The textile industry is the most important branch of the light industry, providing about half of its total production, and also occupying the first place in it in terms of the number of employees. Its main function is the production of consumer goods, primarily fabrics and knitwear. Along with this, it satisfies many production needs with its products. Depending on the raw materials used, the textile industry is usually divided into several sub-sectors - cotton, wool, silk, linen, fabrics from chemical fibers, as well as knitwear and the production of non-woven materials.
The textile industry is the oldest of all branches of modern industry. It was with her that the industrial revolution began in England in the 18th century, which marked the transition from manufactory to factory production, which, after the invention of the steam engine, also led to the formation of the first large industrial regions. Then other countries of Europe, Russia, the USA, and some countries of Asia followed this path of capitalist industrialization. For a long time, the textile industry remained the leading industry in most developed countries of the world, but in the 20th century. its share both in gross output and in the employment of the economically active population began to decrease, and in the second half of the same century it entered a period of prolonged structural crisis. As the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America began to industrialize, the ratio between the North (which in the 19th century, through the export of its cheap factory textiles, contributed to the actual destruction of this industry in many colonial and semi-colonial countries, for example, in India) and the South began to change.
The textile industry is not among the dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. At least in the 90s. 20th century world production of textiles of all kinds remained at about 100-120 billion m2 per year. The growth rate of world consumption of textile fibers, which increased quite rapidly until the early 1990s, then slowed down (Fig. 83). However, this does not mean at all that the industry has remained, as it were, in the “rain shadow” of the scientific and technological revolution. On the contrary, the scientific and technological revolution had a very great impact on it - primarily due to the automation and electronization of textile production, changes in its structure, nature of location, etc. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the main revolutionary influence on the development and location of the textile industry in The last decades have been influenced by two factors. First, these are cardinal shifts in its raw material base and, accordingly, in its sectoral structure. Secondly, this is such a change in the role of individual factors in the orientation of its placement, which has led to very significant shifts in its territorial structure.


Let us first dwell on the characteristics of the raw material base of the textile industry. The main change in this area, closely related to the achievements of scientific and technological revolution, is a gradual but steady reduction in the proportion of natural fibers and an increase in the proportion of man-made fibers, especially synthetic ones. This made it possible to greatly expand and strengthen the raw material base of the industry. How exactly the proportion between natural and chemical fibers changed is shown in Table 117.
Analysis of table 117 shows that by the mid-1990s. the consumption of natural and chemical fibers has actually become equal. At the same time, the structure of consumption of natural fibers has changed quite a bit: as before, 80% of it falls on cotton, 11% - on wool and the rest - on other types of these fibers. The structure of consumption of chemical fibers, on the contrary, has changed dramatically in recent decades: for example, in 1955 the ratio of artificial (viscose) and synthetic fibers was in the proportion of 90:10, and in mid-2005 it was 7:93.
Table 117

Another important structural and technological innovation of the scientific and technological revolution era is the rapid development of knitwear production, which in Western countries has become almost the main sub-sector of the entire textile industry, surpassing the production of actual fabrics in terms of production costs. This is largely due to the fact that labor productivity in knitwear production is several times higher than, for example, in weaving. But the industry of nonwoven materials, which are increasingly being used for technical purposes, has developed at an even faster pace. In addition, labor productivity in this sub-sector is even higher than in knitwear.
Changes in the raw material base of the industry to a large extent led to shifts in its sectoral structure. At the beginning of the XXI century. the world produced 92 million m2 of cotton fabrics (an average of 14 m2 per capita), 21-22 million m2 of silk fabrics (9 m2 per capita), 2.5 million m2 of woolen fabrics (0.5 m2 per capita) and even less linen and other types of fabrics. As for chemical fibers, it must be borne in mind that they are now mainly used in the so-called mixed fabrics, that is, in combination with wool, silk, cotton (this applies in particular to the most massive polyester fiber).
For example, almost all the production of silk fabrics today is based on chemical fibers.
Changes in the geography of the world textile industry are also partly due to shifts in its raw material base, but to an even greater extent they depend on factors such as labor costs. It turned out that in this respect the differences between economically developed and developing countries are truly huge: for example, in Indonesia, the cost of labor is 0.24 dollars per hour, in Pakistan - 0.4, in India and China - 0.6, and in USA - 13, in France - 14-15, in Germany - 21-22 dollars per hour. It was the cheapness of labor that played a decisive role in the “great migration” of the textile (and, let us add, clothing) industry from developed to developing countries, which has been going on for at least the past three decades. It should be noted, however, that in India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Syria, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Morocco, Mexico, Columbia, Brazil, Argentina, this industry was established before the Second World War and, therefore, needed significant modernization, and in the new industrial countries of Asia (for example, in Thailand) it was formed relatively recently on a completely modern technical basis. In the 1990s the process of reducing the production of fabrics (except mixed) in developed countries and increasing their production in developing countries continued to be very active. As a result, from 1970 to 1990, the countries of the South almost doubled their production in the world market and at the beginning of the 21st century. their share in the world production of fabrics has already reached 2/3.
The same geographical shift can be traced in the example of individual sub-sectors of the textile industry, primarily the main one - cotton. To do this, it is enough to get acquainted with the top ten countries for the production of cotton fabrics. Developing countries, although they do not predominate in it quantitatively, far exceed the developed countries in terms of production volume (Table 118).
The same shift is clearly seen in the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, but less so in the production of woolen and silk fabrics. It is important to add that there are differences in the developing world as well. For example, the sub-regions of East and Southeast Asia have now become a kind of epicenter of the global textile industry.
Table 118

