State youth policy at the municipal level. Development of the main directions of the municipal youth policy of the Lyubinsky district

The current socio-political situation in the country justifies the need to restore the ability of the system of power to effectively reproduce and develop consistently reliable and durable state and civil principles that correspond to the spirit of the times. In the processes behind these processes, the role of young people is obvious, since, ultimately, it is precisely behind them that the reproductive function (biological and social) and it is the young generation that is called upon to be the bearer of new civic aspirations, a new political quality. Young people unburdened by the past, by all sociological standards, are more acutely aware of changing social moods than other socio-demographic groups and are more ready for political innovations.

World communities, since the 1950s and 60s, have been pursuing a targeted policy towards the younger generation. The United Nations plays a special role in this process. In 1965, its General Assembly adopted the "Declaration on the dissemination among young people of the ideals of peace, mutual respect and understanding among peoples"; in 1985, declared the International Year of Youth, "Guidelines for the further planning and implementation of appropriate follow-up to youth: participation, development, peace" were approved; in accordance with the resolution of the UN General Assembly of December 14, 1995, the World Program of Action for Youth was adopted until the year 2000 and beyond; Resolution 54/120 of 20.01.2000 approved the Lisbon Declaration on Youth Policy and Programs.

These documents at the global level define the main goal of youth policy - to consider the active participation of young people and youth organizations in public life at the national level and globally. Based on this provision, in the developed European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, the Scandinavian states, etc.), an effective state youth policy is being implemented. The forms of its implementation are different, but the general trend is the widespread involvement of public organizations, as well as the active participation of federal bodies in solving the problems of various categories of youth.

AT Russian Federation Today, there are a large number of ministries and departments that, to one degree or another, make decisions about the fate of the younger generation. However, not all of them operate in accordance with a single strategy. The lack of overall coordination and a single center allows us to consider the implementation of youth policy in the country through an analysis of the activities of all government agencies who, one way or another, participate in the fate of the younger generation.

It is the youth in the current socio-economic situation that is the most unprotected and prone to various radical and extremist ideas. It makes sense to talk about the need to influence the younger generation in order to form a physically and morally developed individual.

Youth is characterized by those social relations and social forms that define it as an independent socio-demographic group. The youth has a number of features arising, first of all, from its very objective essence. The social characteristics of youth are determined by the specific position that it occupies in the process of reproducing the social structure, as well as the ability not only to inherit, but also to transform existing social relations. The contradictions that arise within this process underlie a whole range of specific youth problems.

One of the first definitions of the concept of "youth" was given in 1968 by V.T. Lisovsky: "Youth is a generation of people passing through the stage of socialization, assimilating, and at a more mature age already assimilating educational, professional, cultural and other social functions; depending on specific historical conditions, the age criteria of youth can range from 16 to 30 years" .

Later, a more complete definition was given by I.S. Kohn: "Youth is a socio-demographic group identified on the basis of a combination of age characteristics, social status and socio-psychological properties due to both. Youth as a certain phase, stage of the life cycle is biologically universal, but its specific age limits associated with it social status and socio-psychological characteristics are of a historical nature and depend on the social system, culture and the laws of socialization characteristic of a given society.

From the point of view of D. Nikolsky, "Youth is a special socio-demographic group that is experiencing a period of formation of social maturity, the position of which is determined by the socio-economic state of society" .

According to researcher V.N. Boryaz, the concept of "youth" is multifaceted and has several meanings. "Youth is an objective social phenomenon, always acting as a specific age-related large social group; the biological and social nature and essence of youth at any stage of the historical movement are embodied in that part of humanity that is the cumulative subject of a certain concrete historical form of society; the process of appropriation of nature and the essence of this part of humanity is carried out by youth in accordance with such general laws, as the law of the reproduction of social life, the law of unevenness and the law of staging of development; achievement by youth of the state of complete appropriation of the nature and essence of this part of humanity is the moment of affirmation of youth as an integral and comprehensive subject and object of social movement and, thereby, their own denial of themselves as youth; age limits of youth are objectively determined by the duration of the period of its development, and the increase in gradation within these boundaries is determined by the duration of individual stages of development. "Thus, according to Boryaz, youth is a specific social group, which is characterized not only by certain age limits, but also by a certain knowledge (appropriation of the nature and essence) of society and its laws.When the process of this appropriation is over, then the representatives of this group cease to refer to themselves as young people.

In developmental psychology, youth is characterized as an individual who has a period of formation of a stable system of values, the formation of self-awareness and the formation of the social status of an individual. The consciousness of a young person has a special susceptibility, the ability to process and assimilate a huge flow of information. During this period, critical thinking develops, the desire to give one's own assessment of various phenomena, the search for argumentation, original thinking. At the same time, at this age, some attitudes and stereotypes characteristic of the previous generation are still preserved. This is due to the fact that the period of vigorous activity in a young person encounters a limited nature of practical, creative activity, the incomplete involvement of a young person in the system of social relations.

After analyzing these concepts, one general definition can be given.

Speaking of youth, most often there is an orientation towards the age criterion, not always thinking about the fact that the concept of "youth" includes not only chronological and biological, but also socio-psychological characteristics. In addition, even when trying to determine the age limits of youth, problems will arise, since the boundaries of youth age are mobile and depend on the socio-economic development of society, the level of prosperity and culture achieved, the living conditions of people, the mentality and traditions of this or that society. The development of mankind and the increase in the total life expectancy have made their own adjustments to the age boundaries of the concept of "youth".

according to the age classification presented by V.V. Pavlovsky, 4 groups are distinguished: 14-16 years old - adolescents, this age is characterized by maximum disproportions in the level and pace of physiological and psychological development; 17-19 years old - youth, the process of socialization begins - almost all fullness is acquired civil rights, and at the same time, the range of socio-political roles and related interests and responsibilities is expanding; 20-24 years old - young people themselves, students and young people completing basic professional training, entering production activities and creating their own families; 25-30 years old - older youth who have found their way in life.

A.V. Mudrik, considering age periodization from the standpoint of the socialization process, believes that at youth age, 3 groups of youth age can be distinguished: 15-17 years old - early youth, 18-23 years old - youth, 23-33 years old - youth. That is, the youth age according to this periodization is from 15 to 33 years.

G.S. Abramova, from the standpoint of age psychology, classifies youth as follows: adolescence - 13-17 years old, youth - 18-22 years old, growing up - 23-30 years old. Obviously, with this approach, the youth age will be between 13 and 30 years old.

The most important goal of modern Russia is to ensure its global competitiveness as a decisive factor in national security and successful development. The younger generation performs special social functions that no one else can perform. In total, from three to ten functions are distinguished, here are the main ones that are relevant in the Russian Federation.

a) young people inherit the achieved level of development of society and the state and form an image of the future in themselves, carry out the function of social reproduction, the continuity of the development of society.

b) young people have their own goals and interests.

c) young people are distinguished by the lack of formation of spiritual, moral, value orientations and lack of life experience, which increases the likelihood of an erroneous choice when making responsible decisions. On the other hand, entering into working and social life, young people are the main object and subject of education, socialization, upbringing and adaptation.

d) youth is the main participant in social mobility and economic initiative, it is also characterized by incomplete inclusion in existing socio-economic and political relations.

e) youth is a social stratum of society, which, on the one hand, is a source of socio-economic and spiritual rebirth Russia, and on the other hand, a source of increased social tension.

Depending on the quality of the implementation of these functions, youth can be a factor in both accelerating and slowing down social development. It depends on how young

knows, shares and accepts the goals and objectives of state and social development, connects his life prospects with them;

possesses the necessary qualities (physical, personal, educational, professional) to solve the tasks;

provided with the necessary resources and opportunities for active involvement in solving the problems of increasing the country's competitiveness.

Since the beginning of the 20th century in Russia, the policy of the state in relation to the younger generation has been put forward among the urgent tasks along with programs on socio-economic development. According to the annual report of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Youth Affairs, it can be concluded that a decrease in the population, a low birth rate, along with a significant deterioration in the health of young people, leads to a deterioration in the gene pool of the nation, which, in turn, may pose a threat to the national security of the country. The implementation of an effective youth policy in the state is impossible without a clear understanding, primarily by the subjects of implementation, of the very concept of "youth policy".

The concept of "politics" in Greek means "state affairs", "the art of government."R. Aron defines politics as "a program, method of action, or these actions themselves, carried out by a person or a group of people in relation to one problem or set of problems facing society." The concept of "politics" is generic in relation to the concept of "youth policy". In turn, youth policy is a complex, multifaceted system of relations.

The "Basic Directions of the State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation", approved by the Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1993 N 5090-I, contains the following definition: "The state youth policy is an activity of the state aimed at creating legal, economic and organizational conditions and guarantees for the self-realization of the personality of a young person and the development of youth associations, movements and initiatives.State youth policy expresses in relation to the younger generation the strategic line of the state to ensure the socio-economic, political and cultural development of Russia, to form young citizens of patriotism and respect for history and culture fatherland, to other peoples, to the observance of human rights".

