Maybe not everything is so bad? But there are also positive examples. More people get an education. Theater became available to everyone. Maybe not everything is so bad, but what is bad will pass with time? Is there a primitivization of a person or not? For an answer, please refer to

When discussing with a friend the process of creating the world, we focused our discussion on the fact that the seas and oceans are salty. Why is the water in the sea and ocean salty? What does science say about the appearance of salt there? When the earth was first created, were the waters that originally covered the earth fresh? Could the oceans have become salty as a result of the Fall (making the largest source of water undrinkable)? If the earth has existed for millions of years, why haven't the oceans dried up from evaporation? Are there springs of salt water spouting from the seabed?

Why is sea water salty

Why is sea water salty? Of course, it is difficult to prove what happened in the distant past, but common sense shows that the ocean was not salty in the beginning. The means by which the oceans become salty is the washing away of salts from the earth by rivers. At first glance, this may not seem logical, since the oceans are salty, but the rivers are not, so you might think that the rivers actually dilute the salinity of the oceans. However, this is definitely not the case. The waters in the rivers are much less saline than in the ocean. As a rule, the salt content in rivers is about 100 parts per million, and the ocean is about a thousand times more salty. However, when river water enters the ocean, the water evaporates and the salt remains. Over time, the total amount of water in the oceans reaches an equilibrium amount.

Let's say that in any given year, about 1500 mm of precipitation falls on the average on Earth, but the same amount of water evaporates. Because this is done very slowly and gradually over many millions of years, salt accumulates in the oceans. Current estimates are that if the average annual amount of sodium ions entering the ocean per year continued at the same volumes, then the current salinity of the oceans would have been reached in about 400 million years. Given that the earth is slightly older than this, this could of course explain the level of salt in the oceans.

A useful analogy can be found in the example of salt lakes such as the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, etc. Such salt lakes always form in inland areas where there is no outlet to the oceans. Over time, the amount of salt in the Dead Sea grew, the water evaporated, and the salt remained in place. So the Dead Sea, which is much younger than the oceans, has become very salty, much more salty than the oceans.

The reason the oceans don't dry out from evaporation is that the total amount of evaporation from the surface of the oceans is in almost exact balance with the amount of water entering the ocean through precipitation and inflows from rivers. Are there sources of salt water spouting from the seabed? The answer is that it is certainly not the main source of salt in the oceans. There are deep sources in the ocean through which seepage into the ocean occurs, but these sources have a significant content of hydrogen sulfide, methane and other gases, but not a significant amount of salt. So the salt in the oceans came through the influx of water from the rivers. In any case, this is a scientific explanation. There is no indication at all that the oceans became salty at the Fall. In fact, evidence from marine fossils shows that the oceans were certainly saline long before the first humans inhabited the earth, and there is not the slightest hint that the salinity levels in the oceans increased with the fall of Adam and Eve.

Please allow me to make a general comment. In questions of natural history, it is better to let science take the first step in answering such questions. Coming up with ad hoc explanations (explanations that are created not on any evidence, but in order to preserve an already widespread opinion), such as, for example, using the fall of mankind to explain the appearance of salt in the ocean, is not a wise approach. I really appreciate the words of Galileo in a letter to Princess Christina (1614). He said, "The Bible was written to show us how to move into heaven, not how heaven moves." In other words, the Bible is a book of theology, not a book of science, and should be read that way. Of course, Galileo was not inspired by God, but I think it is useful to quote his wisdom here. He also said, in the same letter, "In discussing physical problems, we must begin not with the authority of Scripture, but with the experience of the senses and the necessary demonstrations." In other words, in order to explain how nature works, we must begin our study of it not with Scripture, because it was not fundamentally designed to answer such questions.