Associated with the major geographical shift described above are changes in foreign trade in textiles. Back in the mid 1980s. developing countries accounted for about 1/4 of world textile exports, but now their share in it is much larger. In many of these countries, the textile industry has a pronounced export orientation, so that 2/3 and even 3/4 of the goods it produces are sometimes sent to foreign markets. That is why China (together with Xianggang) now occupies the uncompetitive first place in the world in terms of textile exports, and among the developed countries, Italy, Germany, the USA, and the Republic of Korea are among the leaders.
Textile industry in Russia in the 1990s. was in a state of deepest crisis: only in the first half of that decade, its production decreased by 80%. As a result, the share of the textile industry in the country's GDP declined during the same period from almost 8% to less than 2%, and in the budget revenues - from 26% to 2%. Such a sharp drop in production was caused by a complex of reasons, including the loss of all traditional sources of supply for cotton and wool, the residual principle of financing, a low technical level and an inefficient production and organizational structure, which is characterized by many large enterprises (with more than 1000 employees), which does not allow flexible and quick response to market demands. Only in the late 1990s. this decline was halted, so that there was hope for the revival of the country's oldest industry.

>> Textile industry

§ 7. Textile industry

Textile industry- a typical old industry that originated during the industrial revolution in England (XVIII century). Therefore, its development in our days is not so fast. Nevertheless, the world production of cotton fabrics is 75 billion m 2, and woolen - 10 billion m 2 per year. The impact of scientific and technological revolution on this industry was also manifested in the fact that the share of chemical fibers rose to 2/3, while natural fibers decreased to 1/3.

In the global textile industry There were five main regions: East Asia, South Asia, the CIS, foreign Europe and the USA. In each of them, the production of cotton fabrics and fabrics from chemical fibers predominates, while the rest of the sub-sectors (woolen, linen, silk) are of lesser importance. However, the ratio between these regions in recent times noticeably changed. Since the 1950s the share of the economically developed countries of the West in the world production of fabrics and clothing is constantly decreasing; many old industrial textile districts fell into disrepair. The UK, previously ranked first in the world in the production of fabrics, is now at the bottom of the second ten manufacturing countries. From the largest exporter of fabrics, it has become their importer.

Unlike the countries of the North, the textile industry of the countries of the South, focusing primarily on cheap working strength, is experiencing a real boom. The uncompetitive first place in the production of cotton fabrics is occupied by China, the second place is India. A significant part of the fabrics produced in the countries of the South is exported to the countries of the West. The uncompetitive first place in this export is occupied by China. And the United States is the main importer of textile goods, Japan and European G7 countries.

For Russia, the textile industry has always been one of the most traditional industries, which played an important role both in the gross domestic product and in the international geographical division of labor. Back in 1991, Russia produced 7.5 billion m 2 of fabrics, which put it in one of the leading places in the world. But with the beginning of the reform of the economy and its transfer to a market basis, the Russian textile industry experienced an unprecedented drop in production volumes. In 2008, the production of all types of fabrics amounted to 2.5 billion m 2 .

Questions and tasks for preparing for the exam

1. Describe industry as the main branch of material production. Name the main branches of modern industry.
2. Explain what changes have occurred in the structure of fuel and energy consumption in the 21st century.
3. Name the main oil-producing countries of the world and the main "oil bridges".
4. Tell us about the main features of the global gas industry. List the most important gas pipelines in Russia.
5. Describe the global power industry.
6. Describe the leading industries in the world mining industry. Name the countries - world leaders in the extraction of coal, iron ore, copper, bauxite.
7. Explain the features of the development and placement of the world ferrous metallurgy. Name the countries - world leaders in the production of steel.
8. Give a description of the global non-ferrous metallurgy and the location of its leading industries.
9. Describe the industry structure and geography of the world mechanical engineering. Name the leading countries in the field of automotive, aircraft and shipbuilding.
10. List the main sub-sectors of the chemical industry.

Maksakovskiy V.P., Petrova N.N., Physical and economic geography of the world. - M.: Iris-press, 2010. - 368 pp.: ill.

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The purpose of this work is to analyze development problems and offer prospects for the development of light industry in Russia. Textile industry - a group of light industries engaged in the processing of vegetable (cotton, flax, hemp, kenaf, jute, ramie), animals (wool, silk), artificial and synthetic fibers into yarn, threads, fabrics.
Light industry is an industry for the production of consumer goods, which must meet the needs of the country's population. The main task of light industry is to meet the growing needs of all segments of the population.

Introduction
1. The importance of the textile industry of Central Russia in the all-Russian production of fabrics. The role of the industry in the economy of the macroregion.
2. Historical and socio-ecological prerequisites for the development of the textile industry in Central Russia. The role of labor resources in the development of the industry.
3. Raw material base of the textile industry of the macroregion. Raw material supply routes.
4. Modern geography of the textile industry in Central Russia, the main regions and their specialization.
5. Prospects for the development of light industry Russian Federation
Conclusion
Bibliography

Files: 1 file

The reform of the economic system and the widespread use of market mechanisms in the textile industry caused a landslide drop in production volumes. In Russia, the volume of fabric production in 2009 decreased by 21 thousand tons over the year. tons. This was accompanied by changes in the structure of manufactured products - the share of cotton fabrics increased again and the share of other types of fabrics decreased. The volume of marketable output of the textile industry in 2008 amounted to 71.6 million rubles.

At present, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the textile industry of Russia faced the question of the raw material base. Dependence on the supply of cotton - fiber, natural silk threads and wool from other Commonwealth countries brings chemical fibers to the fore in the raw material balance of the industry. Now about 20% of cotton, 5% of linen, 81% of wool and more than 97% of silk fabrics are produced with an admixture of chemical fibers, which to a certain extent reduces the tension in providing the industry with raw materials.

