Oh Lesson! - you are sun!
Sh. Amonashvili
Okunev Anatoly Arsenievich(R. …) - mathematic teacher high school No. 526 of St. Petersburg, Honored Teacher of the RSFSR, laureate of the Prize. N.K. Krupskaya.
Technology classification parameters
Level and nature of application: general pedagogical.
Philosophical basis: dialectical.
Methodological approach: differentiated, complex, active.
Leading development factors: sociogenic.
Scientific concept of mastering experience: associative-reflex.
Orientation to personal spheres and structures: ZUN + COURT.
Content nature: educational, secular, general education, technocratic, polytechnology.
Type of socio-pedagogical activity: teaching, educational, management.
Type of management of the educational process: modern traditional education.
Prevailing Methods: explanatory and illustrative + search.
Organizational forms: classroom class.
Dominant means: verbal + visual + practical.
Approach to the child and the nature of educational interactions: collaboration technology.
Direction of modernization: activation.
Target Orientations
¶ Assimilation of standard ZUN and mathematical SUD.
¶ Creating and maintaining high level cognitive interest and independent mental activity students.
¶ Economical and expedient spending of lesson time.
¶ Variety of teaching methods and tools.
¶ Formation and training of ways of mental activity of students.
¶ Formation and development of self-governing mechanisms of the individual, contributing to learning.
¶ High positive level of interpersonal relationships between teacher and students.
¶ Development of capable children.
Conceptual Provisions
v Driving force learning process is a contradiction between the tasks that you set for students and their knowledge and skills.
v Principle of Interest . Novelty, new material as a kind of irritant that causes mismatch, including the mechanisms of orientation and cognitive activity. Each lesson should have intrigue, zest.
v good lesson is a lesson of questions and doubts, insights and discoveries. Its terms:
- theoretical material should be given at a high level, and asked - according to abilities;
– the principle of connection between theory and practice: to teach how to apply knowledge in unusual situations;
- the principle of accessibility: the student must act at the limit of his abilities; the teacher's talent is to guess these possibilities, correctly determine the degree of difficulty;
- the principle of consciousness: the child must know what he is going through (at the beginning of the study of the topic, they leaf through the textbook, establish why and what they will study);
- installation not on memorization, but on meaning, the task is in the center of the content;
– the principle of the strength of knowledge acquisition: the basics of memorization are given;
- thinking should prevail over memory, educational information is distributed into large blocks , the material is given in large doses;
- the principle of visibility (working out the ability to observe);
- the principle of optimization (highlighting the main thing, time accounting).
Features of the technique
The main features of the technology of a highly productive, productive lesson:
- creation and maintenance of a high level of cognitive interest and independent mental activity of students;
- economical and expedient spending of lesson time;
- the use of a diverse arsenal of teaching methods and tools;
- the formation and training of methods of mental actions of students (SUD);
- contribution to the formation and development of the student's personal qualities, and, first of all, self-governing mechanisms of the personality that contribute to learning (SUM);
– high positive level of interpersonal relations between teacher and students;
- the volume and strength of the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by schoolchildren at the lesson (ZUN).
Technology system modern lesson has great variability. Known recommendations on the example of only one small structural part vary in A.A. Okuneva like this:
Ways to organize the beginning of the lesson(task: capture attention; get involved in the lesson; provide positive motivation):
A problem is proposed that can be solved only on the basis of life experience guys, their ingenuity, so that everyone is equal.
The task is given to train memory, observation, to search for patterns in the material well-learned by schoolchildren.
Equations and answers to them are written on the board, among which there are both correct and incorrect ones.
It is suggested to check them out.
The solution of some example or problem with the traditional, most common mistakes is written on the board.
A traditional problem with an ordinary solution is given. It is proposed to find a shorter, rational one.
A drawing for a complex problem is given on the board, and the search for its solution is carried out by the method of "brainstorming".
The lesson begins with reading the phrases of the paragraph (studied independently) - discussing its meaning, answering questions, proving the depth of study of the topic.
Questions are written on the board to help you understand. key points proofs of the most difficult theorem in order to better remember it.
The guys depict some geometric figure and spend research work according to plan.
Various ways of solving the problem are discussed.
Was given homework- compose a fairy tale, make a crossword puzzle. The most successful are presented.
Some mathematical problem is being considered that has not yet been discussed in the class. Pupils outline a plan to find its solution.
There are drawings for homework on the board. According to the finished drawings, their solutions are discussed.
