personal verb. Semantically English sentences are of 4 types: narrative(statements) interrogative(questions), imperative(decrees) and exclamatory(exclamations).

All offers are divided into affirmative and negative.

He arrived yesterday - Hearrivedyesterday

Mary doesn't understand the rule - Marynotunderstandsrule

Kindsproposals

Affirmative

Statements can be in the indicative and conditional moods. They reflect being and end with a dot.

It's raining. - Goesrain

Idon'tlikebaseball. - I don't like baseball

Interrogative

Questions can be in the indicative and conditional moods. They ask about activities and end with a question mark.

Whotoldyouthis? - Who told you that?

whydon'twegotoaclub? Why don't we go to the club?

exclamatory

Exclamations can also be in the indicative and conditional moods. They reinforce statements and end with an exclamation mark.

Great! - Great!

It'snotmyfault! - It's not my fault!

Imperative

Decrees are in the imperative mood. They encourage activity and end with a dot or an exclamation point.

Doit now! – Do it!

Don'tmakemerepeattwice. - Don't make me say it twice

Typesproposals

Syntactically, sentences are divided into simple, compound and complex subordinate.

Simple

Simple sentences are common and non-common. Common sentences contain secondary members that determine the main members (subject and predicate): addition, definition and circumstance.

Time goes by…- Atimeflies…

An old stranger picked up the phone after my 3rd dialmy3 dialshandsetstripped offelderlystranger

Compound

Compound sentences consist of equal sub-sentences connected by a comma, coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, or, than, whereas, while, as well as, both… and, either… or, neither… nor, not only… but also) or coordinating adverbs ( so, however, moreover, therefore, nevertheless, still, yet, besides, otherwise, else, thus, hence).

And after a time she turned round and looked at him, and her eyes were full of tearslater, she isturned aroundandlookedon thehim, ahereyeswereare fulltears

I had my gun along but I hadn't shot anything; it was for protection - Close bylaygun, butwithoutaffairs- this isIt wasmeansself defense

Complex

Complicated sentences consist of main and subordinate sub-sentences connected by subordinating conjunctions ( (al)though, after, as (if/though), as long/soon as, before, because, even if/though, for (fear that), hardly/scarcely… when/before, if, in case, in order that, lest, like, no matter what/how, no sooner… than, on condition (that), provided/providing (that), since, so long as, so that, suppose/supposing (that), that, though, unless, till/until, when, whether).

I'llemailyouassoonasIgoonline - I will send you an email as soon as I go online

WhenI got back home you were already asleep - WhenIreturnedhome, youalreadyslept

English Joke

The teacher put a question to the class:

"What does a cat have that no other animal has?"

A number cried in unison:

But an objector raised the point that bears and skunks have fur. One pupil raised an eager hand:

"I know, teacher-whiskers!"

But another objector laughed scornfully.

"Haw-haw! My papa has whiskers!”

The suggester of whiskers defended her idea by declaring: "My papa ain't got whiskers."

"'Cause he can't!" the objector sneered. "Haw-haw! Your pa ain't no good. My pa says--"

The teacher rapped for order, and repeated her question. A little girl raised her hand, and at the teacher's nod spoke timidly.

The study of different tenses in English begins with an explanation of situations when it is appropriate to use one or another tense. And also the principles of construction of sentences of different types are given: affirmative, negative, interrogative. Each of these proposals is built according to its own rules. However, in the construction of sentences of the same type, but within different tenses, one can notice similar features. In this article, we will analyze examples of affirmative sentences in English used in simple tenses.

What is an affirmative offer

Many examples of affirmative sentences can be found in everyday speech. Most of the sentences we build are of this type, i.e. these sentences state some thought. Negative ones, in turn, deny some thought and they use not particles.

present simple

This time is also called the simple present. This time is used when talking about something ordinary that we do every day. For example, we go to school/work/university every day, etc. Or someone may love music very much and listen to it every day. There are also many ordinary rituals that are performed every morning (wake up, wash, get dressed, etc.). these are actions that are present at the moment in the life of a person and are repeated regularly.

How are affirmative sentences constructed in this tense?

The subject comes first. It is followed by either the auxiliary verb am (with the pronoun I), is (with the pronouns he, she, it and third person singular nouns), are (with all other pronouns and plural nouns). An auxiliary verb is used if there is no main semantic verb. If it is, then it follows the subject. Next come the secondary members of the sentence.

Consider examples of affirmative sentences in Present Simple:

He is a doctor. He is a doctor. (We are talking about a profession, a person does his job every day and is a doctor)

She is interested in music. (We are talking about a favorite hobby that is relevant both yesterday and today, and, most likely, will be relevant tomorrow. That is, this is something consistently recurring)

I like playing the guitar.