The state youth policy is the most important direction of the state activity. Social insecurity, lack of public attention predetermines this social group as a destabilizing social force, and at the same time, young people are responsible for the future of the country, for creation in this world. And the state policy should be aimed at using the creative potential of young people.

The state youth policy is one of the specific activities of the legislative and executive authorities in order to realize the creative potential of young people and successfully enter independent life. State youth policy is the common cause of the state, political parties, public associations.

The object of the state youth policy are citizens of the Russian Federation (including foreign citizens and stateless persons) aged 14 to 30, young families, and youth associations.

Its subjects include state bodies and their officials, youth associations and associations, as well as young citizens themselves.

The system of formation and implementation of the state youth policy is a special legislation on the state youth policy, state regulation of youth policy, planned and financial support of the state youth policy, the formation and implementation of the state youth policy is carried out at two levels: federal and regional. At the municipal level, the municipal youth policy is being implemented.

The Committee for Youth Affairs under the Government of Russia and committees, departments, departments for youth affairs as part of the administrations of territories, regions, republics within the Russian Federation coordinate and direct the efforts of all state and non-governmental organizations in solving youth problems.

The following main problems are in the field of their activity: youth employment, including graduates educational institutions and demobilized military personnel; the involvement of young people in productive forms of activity, including entrepreneurship and farming; formation of a system of social services for individual work with adolescents and youth; prevention of crime and neglect among minors; support of socially significant programs of youth and children's organizations; participation in the organization of leisure, the development of creativity, the organization of summer holidays for children and adolescents.

The main goals of the state youth policy are:

promotion of social, cultural, cultural and physical development youth;

non-admission of discrimination of young citizens on the basis of age qualification;

creating conditions for the full participation of young people in the socio-economic, political and cultural life of society;

empowering young people to choose their own life path, achieving personal success;

implementation of the innovative potential of youth in the interests of social development and the youth themselves;

The state youth policy in the Russian Federation is based on constitutional guarantees of equality of rights and freedoms of citizens, the implementation of which in relation to young people is carried out on certain principles. The principle of participation: the involvement of young citizens in direct participation in the formation and implementation of policies and programs relating to youth and civil society in general. The principle of social compensation: ensuring the social and legal protection of young citizens, necessary to compensate for the age-related limitations of their social status. The principle of guarantees: providing a young citizen with a state-guaranteed minimum of social services for education, upbringing, spiritual and physical development, health care, vocational training and employment, the volume, types, and quality of which should ensure the necessary development of the individual and preparation for independent living. The principle of priority: giving preference to public initiatives in comparison with the corresponding activities of state bodies and institutions in the financing of activities in the field of youth policy.

The social purpose of information support systems for young people is determined by the expansion of young people's opportunities for independent and conscious actions to protect their rights and legitimate interests, choose a profession, types of study, employment, recreation, and household issues.

Work on the creation of a unified all-Russian information system for young people has been carried out for several years by a number of federal departments together with youth affairs agencies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and with the participation of youth and children's public associations and research teams. For the first time in Russian practice, it is planned to create an extensive system of social information not only for departmental purposes, but also for the citizens themselves - young people, their parents, teachers, researchers of youth problems, and so on. Work is underway to connect Russian information centers to the European computer information network.

In a number of European countries, youth policy is an independent part of state policy with a clear structure and close interaction of components. And whatever the Federal Law on Youth Policy may be, it should be based on the following theoretical premises to one degree or another:

youth policy is an independent activity of the state;

the state pursues youth policy through a system of management and coordination bodies, the state intervention is the stronger, the weaker the activity of the youth itself;

the effectiveness of the implementation of youth policy depends on taking into account the interests, needs, desires of young people, their constantly changing requirements for the quality of education, employment, leisure, services.

Thus, having analyzed all of the above, we can give a general definition of the concept of "youth".

Youth is a socio-demographic group of society, singled out on the basis of a combination of characteristics, features of social status and due to certain socio-psychological properties that are determined by the level of socio-economic, cultural development, features of socialization in Russian society.

The state municipal policy in the Russian Federation is implemented by all levels of government and is an independent system of measures and programs focused on specific problems of youth.

Municipal level of implementation of youth policy in the Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation, youth policy is implemented not only at the federal and regional levels, but also at the municipal level. The delimitation of competence between state authorities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in the field of youth policy is carried out on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the delimitation of jurisdiction between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The state youth policy in the Republic of Tatarstan, which began in 1994, was carried out during the period of reforming the country, complicated by a protracted economic crisis. This required new conceptual approaches to the development and implementation of policies in relation to the younger generation, ensuring its inclusion in the process of modernizing the social system.

The Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated April 7, 2006 N 29-ЗРТ "On vesting local authorities of municipal districts and urban districts of the Republic of Tatarstan with separate state powers of the Republic of Tatarstan in the field of state youth policy" determines that local self-government bodies are vested with state powers of the Republic of Tatarstan to implement republican programs and activities in the field of state youth policy aimed at ensuring the social and legal protection of young people; promotion of socio-economic formation, upbringing and education, spiritual and physical development of young people; providing conditions for the formation healthy lifestyle life, the implementation of the prevention of socially negative phenomena among the youth.

The financial support of state powers transferred to local self-government bodies of municipalities has been determined; the rights and obligations of local self-government bodies in the exercise of state powers; reporting procedure; the procedure for exercising control by the state authorities of the republic over the execution of state powers by local self-government bodies; conditions and procedure for the termination of state powers.

According to the Law of the Republic of Tajikistan dated October 19, 1993 No. 1983-XII "On Youth and State Youth Policy of the Republic of Tajikistan", the state youth policy implemented at the municipal level is defined as follows.

Municipal youth policy is a set of goals and measures taken by local governments in order to create and provide conditions and guarantees for the self-realization of the personality of a young person and the development of youth associations, movements, initiatives.

The municipal youth policy implements the main tasks of the state youth policy and involves phased actions in the following main areas:

ensuring the rights of young people;

ensuring guarantees in the sphere of labor and employment of youth;

promotion of entrepreneurial activity of young people;

support for a young family;

guaranteed provision of social services;

support for talented youth;

formation of conditions aimed at the physical and spiritual development of young people;

support for the activities of youth and children's associations;

involving young people in social practices and informing them about potential development opportunities;

integration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into the life of society;

creating conditions for a more complete inclusion of young people in the socio-economic, political and cultural life of the state and society;

education of young citizens in the spirit of patriotism, respect generally accepted principles and norms of international law;

expanding the opportunities of young citizens in choosing a life path, achieving personal success;

prevention of asocial phenomena and extremism among the youth;

support and development of youth public associations;

support and development of youth advisory bodies;

development of international youth cooperation .

Municipal youth policy is the most important tool for the formation, development and active use of the potential of the younger generation. In municipalities, the state youth policy is carried out through sectoral local authorities, which, in accordance with paragraph 34 of article 16 of the Federal Law of October 6, 2003, No. organizing and implementing activities to work with children and youth.

Youth Policy Management Methods

The state youth policy is a complex structure that includes many elements, such as education, health care, patriotic education, social protection and provision of youth and young families, as well as cultural and entertainment events. For each element are developed special programs federal, regional and municipal levels, which most accurately reflect the problem existing in this area and its qualitative solution. This method in management is called program-target. The study of any object, especially such a complex and ambiguous one as planning, should begin with its precise definition.

Raizberg B.A. and Lozovsky L. Sh give the following definition "Program-targeted planning and management is one of the types of planning and management, which is based on the orientation of activities towards achieving the set goals. Program-targeted planning is built according to the logical scheme "goals - ways - ways - means". In program management, the main thing is not the established organizational structure, but the management of program elements, program actions, the creation of a targeted integrated program ".

The target complex program is the key concept of program-target methods of planning and management, a set of measures aimed at achieving the specified final results and solving specific scientific, technical, economic, social problems. Usually it is a project and address document linking the actions of different organizations and co-executors, regardless of their departmental subordination, in terms of the timing of the work stages and the allocated resources. The target method uses the apparatus of graph theory. Its feature is the construction of two graphs - a tree of goals and a tree of resources. As a result of calculations on them with the help of a computer, key programs are identified, to which the greatest forces and resources should be directed. Evaluation and selection of possible program options are carried out according to different criteria (minimum cost or time to implement the program with fixed final indicators) using special techniques (for example, program matrices).

First, the goals to be achieved are determined, then the ways of their implementation are outlined, and then more detailed methods and means are outlined. Ultimately, having set some goals, the organizer develops a program of action to achieve them. It follows that a feature of this planning method is not just forecasting future states of the system, but drawing up a specific program to achieve the desired results. That is, the program-target planning method is "active", it allows not only to observe the situation, but also to influence its consequences, which distinguishes it favorably from most other methods.