The lesson begins with "soloists" - "defend" the solution of difficult household tasks.
t Teacher Requirements
The main task of the teacher - bring up the faith student in their own strength, teach enjoy the company with a teacher, comrades, to educate attention, the desire for independent activity schoolchildren.
Use techniques that allow you to effectively apply educational material in order to develop students self-education skills .
Sensitively respond to the thoughts of the student, improvise.
Make the lesson emotionally vivid.
Use all the various modern methods lesson.
Create psychological comfort for the class.
Focus on student self-employment.
t The system of lessons (according to the classification of A.A. Okunev):
lessons where students learn remember material (learn to keep the material in memory);
a lesson in finding rational solutions;
a lesson in checking results by comparing them with data;
one task lesson (pleasure in what they think);
lesson independent work requiring creativity;
a lesson of independent work on the material that was not explained;
a lesson in which they return to previously studied material, consider knowledge from a new angle;
lesson - "benefit performance";
junior laboratory work on the geometric material;
lesson - oral test;
lesson-test (thematic and final).
Forerunners, varieties, followers
& Lesson technologies based on the improvement of the classical forms of lesson teaching, non-standard structures and methods, developed by many subject teachers: L.V. Makhova (chemistry), T.I. Goncharova (history), V.A. Gerbutov (physics), etc.
1. Goncharova T. I. The lessons of history are the lessons of life. - M., 1986.
2. Makhova L.V. Experience, search, thoughts ... - M., 1989
3. Nyankovsky M.A. We study " Quiet Don". - Yaroslavl, 1996.
4. Okunev A.A. Thanks for the lesson kids! - M.: Enlightenment, 1988.
5. Okunev A.A. Change accent // Public education. - 1991. - No. 1, 3, 5.
6. Okunev A.A. We have no right to get tired // Public education. - 1988. - No. 10.
7. Selevko G.K. Test aspect analysis of the lesson. - M.: RIPKRO, 1996.
4. "I find it difficult to solve complex problems." “My dear young friend! I received your letter and, after reading it, I learned that it is difficult for you to solve complex problems. I will give you advice on how to solve such problems. First, read the paragraph (carefully), think about what is written there. Zatek, read the problem as carefully as it is given in the problem. Then just decide, but first think it over and weigh it.
5. "It's hard for me to choose the time." “My dear young friend! I wish you only the very best. Try to understand the problem. Stare into it with your eyes, look at it for a long time and think over all the steps. Then close your eyes and imagine the condition in front of you. If you understand the condition, and it is VERY DIFFICULT, you will be able to solve the problem and many other interesting problems"
6. “It’s hard for me: I get distracted>. “My dear young friend! Try to find something interesting for yourself in all the problems, and you will understand what you did not know. Newton derived the law of physics from a wormy apple. If that doesn't bother you, here it is: a brilliant style of martial arts - "praying mantis style" was created in the observation of these insects.
7. "It's hard for me to do my homework when I'm forced to." “My dear young friend! You are right, when you are forced to do something, you will definitely do the wrong thing. Therefore, you yourself must want it, and then everything will work out. Well, everyone, goodbye. If there are any difficulties, write to me. your professor"
8. "I find it difficult to understand some tasks." “My dear young friend! Yes, it is very difficult to understand or comprehend some tasks, but it is very important to do it, because without it it is impossible to solve the problem. Try to draw a picture, not only on a sheet of paper, but also mentally. This is very useful for the brain, it develops. The main thing is to persistently look for a solution, and it will be found. Some problems take centuries to solve. And the great mathematicians were not ashamed of the fact that they could not solve the problem.
9. "It's hard for me to focus on a task." “My dear young friend! If you cannot concentrate on a task, then leave it and solve another one; then, when you figure out how to solve it, you will get such pleasure from solving it and you will be glad that you did not overwork yourself!
10. "It's hard for me to choose so many tasks that the teacher is happy." “My dear young friend! I received your letter asking for help and I am sending you good advice: never despair! And when you do your homework, don't think about how much to do. You think only about the task, then you will do as much as you have never done. Always read the paragraph given at home, and the teacher will praise you! Never get sick, learn to five! Your professor Igor ibn Khaliv Charan Khatabych"
11. "It's hard for me to focus on a task." “My dear young friend! I want to teach you how to do your homework. It is better to start the lessons with a fresh head. First read the problem, then mentally imagine it; if it doesn’t work out, then draw on a piece of paper, then think about how you can solve the problem, what to use; if you are tired or you can’t do it and start to get nervous, then get up, help your mother or grandmother with the housework, rest, and then start solving this problem again. And never be afraid of challenges and difficulties. Good luck. Unknown professor.