The leading branch of the textile industry is cotton, which provides more than 70% of all fabrics in Russia, among which fabrics of household importance (chintz, sateen, linen) predominate.

A feature of this industry is the complete focus on imported natural raw materials, since in Russia, due to the specifics of natural and climatic conditions, cotton is not cultivated. More than 80% of cotton fiber is imported to Russia from the states of Central Asia, over 6% - from Azerbaijan and about 10% - from non-CIS countries (Egypt, Syria, Sudan).

The average annual capacity for the production of cotton fabrics in 1995 was set at 5 billion square meters. m, and the level of its use was only 28%. Such a catastrophic situation is associated with an acute shortage of raw materials, rising prices for them, the inability to compete with cheaper products from other countries, and the inability to realize the market conditions of the Russian market.

The main production is still concentrated in the old areas, it is focused on labor resources and skills. The Central and North-Western regions provide 85% of the all-Russian production of cotton fabrics. Ivanovo (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kineshma), Moscow (Moscow, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo), Tver (Tver, Vyshny Volochek) and Yaroslavl) regions, as well as St. Petersburg and its suburbs are especially distinguished.

In the new regions of the European part of Russia, labor resources are of greater importance. More than 10% of cotton fabrics are produced here: the Volga region (Kamyshin), the Volga - Vyatka region (Cheboksary), the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory). Enterprises in Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East (Barnaul, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kansk) are consumer-oriented and produce slightly more than 3% of cotton fabrics.

The second place in terms of output is occupied by the silk industry - more than 11% of the production of fabrics in the country. Due to the widespread use of artificial and synthetic fibers as raw materials, dependence on the supply of natural raw materials from Central Asia, Moldova and Ukraine, where the silkworm is bred, has been reduced to a minimum.

The historically established concentration of silk fabric production in the Central region is due to favorable transport - geographic location, the qualifications of the labor force, the concentration of the population. The first silk manufactories appeared here as early as the 16th century, and now the region provides more than 2/5 of the all-Russian production of silk fabrics. The main enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region (Nago-Fominsk, Pavlovsky Posad, Orekhovo-Zuevo). Enterprises operate in Kirzhach (Vladimir region, Korablino (Ryazan region), Tver, Yaroslavl.

The Volga region (Balakovo), the Urals (Orenburg, Chaikovsky), Western (Kemerovo) and Eastern (Krasnoyarsk) Siberia are also distinguished by significant production volumes, which provide more than 2/5 of the production of silk fabrics in Russia.

The linen industry is the oldest and original Russian branch of textile production. In the structure of fabric production, it occupies the third place (7.5% of fabrics in Russia), producing approximately equal proportions of household, technical and container fabrics. A distinctive feature of the industry is the relative availability of its own raw material base. The cultivation of fiber flax and the harvesting of flax fiber are concentrated in the Central, Northwestern, Northern and Volga-Vyatka regions, where, due to the high material intensity of production, the production of fabrics is represented.

The leading regions are: Central, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western and Central Chernozemny regions; they give ¾ of the all-Russian production of linen fabrics. However, within the region, certain disproportions have developed in the distribution of flax crops, which prevail in the northwest (Tver, Smolensk regions), and the production of linen fabrics, concentrated in the northeast (Kostroma, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo regions. Large centers of linen industry in the region - Kostroma, Nerekhta, Smolensk, Vyazma.

Linen fabrics are produced in the Pskov (Pskov, Velikiye Luki), Vologda (Vologda) regions, in the Altai Territory (Biysk), as well as in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Kirov and Yekaterinburg.

The woolen industry produces a variety of products: worsted and cloth fabrics, carpets, scarves, yarn for knitwear. This is one of the oldest industries that emerged under Peter I. The wool industry accounts for 4.1% of the production of fabrics in the country. In terms of the total production of woolen fabrics, Russia ranks seventh in the world.

Primary processing of wool or wool washing production tends to raw materials, as it is associated with significant waste (more than 1/2 of the original weight) and water consumption. The main wool-washing enterprises operate in the areas of sheep breeding - in Western (Omsk) and Eastern (Ulan-Ude) Siberia, the Volga region (Kazan).

The production of woolen fabrics is oriented towards labor resources, raw materials and the consumer, and is located more evenly than the cotton industry. The largest region is still Central, where 3/5 of the all-Russian production of woolen fabrics is concentrated. They are produced in Moscow and the Moscow region (Pavlovsky Posad, Noginsk, Monino, Lyubertsy), Bryansk (Klintsy, Bryansk), Ivanovo, Tver and other regions. Among other regions, the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Penza regions), Eastern (Chita, Ulan-Ude, Chernogorok) and Western (Tyumen, Omsk) Siberia, Central Chernozem region (Rasskazovo, Morshansk) stand out.

The knitwear industry has been developed in all regions of the country with a focus mainly on consumption areas. Unlike other branches of the textile industry, its products are mainly finished products, as well as knitted fabrics. In addition to natural raw materials, chemical fibers are increasingly being used as raw materials.

The Central region remains the leading one, where ¼ of the production of knitwear is concentrated, about 1/3 of the production comes from the North-West, the Volga region and the Urals.

The garment industry is the second branch of the light industry in terms of gross output. It is characterized by a freer nature of placement and is more closely connected with the consumer.