From the provisions discussed above, it follows that the key concept of program-target planning is the program. The program is a set of measures for the implementation of strategies. In turn, the system of strategies and goals achieved with their help is a plan.

The program-target method, developed by Russian and American scientists in the 60s, is implemented in the basic concepts of "problem - goal - goal-realizing complexes with a system of resource allocation - a system of measures (solutions)".

N.P. Fedorenko believes that "the program-target method in the economy links goals with resources with the help of programs." Each program is a set of measures to implement one or more goals and sub-goals of economic development, arranged in the form of a "tree of goals". Evaluation and selection of possible program options are carried out according to different criteria (minimum costs or time for implementation with fixed final indicators) using special techniques (program matrices).

Program-target management is a management method in which the manager develops the management goal and the implementation mechanism, the timing and status of the intermediate values of the process.

The tree of goals in the program-target methods of planning and managing a graph is a diagram showing the division of the general (general) goals of a plan or program into subgoals (then the latter into subgoals of the next level, and so on). A tree is a connected graph expressing the subordination and relationships of elements; in this case, these elements are goals and sub-goals.

The presentation of goals begins with the upper tier, then they are sequentially disaggregated. Moreover, the main rule for disaggregating goals is completeness: each top-level goal must be presented in the form of subgoals of the next level in an exhaustive way, that is, in such a way that the union of the concepts of subgoals completely determines the concept of the original goal.

The quality of all subsequent work depends to a decisive extent on the completeness of the information contained in the goal tree - evaluation of programs, their predicted consequences, evaluation of plans, development of the entire system of activities to create conditions for the implementation of plans and programs.

The program-target method is used in the formation of budgets of all levels. The program-target budgeting method with a built-in coding system for each program and subprogram, in contrast to the existing system for preparing a draft budget, allows you to form a financial document in such a way that it is directed not just to the maintenance of the institution, but to the implementation of specific goals. This, in turn, solves the strategic task of providing the public with not just information about how much money was received and how much was spent, but how much and what quality of services were provided to the consumer.

The program-target method of planning as targeted complex programs is carried out at all levels: federal, regional and municipal.

The federal target program is a state socio-economic program of the federal level, focused on achieving the goals of a nationwide scale and significance.

Regional targeted programs - comprehensive programs for solving major, pressing socio-economic problems of the region; represent part of federal programs or are independent. The object of regional planning is the processes of current and prospective functioning of regions and municipalities, supported by appropriate channels for mobilizing resources.

Municipal target programs - comprehensive programs created to solve major or private socio-economic problems of a particular municipality; represent part of federal, regional programs or are independent.

In program management, we are talking about such projects that, due to their characteristics, cannot be implemented through autonomous routine actions of commercial structures, regional state bodies and local governments. Of course, programs are developed and implemented not only by specialized program management bodies, but also by other structures, including regional ones. In this case, they act as part of the regional management system and are aimed at implementing, first of all, regional and municipal interests, which allows replacing planning from what has been achieved with planning from the desired result, and increases the effectiveness of planning.

It is not the formal characteristics of the program sphere of management, such as the total number of programs, that are brought to the fore, but the potential opportunity inherent in the program method, which can significantly increase the effectiveness of the state youth policy.

As for domestic experience, attempts to use a program-targeted approach in territorial planning took place as early as the 20-30s (the GOELRO plan, the creation of the Ural-Kuznetsk plant, the development of Khibiny, the construction of the Igarka timber export port on the Yenisei and the large industrial center Komsomolsk-on- Cupid). In the 1960s and 1980s, targeted comprehensive programs were widely used as the most important components of state long-term plans for social development. They included scientific, technical, economic, social, regional, environmental programs, as well as programs for the development of individual territorial production complexes. The prerequisites for the wider use of the program-target method in this case were: the constantly deepening processes of specialization of production, the increasing differentiation of activities, which required the development of appropriate integration methods to solve problems of an intersectoral, complex nature; departmental disunity, which intensified in connection with the return in the mid-60s to the sectoral principle of management, which, however, did not provide a solution to complex problems. All this contributed to the fact that already in the depths of the planning and administrative system, an objective need arose to use integration methods of planning and management.

The procedure for program-target planning is carried out as follows. As already mentioned, the first stage of program-target planning is goal setting; at subsequent stages, ways and specific ways to achieve them are developed. Setting goals leads to the formation of a "tree of goals", in accordance with which a system of measures to achieve the goals, called the target complex program, is determined. For its implementation, a special control system is being built, which brings the tasks of the program to specific performers and controls their implementation. The organizational structure of this system is determined by the "tree of goals", the composition of the performers and the content of the program.

Thus, one more element of program-target planning can be singled out - the management system, the construction of which, in fact, is the basis on which the program is based. Planning a solution to a problem with the program-target method largely comes down to planning a control system, the main stages of which are:

composition stage - the formation of a general structural scheme of the system and its main characteristics;

structuring stage - development of the composition of units and the main links between them;

the stage of regulation - the development of quantitative characteristics of the administrative apparatus, the establishment of the procedure for its activities.

At the same time, the first stage is of fundamental importance, since it determines the structure of the management system (organization), it determines the system of goals and objectives of the organization, its type and legal status, degree of independence, boundaries of activity, composition of functions. At the second and third stages, more detailed system parameters are set.

The theory of planning and building control systems to solve new problems should be based on an analysis of the practice of creating and operating existing systems. The main difficulty lies in the fact that, among the many single facts and observations of various specialists, to identify some key provisions, patterns that are common to planning and building all control systems. Among them are the following:

the formation of a management system is a multi-stage process;

a necessary condition for starting planning, and then creating the system under consideration, is the presence of a certain social need, that is, a problem that needs to be solved. However, one need is not enough, certain conditions and guarantees are also needed: economic, legal, social, technical and others in order to provide the system with the necessary stability;

addressing newly emerging problems does not necessarily require the creation of new management systems – many problems can be successfully addressed within existing systems. Usually, a special set of measures is developed for this, and resolutions or orders are prepared obliging the corresponding systems to perform the new functions assigned to them. Control over the implementation of such a program is carried out by an organization appointed as the head of this problem. The need to plan and build new management systems usually arises when it becomes obvious that existing organizational structures cannot cope with solving a problem and new ones need to be created.

to select a method for solving problems, their research is preliminarily carried out. When solving the problems considered in this paper, the most widely used are program-target methods that most naturally connect the problem with the means of solving it.

Thus, the solution of a set of problems that the state youth policy encounters in the process of implementing its processes usually begins with the construction of a "tree of goals", which is achieved by organizing and conducting a certain set of events. The task is to find this complex, indicate the specific performers and the timing of the activities. To do this, the "tree" is, as it were, "superimposed" on the real environment, as a result of which the necessary information is found and a specific program of work is drawn up. Programs of three levels, implemented and being implemented, are given as a basis for solving the problems of youth identified in the study, are presented in the second chapter.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"ORYOL REGIONAL ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE"

FACULTY<Faculty name>

CHAIR<Department name>

essay

by academic discipline<Management in youth policy>

TOPIC:<Municipal youth policy>

Completed:

4th year student of group 42 rosp

Lomakin Ivan Alekseevich

Lecturer: Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Gorbova I.N.

Introduction ……………………………………………………..2-4

State and youth……………………………………..5-7

Goals and objectives of the state municipal youth policy and its principles .................................................................... ..............8-10

Problems of youth policy…………………………..9-12

Introduction

The experience of recent decades convincingly proves that it is precisely those states that achieve political and economic success that pay special attention to young people, that sustainable development is demonstrated precisely by those societies that have revised the system of traditional views on new generations, on the system of relationships between generations and on their significance for the political and socio-economic development.

Obviously, those states and societies that learn how to effectively use human potential and, first of all, the innovative potential of development, which the youth is the bearer of, will have strategic advantages.

Russia is traditionally at the center of global political and economic processes. The task of ensuring its progressive, sustainable development and security requires an effective and adequate response to modern challenges, the achievement of national competitiveness in all areas.

Therefore, the need for a special policy towards youth is determined by the very specifics of its position in society. Youth is not enough to understand in the traditional sense, only as a future society. It must be assessed as an organic part of modern society, which has a special, irreplaceable function of other social groups, the function of responsibility for the preservation and development of our country, for the continuity of its history and culture, the life of the elders and the reproduction of subsequent generations, and, ultimately, for the survival of peoples as a cultural -historical communities. Young people have their own special functions in society, which cannot be replaced or implemented by any other socio-demographic group.