I heard from a doctor who spoke on television that all the bacteria that got into the stomach are probably killed in it by hydrochloric acid. The conclusion suggested itself from his speech: “Eat any infection! Do not be afraid: hydrochloric acid will save! But after all, hydrochloric acid is secreted by a group of corresponding cells of the walls of the stomach - only in response to the intake of protein food into it. And when there is no food in the stomach, there is no hydrochloric acid in it. It is also not allocated for the "digestion" of carbohydrate foods: the latter is processed, on the contrary, by alkaline enzymes, which are produced, among other things, by other groups of cells of the same stomach.

There are many who do not know the difference between ships and ships. Let me explain: ships are military watercraft, and ships are civilian ones.

And you can’t say: “animals and birds”, “animals and insects”, etc. For birds and fish and insects and worms, etc. - all are animals.

When so many stupid citizens of our country massively expected the onset of the "age of Aquarius", a certain doctor tried to explain to me that the "change of eras" would be due to the fact that solar system... "will fly into the constellation of Aquarius." Although, after all, from elementary astronomy, which he should have mastered at school, it is known that the solar system does not come close to any other star systems and does not directly come into contact. As for the "age of Aquarius", all these fantastic expectations inspired - I would like to think - not those who received higher education ...

Another doctor told me that one's own religious orientation should be determined in accordance with one's nationality. “I am Russian, therefore I must be Orthodox!” He was a member of a religious group within Orthodoxy. This group was headed by a "father" with a very large belly body and with the most pronounced arrogance, aggressive arrogance towards other people. The teachings of Jesus Christ in no way affected his morality...

Why do I mention that those people had medical degrees? Because I want to emphasize in passing that education, even higher education, does not always make people smarter and more moral. I have had the opportunity to communicate professionally with doctors for decades - and I have seen enough of this! ...

And the same thing happens in the religious environment: no ritual “initiations” and “ordinations” add either decency or intelligence to those who receive them!

There are among doctors and people of other specialties those who like to speak, whose speech is filled with “weedy words”. If in the years of my childhood such words - among some members of the teenage environment - were those that are now called “obscene”, now the expression “Do you know?” Has come into fashion ... I personally don’t want to listen further to such a speaker or interlocutor. Why? - Guess yourself!

There are women who live on the upper floors of high city buildings, and beyond their windows there is space: not a single high house! But at the same time, before undressing, they always tightly close the windows with curtains: “it’s customary” so that no one sees naked ...

There are quite a lot of those in our unspiritual social environment who experience negative emotions towards other people only on the grounds that they have a different nationality, a different skin color, even just a different country in which they were incarnated by God… I remember a case from childhood. Jimmy Carter was then President of the United States. And my dad expressed his hatred for him anyway. I then asked him: "Why do you hate Carter?". He answered with hatred: "Because his surname is like a crow's croak: kar, kar!" He was a sincere member of the CPSU and was accustomed to hate President Carter, and the crows, and people of other nationalities ...

And how many now there are those who are ready to mindlessly carry out any orders of their superiors, even if these orders are criminal! ... "Zombie" soldiers through "shagistics" ... The introduction of aggressive militarism into the mentality of the masses of the ideas of aggressive militarism - against the backdrop of the sound of slogans about the "struggle for peace "... But after all, everyone is personally responsible before God for their actions, thoughts, emotions ... Although, after all ... for this you need to understand what God is like, where He is, what He expects from me ... Or public policy in some countries it is specially built so that people do not know anything about God, except for this very word, but only honor the head of state (as the most important real, visible and audible boss) with his “angelic” environment?

One could give many more examples of human stupidity ... But better - I will complete this topic optimistically: if you notice these and other shortcomings in yourself - eliminate them! And then no one will suspect you of stupidity! Including God!

And indeed - why, because thousands of fresh rivers and the water is very salty. Science has no answer to this question, like many others. But despite this, in last years many discoveries have been made that shed light on many things, including this enigmatic question. The problem, as in many other cases, is that a significant part of the important discoveries simply do not reach the general public.