At the beginning of the XX century. in Russia there was no large-scale factory production of clothing and the bulk of the products were made by ateliers - workshops in the city, handicraftsmen and artisans in the countryside. Only 3% of garments were manufactured in the field of factory production, in the garment business dominated, as they would say now, small enterprises. This was due to the need to ensure the individual nature of garments. Now this industry is represented in every economic region, however, it is characterized by a high territorial concentration of production - more than ¼ of the output of garments falls on two regions: Central and North-West. The insufficient volume of production in other regions is due to the low level of development of the raw material base and the incomplete correspondence of the assortment to territorial needs and consumption, which follows in the regional differentiation of production.

The clothing industry is a material-intensive industry. In the structure of costs, the share of raw materials and materials accounts for up to 80%. The raw materials are fabrics, knitted fabrics, non-woven materials, artificial leather, artificial and natural fur, raincoat fabrics, textile haberdashery. In general, the industry recycles over 4/5 of household fabrics. However, the clothing industry is heterogeneous, and products that differ in complexity and labor intensity of manufacture have a different nature of distribution - the production of the simplest goods with a stable external shape (work clothes) is widespread everywhere, the production of a more complex and less stable assortment is oriented to urban centers, and the production of more complex products, influenced by fashion, is carried out in the largest cities with model houses.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, we observe a decline in the development of production in the textile industry and it is associated with the following factors:

1. General economic ruin.

2. Lack of feed and consequently a decrease in the number of semi-fine-wooled

and coat breeds of sheep.

3. Destruction of economic ties.

4. The fall of the textile industry.

5. Decrease in army subsidies (where sheepskin coats went).

6. Due to the decline in textile production, the purchase of wool and

hence its production.

1. Raw material base of the textile industry of the macroregion. Raw material supply routes.

In Russia, the textile industry, for the most part, operates on the same raw material base that existed during the Soviet Union, which is based on cotton, wool, and linen.

Cotton

If earlier (in the former USSR) both cotton and flax were grown, then after the collapse of the Union and the separation of the southern republics and their transformation into independent states, the areas of cultivation of these industrial crops were divided. In Russia, due to climatic conditions, only flax is grown, and in the southern republics - only cotton.

Cotton is the crop that has the most limited area of ​​distribution. It is grown in places where the duration of the period with temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius is 140-160 days, the sum of temperatures for this period is 3500-4000 degrees.

Cotton - a crop of dry subtropics - requires an abundance of heat, light, water and high costs of living labor. Therefore, the main cotton-growing regions are located:

• huge reserves of water in the mountain systems adjacent to them, with their eternal snows and glaciers, intensive melting of which occurs during periods when water is needed for cotton fields (cotton is sown only on irrigated lands);
• large labor force.

Cotton Production Development Trends

• Today, the structure of agricultural crops is changing, which is the reason for the reduction in production;
• Because short-staple cotton went mainly to the defense industry for the production of gunpowder, then after the reduction in appropriations, orders for short-staple cotton fell sharply;
• With the decline of the textile industry, orders for long-staple cotton dropped sharply; now, due to transport tariffs, it is cheaper to buy foreign cotton, which, moreover, is better processed;
• On the lands previously occupied by cotton, other agricultural crops can be grown, which can serve as a product for barter between the Central Asian countries and regions of Russia.

Linen

The second mass and valuable crop is fiber flax, which gives a fiber characterized by high strength and elasticity, luster and moisture capacity.

Flax is a crop of a temperate climate zone with high humidity.

The main areas of crops are areas: the north of the Central, the south of the North-Western economic regions. There is also fiber flax in the Volga-Vyatka region, as well as small quantities in the forest zone of the Urals and Western Siberia.

Flax fiber in Russia is not grown in the Central Black Earth, Volga, North Caucasus and Far East regions due to unsuitable climatic conditions.

Basically, the decline in production throughout Russia is due to:

• With the collapse of both agriculture and the textile industry;
• Reducing subsidies;
• The collapse of the technical base;
• Loss of economic ties between producer and consumer;
• The collapse of the collective farms;
• An increase in shipping rates;
• Inability to work in market conditions, inability to establish broken communications;
• Falling demand for linen products.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, cardinal changes took place in the world production of fabrics both in the sectoral and in the territorial structure. The rapid growth in the production of chemical fibers has changed the entire structure and technology of fabric production. Natural fabrics have a powerful competitor - fabrics made from chemical fibers: analogues of silk, wool and cotton. Of even greater importance was the creation of mixed fabrics from natural and chemical fibers. The development of manufacturing technology made it possible to combine the best physical and other properties of both.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the technological benefits of using chemical fibers, which are immediately produced in the form of continuous threads (except for staple fibers) and do not require a spinning process, as with natural fibers. The use of chemical fibers in the production of silk fabrics allows, due to their strength, to significantly increase the speed of weaving machines, as well as knitting and others. The chemicalization of the industry contributed to the development of the production of non-woven materials that do not require spinning and weaving processes at all.

The textile industry produces the following types fabrics: blended fabrics (from different types chemical fibers with an admixture of natural); natural - cotton, woolen, silk, linen; knitwear (mainly from synthetic fibers). The world textile industry annually consumes over 45 million tons of basic raw materials, of which about 50% are synthetic and artificial fibers, approximately 45% - cotton and 4-5% - wool, silk, etc. The world annually produces more than 100 billion square meters fabrics (including blended, cotton, wool, silk, knitwear).

Asia stands out among the regions in terms of the production of the industry's products (over 40% of the world's production of fabrics), which is almost two times ahead of North America and Europe. Moreover, highly developed countries are primarily focused on the production of expensive clothes from expensive high-quality fabrics and knitwear, the production of which is located there. (Fig. 3.1)

Among the countries of the world, the largest increase in production in recent decades has come from Asian countries, primarily China, the Republic of Korea, India, and Thailand. The world leaders in the production of fabrics from natural fibers (in total: cotton, woolen and silk) are China, the USA, India, followed by the Republic of Korea, Japan, Germany, far behind.

