Capacitors near inverter power switches 12 220. High voltage and more

Inverter 12 - 220v with a power of 500 watts: do it yourself: diagram and detailed description manufacturing.

Scheme of a voltage converter (inverter) from 12 to 220 volts, for the operation of household appliances from a 12v battery.

The circuit is assembled on two microcircuits of the 155th series and six transistors. In the output stage, field-effect transistors are used, which have a very low resistance in the open state, which increases the efficiency of the converter and eliminates the need to install them on radiators of too large area.

On the D1 chip, a rectangular pulse generator is assembled, the repetition rate of which is about 200 Hz - diagram "A". From pin 8 of the microcircuit, the pulses go further to the frequency dividers assembled on the elements D2.1 - D2.2 of the D2 microcircuit. As a result, at pin 6 of the D2 microcircuit, the pulse repetition rate becomes half as much - 100 Hz - diagram "B", and at pin 8 the pulses become equal to a frequency of 50 Hz - diagram "C". From pin 9, non-inverted pulses of 50 Hz are removed - diagram "D".

On the diodes VD1-VD2, an "OR" logic circuit is assembled. As a result, the pulses taken from the pins of the microcircuits D1 pin 8, D2 pin 6 form a pulse corresponding to the "E" diagram on the cathodes of the diodes. The cascade on transistors V1 and V2 serves to increase the amplitude of the pulses necessary for the full opening of the field-effect transistors. Transistors V3 and V4, connected to outputs 8 and 9 of the D2 chip, open in turn, thereby blocking one field-effect transistor V5, then another V6.

As a result, the control pulses are formed in such a way that there is a pause between them, which eliminates the possibility of through current flowing through the output transistors and significantly increases the efficiency. Diagrams "F" and "G" show the generated control pulses of transistors V5 and V6.

A correctly assembled converter starts working immediately after power is applied. When setting up, you should connect a frequency meter to the output of the device and set the frequency to 50-60 Hz by selecting resistor R1, and, if necessary, capacitor C1.

Transistors KT315 with any letter index, KT209 can be replaced with KT361 with any letter index. We will replace the voltage stabilizer KA7805 with the domestic KR142EN5A. Any resistors with a power of 0.125 ... 0.25 watts. Almost any low-frequency diodes, for example, KD105, IN4002.

Capacitor C1 type K73-11, K10-17V with low capacitance loss during heating. The transformer is taken from an old black-and-white tube TV, for example: "Spring", "Record". The winding for a voltage of 220 volts remains, and the remaining windings are removed. Two windings are wound over this winding with PEL wire - 2.1 mm. For better symmetry, they should be wound simultaneously in two wires. When connecting the windings, phasing should be taken into account.

Field-effect transistors are fixed through mica gaskets to a common aluminum radiator with a surface area of at least 600 sq.cm.

There are several reasons why the owner needs to create a new voltage converter. Its main purpose is to provide a mains voltage of 220V from the initial value of 12 watts.

Many amateurs make 12 220 V inverters with their own hands, because. quality converters are not cheap. Before assembling the device, it is necessary to study the materials explaining the mechanism of its use.

Scope of converters 12 220 V

As the battery is used, its charge level decreases. The converter stabilizes the voltage while traveling, in the absence of electricity.

The 12 220 V inverter will allow the owner to improve the engineering structures in the house. The power of the device for converting current is selected depending on the total value of the load being operated. The process of its consumption is taken into account: reactive and active. The reactive load does not consume all the received energy, so the total power exceeds its active value.

A pure sine wave inverter is used to connect tools with a total power of 3 kW. Significant fuel savings are provided by the use of a voltage converter and a mini-power plant.

The following consumers are connected to the inverter:

alarm systems;
heating boilers;
pumping devices;
computer systems.

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Advantages of the device for voltage conversion

Inverters have won a respectful attitude to their work, because they have a number of undoubted advantages. The device works silently, does not clog the surrounding area with exhaust gases. Maintenance of the device is minimal: there is no need to check the pressure in the engine. The inverter has a slight mechanical wear, allows you to connect any consumers. The 12 220 V inverter operates at increased power on the KR121 EU, has a high efficiency.