He works so hard. (A diligent worker who gives all his best every day).

past simple

This time is also called the simple past. It is used when you need to talk about some completed action in the past. Moreover, most often it is indicated at what moment the action was committed (four hours age, last year, two days ago, etc.)

The construction of the sentence in this tense is very similar to the previous examples. But there are differences.

The subject also comes first. It is followed by either the auxiliary verb was (I, he, she, it) were if there is no semantic one. If there is a semantic verb, then it comes after the subject and changes its form. If it is an irregular verb, then its form can be specified in the table of irregular verbs. In all other cases, the ending -ed is added to the word. After also come the secondary members of the sentence. Consider examples of English affirmative sentences in Past Simple:

He bought a book two hours ago.

I was at the cinema yesterday.

He showed me his picture last year.

Future Simple

The simple future tense indicates some action that will take place in the future. It is built as follows: subject + auxiliary verb (shall / will) + semantic verb (infinitive). Examples of affirmative sentences:

I will study economics next year.

We will go to the cinema tomorrow.

Similarities

What do all these examples of affirmative sentences have in common? A very similar principle can be traced by constructions. Everywhere there is a clear order of words. The subject always takes the first place, followed by the verb (auxiliary or semantic, depending on the meaning of the sentence). Secondary members of a sentence always come last. However, it is worth noting that when placing them, it is worth observing a certain order.

Secondary members of the sentence

A secondary role in the proposal is occupied by additions, circumstances and definitions. But they must also be in a certain order, otherwise the sentence will lose all meaning. The object is placed after the verb. The circumstance is usually located at the very end (sometimes at the very beginning, but these are rare cases). The definition can be in different parts of the sentence, but always next to the word being defined (usually it is expressed by a noun).

Consider examples of affirmative sentences with different secondary members.

An old man got a telegram yesterday. An elderly man received a telegram yesterday. The word old is a definition and comes before the word being defined (man). A telegram acts as an addition and comes after the verb got (Got what? Telegram). And in last place is the circumstance yesterday (yesterday).

We have looked at several examples of affirmative sentences. All of them are approximately similar in the way they are built. The differences are due only to the time in which a particular sentence is used. But you should always remember the word order. After all, it significantly affects the construction of sentences of any type. It is also worth paying attention to the forms of auxiliary and semantic verbs, which can change depending on the time used.

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Here you can find: Affirmative English sentences with translation into Russian.

How to make questions out of statements in English

A sentence that talks about something is called a statement, or a declarative sentence (for more details on the structure and types of sentences in English, see the sentence structure section). In modern English, auxiliary verbs are the only verbs that can be placed before the subject in a sentence to form a question.

He is a good fellow. ( statement)
He is a good guy.

Is he a good fellow? ( question)
He is a good guy?

They have won the race. = Have they won't race?
They won the race. = Did they win the race?

The cat will kill the mice. = Will the cat kill the mice?
The cat will catch the mice. = Will the cat catch the mice?

If other verbs (not auxiliary) are used in the sentence, then the auxiliary verb do and its forms does or did) must be placed before the subject.

John enjoys playing tennis. ( statement)
John likes to play tennis.

Does John enjoy playing tennis? ( question)
Does John like playing tennis?

Sharon makes models from clay. = Does Sharon make models from clay?
Sharon makes figures out of clay. = Sharon makes figures out of clay?

Alice goes to school by train. = Does Alice go to school by train?
Alice travels to school by train. = Does Alice go to school by train?

The children practice the violin each morning. = Do the children practice the violin every morning?
The children practice playing the violin every morning. = Do the children practice playing the violin every morning?

Our team played well yesterday. = Did our team play well yesterday?
Our team played well yesterday. = Did our team play well yesterday?

He fell from the ladder. = Did he fall from the ladder?
He fell down the stairs. = Did he fall down the stairs?

They went to Mumbai. = Did they go to Mumbai?
They went to Mumbai. = Did they go to Mumbai?

She likes to see pictures. = Does she like to see pictures?
She likes to look at pictures.

Present Simple or simple present tense in English

Does she like looking at pictures?

They make good cheese. = Do they make good cheese?
They make good cheese. = Do they make good cheese?

negative questions

He does not like it. ( negative statement)
He doesn't like it.

Does he not like it? OR Doesn't he like it? ( negative question)
Doesn't he like it?

They do not eat meat. = Do they not eat meat? OR Don't they eat meat?
They don't eat meat. = They don't eat meat?

Affirmative English sentences with translation into Russian. Practice English

English: online lessons

Elementary level

Lesson 1. Sentence in English. Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives. The verb to be. Category of number of nouns.

Topic 4. Word order in interrogative sentences

As in Russian, there are several types of questions in English. Consider the order of words in the main types of interrogative sentences.

General question

A general question is asked of the entire sentence and requires a yes/no answer. In Russian, it is formed with the help of intonational changes: Is this your car? Are you happy?