In the global textile industry, the production of fabrics from chemical fibers, or rather, the so-called "blended" fabrics, the raw materials of which include both chemical fibers (artificial and synthetic) and natural ones, is currently taking the first place. They replace and gradually replace natural silk and woolen fabrics, and even compete with cotton ones, since fabrics with the addition of chemical fibers are more practical to wear, better, less prone to wrinkling, etc. Types of fabrics known in the past, such as woolen or linen (not speaking of purely silk) fabrics, play a very insignificant role, giving approximately only about 10% of the world production of fabrics. The main thing is fabrics from synthetic fibers (with an admixture of natural), which are produced 35-40 billion square meters, and purely cotton, the production of which is 30-35 billion square meters. Woolen fabrics now make up only about 3 billion square meters, even less linen and pure silk. But knitted fabrics and products from them are produced in quantities close to 30 billion square meters. In addition, there is the production of hand-woven fabrics in the world, such as, for example, the Indian fabric - sari, which is very well known on the world market, is produced annually in the amount of 5-6 billion square meters. and partially exported.

The main producer of blended fabrics is still the United States (10 billion square meters), although their importance in the textile industry is gradually declining, it is losing its positions to China and India. In second place is India - about 4 billion square meters, Japan is close to it. They are followed by China, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. The rest of the countries provide less than 2 billion square meters. fabrics per year.

The main producers of cotton fabrics today are China and India (7-9 billion square meters), the United States occupies only the fourth place in the world with an average annual production of about 5 billion square meters. Next come Italy and a number of countries with an average production of 1.5 to 2 billion square meters. per year - these are countries such as Mexico or Pakistan (table 1). Once the largest fabric manufacturer, Great Britain now produces less than 300 million square meters, yielding even to Portugal, and covers its needs mainly with imported fabrics from third world countries. The main exporters of cotton fabrics, in addition to India and China, were Pakistan, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Egypt. Third world countries today account for more than half of the world's exports of cotton fabrics.

Table 3.1.

Leading states of the world in the production of cotton fabrics,

2005-2008, million [comp. ed. source 5]

And only in the production of knitwear, the positions of developed countries are still significant (especially Italy), but their role is gradually decreasing due to the organization of knitwear production in developing countries, which today provide almost half of the world production of this type of fabric and products from them.

Woolen fabrics are produced primarily in Western Europe, but also in China, India and, to a lesser extent, Japan. The total output is from 1.5 billion to 2 billion square meters. in 2008 (table 2).

Table 3.2

Leading states of the world in the production of woolen fabrics,

2006-2008, mln. sq.m. [comp. ed. source 5]

Country	years
China
India
France	94,7
Japan
Turkey	88,3			94,5

Linen fabrics are produced even less. In addition to Russia, they are produced in significant quantities in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as in the UK.

The production of natural silk, which at one time almost disappeared, has begun to revive in the last 20 years, releasing very expensive "artistic" fabrics, mainly in China, Japan, India and Italy.

In addition to factory fabrics, the world continues to produce handicraft fabrics for local needs. However, some of their types, as "handicraft" products, also enter the world market. The most famous of these is the sari-type fabric, which is produced in India.

In the global textile industry, the production of “blended” fabrics comes first. The main producers of all types of fabrics are China, India, the United States, the Republic of Korea and Great Britain are significantly inferior to them.

Similar information.

State educational institution
Higher professional education
Russian Economic University named after. G.V. Plekhanov»

Department of National and Regional Economics

Coursework in the discipline: RPS
On the topic: "Textile industry in Central Russia: factors and development prospects"

IEF faculty students
Groups No. 7243
Kochneva Evgeniya Vadimovna
Scientific supervisor - Art. teacher
Filatova Gulnara Failevna

Moscow 2010

Table of contents
Introduction 3
Composition, factors of location of enterprises, main regions and centers. 4
Market Review 8
Impact of the crisis on the textile industry in Russia 9
11
Development strategy and prospects in the textile industry 14
Light industry in the Russian economy 14
Dynamics of production of the main types of light industry products 15
Employment status in the industry 16
Priority measures to support light industry 17
The role of pilot projects in the development of the industry 18
Main performance indicators of the strategy for the development of light industry for the period up to 2020 19
Participation of key regions in programs to reduce tension in the labor market in 2010 21
Measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in the light industry (on the example of equipment leasing) 22
Development of labor resources within the framework of the strategy for the development of light industry until 2020 23
Conclusion 25
Bibliography 26

Introduction

The textile industry is one of the oldest branches of the Russian economy. It has a truly rich and long history of ups and downs, but the textile industry itself has always been a vital industry for Russia.
It is this fact that determines the importance and relevance of considering the modern textile industry in Russia, various factors and prospects for its development.
In such a consideration, the most important is the analysis of the industry within Central Russia (see Fig. 1). After all, it is here that the most powerful base of the textile industry has historically developed. It is in Central Russia that the largest enterprises for the production of textile products are located. This is due to the high concentration of labor resources, and the presence of many institutions involved in the training of highly qualified personnel for textile production, and many other factors.
And, despite the difficult economic situation in the industry, the textile industry, and primarily its enterprises in Central Russia, have a huge potential and prospects for their development, which is extremely important for the entire domestic economy.

Fig.1

Composition, factors of location of enterprises, main regions and centers.