The conditions for the formation of youth responsibility for the future of the state are: expanding the democratic participation of youth in the development of society; the eradication of poverty and significant socio-economic inequalities; expanding the rights of children and young citizens in the political and economic fields and ensuring their representation at all levels of decision-making; support for information management, greater visibility and accountability in governance and economic and social decision-making.

The implementation of youth policy at the municipal level is a systemic process designed to influence young people in the context of a number of factors: upbringing, education, health care, leisure, employment, etc. A number of sectoral and territorial institutions are involved in this process as an active party.

State and youth

AT In society, youth is a social category that determines its future to the greatest extent. It is in the young years that each person forms his worldview and models his own life: the most important life goals and values are determined, the directions and means of their implementation are chosen, the attitude towards oneself and the world, society and the state is established. And what will be each of these elections directly depends on what will be today's youth, who will create a person, society and the state of both the near and distant future. And this means that the vector of social progress is always determined in the present, and is in the hands of those who are young today. This circumstance makes the issue of youth a strategic one. It is quite natural that every young person needs certain conditions for his spiritual development and social self-realization. What these conditions are and whether they are present in everyday life reality, first of all, the key spiritual and social parameters of the youth environment are set, the types of organization of the life of young people corresponding to them are established, a certain public and state “order for youth” is formed. Due to a number of characteristic features of the domestic national mentality and the socio-economic transformations taking place in the country, far from always and far from every young person is able to independently provide the appropriate conditions for their own formation and development without a corresponding state policy. Thus, the issue of special conditions for young people is fundamental to what today's youth will be like, and, accordingly, the next generations of citizens and society as a whole.

In this regard, given the exceptional importance of the issue of youth for the fate of the people and the country, it is necessary to consider the constant and comprehensive interest, attention, care and support of the state in relation to young people as one of the priority tasks in the field of state social policy. It is and only this approach that is the key to social prosperity and progress.

However, the reality is that the implementation of this approach in practice has always been problematic and ambivalent. On the one hand, the state has always been aware of its obviousness and unconditional correctness, since the stability, prosperity and power of the state itself depended on this. Therefore, in any historical period, when the state itself was strong enough, it took care of young people, paying special attention to their upbringing and education, or at least declaring this care and attention. On the other hand, society has always been dominated by a hostile and suspicious attitude towards young people and some irritation about the protectionist policy of the state towards them, which could not but affect the real attitude of the state towards youth problems. Since 1992, young people have found themselves in an extremely difficult and new position for themselves. In the context of the beginning of the transition to the economic model of the free market and "shock" therapy, all previously existing systems and mechanisms for protecting and realizing the interests and rights of young people, instead of adapting them to changing conditions, were almost completely destroyed. Together with the country, the party and the Komsomol, the traditional sources of ideology and technology of state policy towards youth disappeared, interethnic and international ties were broken, the legal framework of the USSR on youth issues ceased to operate in the new sovereign states, the system of youth tourism, the education system were catastrophically weakened and recreation for children, adolescents and youth, the system of socialization of youth, social protection and support of talented youth by various institutions of power have decreased, the construction of youth housing complexes has stopped, the network of cultural and sports institutions for children and youth has collapsed.

Thus, the economic, political and social reforms that began for a significant period of time almost completely ousted young people and their problems from the sphere of attention of society and the state, which led to a significant aggravation of all the main problems of youth that existed before and the emergence of new ones. These are the problems of general life guidelines and life path, self-affirmation and self-realization, business and social behavior, relationships with society and the state, protection of rights and starting opportunities. The most acute in this series are such problems as education, employment, family, and housing. There are no or inefficient systems of education, social assistance, legal protection, and information support. There are no or weak state and public mechanisms for monitoring the situation in the youth environment and solving the problems of young people on their own. The most problematic age segments in the total mass of young people are the ranges of 14-17 years old (senior schoolchildren, students of schools and technical schools, unemployed youth of this age) and 22-27 years old (senior students, graduate students, young specialists, working youth). Among the large social strata are students, high school students, rural youth, military personnel, as well as such specific social groups as juvenile delinquents, street teenagers, graduates of orphanages, young drug addicts, etc., especially in transitional moments (release, release, demobilization, treatment, etc.).

The current situation in the youth environment is ambivalent. On the one hand, there is a significant change in the self-consciousness of a significant part of young people. She is increasingly aware of her role and significance for society, considering a special attitude towards herself as an unconditional duty of the state, although she does not particularly count on it, and relies mainly on her own strength. The significant potential of these young people is not involved either in solving their own problems or in social development as a whole. On the other hand, in the conditions of the strongest social stratification, a considerable part of the youth is also the most criminogenic environment. The criminal world and illegal business are actively drawing young people into asocial and criminal activities. In addition, apathy and inactivity, social dependency have already formed among the youth. Young people are in a situation of forced independence, and their public associations, called to defend the interests of young people - are weak, fragmented, unrepresentative, and therefore - are not a real force. At the same time, in addition to those already identified, there are two more large social strata of young people. The first of them is young people, who have a very high coefficient of inertia in thinking and behavior, who are completely unprepared and poorly adapted to self-determination their own life prospects and practical actions aimed at this. The second is that part of the youth who, due to special conditions (health, low start in life, dysfunctional family, criminal experience and other reasons), found themselves in a position that does not allow them to fully use their own strengths and resources for productive actions to organize their own lives. .

Abstracts of the lecture

"Municipal youth policy"

In the representative bodies of local self-government, young people under 30 make up about 5%, among the heads of municipalities of youth, less than 2%.

The following features of the participation of Russian youth in the life of a municipality (urban or rural settlement, municipal district, urban district or intracity territory of a city of federal significance) are distinguished:

Youth participation is considered in the context of self-government (student, school, student, etc.);

Local authorities concentrate on the political (civil or public) participation of youth (youth participation in the economic, social and cultural spheres is not considered relevant);

There is a low level of political participation of youth;

The executive and representative bodies of power do not seek cooperation with young people.

The powers of local self-government in the youth sphere are predominantly not their own, but delegated by the federal and regional authorities. Due to this, the following directions and tasks of the state youth policy acquire universality:

1. Changing the stereotype of youth perception that diminishes the effectiveness of participation.

2. Eliminate the formalization of youth participation and turn it into a tool for personal career growth (applies to youth leaders).

3. Strengthening information about possible participation at the local government level.

4. Creating motives among young people to participate in the development of local self-government.

5. Limiting the manipulation of youth by political groups.

The state youth policy in the Russian Federation is implemented by all levels of government and is an independent system of measures and programs focused on specific youth problems.

The legal basis for the participation of young people in the life of society is laid down, which contains the provisions that make up the beginning of the state youth policy, and also establishes the delineation of jurisdiction between the Russian Federation, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and local governments.

After the inclusion in the Federal Law of October 6, 2003 "On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" of legal norms relating to the powers of local self-government bodies in the field of work with youth, work began to determine the foundations for youth participation in society at the municipal level . The activity on the preparation and adoption of municipal legal acts, which approve the basic provisions on the organization and implementation of activities for working with children and youth in the municipality, has especially intensified.

At the regional level, a number of basic laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of youth contain articles relating to the specifics of youth policy implemented by local governments. These articles, as a rule, define the competence of local governments and the specifics of their activities in this area. The legal norms governing certain issues of work with youth in municipalities, their participation in the implementation of regional targeted youth programs are contained in by-laws of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

But it should be noted that at the federal level the process legal regulation participation of young people in the life of society is poorly coordinated, and, as a result, its legislative framework continues to lag behind the real processes taking place among the youth. There is a need for the adoption of a basic federal law on youth, which will be able to comprehensively regulate public relations in this area. It is also necessary to use the experience of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation accumulated over the years of law enforcement practice in the implementation of laws on youth at the regional level.

An analysis of regional legislation showed that laws governing youth policy have been adopted in 62 out of 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They have different names - "On youth", "On the main directions of state youth policy", "On the activities of state bodies in the field of youth policy", "On the implementation of youth policy".

Despite the fact that the Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" of 2003 does not regulate the institutionalization and forms of activity of young people as a special structural component of the population, in a number of municipalities a special system of interaction between youth and local self-government bodies is being formed. The most established forms of interaction, in our opinion, are: program-strategic, legal, social and educational.

The municipal youth policy implements the main tasks of the state youth policy and involves phased actions in the following main areas:

Ensuring the rights of young people;

Ensuring guarantees in the field of labor and employment of youth;

Promoting entrepreneurial activity of youth;

Young family support;

Guaranteed provision of social services;

Support for talented youth;

Formation of conditions aimed at the physical and spiritual development of young people;

Support for the activities of youth and children's associations;

Involving young people in social practices and informing them about potential development opportunities;

Integration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into the life of society;

Creation of conditions for a more complete inclusion of young people in the socio-economic, political and cultural life of the state and society;

Education of young citizens in the spirit of patriotism, respect for the universally recognized principles and norms of international law;

Empowerment of young citizens in choosing a life path, achieving personal success;

Prevention of asocial phenomena and extremism among the youth;

Support and development of youth public associations;

Support and development of youth advisory bodies;

Development of international youth cooperation.

