Adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that
1) indicate the sign of the subject and answer questions what?, whose?;
2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;
3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning:qualitative, relative, possessive.
quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action (barbed ).
relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object (book ), action (reading room ) or another feature (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-th ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).
Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mum-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - uy - ( fox ). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjectivefathers and relative adjectivepaternal ).
quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive at all language levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) quality adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (rigor ) and adverbs in -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue-enky-y, evil-yushch-y) ;
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very happy ).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives of all categories have non-constant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and singular (cf .: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).
Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.
Qualitative adjectives that are in a short form do not decline (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseologized and do not reflect state of the art language), as well as qualitative adjectives, standing in a simple comparative and a compound superlative degree built on its basis (above, above all).
The Russian language hasindeclinable adjectives , which stand for:
1) colors:beige , khaki , marengo , an electrician ;
2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , urdu ;
3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , flare , mini .
Invariable adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .
Their grammatical features are their immutability, adjacency to a noun, location after, and not before, a noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.
School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .
Comparative the degree of the adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject (Vanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there ).
The comparative degree issimple and composite .
Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the basis of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( quicker, higher, earlier, deeper ).
The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from a different stem:pl about hoi - worse , good - better .
Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attachedon- ( newer ) .
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. It:
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in non-isolated position with the prefix po- in position after a noun (Buy me fresher newspapers ).
Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:
more/less element + adjective (more / less high ).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form (more handsome );
3) a composite comparative degree can be both predicate and non-isolated and separate definition (Less interesting article was presented in this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )
excellent the degree of comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).
The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.
Simple superlative adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the omnibus of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eysh- / -aysh- (after k, z, x, causing alternation):good-eysh-th, high-aysh-th.
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .
The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of an adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed in three ways:
1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );
2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );
3) adding a wordall orTotal to comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).
Compound superlative forms formed by the first and second methods have morphological features characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, they can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
Completeness / brevity of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.
The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine -a for women, -about / -e for the average -s / -and for plural (deep- , deep-a , deep-about , deep-and ) .
A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that:
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;
2) denote the colors of animals:brown , crow ;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , little blue .
The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:
1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf.:child is sick - child sick .
There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .
Transition of adjectives from category to category
It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (kach.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox hat (relative) -fox habits (kach.).
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
II. Morphological features.1. Constant signs: rank by value (qualitative, relative or possessive) 2. Non-permanent signs: 1) for quality adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. syntactic role.
Sample morphological analysis adjective.
And for sure, she was good: tall, thin, her eyes are black, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).
1. Good (what?) - adjective,
initial form is good.
2. Constant signs: qualitative, short;
non-permanent features: units. number, female genus.
3.
She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).
initial form - high.
Variable signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p ..
3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).
1. Thin - adjective,
the initial form is thin.
2. Permanent signs: high-quality, complete;
non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.
3. She (was what?) Thin
initial form is black.
2. Constant features: quality;
non-permanent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, pl. number, I. p..
3. Eyes (what?) black (predicate).
Adjective
is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that1) indicate the sign of the subject and answer questions what?, whose?;
2) change by gender, number and case, and some - by completeness / brevity and degrees of comparison;
3) in a sentence there are definitions or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Three categories of adjectives are distinguished by meaning:
qualitative, relative, possessive.quality adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (small ), shape (round ), color (white ), physical characteristics (warm ) , as well as the propensity of the object to perform an action (barbed ).
relative adjectives designate a sign of an object through the relation of this object to another object (book ), action (reading room ) or another feature (yesterday's ). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs, and adverbs; the most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes -n - ( forest ), - ov - ( hedgehog ), - in - ( poplar-in-th ), - sk - ( warehouse ), - l - ( fluent ).
Possessive adjectives denote the belonging of an object to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes -in - ( mum-in ), - ov - ( fathers ), - uy - ( fox ). These suffixes are at the end of the stem of the adjective (cf. possessive adjectivefathers and relative adjectivepaternal ).
quality adjectives differ from relative and possessive at all language levels:
1) only qualitative adjectives denote a feature that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;
2) quality adjectives can have antonyms (quiet - loud );
3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive ones are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;
4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (rigor ) and adverbs in -o (strictly ), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix (blue-enky-y, evil-yushch-y) ;
5) only qualitative adjectives have a full / short form and degrees of comparison;
6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very happy ).