Super homework task
Homework is a type of learning activity that is not taught in school. In the lower grades, parents
Classification parameters of technology According to the level of application: general pedagogical. On a philosophical basis: dialectical. According to the main factor of development: sociogenic. According to the concept of assimilation: associative-reflex. By orientation to personal structures: ZUN + COURT. By the nature of the content: educational, secular, general education, technocratic, political technology. By type of management: modern traditional education. By organizational forms: class-lesson. By approach to the child: the technology of cooperation. According to the prevailing method: explanatory-illustrative + search. In the direction of modernization: activation. By category of trainees: mass.
Conceptual provisions The driving force of the educational process is the contradiction between the tasks that you set for students and their knowledge and skills. principle of interest. Novelty, new material as a kind of irritant, causing a mismatch, including the mechanisms of orientation and cognitive activity. Each lesson should have intrigue, zest.
A good lesson is a lesson of questions and doubts, insights and discoveries. Its conditions: - theoretical material should be given at a high level, and asked according to abilities; - the principle of connection between theory and practice; - the principle of accessibility; - the principle of consciousness; - setting not for memorization, but for meaning; - the principle of the strength of the assimilation of knowledge; - thinking should prevail over memory, educational information is divided into large blocks, the material is given in large doses; - the principle of visibility (working out the ability to observe); - the principle of optimization (highlighting the main thing, accounting for time).
Features of the methodology The main features of the technology of a highly productive, productive lesson: - creating and maintaining a high level of cognitive interest and independent mental activity of students; - economical and expedient spending of lesson time; - the use of a diverse arsenal of teaching methods and tools; - formation and training of methods of mental actions of students (SUD); - high positive level of interpersonal relations between teacher and students; - the volume and strength of the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by schoolchildren at the lesson (ZUN).
Ways to organize the beginning of the lesson: A task is proposed that is solved only on the basis of the children's life experience, their ingenuity, so that everyone is equal. The task is given to train memory, observation, to search for patterns in the material well-learned by schoolchildren. In mathematics lessons, equations and answers to them are written on the board, among which there are both correct and incorrect ones. It is suggested to check them out. The solution of some example or problem with the traditional, most common mistakes is written on the board. A traditional problem with an ordinary solution is given. It is proposed to find a shorter, rational one. A drawing for a complex problem is given on the board, and the condition of the problem is created by the method of "brainstorming", and a search for its solution is carried out.
The main tasks of the teacher: to cultivate the student's faith in his own strength, to teach him to enjoy communication with the teacher, comrades, to cultivate attention, the desire for independent activity of schoolchildren. Use techniques that allow you to effectively apply educational material in order to develop self-education skills in students. Sensitively respond to the thoughts of the student, improvise. Make the lesson emotionally vivid. Use all the various modern teaching methods. Create psychological comfort for the class. Focus on student self-employment.
The system of lessons: - lessons where students learn to remember the material; - a lesson in the search for rational solutions; - a lesson in checking results by comparing them with data; - lesson of one task; - a lesson of independent work, requiring a creative approach; - a lesson of independent work on the material that was not explained; - a lesson in which they return to previously studied material, consider knowledge from a new angle; - lesson - "benefit performance"; - laboratory work on the geometric material of juniors; - lesson - oral test; - lesson-offset.
Non-traditional lesson technologies include: - integrated lessons based on interdisciplinary connections; - lessons in the form of competitions and games; - lessons based on forms, genres and methods of work known in social practice; - lessons based on non-traditional organization educational material; - lessons with imitation of public forms of communication; - Lessons using fantasy; - lessons based on imitation of the activities of institutions and organizations; - lessons imitating social and cultural events; - transferring traditional forms of extracurricular work into the framework of the lesson.
Technology based on a system of effective lessons (A.A. Okunev) O Lesson! - you are sun! Sh.Amonashvili
Okunev Anatoly Arsenievich- Mathematics teacher of secondary school No. 526 in St. Petersburg, Honored Teacher of the RSFSR, laureate of the Prize. N.K. Krupskaya.
Technology classification parameters
By application level: general pedagogical. On a philosophical basis: dialectical. According to the main factor of development: sociogenic. According to the concept of assimilation: associative-reflex. By orientation to personal structures: ZUN + COURT. By the nature of the content: educational, secular, general educational, technocratic, polytechnology.
By type of management: modern traditional education.