Municipal youth policy is the most important tool for the formation, development and active use of the potential of the younger generation.

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays

Knyazkova, Ekaterina A. Municipal youth policy at the present stage: trends, contradictions, implementation mechanism: on the example of the city of Moscow: dissertation ... Candidate of Political Sciences: 23.00.02 / Knyazkova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna; [Place of protection: Ros. state social. un-t].- Moscow, 2013.- 302 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 13-23/226

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological base for research and formation of municipal youth policy

1.1 Concepts and paradigms of state youth policy 23

1.2 Municipal youth policy: theoretical and applied aspect 43

1.3 Municipal youth policy as a system 66

Chapter 2 Municipal authorities as a subject of youth policy

2.1 Competence of the authorities, political and legal, information base of youth policy 89

2.2 Monitoring municipal youth policy: youth social atlas 112

2.3 Modeling municipal youth policy: experience, implementation mechanism 144

Conclusion 169

Bibliography

Introduction to work

Relevance of the research topic

The youth factor (consciousness, political activity) has been and remains one of the leading factors in the development of society and the modernization process. The contribution of the younger generation to it is difficult to overestimate.

The degree of youth participation in the life of the country depends on the activities of many subjects of power, one of which is local self-government. First of all, at the municipal level, in specific administrative-territorial formations, state priorities and guidelines should be implemented. At the same time, as experience shows, at this level the costs of implementing such political decisions as the Strategy of the State Youth Policy of the Russian Federation until 2016, the Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation until 2020, etc. are noticeable.

One of the priorities of the state power is the creation of conditions for the life of the young generation, the realization of its potential in the interests of Russia. This predetermines the need to change the system of work with youth at all levels of government, political management.

It is known that municipal authorities are experiencing resource, material and other difficulties in the implementation of state political guidelines regarding youth. Nevertheless, this cannot justify the “deafness” that has not been eliminated in practice, the inattention to youth problems. Without the active participation of the municipal authorities, the effective implementation of the state youth policy is impossible.

Ultimately, the future of the country largely depends on the activity of young people as a subject of political continuity, an actor of social change, and the innovative force of society. This group as a socio-political subject has its own specifics. It is able not only to adapt to rapidly changing conditions, but also to be ready to support, develop innovative approaches, and participate in their implementation.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation - Articles 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 18, The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, which provides for "the formation of the necessary social conditions for the country's innovative development through active interaction with civil society institutions, public associations and youth organizations”, Messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly focus on the implementation of a system of work with youth at all levels of government, including the municipal one. The work of the authorities with young people at the local level at the place of residence is the link, the deficit of which has not been overcome so far. According to the author of the dissertation, at the municipal level there is still no systematic work on the implementation of the state youth policy. According to statistics General Prosecutor's Office Russian Federation, in a number of regions * , where there is an increased crime rate, most crimes are committed with the participation of minors.

Problems of employment, employment, level and quality of life, political radicalism, extremism, and ideological instability have a negative impact on young people.

Young people are involved in interethnic conflicts, the popularity of protest forms of youth is growing. political behavior(Manezhnaya Square in Moscow, 2010; Bolotnaya Square in Moscow, 2011; Biryulyovo Zapadnoye intracity municipality in Moscow, 2013). AT social network VKontakte, whose main user audience is young people, over 160 thousand people are subscribers of the opposition leader A. Navalny, who received more than 27% of the votes in the Moscow mayoral elections on September 8, 2013.

The social well-being of young people indicates the cost of attention in working with them, it urgently requires the adoption of energetic, purposeful, systematic, systemic measures by the state and the public for the socialization of the younger generation. One of the directions is the support and development of youth social projects as a form of articulation and aggregation of the interests of young people based on the program-target method. The strategy of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation until 2016 does not specify the municipal youth policy, but focuses on the implementation of the project approach in the implementation of youth policy at all levels of government.

Since 2004, the All-Russian competition of youth copyright projects "My country - my Russia" has been actively developing. The All-Russian Youth Forum on Seliger, the Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations, the Agency for Strategic Initiatives to Promote New Projects, the Moscow Government’s student project “Civil Change” - all these and other initiatives indicate a search for ways to realize the political preferences of young people, an attempt train young leaders, create mechanisms effective system state youth policy.

The experience of implementing youth policy in Moscow, where authorities and local governments rely on the activities of youth public associations, youth advisory bodies, non-governmental organizations, youth business structures, etc., deserves attention and dissemination. In Moscow, young people from 18 to 30 years old make up 7% of the deputies of the representative bodies of municipal government, which indicates the presence of initiative, politically active young leaders at the local level and their interest in political processes. At the same time, the degree of involvement of young people in the political process is low. The Council of Municipalities is active in organizing work with youth at the place of residence. The experience of the capital testifies to the expediency of more precise intersectoral interaction in solving youth problems both at the horizontal and vertical levels.

The municipal experience of working with the youth of the city of Moscow demonstrates that local self-government is of particular importance, since it is it that is able to address the problems of life and livelihoods, the articulation of the political interests of young people at the local level, primarily at the place of residence.

Thus, the relevance of the study is due to the need to implement:

Political science system analysis of the municipal youth policy, identification of its significance, functions, structure, quantitative and qualitative parameters, performance indicators. This can stimulate the implementation of an integrated approach to solving youth problems at the municipal level, actively involve young people in the activities of local government, political practice;

Systematization and updating of the political, regulatory and legal foundations of the state youth policy, activation of youth in the life of local communities;

Development of a municipal model of effective work with youth using quantitative and qualitative parameters, indicators, indices;

Identification of positive experience, problems, trends in work with youth at the municipal level.

The degree of scientific development of the problem

At the beginning of the XXI century. the study of the role of youth in various processes of modernization of society on an interdisciplinary basis has intensified. However, municipal youth issues are on the periphery of the research interests of political scientists.

The study of municipal youth policy in the political science aspect opens up the possibility of a more objective and comprehensive assessment of the content and direction of youth policy, identifying the degree of its participation in reforming society as a political resource in Russia.

Significant for the development of the practice of state youth policy was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on declaring 2009 the Year of Youth. Methodological tools and recommendations on the priorities of youth policy, the implementation of activities within the framework of this Year were developed in the studies of A.A. Zelenina, I.M. Ilyinsky, V.K. Krivoruchenko, Val.A. Lukova, Yu.I. Masterova, V.E. Panshina and others.

Sociological aspects of youth policy management are presented in the works of M.F. Glukhovoi, G.V. Kupriyanova, O.A. Rozhnova and others.

Youth policy as the most important factor influencing the life of this category of the population, its value orientations and worldview are considered in the works of S.A. Anisimova, A.I. Kovaleva, V.T. Lisovsky, L.E. Petrova and others.

A significant role in youth research is played by the scientific school of the Moscow humanitarian university(I.M. Ilyinsky, V.A. Lukov and others), which develops the humanistic and thesaurus concepts of youth.

The Department of Youth Sociology of the Institute for Socio-Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yu.A. Zubok, V.I. Chuprov, O.V. Sorokin, etc.) monitors the social development of young people, studies youth extremism and respect for the rights of young people.

The Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population of the Russian Academy of Sciences (M.Yu. Arutyunyan, V.N. Arkhangelsky, V.G. Dobrokhleb, O.M. Zdravomyslova, M.I. Suvorova and others) carries out scientific research on youth problems in the socio-economic , gender, migration aspects.

Scientists of the Lomonosov Moscow State University investigate the value orientations of young people, the features of their formation and development in modern conditions (V.I. Dobrynina, V.M. Kapitsyn, T.N. Kukhtevich, N.L. Smakotina, S. V. Tumanov and others).

In the publications of researchers of the Russian State Social University (scientific school of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Zhukov - L.I. Bystrov, S.S. Gil, V.O. Evseev, G.I. Klimantova, A.P. Kopichnikova, N. M. Romanenko and others) youth policy is studied as a special part of the social policy of the state, designed to promote the socio-economic, demographic, cultural and spiritual development of the younger generation.

Researchers Russian Academy of the National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation (E.L. Omelchenko, O.V. Perfilyeva, S.N. Chirun, A.A. Shchegortsov, etc.) present youth as a resource for innovative transformations, note the need to develop their patriotism and citizenship , fixing in Russia.

On the basis of St. Petersburg State University, eight research projects have been implemented on the formation of youth policy, the study of extremism, prevention deviant behavior(A.A. Kozlov, V.T. Lisovsky and others).

Normative, legal foundations of the state youth policy, incl. in the context of the implementation of the municipal reform in Russia, its regional level are reflected in the works of E.B. Balashova, V.V. Bushkevich, A.V. Kochetkova and others.