Declension of adjectives
Adjectives of all categories have non-constant signs of gender (in the singular), number and case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the form of V. p. plural, and for the masculine - and singular (cf .: I seebeautiful shoes and I see beautiful girls ).
Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called adjective declension.
Qualitative adjectives that stand in a short form (expressions on bare feet, in broad daylight are phraseologized and do not reflect the current state of the language), as well as qualitative adjectives that stand in a simple comparative and a compound superlative degree built on its basis (higher, higher than all) .
The Russian language hasindeclinable adjectives , which stand for:
1) colors:beige , khaki , marengo , an electrician ;
2) nationalities and languages:Khanty , Mansi , urdu ;
3) clothing styles:pleated , corrugation , flare , mini .
Invariable adjectives are also words (weight)gross , net , (hour)peak .
Their grammatical features are their immutability, adjacency to a noun, location after, and not before, a noun. The immutability of these adjectives is their constant feature.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a non-constant morphological sign of degrees of comparison.
School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison -comparative and superlative .
Comparative the degree of the adjective indicates that the feature is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject (Vanya is taller than Kolya; This river is deeper than the other ) or the same item in other circumstances (Vanya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper here than there ).
The comparative degree issimple and composite .
Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the basis of adjectives with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same ( quicker, higher, earlier, deeper ).
The simple form of the comparative degree of some adjectives is formed from a different stem:pl about hoi - worse , good - better .
Sometimes, when forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be attachedon- ( newer ) .
Morphological features of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. It:
1) immutability,
2) the ability to control a noun,
3) use mainly in the function of the predicate (He is taller than his father ). A simple comparative degree can occupy the position of definition only in a separate position (Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult ) or in non-isolated position with the prefix po- in position after a noun (Buy me fresher newspapers ).
Composite comparative degree denotes both a greater and a lesser degree of manifestation of a trait and is formed as follows:
more/less element + adjective (more / less high ).
The difference between a composite comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (initial form), i.e. by gender, number and case, and can also be in short form (more handsome );
3) a composite comparative degree can be both a predicate and a non-isolated and isolated definition (Less interesting article was presented in this magazine . This article is less interesting than the previous one. )
excellent the degree of comparison indicates the largest / smallest degree of manifestation of the trait (the highest mountain) or a very large / small degree of manifestation of the trait (the kindest person).
The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative one, can be simple and compound.
Simple superlative adjective denotes the highest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed from the omnibus of the adjective with the help of suffixes -eysh- / -aysh- (after k, z, x, causing alternation):good-eysh-th, high-aysh-th.
When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be usednai -: kindest .
The morphological features of a simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of an adjective, i.e., variability by gender, number, cases, the use of a definition and a predicate in the syntactic function. The simple superlative adjective does not have a short form.
Compound superlative adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of the trait and is formed in three ways:
1) adding a wordmost the cleverest );
2) adding a wordmost/least to the initial form of the adjective (most/least smart );
3) adding a wordall orTotal to comparative degree (He was smarter than everyone ).
Compound superlative forms formed by the first and second methods have morphological features characteristic of adjectives, i.e. they change by gender, number and case, they can have a short form (most convenient ), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Compound superlative forms formed in the third way are invariable and act mainly as a nominal part of the predicate.
Not all qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.
Completeness / brevity of adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form.
The short form is formed by adding a positive degree of endings to the stem: null ending for the masculine -a for women, -about / -e for the average -s / -and for plural (deep- , deep-a , deep-about , deep-and ) .
A short form is not formed from quality adjectives that:
1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives -sk-, -ov- / -ev-, -n- : brown , coffee , brotherly ;
2) denote the colors of animals:brown , crow ;
3) have suffixes of subjective assessment:tall , little blue .
The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in the sentence it appears mainly as a nominal part of the predicate; the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).
