This lesson is the first lesson in 10th grade. This lesson introduces new terms, briefly talks about the main objectives of the course of study. Students get acquainted with the meaning of the economic and social geography of the world, its features, main concepts. In addition, the lesson discusses the features of the modern political map of the world, its quantitative and qualitative shifts.

Topic: Modern political map of the world

Lesson: Political map of the world

Economic and social geography of the world - social science that studies the patterns of territorial distribution of social production, the conditions and characteristics of its development and location in various countries ah and areas.

Economic and social geography combines elements of geography, economics, sociology, it makes extensive use of various research methods of both geographical science and other disciplines.

The subject of the study of economic and social geography is the territorial aspect social reproduction in specific socio-historical conditions.

The political map acts as an important tool for mastering knowledge of geography in grades 10 and 11. There are more than 230 countries on the modern political map of the world.

Rice. 1. Political map of the world

Types of changes in the political map of the world - various transformations on the political map.

Changes are both quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative changes:

1. Accession to the territory of the state of newly discovered lands.
2. Acquisition or loss of land after the war.
3. Voluntary concessions.
4. Disintegration or accession of territories.

Qualitative changes:

1. Changing the political system in the country.
2. Formation of military blocs.
3. Formation of economic unions.

There are two important concepts in economic and social geography: boundaries and territories.

Country border is a line and a vertical surface passing through it, dividing the territory state sovereignty(which includes land, water, subsoil).

Borders are established on the basis of agreements between states. There are two ways to designate state borders:

1. Delimitation - the definition of boundaries on the map.
2. Demarcation - the definition and designation of boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs.

sovereign state- a politically independent state with autonomy in internal and external affairs. The state is the main object of the political map of the world.

Boundaries differ in the way they are drawn:

1. Orographic boundaries - are drawn along natural boundaries (rivers, mountains, etc.).
Examples: Russia - China, Russia - Georgia, USA - Mexico.
2. Geometric boundaries - are drawn in straight lines without taking into account the features of the terrain.
Examples: Niger - Mali, Chad - Libya, Libya - Egypt.
3. Astronomical boundaries - are drawn through points with certain geographical coordinates.
Examples: USA - Canada.

Rice. 2. US-Canada border

Territory- this is a part of the earth's surface with its inherent anthropogenic and natural resources, conditions.

Territories are state, international and with a mixed regime.

state territory- a piece of the earth's surface under the sovereignty of a state.

The composition of the state territory includes land, internal waters, territorial waters and subsoil.

Territorial waters are a strip of coastal waters from 3 to 12 nautical miles wide.

1 nautical mile - 1852 meters.

Territories with international regime- territories lying outside the state territory. These earthly spaces are in the common use of all states in accordance with international law.

Examples are Antarctica and outer space.

Territory with mixed regime- these are areas of the World Ocean, the bottom outside the territorial waters.

Special territorial regimes- these are international legal regimes that determine the procedure for the use of any territory.

Non-Self-Governing Territories:

1. Colonies.
2. Overseas departments or freely associated states.

The colony- a dependent territory, which is under the rule of a foreign state (metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime.

Small island nations in the Pacific Ocean are examples.

Currently, there are a huge number of disputed territories on the political map of the world.

Examples of such territories are Gibraltar, the Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, the Kuril Islands, and Nagorno-Karabakh.

As a result, there are unrecognized or partially recognized states- Territories that independently proclaimed their sovereignty without the consent of the UN.

Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan.

Homework

Topic 1, P. 1

1. What is a colony? In what parts of the world were colonial possessions preserved?

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 cells: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Rodionova I.A., Elagin S.A., Kholina V.N., Sholudko A.N. Economic, social and political geography: the world, regions, countries: Educational and reference manual / Ed. prof. I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Ekon-Inform, 2008. - 492 p.

4. Universal Atlas of the World / Yu.N. Golubchikov, S.Yu. Shokarev. - M.: Design. Information. Cartography: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 312 p.

5. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. Control and measuring materials. Geography: Grade 10 / Comp. E.A. Zhizina. - M.: VAKO, 2012. - 96 p.

2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography: Tutorial/ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical options for real tasks of the USE: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.