When assembling an inverter with a driver as a multivibrator, the advantages of the converter are expressed in the availability and simplicity of the device. The dimensions of the product are compact, repair is not difficult, and operation is possible at low temperatures.

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Homemade converter 12 220 V and the general principle of its creation

In the radio components market, most inverters operate using high frequencies. Pulse inverters have completely replaced the classic circuits using transformers. The K561TM2 microcircuit consists of two D-flip-flops, which contain two inputs R and S. It was created using CMOS technology and is enclosed in a plastic case.

The inverter master oscillator is mounted on the basis of K561TM2, using the DD1 device for operation. For the frequency divider, a DD1.2 trigger is mounted. The amplifying stage receives signals from the microcircuit.

KT827 transistors are selected for work. In their absence, KT819 GM transistors or field semiconductors - IRFZ44 are used.

The sine wave generator for the 12 220 V inverter operates at high frequency. To form a circuit with dimensions of 50 Hz, a secondary winding is used and a capacitor and load are connected in parallel. When any device is connected, the inverter creates a voltage conversion to 220 V.

The scheme has one significant drawback - the imperfect form of the output parameters.

The K561TM2 chip is duplicated by K564TM2. An increase in the power of the converter is achieved by selecting more intense transistors. Pay attention to the capacitor installed at the output. It has a voltage of 250 V.

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Building a transducer using the latest parts

Home-made inverters function stably, at the output the transistors are powered by an amplified main generator. Elements of the KT819GM series are used, mounted on a large radiator.

To create a converter, a simplified scheme is used. In the process of work, the necessary materials are acquired:

chip KR121EU1;
transistors IRL2505;
soldering iron;
tin.

The KR12116U1 microcircuit has a feature: it contains two channels for adjusting the switches and easily copes with the construction of simple voltage converters. The microcircuit at a temperature of +25 ° C gives the voltage limits of 3 and 9 V.

The frequency of the master oscillator is determined by the parameters of the elements in the circuit. IRL2505 transistors are installed for use at the output. It receives a signal, the level of which allows you to adjust the output transistors.

The formed low level does not allow the transistors to go from closed to another state. As a result, the occurrence of an instantaneous passage of current after the simultaneous opening of the keys is completely eliminated. When a high level hits pin 1, the pulse generation is turned off. In the diagram, pin 1 is connected to the common wire.

For the installation of a push-pull cascade, a transformer T1 and two transistors are used: VT1 and VT2. In the open channel, a resistance of 0.008 ohms is observed. It is insignificant, so the power of the transistors is small, even when passing a large current. The output transformer, which has a power of 100 W, allows the use of IRL2505 current up to 104 A, and the pulse is 360 A.

The main feature of the inverter is that you can use any transformer that has 2 12 V windings at the output.

With an output power of up to 200 W, they refuse to install transistors on radiators.

It should be noted that the electric current at a power of 400 W can reach 40 A.

It happens that it is necessary to use a portable electronic device in a place where there is no mains voltage equal to 220 volts. The easiest way to do this is to use a battery, the voltage on which is usually 12 volts. But not all devices can work from low voltage. To solve this problem, converters from 12 to 220 volts are used. Their other name is inverters.

Purpose and parameters of inverters

An inverter is a device that is designed to convert the amplitude and shape of a signal. It transforms AC voltage into DC. Often, signal converters are connected to automotive electrical networks, generators or stationary battery packs. This is necessary to obtain alternating current used in power: household appliances, power tools, radio equipment. The options for using the inverter are varied:

ensuring the continuity of power supply of electrical devices and instruments in case of an accident in the 220 volt network;
organization of complete autonomy from power grids;
during long journeys on vehicles that use generators or batteries in their work, for example, a boat, an airplane, a car.

Inverters differ from each other primarily in the shape of the output signal and power. It determines the maximum load that can be connected to the device.

Types and types of devices

Inverters differ in the principle of operation. The first devices were produced mechanical type. Then, they were replaced by semiconductor ones, and modern circuitry is already built on impulse blocks. There are the following principles for constructing schemes:

Bridge type (transformerless). It is used for power devices with a power of more than 500 VA and above.
With the use of a transformer with a zero output. Designed for power devices with power up to 500 VA.
Transformer bridge circuit. It is used for power devices in a wide power range up to tens of kilowatts.