Studies of certain aspects and directions of regional and municipal youth policy are contained in the works of P.N. Bespalenko, I.V. Glazunova, O.V. Gushchina, A.V. Kosheleva, E.A. Lukyanova, V.A. Smirnova, M.V. Tolmacheva and others.

In the study of municipal youth policy, the author relied on the conceptual foundations of social policy, civil society institutions, presented in the works of G.I. Avtsinova, T.A. Vasilyeva, L.E. Ilyicheva, I.V. Orlova, E.N. Tarasova and others.

The problems of the project approach to the development of youth initiatives were considered by S.S. Gilem, S.G. Lesnikova, G.A. Luks, S.V. Uskov and others.

Thus, youth social issues are studied by various sciences - pedagogy, sociology, history, etc. However, the attention of political science to youth policy and issues is not enough. This is especially true at the municipal level, where state guidelines are translated into practical actions.

Thus, the topic of the dissertation as a scientific problem in a direct formulation is little studied, which determines the importance of its comprehensive, comprehensive study.

Object of study - modern youth policy of the city of Moscow at the municipal level.

Subject of study– trends, priorities, contradictions of modern municipal youth policy, the mechanism of its development and implementation.

Purpose of the study- identifying the direction, priorities, experience, problems, the mechanism for implementing the municipal youth policy, developing a model for its effective functioning in modern conditions.

Realization of this goal involves the solution of the following tasks:

To study the theoretical and methodological basis of the state and municipal youth policy;

Analyze conceptual approaches, paradigms for the development and implementation of youth municipal policy;

To identify trends, contradictions, technology for the implementation of municipal youth policy;

To explore the competencies of public authorities and local governments as subjects of youth policy, as well as the political, legal, informational foundations of their activities;

To carry out monitoring of the municipal youth policy (based on the materials of the city of Moscow);

Offer a practice-oriented model of municipal youth policy in modern conditions.

Research hypothesis - young people, who as of January 1, 2012 make up 22.059% of Russian society, are one of the active actors political life countries, the pillar of economic transformation. The modernization development of the country and its future depend on the degree of its education, political culture, civic position, spiritual and moral character.

As an object and subject of municipal policy, young people are interested in the development and implementation of its effective model, which depends on a number of factors, primarily the interaction of state authorities, local governments, the public, and the activity of the youth themselves.

One of the priorities is the development of an innovative methodology for modeling municipal youth policy, including models at different levels of government, which can help strengthen the role of youth in the political and innovative processes of modern Russia.

Theoretical and methodological base of the research: theories, concepts, paradigms - the theory of socio-political development of youth, political participation, legal consciousness of youth; interdisciplinary concepts and paradigms: psychoanalytic, structural-functional, thesaurus concept of youth, social and production paradigm of youth, concept of youth social risk, domestic concept of juvenology, humanistic concept of youth.

Used to analyze the paradigm of social modernization, gender reconstruction of political systems, the knowledge economy in terms of their impact on modern municipal youth policy.

The categorical-conceptual series of political science was used methodologically, which made it possible to reveal the essence, features, richness of connections and contradictions of municipal youth policy in modern conditions.

Application principles scientific character, consistency, determinism made it possible to characterize the complex and contradictory process of formation and development of municipal youth policy in many aspects.

A comprehensive analysis of problems predetermined the use of a wide range of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, observation, analogy, etc.), general logical (generalization, comparison, etc.), special (comparative political science, critical dialectical, etc.) research methods.

During the research, we used documentary sources: international documents of the UN, the European Union, etc.; the Constitution of the Russian Federation; legislative acts of the Russian Federation; Messages and Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation; Decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation; legislative acts and resolutions of Moscow authorities; documents of socio-political structures: agreements, decisions of local authorities, municipalities; plans; instructions, etc.

Empirical base of research represented by the materials of the All-Russian population census of 2002, 2010; statistical data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, VCIOM of the Russian Federation, etc.; materials of sociological researches of IS RAS and ISPI RAS in 2002-2013. The author of the dissertation in 2009-2011. a study was conducted on the problem of involving young people in the political life of society *.

The dissertation student studied the experience of the inner-city municipalities of Kuntsevo, Sviblovo, Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Chertanovo Severnoe and others in the implementation of youth policy. The results obtained represent a special empirical layer of research, allow us to draw theoretical conclusions.

The scientific novelty of the research results is as follows:

1) developed theoretical and methodological basis for the study of municipal youth policy as an object of political analysis;

2) formulated theoretical provisions of the municipal youth policy, its strategic directions;

3) proven that work with young people should be based on the principle of comprehensiveness and carried out taking into account their needs and political interests at the level of the municipality;

4) proven that strengthening the effectiveness of municipal youth policy depends on the broad representation of this group in government, especially in representative structures;

5) municipal youth policy considered as a combination of the general and the special: it cannot but contain national attitudes and its own priorities, determined by the place of residence, traditions, and socio-cultural environment;

6) identified the trend of ineffectiveness of the municipal youth policy, despite the availability of conditions and resources, due to the lack of an integrated approach;

7) systematized political and legal, information base of municipal youth policy in the aspect of nationwide approaches;

8) considered competencies of federal, regional authorities, local self-government to work with youth;

7) reasoned demand for the political culture of youth as an important political resource for the implementation of municipal youth policy;

8) based on identified contradictions and trends developed a model of municipal youth policy in Moscow, including the legal and information base for its development, focused on increasing the social and political activity of young people.

Thus, the dissertation is one of the first comprehensive studies of municipal youth policy in domestic political science.

The reliability and scientific character of the research results is ensured by:

- application of the scientific logic of research;

The use of empirical data that made it possible to formulate reasoned assumptions and conclusions;

Consulting with specialists in the field of state youth policy, leaders of youth public associations.

Provisions for defense:

1. Municipal youth policy is a multicomponent system, an integral set of priorities, goals, functions, forms, methods, means of activity of local governments as an institution of power and civil society. Its purpose is to protect the rights, interests, social political guarantees of young people of various social statuses in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Empirical evidence proves that this type of policy contributes to the formation of the political culture of young people, the development of local youth initiatives, youth participation, problem solving, taking into account and based on local socio-economic, political, cultural and historical factors and resources.

2. The phenomenon of "municipal youth policy" as a theoretical and methodological triad is interpreted in three political science aspects - these are:

The most important instrument of the state youth policy on the principles of social partnership of civil society actors, taking into account the culture of the settlement, its traditions; interests, needs of youth;

An effective mechanism for developing the potential of young people by means of designing, programming and modeling socially significant, political activities in the interests of the local community;

Innovative technology of selection, training, integration of the youth personnel reserve as a political elite and a strategic resource for modernization.

3. The determinants of the effectiveness of the municipal youth policy are the structural and functional components of management:

State youth policy (federal bodies of state power and administration);

Regional youth policy (system of regional authorities and administration);

The system of local governments (representative body of local education, head of the municipality, administration) as independent, non-state, full-fledged subjects of the implementation of the state youth strategy. Along with this, the subjects of social partnership in the field of municipal policy are civil society structures, youth and children's public associations and organizations, business communities, associations, movements, legal entities and individuals.

4. An innovative model of municipal youth policy is a scientifically developed, politically coordinated process of interaction between public authorities, local government, civil society institutions, youth in the conditions of the territory of the municipality in order to implement priority areas of state youth policy.

Information technology, personnel, methodological, resource support;

Political education and training of youth, taking into account the macro-; meso-; micro-factors of the stages of general and political socialization;

Socio-political communications;

Support for youth initiatives (youth and children's movement, youth parliamentarism, youth design, youth volunteering);

Youth participation in social and political practice;

Prevention of socially negative phenomena among the youth;

Motivation for the development of political culture and a healthy lifestyle of young people;

Monitoring system, performance parameters.

Theoretical significance of the study is that its results enrich the theoretical component of a comprehensive analysis of aspects of municipal youth policy, expand the scope of scientific knowledge in this area, specify trends, contradictions, and the implementation mechanism. Theoretical provisions, conclusions and proposals formulated by the author can be used in the development and implementation of the municipal youth policy. The research stimulates further scientific developments in this area.

Practical significance of the study: materials of the dissertation research, the model developed by the author can be used in the implementation of the municipal youth policy, evaluation of its effectiveness, further improvement.

The provisions of the model can be used to develop policy documents for political parties, public associations, and youth organizations. The dissertation is of interest to teachers in the preparation and reading of courses related to youth policy.

Approbation of the research results

The author has developed and tested curricula in a number of areas of training (specialty) 040700 - Organization of work with youth (bachelor's and master's degrees), 040400 - Social work (bachelor's degree): youth policy, youth movement, social security of youth, etc. The author participated in the development of the program advanced training of specialists in the field of state youth policy for the Institute of Additional vocational education GASIS NRU HSE. In co-authorship, the textbook "Time Management in Working with Youth" and the monograph "Social Security of Youth" were published.

