Competition is one of the forms of training scientific personnel. Various employees of universities and research institutes often resort to it.
The reason for choosing this particular form, as a rule, is this: the person prepared his thesis during his work, and therefore does not need postgraduate training.
Competence implies that a person personally conducts work on a dissertation research.
If the results are sufficiently acceptable, then he can subsequently apply for a Ph.D. degree.
Differences from graduate school
The main difference from graduate school is that the applicant, in principle, does not undergo any course of study, and he also does not participate in teaching work at the department and other activities that are typical for graduate students. He is just preparing his dissertation research - that’s all.
Typically, this approach is used by already experienced researchers and employees of scientific/educational institutions who have sufficient knowledge and experience to prepare a dissertation, but who do not require training on the topic of the dissertation they have chosen.
Also, the applicant, when compared with graduate school, is not required to pass any entrance exams. It is simply enrolled by order of the head of the institution based on the results of a positive conclusion from the department to which the applicant is attached, also based on the results of an interview with the future scientific supervisor.
Expert opinion
Why is the job application system bad today? First of all, if you do not enroll in graduate school, you will not receive a diploma with the mark “teacher-researcher”. Since 2014, postgraduate study is the third level of education after bachelor's and master's degrees. Most likely, this kind of diploma will become a “pass” to teaching in the future.”
Nina Kuznetsova
Project Expert
Requirements
In order to become an applicant, you must meet several requirements.
If a person is assigned to a scientific or educational institution, it is important that he has a higher professional education, or a candidate of science degree if he is a candidate for a doctorate degree.
It is also necessary to meet certain qualification requirements that are established by the Higher Attestation Commission.
How to become a job seeker?
To prepare a candidate's dissertation, the applicant must submit an application addressed to the supervisor and attach to it a copy of the diploma of higher professional education, as well as optionally a certificate of passing the candidate's exams.
If a person is assigned to prepare a doctoral dissertation, then he must submit an application addressed to the supervisor and attach a copy of his PhD diploma.
If, by order of the supervisor, a person was assigned as an applicant, then within 3 months he must provide the department with a dissertation topic and an individual plan for its preparation. They must be approved by the leadership of the educational institution. Periodically, the applicant must also report to the department and be certified every year. Otherwise, the person may simply be expelled.
Opinions and reviews
To be honest, I started writing the paper without going to graduate school. And, of course, I deeply regretted it. Since at my university there was no council for protection and there is still no one to this day. As a result, I need to go to another city, where, of course, they can help me with protection, but all this, to be honest, is more like a battle or battle. And also to play Russian roulette. Recent years have made the application procedure very difficult.
Ask for help The Regulations on the Award of Academic Degrees define the requirements for persons admitted to defend dissertations. Paragraph 3 lists the requirements for those who have not attended graduate school:
higher education (master or specialist);
a dissertation written while attached to an organization;
a positive review of the dissertation from the organization in which it was carried out;
successful completion of candidate exams
To complete a PhD without graduate school, do two things first:
Attach yourself to prepare your dissertation
Register to pass the candidate minimum
We recommend moving in this order. Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated March 28, 2014 N 248 approved the Procedure for attaching persons to prepare a dissertation for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences without mastering programs for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (postgraduate studies). Paragraph 2 establishes that you can only be attached to prepare a dissertation at the organization in which the dissertation council has been created. Moreover, the dissertation council must have the right to award degrees in the specialty of interest to us.
It turns out that you need to start with a review of the list of dissertation councils, fortunately the Higher Attestation Commission kindly prepared it.
We filter by specialty and city, select a dissertation council. Next, you just need to call the organization on the basis of which it was created and clarify the cost and procedure for attaching it.
You can attach to an organization to complete a PhD dissertation for a period of no more than 3 years.
Passing the candidate minimum externally
There is a high probability that the organization on the basis of which the dissertation council was created is educational and you can also attach yourself there to take candidate exams. An example of an organization from the list of dissertation councils presented in the picture above.
But you can always find a graduate school and enroll there to pass the candidate minimum, without relying on the list of dissertations.
Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated March 28, 2014 N 247 approved the Procedure for assigning persons to pass candidate exams, pass candidate exams and their list. Attachment to an organization to take candidate exams is carried out by enrolling in this organization as external students. Passing the candidate minimum externally means that you will not be prepared for these exams. The examiners' task is only to test your knowledge and skills.
Attachment is carried out for a period of no more than 6 months. This means you need to prepare for the exams in advance and find out the requirements for them. The program for candidate exams can be seen.
Instructions
In order to receive a candidate of science degree, the applicant must prepare a qualifying scientific work in the chosen specialty (dissertation) and defend it in a special certification body - the Dissertation Council. Then, at the request of this council, the degree is awarded by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC). The entire procedure for preparing and defending a candidate's dissertation is strictly formalized and must comply with a certain algorithm.
Before starting to write a dissertation research, the applicant must decide on the form of his activity. Currently, there are several ways to obtain a PhD degree: (full-time and part-time), competition and.
Postgraduate study is a continuation of the educational process after receiving a university degree. To enroll in graduate school, both full-time and part-time, an applicant must submit an application to the university department and pass entrance exams in the chosen specialty, philosophy and foreign language. Full-time postgraduate study lasts 3 years, part-time study lasts 5 years. During this period, the graduate student attends classes in a foreign language and philosophy to prepare for passing candidate exams, the so-called candidate minimum, and seminars in the main specialty.
At the same time, the young specialist, under the guidance of a supervisor, must choose a topic for his dissertation research and begin working on it. The completed handwritten version of the dissertation must be submitted to the department by the time the graduate student completes his studies. This form of training is most suitable for young university graduates who do not yet have serious professional experience and need guidance and assistance from senior colleagues.
The competition is a freer form of preparation for obtaining an academic degree. It does not imply permanent presence at a university or educational institution. The applicant is assigned to a specialized department in his specialty. The academic council of the university approves the chosen topic of the dissertation work and the supervisor. The applicant independently prepares for passing candidate exams and writes a dissertation. The application does not imply strict restrictions on preparation time - the deadlines for passing exams and submitting dissertation research are chosen by the applicant himself.
Regardless of the chosen form of preparation (graduate study or competitive research), an applicant for a candidate's degree must, before defending his dissertation, publish a number of articles on the topic under study or one monograph in scientific publications. Moreover, only those articles that are published in the list of publications approved by the Higher Attestation Commission are taken into account. The list of scientific works is added to the set of documents required for consideration of the dissertation by the Dissertation Council.
In which we will talk about the details of the algorithm for obtaining a PhD degree.
At the very beginning, you need to decide on the form, or, more precisely, the regulations, according to which you will prepare yours, as well as pass candidate exams.
There are the following ways to obtain a PhD:
Full-time postgraduate studies;
- study for correspondence postgraduate studies;
- competition;
- independent preparation.
The first two methods are graduate school– should be chosen when the applicant requires constant help and support on the path to obtaining a candidate’s degree. As a rule, postgraduate studies are chosen by newly graduated specialists who, immediately after graduation, decide to continue their education and at the same time begin to engage in serious science.
Postgraduate studies require full support from the educational or scientific institution where it is located. The graduate student attends special classes (usually in philosophy and a foreign language - exams in these disciplines are required for the degree applicant to pass as the so-called candidate minimums), as well as seminars in special disciplines. The graduate student is assisted throughout his studies by a scientific supervisor, who is assigned from among existing doctors of science or experienced candidates of science (with the rank of associate professor). The graduate student also receives a scholarship (in case of full-time study) and has a deferment from the army.
But there are also a number of restrictions, primarily temporary s X. For example, it is necessary to report annually on the work done, as well as “put the dissertation on the table” by a certain point: in the case of full-time graduate school, it should be ready three years after entering graduate school, in part-time - after four.
Application for a job as a way to obtain an academic degree does not imply permanent presence in an educational or scientific institution (note: further, for simplicity, we will assume that the preparation of the dissertation is carried out on the basis of a higher educational institution).