In English in this type of question
the predicate is put in the first place,
on the second - SUBJECT,
in third place are the SECONDARY parts of the sentence.

(2) Are (1) you (3) angry with me?
(Are) you angry with me?

(2) Is (1) our daughter (3) at school?
(Is) our daughter at school?

Special question

A special question is asked specific word(a group of words) and contains a question word.

The correct QUESTION WORD is put in the first place,
on the second - PREDICIAL,
in third place - SUBJECT,
in fourth place are the SECONDARY members of the proposal.

(4) When (2) is (1) your birthday?
When (is) your birthday?

(4) What (2) are (3) your marks(4) today?
What (are) your grades today?

Basic question words:
What (what, what), Where (where, where), When (when), Why (why, Who (who), How (how).

There are also interrogative phrases that act as one interrogative word in a sentence: How old (how old), What color (what color), etc.

Question to the subject

This is a kind of special question. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the question word WHO (for animate objects) or WHAT (for inanimate objects) is simultaneously both the question word and the subject. Formally, this is a question, but in fact it is an affirmative sentence, respectively, the word order in the question to the subject will be as in the affirmative sentence ..

(1) Who (2) is (3) that man?
Who (is) that person?

(1) What (2) is (3) this?
What (is) it?

In the article “Composing Sentences in English”, we analyzed how to compose the simplest sentences in English, such as “I am a student”, “Children at home”, when there is no verb in Russian, and the verb to be is used in English. But how to make a negation or a question out of these sentences?

Negative sentences

Composing a negative with the verb to be is extremely simple. In Russian we say “I am not a student”, and in English we also have this particle “not” - “not”. Respectively,

change affirmative sentence
I am a student
in the negative you can add "not":
I am not a student

With other forms to be, everything works according to the same logic:

He is not a student - He is not a student
They are not students - They are not students

Short negative forms

Often used in speech short forms to be and denial. Let's look at two suggestions:

We are not students = We aren't students

These sentences mean exactly the same thing, just in negation the spelling and pronunciation change slightly.

By the same logic, "She is not a student" means the same as "She isn't a student", and "I am not a student" is identical to "I'm not a student". That is,

I am not = I'm not
is not = isn't
are not = aren't

Interrogative sentences in English

In Russian, we make questions in such sentences with the help of intonation: the statement “Your mother is a doctor” differs from the question “Is your mother a doctor?” just intonation.

In English, to make a question, you need to change the word order. "Your mother is a doctor" - "Your mother is a doctor." Who are we talking about? - about your mother (your mother), i.e. it is the subject. Where is the verb? – is, i.e. it is a predicate. To make a question, you need to swap them, i.e. put the form to be (am, is or are) in the first place. As a result, we get: "Is your mother a doctor?"

Another example, "Are their children at home?". In the statement, we would first say "their children" (their children), then the verb (are), and then everything else (at home), and we would get "Their children are at home." But we are making up a question, so we put “are” in the first place: “Are their children at home?”

By the same logic, "Am I right?" translate as "Am I right?"

Short answer in English

To briefly answer such questions, it is not enough to say “yes” (yes) or “no” (no). Recall that "to be" is translated as "to be, to be." That is, when you are asked “Are you a student?”, It means “Are you a student?”, And you need to answer “Yes, I am” (Yes, I am) or “No, I am not” (No, I am not).

In fact, in the short answer, we simply discard all the additional information, leaving only the pronoun and the verb. Notice it's a pronoun. So, to the question "Is Mike at work?" (Is Mike at work?) You can answer "Yes, he is" or "No, he isn't."

Conjugation of the verb to be

To put all this information into a system, look at the question-short answer-statement-denial groups:

Am I right? – Yes, I am. I am right. / No, I'm not. I am not right.
Are you right? – Yes, you are. You are right. / No, you aren't. You are not right.
Is he right? – Yes, he is. He is right. / No, he isn't. He is not right.
Are we right? – Yes, we are. We are right. / No, we aren't. We are not right.
Are they right? – Yes, they are.

Sentences in English

They are right. / No, they aren't. They are not right.

And now we will look at examples of the basics of making simple sentences to express the past, present and future tenses.