The dissertation student acted as an expert in the analysis of the Draft Regulations on the system of indicators of the effectiveness of the implementation of youth policy in the city of Moscow, developed by the Department of Family and Youth Policy of the city of Moscow, in pursuance of Art. 43 of the Law of the City of Moscow "On Youth" dated September 30, 2009 No. 39.

The main provisions of the dissertation were reported at conferences, round tables, including the Russian State Social University, the State Academy of Investment Specialists, Moscow youth forums, state and municipal authorities, etc. The author participated as an expert in the thematic program "Youth chooses" as part of the weekly TV show " Family values"on the TV channel" Enlightenment "(broadcast 03/31/2012).

The dissertation was discussed at the meetings of the Departments of Political Science and Social Policy, Family, Gender Policy and Juvenile Studies of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education RSSU, the Department of Political Science and Social Policy GASIS NRU HSE.

The scope and structure of the dissertation: includes an introduction, two chapters (six paragraphs), a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix (tables on the age structure of young people, the competencies of various power structures, etc.).

Municipal youth policy: theoretical and applied aspect

The initial methodological premise of the study of municipal youth policy is the understanding of the state and youth as actors in political processes. It is the state that is called upon to ensure the development social sphere, science, education, the level and quality of life of young people. This type of policy determines the social and political participation of young people as an innovative force in society.

The attempted formulation of the problem determines the use of an interdisciplinary approach by us in the analysis of the concepts and theories of social science in the context of the latest paradigms. This approach will allow developing the principles of modern municipal youth policy.

The starting point of the study is comparative analysis the etymologies of the concepts "theory" (from the Greek theoria - research), "concept" (from the Latin conceptio - idea, idea) and "paradigm" (from the Greek paradeigma - example, sample). The general meaning of terms is understood as scientific and theoretical tools of knowledge in the development of scientific problems. However, each concept has its own meaning. Thus, the concept of theory means teaching, a system of ideas; an integral set of generalized provisions in the form of synthetic knowledge. Whereas the concept of a paradigm means a set of scientific achievements recognized by the scientific community in a certain period of time and forming the basis of new scientific research. The concept of "paradigm" became widespread in connection with the publication of the book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by the American historian T. Kuhn (1962)18. In science, there is no single approach to understanding the term. According to J. Ritzer, a paradigm is a fundamental model of the subject matter of science. The paradigm serves to determine what should be studied, what questions should be asked and how, what rules should be followed when interpreting the answers. In a general sense, a paradigm is a generally accepted theory that guides scientific research.

Along with this, a polyparadigm approach is taken in the work in the interpretation of paradigms: social modernization, knowledge economy and gender reconstruction of political systems. This will update and formulate the essence, principles, content of the state youth policy in general and municipal policy in particular.

So, the study of the theoretical origins of youth policy includes an analysis of the concept of the welfare state as a policy of general welfare, the fundamental provisions of which were laid down in antique period the philosopher of Ancient Greece Aristotle (VIII century BC - II century BC). For our topic, of scientific interest is the Aristotelian interpretation of the triad of political phenomena in the form of postulates: 1) the state as “communication”, 2) politics as management (“state and public affairs”), 3) a person as a “political being”, active. Here, Aristotle's interpretation of youth education as a priority of state policy deserves special attention. In particular, the philosopher writes: "... where this is not the case, the political system itself suffers damage." Aristotle for the first time uses in the political practice of the ancient state-polis the principle of differentiation, the so-called equalizing and distributive (distributive) justice in the sphere of interpersonal relations and social relations. The approaches generalized by Aristotle formed the

Kuhn T. Structure of scientific revolutions. M.: ACT, 2001 the basis for the subsequent concepts of the social state and welfare policies.

The main provisions of this concept and this type of policy were reflected in the development of political thought not only within the framework of utopian socialism (Saint-Simon, Owen, Fourier), economic liberalism of conservative circles and the social security system (Bismarck, M. Thatcher, R. Reagan, etc. .), but also the reformist socialist movement (L. Blanc, F. Lassalle, J. St. Mill, and others), the concept of solidarism (O. Comte, E. Durkheim, L. Dugi, and others).

First, let's clarify: the concept of "welfare state" was introduced into science in 1850 by L. Stein in the sense of the duty and responsibility of the state for ensuring absolute equality in rights and opportunities for all classes, citizens in achieving social and personal progress. By the 1930s, the concept of the "welfare state" was scientifically formulated in Western countries. As the principles of the policy of general welfare as a model of the welfare state, the following provisions were singled out: social justice, social equality, social solidarity, social guarantees.

Thus, the main purpose of the state, according to the concept of the "welfare state", is the responsibility for the well-being of all citizens, especially vulnerable social groups, including young people at the start of life. The issue of distributive justice is covered in the works of authoritative scientists: I. Bentham, D. Gauthier, J. St. Mill, R. Nozick, J. Rawls and others. In particular, J. Rawls believed: “All primary, public goods - freedom and opportunities, income and wealth, as well as the conditions of self-esteem - should be distributed equally, unless the unequal distribution of any Some or all of these benefits do not serve the benefit of the least prosperous part of society. At the same time, the first of the principles correlates with the realization of the rights and freedoms of citizens (political, etc.), citizens of a society should have the same rights in the distribution of income, benefits, wealth. The content of the principle of "honest equality of opportunity" implies not only equal rights, but also opportunities, for example, in the field of education of children from low-income families; real competition for jobs and positions, etc.

J. Rawls substantiates the need to neutralize social inequality through the redistribution of benefits by preventive means. This suggests a "principle of difference" to eliminate inequality by improving the chances of the least prosperous members of society.

L. Dugi considers the ethical-civil aspect of social justice as "social solidarity" in the sphere of public and state organization, private property, which is not a subjective right in the spirit of the Napoleonic Code, but rather a binding "social function" as a constitutional formula "property oblige."

Subsequently, G. Spencer, F. Hayek, B.N. Chicherin and other scientists have undertaken a well-grounded criticism of the theory and practice of the welfare state. Scientists point to the risks of the emergence of "state interventionism", slipping to a totalitarian regime. Excessive guardianship of the state, excessive paternalism reduce independence and activity, especially among young people, give rise to the phenomena of dependency, social and political passivity, absenteeism. This represents a vulnerable aspect of the social policies of the national post-Soviet states, which, in the conditions of social transformation, is actively replaced by strategies of “paternalism substitution”, including in the field of youth policy. This means directed motivation on the part of the state for the independence and activity of young citizens, the provision of targeted social assistance. Based on this, in our work we prove the need for the principle of ambivalence in politics10

Municipal youth policy as a system

Implementation of transferred state powers, for example, in accordance with the Law of Moscow dated May 6, 2013, local governments are empowered to agree on a list of non-residential premises owned by the city, intended for the organization of leisure, social and educational, physical culture and health and sports work with the population at the place of residence with the participation of socially oriented non-profit organizations and receive sufficient funding for this activity. In 2013, 16.5 billion rubles allocated from the city budget of Moscow for the improvement and maintenance of yards, outdoor lighting of yard areas and major repairs of houses are distributed by agreement of deputies of municipal assemblies, taking into account the opinion of residents. Of which: 4.7 billion rubles. aimed at the improvement of courtyards, parks and squares; 3.8 billion rubles - overhaul of houses; 3 billion rubles - Outdoor Lighting; 5 billion rubles - additional measures in the sphere of housing and communal services80.

This fact testifies to the trust of the state authorities, as well as the local community, to the municipal deputies in the development of housing and communal services in Moscow.

The transferred state powers also include the right to determine the winner of the competition for the right to conclude a contract on a gratuitous basis for the implementation of social programs for the organization of leisure, social, educational, physical culture, health and sports work with the population at the place of residence in non-residential premises owned by the city. Such approaches are carried out in the interests of the political and socio-economic development of municipalities in the context of the state youth policy at the local level.

Despite more than twenty years of experience in modern youth policy, the practice of evaluating its effectiveness has not yet been fully established. In recent years, almost every program aimed at the youth group of the population has a mandatory section on expected results and performance analysis. As a rule, this section contains those indicators by which one can judge the effectiveness of the program. However, there is no comprehensive system for evaluating the effectiveness of youth policy at the federal, regional and municipal levels. Youth policy action documents contain sections on expected results and social impact analysis. However, the methods for evaluating the effectiveness of measures taken as part of the implementation of the state youth policy differ and are non-transparent for experts at the regional and federal levels, which makes it difficult for them to make appropriate managerial and political decisions. So, it has not yet been determined what should be taken into account when assessing the effectiveness of youth policy: the amount of funding and investment, economic efficiency, the number of beneficiaries of the service, the social effect, the implementation of federal, regional laws and drafts of the State Youth Policy Strategy, the collection of empirical materials in the regions and municipalities or conducting sample surveys.