5. State final certification of 9th grade graduates in a new form. Geography. 2013: Textbook / V.V. Drums. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2013. - 80 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovskiy “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

Public lesson in geography on the topic: Formation of political world maps.

Held in the 10th grade on February 17, 2015 as part of a seminar for teachers of geography " Modern technologies in teaching geography"

Target:

Consider and systematize the changes that have occurred on the political map of the world;

Tasks:

Educational: - consider the concept of "Political map of the world" in a broad and narrow sense;

- explore periods of formation of the political map of the world and their content;

Give a qualitative and quantitative description of the political map of the world;

Introduce the concepts of "country" and "sovereignty",

Educational : - improve the skills of working with special maps, statistical material and a computer, and on the basis of this, draw appropriate conclusions and conclusions;

Educational: - continue the formation of communication skills, develop the ability to work in small groups;

Development of the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations, both personal and based on the requirements of the team; the formation of high moral and volitional qualities, the necessary habits of behavior.

Planned results:

Subject:

Basic level: to give definitions to concepts, to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative changes on the political map of the world, to give examples;

Advanced: Assess Impact historical events on the formation of PCM, to predict further developments on the political map of the world based on the current situation, using information from modern media;

Form the following UUD:

Personal:

the formation of a geographical culture of the individual, the expansion of geographical horizons, civic patriotism, the ability to conduct a dialogue based on equal relations and mutual respect and acceptance, readiness and ability to accept the help and opinion of elders.

Regulatory: take into account the guidelines of action highlighted by the teacher in educational material, in cooperation with the teacher, the class, find several options for solving the educational problem, adjust their actions in accordance with the changing situation;

cognitive: use thematic maps, tables, diagrams, build oral messages, build logical reasoning and draw conclusions, the ability to define concepts; search and selection of necessary information, application of information retrieval methods;

Communicative : choose adequate speech means in dialogue with the teacher, classmates; accept a different opinion and position; negotiate, come to a common decision, formulate, argue and defend their own opinion;

Educational technologies :

research method, group work method.

Equipment: wall maps "Political map of the world", "Political map of Europe", political globe, multi-media projector, electronic presentation for the lesson: "Formation of the political map of the world", additional literature: "All about the countries of the world." Atlas handbook.

Individual equipment : textbook Yu.N. Gladky, V.V. Nikolina, Geography. Modern world: textbook for grades 10 - 11 of educational organizations, "My simulator" author V.V. Nikolina, Geographical atlas, Cell phones with Internet access, table "Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War", emoticons.

Teaching methods : verbal, visual, practical; explanatory - illustrative, partially - search, research, reproductive.

Lesson type: learning new material

Vinakurova Zh.I.: Hello guys! I decided to start today's lesson with a riddle.

slide 1

In geography, a drawing

It looks like a big carpet.

It has every country

Visible from end to end.

What it is?

Students' answers: political map of the world.

VJI: Indeed, having studied the issues related to culture, civilizations and religions, we have come to the section “Political map of the world”.

slide 2

The epigraph for today's lesson will be the words:

“The significance of the political map is enormous. The geographical political map really reflects reality: the international position, the place of countries in the modern world. At the same time, it, especially in dynamics, in historical sequence, is the most important document for statesmen, politicians, political scientists and the most important tool for research, including in political geography - branches of economic and social geography "

What information does the PCM carry?

Do you agree with all the arguments in the epigraph?

What processes does not reflect RMB?

Student responses

We also worked with the political map of the world in previous geography courses. What do you think: what questions should we consider today in the lesson? Pay attention to the questions at the beginning of paragraph 20.

Students' answers: questions of the formation of the political map of the world, to give a quantitative and qualitative description of the political map of the world in order to proceed to the study of the main objects of the PCM.

The topic of our lesson: Formation of the political map of the world (slide 3 opens)

Slide 4 Today in the lesson we will consider the concept of "political map of the world" in a narrow and broad sense, using knowledge of history, literary sources, consider the periods of formation of the political map of the world, get acquainted with the concepts of "Country" and "Sovereignty", give a qualitative and quantitative description of the political map of the world.

To work in the lesson, we need a Geography textbook. The modern world Gladky, Nikolina, "My simulator" author V.V. Nikolina, geographical atlas, table "Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War", additional literature and telephones with Internet access.