The textile industry is a sub-sector of the light industry, a complex industry that includes more than 20 sub-sectors. In turn, the textile industry includes such sub-sectors as linen, cotton, wool, silk, knitwear, as well as the primary processing of flax, wool, the production of non-woven materials, the net knitting industry, the felting industry, the production of textile haberdashery, etc.
The textile industry is the leading branch of the light industry in terms of production volume and number of employees. It includes the primary processing of raw materials (cotton, silk, wool, linen), spinning, as well as weaving and finishing fabrics (dyeing, drawing). It is unprofitable to transport raw materials for the textile industry over long distances, so it is more convenient to locate enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials near its sources: wool (Northern Caucasus), flax (Non-Black Earth region). The textile industry requires a lot of skilled labor resources (mainly women), it is unprofitable to transport its products over long distances, so the labor and consumer factors are important for its placement. For a long time, the main textile regions of the country have remained - Central Russia (Ivanovo, Kostroma, Moscow regions).
In the XIX - early XX centuries. fabric production was the most developed industry in Russia. Relatively different high level concentration and combination, the country's textile industry focused on imported raw materials and equipment. There was a gap between successive stages technological process(spinning, weaving and finishing of fabrics) not only in the structure of production, but also in its location. This was most clearly manifested in the cotton industry, when in the second half of the 18th century. in the Central region, the decoration of English cotton sternness appeared, at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. - weaving of English yarn, from the middle of the XIX - spinning of Central Asian cotton.
The textile industry was located extremely unevenly. The share of the Central and North-Western regions accounted for more than 80% of the output of all textile products. Moreover, in the Central region, the production of fabrics was not only concentrated in large cities, but also scattered throughout the so-called factory and handicraft villages. Over the past decades, textile enterprises have been established in new areas, mainly in Siberia. In the early 90s, the eastern zone of Russia accounted for 6% of the production of all types of fabrics in the country.
The reform of the economic system and the widespread use of market mechanisms in the textile industry caused a landslide drop in production volumes. The output of fabrics decreased by more than 4 times and in 1995 amounted to 1,774 million square meters. m or 12 sq. m per capita. This was accompanied by changes in the structure of manufactured products - the share of cotton fabrics increased again and the share of other types of fabrics decreased.
In connection with the collapse of the USSR, the textile industry of Russia faced the question of the raw material base. Dependence on the supply of cotton - fiber, natural silk threads and wool from other Commonwealth countries brings chemical fibers to the fore in the raw material balance of the industry. Now about 20% of cotton, 5% of linen, 81% of wool and more than 97% of silk fabrics are produced with an admixture of chemical fibers, which to a certain extent reduces the tension in providing the industry with raw materials.
Leading textile industry cotton, which gives more than 70% of all fabrics in Russia, among which fabrics of household importance (chintz, sateen, linen) predominate. In 1995, Russia ranked fourth in the world in the production of cotton fabrics.
A feature of this industry is the complete focus on imported natural raw materials, since in Russia, due to the specifics of natural and climatic conditions, cotton is not cultivated. More than 80% of cotton fiber is imported to Russia from the states of Central Asia, over 6% - from Azerbaijan and about 10% - from non-CIS countries (Egypt, Syria, Sudan).
The average annual capacity for the production of cotton fabrics in 1995 was set at 5 billion square meters. m, and the level of its use was only 28%. Such a catastrophic situation is associated with an acute shortage of raw materials, rising prices for them, the inability to compete with cheaper products from other countries, and the inability to realize the market conditions of the Russian market.
The main production is still concentrated in the old areas, it is focused on labor resources and skills. The Central and North-Western regions provide 85% of the all-Russian production of cotton fabrics. Ivanovo (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kineshma), Moscow (Moscow, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo), Tver (Tver, Vyshny Volochek) and Yaroslavl) regions, as well as St. Petersburg and its suburbs are especially distinguished.
In the new regions of the European part of Russia, labor resources are of greater importance. More than 10% of cotton fabrics are produced here: the Volga region (Kamyshin), the Volga - Vyatka region (Cheboksary), the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory). Enterprises in Western and Eastern Siberia, the Far East (Barnaul, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kansk) are consumer-oriented and produce slightly more than 3% of cotton fabrics.
The second place in terms of production volume is occupied by silk industry- more than 11% of the production of fabrics in the country. Due to the widespread use of artificial and synthetic fibers as raw materials, dependence on the supply of natural raw materials from Central Asia, Moldova and Ukraine, where the silkworm is bred, has been reduced to a minimum.
The historical concentration of the production of silk fabrics in the Central region is due to the favorable transport and geographical position, the qualifications of the labor force, and the concentration of the population. The first silk manufactories appeared here as early as the 16th century, and now the region provides more than 2/5 of the all-Russian production of silk fabrics. The main enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region (Naro-Fominsk, Pavlovsky Posad, Orekhovo-Zuyevo). Enterprises operate in Kirzhach (Vladimir region, Korablino (Ryazan region), Tver, Yaroslavl.
The Volga region (Balakovo), the Urals (Orenburg, Chaikovsky), Western (Kemerovo) and Eastern (Krasnoyarsk) Siberia are also distinguished by significant production volumes, which provide more than 2/5 of the production of silk fabrics in Russia.
Linen industry- the oldest and primordially Russian branch of textile production. In the structure of fabric production, it occupies the third place (7.5% of fabrics in Russia), producing approximately equal proportions of household, technical and container fabrics. A distinctive feature of the industry is the relative availability of its own raw material base. The cultivation of fiber flax and the harvesting of flax fiber are concentrated in the Central, North-Western, Northern and Volga-Vyatka regions, where, due to the high material intensity of production, the production of fabrics is represented.
The leading district is Central, does it give? all-Russian production of linen fabrics. However, within the region, certain disproportions have developed in the distribution of flax crops, which prevail in the northwest (Tver, Smolensk regions), and the production of linen fabrics, concentrated in the northeast (Kostroma, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo regions. Large centers of the linen industry of the region are Kostroma, Nerekhta, Smolensk, Vyazma.
Linen fabrics are produced in the Pskov (Pskov, Velikiye Luki), Vologda (Vologda) regions, in the Altai Territory (Biysk), as well as in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Kirov and Yekaterinburg.
wool industry produces a variety of products: worsted and cloth fabrics, carpets, scarves, yarn for knitwear. This is one of the oldest industries that emerged under Peter I. The wool industry accounts for 4.1% of the production of fabrics in the country. In terms of the total production of woolen fabrics, Russia ranks seventh in the world.
Primary processing of wool or wool washing production tends to raw materials, as it is associated with significant waste (more than 1/2 of the original weight) and water consumption. The main wool-washing enterprises operate in the areas of sheep breeding - in Western (Omsk) and Eastern (Ulan-Ude) Siberia, the Volga region (Kazan).
The production of woolen fabrics is oriented towards labor resources, raw materials and the consumer, and is located more evenly than the cotton industry. The largest region is still Central, where 3/5 of the all-Russian production of woolen fabrics is concentrated. They are produced in Moscow and the Moscow region (Pavlovsky Posad, Noginsk, Monino, Lyubertsy), Bryansk (Klintsy, Bryansk), Ivanovo, Tver and other regions. Among other regions, the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Penza regions), Eastern (Chita, Ulan-Ude, Chernogorok) and Western (Tyumen, Omsk) Siberia, Central Chernozem region (Rasskazovo, Morshansk) stand out. Insignificant production exists in other areas, with the exception of the Dolny Vostok.
Knitwear industry has been developed in all regions of the country with a focus mainly on areas of consumption. Unlike other branches of the textile industry, its products are mainly finished products, as well as knitted fabrics. In addition to natural raw materials, chemical fibers are increasingly being used as raw materials. The leading region remains Central, where is it concentrated? production of knitwear, about 1/3 of the products are produced by the North-West, the Volga region and the Urals.
(Voloktex, 2006)