The study of tools for assessing the effectiveness of youth policy is impossible without a detailed consideration of its conceptual and categorical apparatus.

First of all, we should dwell on bringing various interpretations of the concept of efficiency. This concept has several meanings.

Practical efficiency (Efficiency) characterizes the efficiency of activities, reflecting the amount of output per unit of costs. The less resources spent on achieving the planned results, the higher the productivity. Effectiveness characterizes such an effect (result) of actions that cannot always be measured using quantitative indicators.

Productive efficiency (Efficacy) characterizes the ability to produce the intended result in the desired volume, can be expressed as a percentage of the actually produced result to the planned one.

In our opinion, municipal youth policy measures should correspond to the above efficiency values, that is: be focused on specific results, the achievement or non-achievement of which is clearly recorded; take into account not only quantitative, but qualitative changes in the characteristics of the youth environment of the municipality; be economically viable.

Since youth policy is part of the social policy of the state, they must be considered in a dialectical unity. In the Russian Federation, the real generalizing characteristic of the socio-economic development of society and the implementation of social policy are statistical indicators of the level and quality of life, which allow us to assess the degree of social well-being of all categories of citizens, including young people. Thus, we can conclude that the level and quality of life of young people are indicators of the effectiveness of municipal youth policy, among other things.

At present, in the context of the quality of life imperative, the qualimetry of man and life is being formed. The standard is the system of basic values of quality measures of a certain social object or process, taken as a basis for comparing the social quality and properties of various objects, their elements, processes of change. These basic values are called differently: such concepts as "social indicators", "social parameters", "social indicators", "signs" are used. In some cases, they are identified, and in others, a different meaning creeps into them (see Table 2)

Monitoring of Municipal Youth Policy: Youth Social Atlas

The training in the project is based on a pyramid, the first four levels of which - the educational blocks "Leader", "Administrator", "Manager", "Organizer" - include trainings and master classes, administrative practice, the implementation of a social or information project. Each level is certified. At each stage there is the possibility of passing psychological testing. The last four levels of the pyramid are personnel programs: “Understudy of the head of the council”, “Understudy of the minister (Student Government of understudies)”, “Expert (Youth expert group under the mayor)”, “Counselor”. To coordinate the passage of students through the levels of the pyramid in each district of Moscow, District Representative Offices of the "Civil Shift" were created, which coordinate the activities of representative offices of universities and colleges. Representatives of the project in universities perform organizational tasks to promote the project and attract students to participate in the project.

There is one significant drawback in the activities of most youth public associations and advisory and advisory bodies of youth - they are focused on young people with an active civic position, young leaders and volunteers. In fact, young families, young people with disabilities, young people in a difficult life situation are not involved in social and political life.

Hence the conclusion: in a country where the state youth policy is designed to meet the needs of all social groups and strata of the Russian youth community in the age limit from 14 to 30 years, this situation does not meet the criteria of state and municipal policy. Based on the results of monitoring the dynamics of youth involvement in the socio-political life of the country and the local community, we have developed a social atlas - a systematic collection of tables with explanatory

140 text representing the most popular public associations in Moscow, whose activities are aimed at involving young people in the political life of society, the formation of the political culture of the younger generation.

Separate extracts from the youth atlas are presented by us in the appendices of the dissertation. This atlas has been developed as a practical guide for specialists in municipal youth policy in the form of a systematized information base, including analytical tables in various areas of work with youth with explanatory text. As the practice of working with youth at the municipal level (on the example of the city of Moscow) shows, the use of a social atlas affects the effectiveness of political decisions of local government structures with the participation of young people as an actor in politics.

Since one of the leading principles on which the GMF Strategy in the Russian Federation until 2016 is based is the project approach, in accordance with the logic of the dissertation research, we considered youth projects at the federal, regional and municipal levels. The GMP strategy in the Russian Federation until 2016 proposes seven projects for implementation at the federal, regional, local levels: - "Russian youth information network" New Look "", the purpose of which is to promote the values of Russian society: health, work, family, tolerance, human rights , citizenship and patriotism by means of social advertising; - "Step forward", focused on helping young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation integrate into public life; - "Volunteer of Russia", aimed at the development of youth volunteering; - "Career", the goals of which are self-determination of young people in the labor market, involvement in labor and economic activities; 141 - "Team", providing for the preparation of young people for participation in the socio-political life of Russia, the collective management of social life through the process of self-management of their own life; - "Success is in your hands", the main purpose of which is to accompany talented youth, use the products of their innovative activities; - "Young family", whose goals are to strengthen the institution of a young family, increase the number prosperous families in Russia. The regional executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation rely on the feasibility studies of these projects in the implementation of state youth policy measures.

The All-Russian level is represented by the projects of the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs (Rosmolodezh): “Zvorykinsky project”, “You are an entrepreneur”, “Technology of kindness”, “Information flow”, “APT Square”, “Run after me”, “All houses”, "Our Common Victory", "Youth Governments", "Team 2018" (see Annex 10 - Extract 1 from the Youth Social Atlas). In particular, the analysis of the goals, objectives, activities of the projects revealed their compliance with the following areas of the GMF Strategy in the Russian Federation until 2016: informing young people about the possibilities of realizing their potential, involving them in social practice, identifying, promoting and supporting their activity and achievements in the socio-economic , creative and sports fields, development of independent living skills.

Modeling municipal youth policy: experience, implementation mechanism

The strategy of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation until 2016 (approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 No. 1760-r) - hereinafter the Strategy of the GMP in the Russian Federation - is aimed at developing the political subjectivity of young people. It states that “...Projects developed for the implementation of priority areas will be addressed to all the youth of Russia, will open up opportunities for equal participation in them by all young people, regardless of gender, nationality, profession, place of residence and social status... »106. However, the implementation of the GMP Strategy projects in the Russian Federation cannot guarantee the development of all the youth of Russia until 2016, the participation of young citizens in the development and implementation of priority areas of state youth policy, since it does not specify targeted technologies for developing the political subjectivity of young people, especially at the level of the local community. AT modern system political management to specify the subject status of a participant in the political process, the following categories are used: - project (project) - a temporary enterprise designed to create unique products, services or results;

Smirnova. Series "Scientific Reports: Independent Economic Analysis". M.: Moscow public scientific fund; Center for Social Policy and Gender Research. 2007, C. it - a portfolio (portfolio) - a set of projects or programs and other works, combined together with the aim of effectively managing these works to achieve strategic goals. Portfolio projects and programs are not necessarily interdependent or directly related108. In the practice of implementing the state youth policy in Russia, targeted programs and youth projects are used. However, the announcement by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1383 “On holding the Year of Youth in the Russian Federation” dated September 18, 2008, 2009 as the Year of Youth in Russia, had a significant impact on the development of the project approach in this area, the formation and development of the political subjectivity of the young generation of Russian citizens . The purpose of the municipal youth policy is to develop the subjectivity of young Russian citizens. Thus, at present, every citizen who has reached the age of 18 has the right to become a deputy of the municipal Assembly109. The same strategy is followed by Moscow legislation, which, earlier than the federal one, introduced a rule that from the age of 18 a young citizen can be elected to the municipal Assembly. Since registration as a candidate for deputy takes place 2-3 months before the date of election, it is possible to register as a candidate being seventeen years old. Thus, the civil platform of local self-government is currently becoming a real springboard for the development of the political participation of young people in the political life of the municipality, city, region and country as a whole. in which young people, as an object of political relations, have the desires, will, readiness for the implementation by state authorities and local self-government of policy in relation to it, actively participate in it. State authorities and local governments implementing youth policies have a high degree of competence and professionalism to implement policies that meet the current needs and interests of young people. The implementation of this model in practice requires a high degree of civic culture, political legal awareness of both the youth themselves and state and municipal employees engaged in professional and managerial activities in the field of youth policy. Due to the volatility and riskiness of the youth social environment, manifestations of youth political radicalism that can transform into political conflicts, the development of this model seems to us inappropriate in modern conditions.

Thus, the tasks of our study are most consistent with the structural-functional and subject-developing model of municipal youth policy. This model allows you to establish structural similarity, highlight the functions of the model and the original, on the basis of which you can obtain objectively complete information about the original. The interaction of political subjects in this model is characterized as developing, subject-active, their activities are aimed at "leveling" the political status of young people. At the same time, as noted above, the theoretical and methodological foundations (prerequisites) of the model of municipal youth policy include theoretical approaches, provisions, principles of municipal youth policy as a theoretical product of our study and an ideal-typical construct of a specific political system. Theoretical and methodological substantiation of the model of the municipal youth

Sinchuk, Igor Yurievich