Slide 5 (out of 5 - 6 RMB images in different periods)

The many-sided natural background of the Earth is complemented by the cultural, historical and socio-economic diversity of countries and peoples. The multiple nature of the state of culture and civilization reflects the political map of the world. It includes interrelated objects: geographical (countries, territories) and ethnic (peoples). Therefore, the appearance of the world is always determined by the space where the events of life take place, the time of their accomplishment, and the peoples that exist in space and time as acting characters in the theater of history. Since we are going to talk about a political map, about the stages of its formation, let's analyze the map and give a definition: what is a “Political map”?

Student responses

slide 6

political map - 1) in a broad sense - a set of information about the political geography of the world, a set of countries and peoples, taken in all the historical complexity of social relations;

2) in a narrow sense - a special map that displays the territorial and political division of the globe.

Vinakurova Zh.I. The modern political map of the world is the result of several millennia of its development. In the process of its formation, several periods are distinguished.

Characteristics of the historical periods of the formation of the PCM.

The performance of students on completed advanced tasks:

Slide 5 Ancient period Tamarova T. (works with a map ancient egypt+ video clip about Ancient Rome) Centuries and millennia pass, and interest in the history of peoples does not subside.

Slide: 6 Medieval period Tatyanchenko T.

Slide 7: New period: Pozdnyakova A. (map "Great geographical discoveries" and portraits of the discoverers)

Slide 8 : Newest Gek period change after World War 2

(map changes after World War 1)

Slide 9: Modern period Rukin N.

VJI: What changes do you think are possible on RMB in the next 50 years?

Student responses

Collage of photos: world wars, "hot spots", etc.

Using the text of paragraph 5 of the textbook, additional literature and Internet resources, complete task No. 2 on p. 18 in "My simulator" authors Yu.N. Gladky, V.V. Nikolina.

Upon completion of the work, students name the features of the formation of the political map of the world of each era.

Alexander Ukraichenko Reading student Anikeev A.

A political map of the World

A hundred years ago the world was different

Take a look at the map:

Colonies dissipated like smoke

And the states became sovereign.

Having changed the world, it does not stand still,

Borders move back and forth.

There are now over two hundred countries in the world,

Their clean is always changing.

Next, we will work in groups. Since there are 8 people in the class, we will have 2 groups. Each group chooses the proposed tasks and works on them. You can use all the equipment and telephones you have to access the Internet.

Slide 7

Tasks of the 1st group: Printed for a group

Working with the table "Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War" and the political map of the world

Answer the questions:

1. What year can be called the year of Africa. Why?
2. A characteristic feature of the political map of the world after the Second World War is the collapse of the colonial system and the appearance of dozens of liberated camps. Indicate the part of the world with the most countries that achieved political independence during this period.

Task 2 groups: Printed for a group

1. Working with the table "Countries that achieved political independence after the Second World War", political and contour maps of the world, answer the questions:

1. What unites the following countries: Mali, Cambodia, Gabon?

A) These countries are one-national;

B) These are former colonies of France;

C) have access to the Indian Ocean.

2. Draw on a contour map the states of Oceania that achieved political independence in 1986.

Group presentations on the proposed issues.

Slide 8. Characterizing these changes on the RMB, it is appropriate to explain the concepts: “country” and “sovereignty”. Try to find definitions of these concepts on your own using phones with Internet access and dictionaries. One person works with a laptop.

Country- in political and geographical terms - a territory that has certain boundaries, enjoys state sovereignty or is under the rule of another state.

Sovereignty- the independence of the state in external or internal affairs; basic principle of modern international law and international relations.

Today we will get acquainted with the qualitative and quantitative changes taking place on the political map of the world.

Slide 9

Analysis of Fig.31 on p.88. Name quantitative changes and give examples.

Students' responses.

Name the qualitative changes on the political map of the world and give examples.

Students' responses.

Our lesson is coming to an end. Let's do a few assignments to reinforce the material.

Slide 10

Determine in which cases we are talking about qualitative changes on the political map of the world, and in which cases - about quantitative ones?

In 1990, the Yemeni Arab Republic of the PDRY merged into a single state - the Republic of Yemen.