In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but some adjectives may have the following semantic differences between them:
1) the short form denotes an excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf..: skirt short - skirt short ;
2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the full one - permanent, cf.:child is sick - child sick .
There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form:glad , much , must .
Transition of adjectives from category to category
It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings related to different categories. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of an adjective from category to category." So, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example:iron detail (relative) -iron will (kach.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative ones (for example:Foxy burrow (possessive)- fox hat (relative) -fox habits (kach.).
Morphological analysis of the adjective
Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
II. Morphological features.1. Constant signs: rank by value (qualitative, relative or possessive) 2. Non-permanent signs: 1) for quality adjectives: a) degree of comparison (comparative, superlative), b) full or short form; 2) for all adjectives: a) case, b) number, c) gender
III. syntactic role.
An example of morphological parsing of an adjective.
And for sure, she was good: tall, thin, her eyes are black, like those of a mountain chamois, and looked into your soul (M. Yu. Lermontov).
1. Good (what?) - adjective,
initial form is good.
2. Constant signs: qualitative, short;
non-permanent features: units. number, female genus.
3.
She (was what?)good (part of the predicate).
initial form - high.
Variable signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p ..
3. She (was what?) high (part of the predicate).
1. Thin - adjective,
the initial form is thin.
2. Permanent signs: high-quality, complete;
non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, units. number, female genus, I. p.
3. She (was what?) Thin
initial form is black.
2. Constant features: quality;
non-permanent signs: complete, positive degree of comparison, pl. number, I. p..
3. Eyes (what?) black (predicate).
1. Adjective- an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? whose?
The main features of the adjective
| A) General grammatical meaning | Examples |
| This is the value of the attribute of the item: | |
| Blue, blue, lilac. | |
| Sweet, fragrant, spicy. | |
| Good bad. | |
| Kind, humble, funny. | |
| Smart, stupid, talkative. | |
| B) Morphological features | Examples |
| The same as the noun - gender, number, case. But unlike nouns, adjectives change according to gender, number, cases, and gender differences are observed in adjectives only in the singular form. This is due to the fact that adjectives serve, explain nouns: adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case. | Wed: blue carpet, blue ribbon, blue saucer - blue carpets, blue ribbons, blue saucers. |
| B) Syntactic signs | Examples |
| In a sentence, adjectives are usually definitions or nominal part of the predicate. | Wed: Happy clown made the guys laugh; Clown was cheerful. |
| Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and case. | Wed: Happy clown made the guys laugh; Cheerful joke made the guys laugh. |
| Adjectives can be extended by nouns and adverbs, forming phrases with them. | Wed: weak from illness, very weak. |
2. The nature lexical meaning adjectives are divided into three categories:
A) quality
B) relative;
B) possessive.
A) Qualitative adjectives
Quality adjectives indicate the various qualities of an object:
value: big, large, small;
age: old, young;
color: Red Blue;
the weight: light heavy;
appearance: beautiful, slender;
personal traits: smart, strict, lazy.
characteristic grammatical and word-formation features quality adjectives are:
the presence of degrees of comparison;
Big bigger Biggest; smart - smarter, smarter.
the presence of a full and short form;
Strict - strict, old - old.
ability to combine with adverbs of degree;
Very strict, very big, very smart.
form adverbs with suffixes -o, -e, -i.
Smart → smart, brilliant → brilliant, brutal → brutal.
| The most important morphological features quality adjectives are as follows: the presence of degrees of comparison and two (full and short) forms. |
However, not all quality adjectives have these features:
there are no degrees of comparison for relative or possessive adjectives in a qualitative sense.
Wed: a gold bracelet(relative adjective) – golden character(qualitative value); Fox's tail(possessive adjective) – this person has a fox character / fox smile(qualitative value).
They designate signs not directly, but through relation to:
These signs cannot be manifested to a greater or lesser extent.
Unlike qualitative adjectives, relative adjectives do not change in degrees of comparison and do not have a short form. Relative adjectives are synonymous with case or prepositional case forms of nouns.
Wed: iron hoop - a hoop made of iron; Volga bank - the bank of the Volga; sports shoes - shoes for sports.