Market Review

The fabric market in Russia is estimated at about $1.2-$1.5 billion, and its annual growth is 15%. Two-thirds of the textile market today is occupied by the products of domestic enterprises. The largest textile companies are Alliance Russian Textile, Bolshaya Ivanovo Manufactory, Guta Textile, Shuisky Calico, Trekhgornaya Manufactory Partnership, Cheboksary Cotton Mill, etc.
The textile industry in Russia produces cotton, linen, wool and synthetic fabrics. Cotton fabrics account for almost 85% of all production.
The production of all other types of fabrics in the country accounts for only 15%. Of these, 5% is the production of linen. The production of silk and synthetic fabrics accounts for about 6% of production volumes. The remaining 4% of the market is occupied by manufacturers of woolen fabrics. The remaining third of the textile market is occupied by foreign companies, mainly from Southeast Asia.
Russian textile workers feel confident only in the production of fabrics for bed linen and household utensils. Since other products of domestic weavers are in little demand in the domestic market. The main consumer - garment factories that produce low-priced brand-free products - cannot compete with dynamic garment manufacturers from Southeast Asia. Why the production volumes of Russian garment workers are falling by 8% - 13% for the second year. Another major consumer of fabrics is furniture companies. But so far they are mainly served by European manufacturers, since furniture fabrics require complex production technologies, the mandatory use of synthetic fibers, which are still little used in the domestic textile industry due to the lack of the necessary equipment. This industry is just getting started. Some large holdings are vigorously mastering the production of mixed fabrics, that is, they mix natural raw materials - wool, linen - with synthetic fibers - lavsan, lycra.
(Marketing magazine 4p.ru, 2006)

Impact of the crisis on the textile industry in Russia

The global financial crisis has undoubtedly had a negative impact on the Russian economy in general and the textile industry in particular. However, the reality is that Russian textile enterprises have learned to survive with little or no government support. And textile workers used bank loans in very limited volumes, given the high interest rates and low collateral value of existing fixed assets.
In this regard, the textile industry has suffered less than many other industries from problems associated with the issuance of loans.
The main problem of the Russian textile industry has been and remains the presence on the market of a huge amount of illegal products imported into the country bypassing customs duties and without paying VAT. According to various estimates, the share of the "shadow" sector in the industry reaches from 50 to 75%. Therefore, today textile workers lay great hope to help the state precisely in the field of control over illegal imports. And it looks like the first step has already been taken. On December 2, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev held a working meeting with Minister of Industry and Trade Viktor Khristenko to discuss measures to support the real sector of the economy during the global financial crisis. Speaking about the problems of counterfeiting and smuggling in the textile industry, the President noted: “In this situation, we must think about how we can support our own producer, without closing, of course, any other opportunities. But in general, our task is to preserve what we have been able to do recently, including in light industry. There really was a huge amount of smuggling and the use of counterfeit materials, counterfeit products in general. We started to put things in order. If there is a need, let's look at the optimization of the mode for such product categories in our market."
Textile production is associated with almost all sectors of the national economy, supplying them with industrial products, and therefore will not be able to stay away from the global financial crisis.
The problems that arose as a result of the crisis at the enterprises of the metallurgical and machine-building industries led to a decrease in orders for overalls and technical textiles. Job cuts and a decline in the payroll led to a decrease in retail sales of ready-made clothing and other textile products.
According to most economists, the crisis peaked in 2009. In this regard, it is hardly possible to expect an increase in production in the next few years.
But, as the experience of 1998 showed, after the recession, the recovery begins. The economy is gradually recovering, consumer demand is starting to grow.
The smooth devaluation of the ruble, observed today, may also have a positive impact on Russian manufacturers, including textile workers. Domestic production of domestic products will grow, as imports will be unprofitable due to the high exchange rate of the dollar and the euro against the ruble.