Building sentences in the Simple group

affirmative sentences

Let's start with Present Simple. All affirmative sentences are built according to the following scheme:

1. "I" in this example is the subject. Do not confuse it with the object, since the subject performs the action, and it is performed on the object. Moreover, in Russian, the order of words is not important to us, because it is already clear who performs the action. We can freely say: "I eat the cake." But in English, it’s not possible to build a sentence like this, because the one who performs the action must be in the first place, otherwise they will simply laugh at you when you say: “The cake eats me.” Even through the passive voice, such a phrase will sound very strange.
2. In second place should be the predicate, which expresses the action itself. In Russian, there are often sentences with an incomplete grammatical basis, where there is no subject or predicate, or both are absent. In the latter case, we are dealing with an impersonal sentence: "Dark." In English, there must always be a subject and a verb. So, if there is no verb in the Russian sentence, then in English it will definitely appear. Let's take for example a one-part sentence in which there is no predicate: "The phone is on the table." To translate it correctly, we need to use the verb "to be", which will connect the subject with the predicate. As a result, the phrase will literally be translated as: "The phone is on the table."
3. Secondary members of the sentence lined up in third place according to a certain rule: first there is a direct object (answers the question “who?”, “What?”, “Who?”), then indirect (answers the same questions, but with the prepositions “with whom ?”, “to whom?”, etc.). This rule is not always observed and is not strict.

As in Russian, English verbs change depending on the person. The main changes occur in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), where the suffix "s" or "es" is added to the predicate. As a result, we get the sentence: "He goes to school."

Negative sentences

In addition to the affirmation, there is also a negation, the scheme of which is as follows:

In this scheme, all the same components are found, except for the linking verb "do" and the particle "not", which is equivalent to the negative particle "not" in Russian. What is an auxiliary verb and why is it needed? Unlike Russian, where we simply put the “not” particle before the verb, in English, the “not” particle must be preceded by an auxiliary verb. It is different for each tense, and in the case of Present Simple, it will take the form of either “do” or “does”, depending on the number and person of the subject. Example: "She does not go to school".

Interrogative sentences

So, we have considered the affirmation, negation, and we are left with a question, the formation of which also requires an auxiliary verb:

So, we have analyzed with you the basic principles for constructing various types of sentences in Present Simple. Past Simple and Future Simple are built in a similar way, the main differences will be in the form of the auxiliary verb.

Building sentences in the Future Simple

Statement

The scheme for constructing a statement in a simple future tense (Future Simple) is as follows:

The auxiliary verb will indicates that the action takes place in the future tense, and the phrase would be translated as: "I will go to school."

Negation

Negation is built using the particle "not" already known to us and the auxiliary verb "will".

Question

Any question begins with an auxiliary verb, so when building a question, simply put will in first place.

past simple

Statement

When constructing a statement in the past tense of the Simple group, there is a small feature: the suffix "ed" is added to the verb.

I deliberately omitted the school example because it uses an irregular verb. Most verbs form the simple past tense by adding the suffix "ed" to the stem (cook - cooked), but there are about 470 verbs, according to the Oxford dictionary, that form the past tense according to their canons. Our verb “go” also falls into their number, which will change the form to “went”: “I went to school”.

Negation

The negative in the simple past tense is constructed similarly to the Present Simple, with the only difference being that the form of the auxiliary verb "do" acquires the past "did".

Question

The question is also built by analogy with Present Simple. We only change the form of the auxiliary verb to the past.

So we studied the construction of sentences in the entire Simple group. The main thing is to remember the schemes for all three types (statement, denial and question), do not forget about how the word forms of verbs in the 3rd person singular change and memorize the main irregular verbs in order to achieve automatism in speech.

Building sentences in the Continuous group

In the Continuous group, there is always an auxiliary verb “to be”, the change in the form of which will tell us when the action is happening: yesterday, now or tomorrow. In this group, there is also always a participle I, similar to the real participle in Russian. The participle itself is built by adding the suffix "ing" to the verb (go - going).

Statement

We will not deviate from the structure and consider the formation of time in the Present Continuous.

The forms of the verb "to be" video change depending on the person, and here the matter is not limited to changes only in the 3rd person singular. Forms are easy to remember.

In the past tense, the auxiliary verb changes its form to "was" or were "depending on the person and number.

The scheme for constructing a sentence in the Past Continuous will be as follows:

The future tense in this group is formed without any changes, just put the future tense verb “will” before the auxiliary “to be”:

Denial and question

The construction of the negation and the question occurs according to the general scheme for constructing sentences: when negating, we put “not” after the auxiliary verb, and when we ask, we put the auxiliary verb in the first place.

To build the past form, you need to change the form of the auxiliary verb to "had".

To build the future form, we additionally put “will”.

Denial and question

Negation and the question are built in the classical way: the particle not after had (when negating), had in the first place (when asked).

Denial and question

These sentences are given only for the sake of an example, in practice you will hardly find yourself in a situation where you will need to express yourself in Perfect Continuous. It will be much easier and faster to build a phrase from the Simple and Continuous groups.

Simplified table of formation of all types of sentences in all tenses

For those who come across tenses for the first time, this article may seem a little chaotic, so as a result I offer you a ready-made table with the formation of sentences in all tenses, so that it is easier for you to see the whole picture. You can use it as a cheat sheet in the initial stages of studying temporary structures. The table is taken from the Peekaboo resource.