In addition, they are divided, depending on the requirements for the supply voltage, into single-phase and three-phase devices. According to the type of output signal are:

with a rectangular shape;
with a stepped shape;
with sinusoidal shape.

For equipment and devices that do not require a correct sinusoidal signal, such as heaters, illuminators, converters with a rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular output voltage are used. The main advantage of such converters is their low price.

For equipment that requires reliable power, inverters with the correct sine waveform are used. Such equipment is significantly more expensive, but its stability is higher.

Main characteristics of converters

First of all, when choosing, the power of the inverter is taken into account. The required power is calculated in total based on the load planned for connection with the addition of 25% to the result. This allows not to overload the converter and creates for it best conditions work. Inverters with a power of up to 5000W are the most popular, but even 15000W may not be enough to connect all household energy consumers. For portable devices, inverters with a load capacity of up to 1 kW are used.

In addition to the rated power, there is its peak value - this is the highest power level that the inverter can withstand for a short time without negative consequences for its operation. In the descriptions of the device parameters, most often it is its value that is indicated.

It must be understood that the power when turning on a number of devices that use motors or powerful starting capacitors in their design differs from the nominal one. These are devices such as pumps, refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, which, when turned on, consume peak power. At the same time, such equipment as a TV, computer, lamp, tape recorder does not exceed the nominal value of its power. The power of appliances is measured in volt-amperes (VA), but you can often find it indicated in watts (W). The relationship between these units is described by the relationship: 1 W=1.6 VA.

An important parameter is the shape of the output signal. The correct sinusoid is characterized by the frequency of the voltage and the smoothness of its change. This parameter is important for systems with active power. These devices include: electric motors, pumps, compressors. In most cases, food household appliances suitable transducers with a modified sine wave. Also to technical specifications inverter from 12 to 220 volts include:

Allowable input voltage range. Indicates the amplitude of the input signal, which ensures the stability of the device.
The level of the smallest and the largest output voltage. It is no more than 10 volts from the nominal value.
The value of the coefficient of performance (COP). A good range is considered to be 85 to 90 percent.
Protection class. Must be at least IP54 according to international classification.
Cooling system. Can be used passive or active with fans.
Additional features. The most requested functions are protection against short circuit, overload, overheating, increased amplitude of the input signal. Of the related attributes, attention is drawn to the convenience of connecting to the terminals, the shape and weight of the device.

When choosing, you will need to decide for what type of device the current converter from 12 to 220 volts will be used. For systems battery life the possibility of parallel connection of the inverter to the batteries and the AC mains is being considered. For example, for an autonomous heating system.

Popular manufacturers

When choosing, you should pay attention to the manufacturer of the product. As practice shows, different models can have the same characteristics, which makes it difficult right choice. The most popular companies producing inverters are:

Companies with a name monitor compliance with the technical process at all stages of the manufacture of the device. Such manufacturers have an extensive network service centers throughout Europe, which allows you to easily carry out warranty and post-warranty maintenance of products.

Self-manufacturing of the device

If for some reason it is not possible to purchase a 12v to 220v voltage converter, then it is easy to make an inverter with your own hands at home. First of all, this applies to analog devices, the radio components for which can be taken from old technology. In addition, with self-assembly, it will be possible to understand the nuances of construction, which can be useful for repairing devices of this type.

Simple and reliable inverter

There are a wide variety of converter circuits. Their work is based on the use of a master oscillator that controls the operation of transistor switches. And they, in turn, transmit a pulsed signal to a transformer, whose task is to convert the signal to a level of 220 volts. The use of powerful field-effect transistors (mosfets) as keys greatly simplifies the circuitry of devices.

Applying as a generator specialized microchip KR1211EU1, which has two powerful channels for key management, you can assemble a reliable and uncomplicated device.

IRL2505 mosfets are connected to the outputs of the microcircuit, direct and inverse. The open channel resistance of the IRL2505 is only 0.008 ohms. This makes it possible not to use radiators with the required power up to 100 watts.