The principle of accessibility: the student must act at the limit of his abilities; the teacher's talent is to guess these possibilities, correctly determine the degree of difficulty;
The principle of consciousness: the child must know what he is going through (at the beginning of the study of the topic, they leaf through the textbook, establish why and what they will study);
Setting not for memorization, but for meaning, the task is in the center of the content:
The principle of the strength of the assimilation of knowledge: the basics of memorization are given;
Thinking should take precedence over memory, educational information is divided into big blocks, the material is given in large doses;
The principle of visibility (working out the ability to observe); -principle of optimization (highlighting the main thing, accounting for time).
Features of the technique
The main features of the technology of a highly productive, productive lesson:
Creation and maintenance of a high level of cognitive interest and independent mental activity of students;
Economical and expedient spending of lesson time;
Application of a diverse arsenal of teaching methods and tools;
Contribution to the formation and development of the student's personal qualities, and, first of all, self-governing mechanisms of the personality that contribute to learning (SUM);
High positive level of interpersonal relations between teacher and students;
The volume and strength of the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by schoolchildren in the lesson (ZUN).
The technological scheme of the modern lesson has a huge variability. Known recommendations on the structure of a combined lesson (on the example of only one structural part) vary in A.A. Okunev’s technology as follows (see Fig. 14):
Ways to organize the beginning of the lesson (task: capture attention; get involved in the lesson; provide positive motivation):
A task is proposed, which is solved only on the basis of the life experience of the guys, their ingenuity, so that everyone is equal.
The task is given to train memory, observation, to search for patterns in the material well-learned by schoolchildren.
Equations and answers to them are written on the board, among which there are both correct and incorrect ones. It is suggested to check them out.
The solution of an example or problem with the traditional, most common mistakes is written on the board.
A traditional problem with an ordinary solution is given. It is proposed to find a shorter, rational one.
A drawing for a complex problem is given on the board, and the search for its solution is carried out by the method of "brainstorming".
Rice. 14 Technological scheme of the combined lesson
The lesson begins with reading the phrases of the paragraph (studied independently) - discussing its meaning, answering questions, proving the depth of study of the topic.
Questions are written on the board, the answers to which will help to comprehend the key points of the proof of the most difficult theorem in order to better remember it.
The guys depict some geometric figure and carry out research work
according to plan.
Homework was given - to compose a fairy tale, to make a crossword puzzle. The most successful are presented.
Some mathematical problem is being considered that has not yet been discussed in the class. Pupils outline a plan to find its solution.
There are drawings for homework on the board. According to the finished drawings, their solutions are discussed.
The lesson begins "soloists" - "defend" the solution of difficult home tasks " Teacher Requirements
The main task of the teacher is to educate faith student in their own strength, teach enjoy the company with a teacher, comrades, to educate attention, the desire for independent activity schoolchildren.
Use techniques that allow you to effectively apply educational material in order to develop students self-education skills.
Sensitively respond to the thoughts of the student, improvise.
Make the lesson emotionally vivid.
Use all the various modern teaching methods.
Create psychological comfort for the class.
Focus on student self-employment.
Lesson system(according to the classification of A.A. Okunev):
Lessons where students learn remember material (learn to keep the material in memory);
Search Lesson rational decisions
Lesson of checking results by comparisons with data;
One task lesson (pleasure in what they think);
Self-study lesson requiring creativity;
Lesson of independent work on material that was not explained;
A lesson in which they return to previously studied material, consider knowledge from a new angle;
Lesson - "benefit performance";
Junior laboratory work on geometric material;
Lesson - oral test;
Lesson-test (thematic and final).
Lesson technologies based on the improvement of classical forms of lesson teaching, non-standard structures and methods were developed by many subject teachers: K.V. Makhova (chemistry), T.I. Goncharova (history), V.A. Gerbutov (physics), M .A.Nyankovsky (literature), E.A.Filippova (foreign language).
Non-traditional learning technologies include:
Integrated lessons based on interdisciplinary connections;
Lessons in the form of competitions and games; competition, tournament, relay race (linguistic battle), duel, business or role-playing game, crossword, quiz;
Lessons based on forms, genres and methods of work known in social practice; research, invention, commentary, brainstorming, interview, reporting, review;
Lessons based on non-traditional organization of educational material: a lesson in wisdom, a lesson in love, a revelation (confession), a presentation lesson, “an understudy begins to act”;
Lessons with imitation of public forms of communication: a press conference, an auction, a benefit performance, a rally, a regulated discussion, a panorama, a TV show, a teleconference, a report, a live newspaper, an oral magazine;
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