The academic council of the university approves the applicant's topic and the scientific supervisor who will supervise the applicant. Preparation for candidate exams and, in fact, the applicant himself prepares independently. The application does not imply any scholarships or strict deadlines (although there is still a certain time limit - the dissertation must be prepared within 10 years).
Fully self-training We will not consider dissertations as a way to obtain a degree for now, since such cases are rare and are a very large exception to the rule (we will consider what kind of cases there may be later).
Here we note that in the case when basic higher education was received in other scientific field compared to the one in which it is planned to be executed
In order to become top-class professional and build a successful career, many strive to get candidate's and even doctoral degree.
This gives a high level of authority in the chosen professional field and allows you to occupy higher positions in large companies compared to other candidates. In the case of conducting private activities (for example, consulting), candidates and doctors of science a priori have more clients compared to competitors who do not have an academic degree.
Obtaining an academic degree is always associated with scientific work, and constant scientific activity supports a professional at a very high level, helps his development, and stimulates constant intellectual work.
In government agencies, employees with an academic degree receive higher wages, have the right to apply for additional living space, and have other benefits.
The advantages of the chosen direction of development can be listed endlessly.
How to become a candidate or doctor of science?
Requirements for applicants for an academic degree and stages of obtaining it:
1. Higher education(preferably in the specialty chosen to defend the dissertation);
2. It is advisable, but not necessary, to enroll to graduate school / postgraduate study(you need to pass entrance exams), or gain a foothold in the status of an applicant. As a result, your dissertation writing plan is approved and you receive a supervisor;
3. Passing three candidate minimums:
- Speciality;
- History and philosophy of science (previously there was an exam in philosophy, which was valid until 01/01/2009);
- Foreign language.
An additional exam may be held for applicants (not for graduate students). Thus, according to the established provisions, an applicant for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences, who has a higher education that does not correspond to the branch of science in which the dissertation was prepared, takes an additional candidate exam in a general scientific discipline applied to this branch of science.
A certificate of passing the candidate exam is issued. At the place where the last candidate exam was taken, previously issued certificates are replaced with a single certificate.
An applicant for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences submits at the place of defense two copies of the certificate (previously one copy was needed) about passing the candidate exams, one of which is sent to the Higher Attestation Commission. He must submit to the dissertation council the original certificate and its certified copy, which is placed in the first copy of the certification file and sent to the Higher Attestation Commission. The original is placed in the second copy of the certification file and stored in the dissertation council.
It is allowed to take exams in one organization and defend a dissertation in another.
New List of leading Russian peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications in which the main scientific results of a dissertation for the scientific degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences should be published as of October 22, 2010.
List of foreign publications.
5. To protect you must write a dissertation and dissertation abstract.
6. Defend a thesis. As a result, you will receive a document certifying that you are a candidate or doctor of science.
In order to become a doctor of science You must first obtain an academic degree PhD.
Standard list of documents required for admission to graduate schools:
1. Application addressed to the rector of a higher educational institution;
2. Copies of the diploma and insert with grades, certified by the HR department;
3. Personal sheet for personnel records (questionnaire);
4. Two photographs size 3x4;
5. Autobiography;
6. Characteristics from the place of work (study);
7. List of published scientific works, inventions, research reports.
8. Persons who do not have published scientific works submit scientific reports (abstracts) on their chosen specialty with feedback from the proposed supervisor;
9. Copy of passport;
10. A copy of the military ID or registration certificate (for full-time graduate school);
11. A certified copy of the work record (for correspondence postgraduate studies);
12. Certificate in form 2.2 (for persons who previously studied in graduate school);
13. Medical certificate indicating the absence of contraindications for studying in Russia with a mandatory indication of an AIDS test (only for foreign citizens!)
How an effective and interesting direction of scientific work can be identified invention.
How to become an inventor?
It's easy and everyone can do it.
In essence, any person who is able to even minimally improve any mechanism or technology is already an inventor and can legally patent his innovation as an invention.
Inventions vary in value and practical feasibility.