The chip generation frequency is set by the R1-C1 chain and is calculated by the formula: f=70000/(R1*C1). The R2-C2 chain is designed to smoothly start the generator. 78L08 is used as a linear stabilizer DA2, with a stabilization voltage of +8 volts. Resistors are used with a power of 0.25 watts. Capacitor C1 is of the film type, and C6 of any kind, but designed for a nominal voltage of at least 400 volts. The transformer is used with windings rated for 220 and 12 volts.

Transistor circuit

As a basis for the manufacture of the structure, a generator operating at a frequency of 57 Hz is used. The master oscillator controls the operation of power switches, made on powerful field-effect transistors. These transistors can be replaced with IRFZ40, IRF3205, IRF3808, and bipolar transistors with KT815/817/819/805.

The power of the inverter depends on the number of complementary pairs of field workers at the output and the characteristics of the transformer. The output voltage is 220-260 volts. When using two pairs of transistors, the power reaches 300 watts. Such a converter does not require adjustment and, with proper assembly and serviceable radio components, it works immediately. When operating without load, the current consumption is up to 300 mA. For reliable operation, transistors are installed on the heat sink through insulating gaskets. Power tracks, in case of a divorce on printed circuit board, are made with a width of at least 5 mm or with a wire with a cross section of 0.75 mm2.

The essence of the device is to convert direct voltage into alternating voltage, after which the signal is fed to a step-up transformer. The primary winding of a step-up transformer from 12 to 220 volts has fewer turns than the secondary. When current flows in the primary winding, under the action of an alternating magnetic field, an electromotive force (EMF) appears on the secondary winding. When a load is connected to the secondary winding, an alternating current begins to flow through it. To calculate the transformer, you can use reference books or online calculators, but it’s easier to take it ready from an unnecessary uninterruptible power supply.

Powerful booster

Such converters are manufactured according to complex schemes and are difficult to repeat even for experienced radio amateurs. For example, a 12v 220 inverter circuit for 3000W:

It is almost impossible to carry out such a scheme with your own hands, since it will be necessary not only to correctly calculate the transformers, but also to correctly configure the master oscillator. And such operations are difficult to perform without special equipment.

The generator is made on the TL081 chip. Its power is supplied by a nine-volt stabilizer. The signal in the microcircuit is converted, reduced in frequency and fed to the power switches. The circuit implements output overload protection, and the input is protected by an overvoltage fuse.

Thus, it is not difficult to make a power converter up to 500 watts on your own, but if you need to make a more powerful device, then it is more advisable to buy a ready-made one.

A home-made voltage converter (inverter) 12 volts to 220 volts can be useful for motorists driving their car to nature, fishing, and cottages. It allows you to charge your phone, connect lamps for lighting at night, work and play on a laptop, watch TV.
A 12 volt to 220 volt converter with a maximum output power of 500 W is assembled on 2 domestic microcircuits (K155LA3 and K155TM2) and 6 transistors, and several radio components. To increase efficiency and prevent strong heating, very powerful IRLR2905 field-effect transistors with minimal resistance are used in the output stage of the device. It is possible to replace it with IRF2804, but the converter power will drop a little
On the elements DD1.1 - DD1.3, C1, R1, according to the standard scheme, a master generator of rectangular pulses with an approximate frequency of 200 hertz is assembled. From the output of the generator, the pulses follow a frequency divider, consisting of elements DD2.1 - DD2.2. As a result, at the output of the divider (pin 6 of the DD2.1 element), the pulse repetition rate is reduced to 100 hertz, and already at the output of 8 DD2.2. the signal frequency is 50 hertz.
A rectangular signal from pin 8 of the DD1 chip and from pin 6 of the DD2 chip is fed to the diodes VD1 and VD2, respectively. In order for the field-effect transistors to open completely, it is necessary to increase the amplitude of the signal that comes from the diode VD1 and VD2; for this, transistors VT1 and VT2 are used. With the help of transistors VT3 and VT4 (they act as a driver), the output power transistors are controlled. If no errors were made during the assembly of the inverter, then it starts working immediately after switching on. It is possible that it may be necessary to select the resistance of the resistor R1 so that the output is exactly 50 hertz.