If we draw an analogy with the 1998 crisis, the devaluation of the ruble in the late 90s actually led to a sharp increase in domestic industrial production.
Favorable for the Russian textile industry will be the fact that the Government of the Russian Federation promises to take appropriate measures to ensure the protection of the Russian market from illegal imports of textiles imported into the country bypassing taxes and duties.
(Agency "Aniteks")

Cotton industry today

The development of the Russian economy, the state of the cotton and textile markets poses complex tasks for all its participants in the reconstruction of industry and the formation of market relations. Solving these problems requires: attraction of investments; technology updates; development of market infrastructure; modernization of production; advanced training and income level of employees of enterprises; stable supply of raw materials, materials and resources; expanding the range of products; performance of work and provision of services according to modern quality standards; effective interaction with government agencies at all levels and sectoral public organizations in order to develop the legislative framework and enforce laws; civilized resolution of disputes in the market.
The stable development of the textile industry, and its cotton industry in particular, is constrained by a number of factors. All market participants know them, they repeat like “Our Father...”, but they cannot do anything to reduce the risks. Let's talk about them again.
1. Today, Russian textile enterprises mainly use physically and technically obsolete equipment, which does not allow the use of modern technologies and the production of competitive products.
2. Despite the fact that Russia currently has all the conditions necessary for the development of the production base, it is not possible to effectively realize this potential, as well as increase the production of high-quality fabrics and clothing, due to the technological backwardness of related industries - the agro-industrial complex, the chemical industry and mechanical engineering.
3. Almost all textile enterprises experience an acute shortage of working capital. Loans are not available to many.
There are facts of profit diversion to subsidiaries, which is equivalent to a decrease in the working and investment resources of enterprises.
4. Factors hindering the development of the industry are unaccounted for imports and production. Unrecorded production of textiles is approximately 20% of the recorded, unrecorded imports are approximately 1.5 times higher than domestic production.
5. When purchasing raw materials abroad, it takes a long time to return VAT, thereby significant funds are withdrawn from the turnover of enterprises.
When importing finished products of the textile industry, as a rule, its value is significantly underestimated. As a result, these goods are sold on the market at dumping prices and displace domestic producers.
6. The scientific and technological base has been weakened, almost all industry institutions have been destroyed, whereas today they could help the industry.
7. There are about 300 medium and large organizations operating in the cotton industry, of which only a few have switched to organizational schemes that are effective in market conditions of management, and it is these units that are the main market participants today.
8. Textile industry enterprises are experiencing an acute shortage of specialists with higher and secondary specialized education.
This state of affairs in the industry led to the fact that the question of the expediency of preserving the textile industry as such began to be discussed.
We join the opinion of economists and practitioners who argue and prove that the degradation and destruction of any sector of the economy is dangerous for the interests of any state, since it leads to the loss of economic and political independence, and is especially dangerous for Russia, given its population and length.
To preserve the textile industry and form its positive dynamic development, scientific, theoretical, organizational, methodological and practical developments are needed that would make it possible to understand the essence and mechanisms of ongoing dynamic processes, use the synergy of the existing potential of enterprises and adapt it to changes in the external environment, identify factors initiating economic dynamics of textile enterprises.
In a word, new times are coming for Russian weavers: it is time for them to change their strategy. Producing a cheap product means competing with the Chinese in cutting costs, constantly losing product quality. Such a strategy is unlikely to bring good dividends. We need to learn how to produce fabrics at a price comparable to Asian fabrics, and in quality closer to European products. Otherwise, after some time, foreign manufacturers will force out domestic weavers not only from the external, but also from the domestic market.
The competitive advantages of Russian weavers in the European market is that they are closer to European consumers and can deliver goods to them faster and cheaper than Chinese suppliers. Other competitors of the Russians - the Turks - lose to domestic producers in terms of costs. The fact is that Turkey is striving to join the European Union and the salary of Turkish weavers is already at the European level.
Domestic weavers will have to solve production problems simultaneously with the solution of marketing problems, namely, it is necessary to create an effective sales system. After all, it is necessary to compete not only with the quality and price of goods, but also with service. Large textile enterprises are already actively creating their own sales divisions: buying and building wholesale bases, retail stores. This gives them the opportunity not only to get closer to the consumer, to more accurately determine sales volumes, manage prices, quickly respond to demand, control financial flows, and, importantly, limit competitors' access to the local market, depriving them of the opportunity to sell fabrics, for example, in a branded retail network.

It is very important to understand that the textile industry cannot be raised without the participation of the state. What will this participation be like?

Development strategy and prospects in the textile industry

A striking example of the participation of the state in the development of the textile industry can betheses of the Secretary of State - Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation Stanislav Naumov:

Light industry in the Russian economy

Rice. one

An analysis of the situation with employment and staffing in the light industry sector makes it possible to proactively assess the effectiveness of the implementation of anti-crisis measures and state support programs in relation to other industries. This is due to the fact that the problems that we observed in the real sector of the economy in 2009 were relevant for the light industry several years ago. In particular, it was in the light industry that even before the global crisis, the problem of low wages for industry workers and the urgent need for technological modernization were stated.
The complex of problems of the industry in the pre-crisis period already contained problems of employment at the city-forming enterprises, the need for a systematic application of state support measures with a clear understanding of the place and prospects of the industry within the framework of the country's industrial policy, the problem of stimulating investment policy, changing the structure of employment in enterprises and the associated need development of modern vocational training programs in view of the focus on increasing labor productivity.
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