A similar situation has developed with the so-called "black smokers", known mainly only to specialists in geology and hydromorphology. "Black smokers", or hydrothermal vents of the mid-ocean ridges, are numerous springs operating on the ocean floor, confined to the axial parts of the mid-ocean ridges. It is from them that highly mineralized hot water under pressure of hundreds of atmospheres. They are tubular formations reaching a height of tens of meters, the stability of which, according to official science, is ensured by the action of the force of Archimedes.

Hydrothermal ocean vents, according to official scientists, carry dissolved elements from the oceanic crust to the oceans, while changing the crust itself and making a very significant contribution to chemical composition oceans. Together with the cycle of oceanic crust generation at oceanic ridges and its recycling into the mantle, hydrothermal alteration produces a transfer of elements between the mantle and the oceans. The oceanic crust recycled into the mantle, as scientists see it, is responsible for some of the mantle heterogeneities.

According to scientists, hydrothermal springs are a kind of "oasis of life" in the deep aphotic zone of the ocean, existing not on the basis of photosynthesis, but on the basis of chemosynthesis of chemosynthetic bacteria. Recall that the aphotic zone is the deep water column of a reservoir, characterized by the complete absence of sunlight and the almost complete absence of photosynthesis. This is the habitat of unusual biological communities that ensure the formation of independent ecosystems. Thus, the deepest parts of the biosphere are confined to them, reaching a depth of 2500 meters or more.

Hydrothermal vents are believed to be a significant contributor to the Earth's heat balance. Beneath the median ridges, the mantle comes closest to the surface. According to scientists, sea water penetrates through cracks into the oceanic crust to a considerable depth, is heated by mantle heat due to thermal conductivity and is concentrated in magma chambers. Further, according to scientists, the internal pressure of superheated water in the chambers leads to the release of highly mineralized jets from sources at the bottom. In fact, of course, a real ongoing process

Their total contribution to the Earth's heat balance is estimated to be about 20% of the total geothermal heat generated - annually, "black smokers" spew about 3 10 to 9 tons of highly mineralized water heated to 350 ° C, and about 6 10 to 11 tons - low-temperature sources (above 20 °C).

Can the sea dry up?

We said that rock salt could be formed from the evaporation of water in inland seas. Still, it somehow sounds strange: "evaporation of the whole sea." Is it possible?

The Mediterranean Sea is located between Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa and surrounded on all sides by land. Two narrow straits: the Gibraltar and the Dardanelles - connect it with the rest of the oceans: the North Atlantic and the Sea of ​​Marmara. Even people themselves dug the Suez Canal, which leads through the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean.

Around the 60s of the last century, geophysicists found at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea under a loose sedimentary layer a dense layer that reflects sound waves well. It was called "reflector M". What was the surprise of scientists when, having drilled the bottom to this “reflector”, they discovered that it consists of such sediments that can form only with the complete evaporation of water.

Was there really a time when the Mediterranean dried up? Apparently, yes ... For some geological reasons, the Strait of Gibraltar could close. And then the Sun would need only about a thousand years to dry up the sea and turn it into a huge basin with small drying salty lakes.

Check out an interesting and good post:

Then the Strait of Gibraltar reopened. Such a rapid flow of water from the Atlantic burst into the formed passage, which is difficult to imagine. And yet, it took at least two thousand years for the dried-up depression to fill up again and again turn into a sea.

But now I will tell you about an even more amazing discovery. In a column of rock taken from a drilled well, geologists counted 11 layers with deep-sea sediments. And this meant that during its existence the Mediterranean Sea dried up And again! ..

When could it be? All these catastrophic events took place about five and a half - six million years ago. Scientists believe that it was then that strong earthquakes. The land, and hence the seabed, rose up and down. The draining of the Mediterranean changed the climate throughout Europe. Paleontologists confirm that at about the same time, luxurious forests in the surrounding areas were replaced by steppes.

But where could such a huge amount of evaporated water go? First into the clouds, and then out of the clouds, in the form of rain and snow, again into the ocean. And again, scientists confirm: indeed, in those days, the waters of the oceans rose more than once. This could be due to the addition of evaporated water from the Mediterranean Sea to them ...