Voltage converter (inverter) 12 / 220 50 Hz 500 W DIY circuit

Silicon transistors VT1, VT3 and VT4 - KT315 with any letter. Transistor VT2 can be replaced by KT361. Stabilizer DA1 is a domestic analogue of KR142EN5A. All resistors in the circuit are 0.25W. Diodes any KD105, 1N4002. Capacitor C1 with a stable capacity - type K10-17. As a transformer TP1, it is possible to use a power transformer from an old Soviet TV. All windings must be removed, leaving only the mains winding. Over the network winding, simultaneously wind two windings with a PEL wire - 2.2 mm. Field power transistors must be installed on an aluminum finned radiator with total area 750 sq.cm

It is recommended to start the converter (inverter) for the first time through a household incandescent lamp of 220 volts and a power of 100 - 150 watts, by connecting it in series to one of the supply wires, this will protect you from damage to the radio components in case of a mistake.

When working with step-up converters or inverters, follow the rules of electrical safety, as work is done with a voltage that is dangerous for the body !!! The output secondary winding during adjustment and assembly must be insulated with cambric rubber tubing to avoid accidental contact.

There are completely different situations when the owner needs to create a new voltage converter at home. Main purpose this device is to provide a value in the mains voltage with a value of 220 V from the initial values of 12 watts. A do-it-yourself 12 to 220 inverter is made by most amateurs, since a good quality converter is quite expensive. Before assembling the device, you should understand the principle of its operation in order to have an idea about the mechanism of its operation.

In what areas is the voltage inverter 12 220 V used

With stable use of the battery, a gradual decrease in its charge level occurs. The converter stabilizes the voltage if there is no electricity.

A do-it-yourself 12 220 V inverter will allow you to improve engineering structures in any room. The value of the power of devices that convert current is selected according to the total values of the loads being operated. Power consumption processes can be reactive and active. Reactive loads do not fully consume the received amount of energy, due to which the value of the apparent power is greater than its active value.

Pure sine wave inverters are used when connecting an element with a total power of 3 kW. Significant fuel savings are provided by the use of voltage converters and mini-power plants.

The following consumers are connected to the inverter design:

alarm system;
boiler;
pumping apparatus;
computer system.

The advantage of using voltage converters

Due to the fact that inverters have a number of positive characteristics, they are very appreciated when used for various kinds electrical engineering. The devices operate silently, do not pollute the environment with all sorts of exhausts. The cost of maintaining such devices is minimal: there is no need to check the pressure in the engine. Inverters have rather insignificant mechanical wear, which allows them to be used by various consumers. Inverters 12 220 V operate at increased power KR121 EU, have increased efficiency.

In the process of assembling inverters with driving devices as multivibrators, the advantage of converters is expressed in the fact that the device has accessibility and simplicity. The size of the products is compact, it is not difficult to repair them, and they can be operated even at low temperatures.

Scheme and principle of operation of the inverter 12 220

The main part of radio components using inverters use high frequencies in their work. The pulse inverter fully replaces the classical circuit in which transformers are used. The K561TM2 microcircuit is formed by two D-flip-flops, which have an R and S input. Such a microcircuit is created taking into account the use of CMOS technologies, by enclosing it in a plastic case.

Inverter master generators are mounted taking into account K561TM2, using the DD1 device for operation. Trigger DD1.2 is mounted on the frequency divider. Amplifying stages receive a signal from microcircuits.

For operation, the selection of KT827 transistors is performed. If they are absent, then a transistor of the KT819 GM type or a field semiconductor - IRFZ44 will do.

Sine wave generators for inverter 12-220V operate at high frequencies. To form a circuit with a size of 50 Hz, a secondary winding is used with capacitors and loads connected in parallel. By connecting any device, the inverters create a converting voltage of 220 V.

The circuit has one significant drawback - the imperfect shape of the parameters at the outputs.

Speaking about how the 12 220 inverter works, it is worth pointing out that the K561TM2 chip duplicates the K564TM2. You can increase the power on the converter by selecting a more intense transistor. It is important to consider the fact which capacitors are installed at the outputs. They have a voltage of 250 V.

Transducer with latest parts

A self-made inverter can operate in a stable mode if the outputs of the transistor operate from an amplified source with a main generator. For this, it is allowed to use elements of the KT819GM series installed on overall radiators.

When creating converters, a simplified scheme is used. During the process, you should take care of acquiring the necessary materials:

microcircuits KR121EU1;
transistors IRL2505;
soldering iron;
tin.