B) possessive adjectives
Possessive adjectives denote the attributes of an object by its belonging to some person or animal.
Father's jacket, mother's scarf, fox tail, wolf trail.
These adjectives answer the question whose? whose? whose? whose? Such signs also cannot be in an object to a greater or lesser extent.
1) Possessive adjectives with suffixes -in / yn, -ov / -ev, -y / -j- in the singular form of the nominative case in the masculine gender, they usually have a zero ending, and in the feminine and neuter genders they have the same endings as nouns.
Wed: bearish□ , bearish , bearish.
2) When adjectives are used, their meaning can change. So, relative adjectives can go into the category of qualitative ones.
Wed: lilac branch- relative adjective; lilac dress- quality adjective.
Possessive adjectives can move into the category of relative and qualitative.
Wed: bear trail(the footprint belongs to the bear) - possessive adjective; bear fur coat(the fur coat is made from the skin of a bear, and does not belong to a bear) - a relative adjective; bear walk(gait like a bear) is a quality adjective.
NOTES:
1) During plural genus is not defined;
2) Qualitative adjectives in short form have no CASE!
adjectives have no degrees of comparison barefoot, oblique, blind, lame, dead, married, because they express absolute qualities, that is, qualities that cannot be compared (one cannot be more or less dead; one cannot be more or less married);
there is no short form for adjectives like business, friendly, comic because by origin they are relative;
what i know about adjective.story and got the best answer
Answer from CHRISTINA.[guru]
I know the following about this part of speech:
Answer from Linara[newbie]
The adjective answers the questions which one
adjective denotes a sign of an object, well, then improvise yourself
Answer from Elena Filimonova[guru]
The surprising part of speech is an adjective. Without these words, it would be difficult to determine WHAT object and WHOSE. The set of OBJECT FEATURES denotes an adjective. QUALITATIVE can determine the color and shape, character and taste; can manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent, surpass all objects in terms of their characteristics, as they have DEGRADS OF COMPARISON. With the help of RELATIVE adjectives, we can determine the material from which the object is made, its sign in place and time, and much more. POSSESSIVE adjectives determine which person or animal an object refers to. Changing by gender, number and case, adjectives appear before us in all their forms. And in a sentence, adjectives can be any member of the sentence, although most often they act as a definition and a predicate. Without adjectives, our speech would be deprived of colors and those unusual shades with which our Russian language is so rich.
Answer from Alexander Popov[newbie]
Plan:
1. what is an adjective
2. what questions does the adjective answer
3. how the adjective changes
4. signs of objects that the adjective names
5. the role of the adjective in the sentence
6. what does it mean
7. what is most often in the sentence
8. what determines the adjective
9. adjective form
10. ranks of the adjective
11. how it is formed
Answer from Denis Orlov[newbie]
correct
Answer from on Yakovleva[newbie]
Thank you, I said everything except 2.
Answer from Nikita Nikita[newbie]
THX
Answer from Camilla akhmetzyanova[newbie]
Thanks
Answer from Asaf afaf[newbie]
I don't understand anything I'm stupid
Answer from Karina Musaibekova[newbie]
Thank you teacher gave me 5
Answer from Natalia Guzun[newbie]
Thank you very much CHRISTINA. Supreme Intelligence (429424)
Answer from Munira Khakova[newbie]
cool keep writing like this
Answer from Danil Sukhankin[newbie]
1 This is an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign, quality, state and belonging of an object
2-answers questions (what? whose?)
3. It can be complete and short, answers questions (what? what?, what are?), short in a sentence is always a predicate.
4. Has degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative
5 Changes by gender, number and case.
6 In a sentence, an adjective can be a definition and a predicate.
Answer from Olga Snetkova[newbie]
1 This is an independent part of speech, which denotes a sign, quality, state and belonging of an object
2-answers questions (what? whose?)
3. It can be complete and short, answers questions (what? what?, what are?), short in a sentence is always a predicate.
4. Has degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative
5 Changes by gender, number and case.
6 In a sentence, an adjective can be a definition and a predicate.
Answer from Dima Fedorov[newbie]
thanks a lot helped a lot...