Microcircuits KR12116U1 have a remarkable property: they contain a pair of channels for regulating the key and make it quite easy to make a simple voltage converter. Microcircuits in the temperature range from +25 to +30 ° C give the limiting voltage value within 3 and 9 V.

The frequency of master oscillators is determined by the parameter of the element in the circuits. The IRL2505 transistor is installed when used on the outputs. It should receive a signal with the proper level, due to which the output transistor is adjusted.

The formed low levels do not allow the transistor to move from closed modes to any other states. As a result, the occurrence of instantaneous current flows is fully eliminated when the keys are opened at the same time. If a hit is observed high levels to the first conclusion, this contributes to the shutdown of pulsed generations. The circuit determines the connection of the common wire to pin 1.

To perform the installation of push-pull cascades, T1 transformers and transistors are used, in the amount of two pieces: VT1 and VT2. In open channels, you can see the resistance value from 0.008 ohms. It is insignificant, in connection with this, the power value of the transistor is small, even if a large current passes. Output transformers with a power of 100 W allow the IRL2505 current to be applied to 104 A, and pulse transformers are 360 A.

The main features of inverters include the ability to use any transformer that has two 12 V windings at the outputs.

If the output power is about 200 W, then in such cases the transistor is not installed on the radiator. It is important to consider that the value of the electric current with a power of 400 W reaches about 40 A.

How does an inverter for fluorescent lamps

To make a converter that will allow you to illuminate a room of any size or a car, it is enough to use the do-it-yourself assembly scheme. VOLTSL pulse converters are push-pull. They are mounted on power supplies TL 494 (KS 1114EU4). Microcircuits are controlled by the power parts of the power supply and consist of:

voltage generator;
voltage stabilizing source;
two transistors on the output sources of electric current, the capacity of which is 0.7 mm and 0.1 V.

To complete the installation, it is necessary to provide for the purchase rectifier diodes and a transformer from the power supply. It is necessary to deal with the issue of rewinding transformers. Fulfilling this work independently follow to calculate up to 100 kHz. Each resistor is purchased, taking into account the circuit R1 and R2, which creates the passage of a current pulse at the output. The operating frequency is formed when creating the circuit C1 and R3. HR307 diodes are mounted, if they are absent, then HER304 is used. KD213 diodes have proven themselves quite well. The selection of capacitors is carried out with a different capacitance. Soldered microcircuits are placed in panels. The circuits can function for four hours - the design of the transistors does not overheat, and they do not need to be tuned.

Transformers are subject to self-winding. Therefore, it is necessary to stock up in advance with ferrite rings, the diameter of which is 30 mm. The warp uses a winding ratio of 1:120, while 1:1 is the primary and 20 is 200 turns with the secondary.

Initially, the secondary winding is wound using a wire with a cross section of 0.4 mm. At the next stage, a primary coating is created, which consists of 2 halves with ten turns on each of them. Stranded soft wire with a diameter of 0.8 mm is used to create a half-winding. To remake the transformer, it is allowed to use a device for a 12-volt lamp that illuminates the ceiling. The secondary winding is removed, and a half-winding is created when the coatings are wound, when the wire is folded in half. After that, the connecting place is cut, and each end of the wires is soldered together, due to which the center of the winding is formed.

For uninterrupted operation, it is necessary to use powerful metal conductors or field-effect transistors IRFL44N LRF46N. Diodes HER307 and KD213 are installed for converters. Computer power supplies are used as capacitors, with a diameter of 18 mm.

During prolonged work, the transistors heat up, the installation of radiators is not carried out. If it is supposed to be used, then the flanges on the transistor case should not be wrapped through resistors. The washer and padding insulating materials from the PC power supplies should be used.

Inverters are reliably protected against overload if a fuse and a diode are installed on the outputs. It is important that safety regulations are strictly observed: that is, high voltages must be avoided. Charges in capacitors can be stored for 24 hours. Discharging is carried out using 220 V incandescent lamps.

Do-it-yourself inverter 12 to 220 can be made according to a simple scheme. Such a device is considered a fairly convenient device that allows you to receive a voltage of 220 V. Any home-made devices in some situations are absolutely in no way inferior to factory products, and in some cases even surpass them.