According to the Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as a result of the earthquake in Nevelsk on August 2, 2007, the seabed rose and a land area was formed with total area 3 km2. To the formation of another plot of 1.5 km2LED ERUPTION WOOLKANA Sarychev Peak on the Kuril island of Matua in June 2009.

In 1993, the new state of Eritrea (a former province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea) emerged.

Part of the territory of the Netherlands is land reclaimed from the sea, which led to a change in the political map of the country.

Slide 11 Which region on the PKM has been affected the least by changes, and can it be considered the most stable region on the PKM?

Slide 12. Which region is the richest in the formation of new states?

Students' responses.

Slide 13 Barents Sea

On September 15, 2010, the President of the Russian Federation and the Prime Minister of Norway signed an agreement on the delimitation of jurisdictional zones in the Barents Sea.

A photo. What changes are we talking about?

Conclusion: PKM is characterized by high dynamism. It reflects the main political and geographical changes, the formation of new independent states, the merger of one state with another, changes in the area of ​​the state, capitals and much more. All these elements constitute the main content of the political map of the world.

Reflection:

Self-esteem.

Guys, each of you is invited to fill out a table where you must evaluate your work in the lesson.

What are your grades, what did you learn, what else do you find difficult?

If you were now texting a friend about an event, what emoticon would you put at the end?

The students raise their emoticons.

Today we examined the stages of the formation of the PCM, worked with different sources of information, drew conclusions, worked on assignments. You have been actively working throughout the lesson. Write down your homework.

slide14

P.20 and for students who want to get a higher grade, I propose to complete assignment No. 9 on p. 89.

slide 15

Thank you for your attention

On a political map, like on any other, states, their borders, administrative-territorial division, and largest cities are depicted. All of this means something much more - the regularities of the placement of forms of state structure of the countries of the world, the relationship between states, territorial conflicts associated with the drawing of state borders.

The political map of the world is in the process of constant changes occurring as a result of wars, treaties, the collapse and unification of states, the formation of new independent states, changes in the forms of government, the loss of statehood / political sovereignty /, changes in the area of ​​​​states / countries / - territories and water areas, their borders, changing capitals, changing the names of states / countries / and their capitals, changing forms of government, if they are shown on this map.

Only during the 1990s. on the political map of the world, a new state of Eritrea appeared (separated province of Ethiopia on the Red Sea), Cambodia changed the form of government, becoming a constitutional monarchy.

Formation of the modern political map of the world basically happened to New(the turn of the 17th - 16th centuries before the 1st World War) and Recent periods of history. The European colonization of the New World, which began in the 15th century with the capture by Europeans of the terminal points of trans-Saharan trade - the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, the economic and political development of new territories led to significant changes on the political map - the emergence of new forms of government and government. Spain and Portugal became the largest metropolises, later Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany joined them. Territories in America, Africa, Asia (with rare exceptions) received colonial status.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the national liberation movement in Latin America led to the formation of new independent states.

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the struggle between the leading metropolises for the territorial redistribution of the world intensified, the peak of which was the 1st World War.

In total, in 1900, the colonial possessions of all the imperialist powers covered an area of ​​73 million square meters. km (55% of the land area) with a population of 530 million people (35% of the world's population).

The main milestones in the formation of a modern political map in Newest period were the 2nd World War, 1950-60s (the collapse of the colonial system - the decolonization of Africa, Asia, Oceania, the Caribbean), the turn of the 1980s-90s. (major changes on the political map of Eastern Europe).

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

All objects of the political map of the world can be divided into two large groups: independent states and non-self-governing territories.

INDEPENDENT STATES. Monarchies and republics have this status, they can conclude equal treaties with other states, be members of the UN, and be members of international economic and political organizations. The form of government has an impact on the socio-political life of countries, traditions, but does not determine the level economic development, nor

features of the internal political situation: often monarchies (for example, in Europe) are essentially more democratic than some republics.

MONARCHIES - a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person - the king, emperor, king, sultan and is inherited. In absolute monarchies, the power of the monarch is practically unlimited. Their number on the political map of the world is constantly decreasing, most of them are located in Asia (in fact, absolute monarchies are Bhutan, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait).

Theocratic monarchies are headed by a religious leader. There are only a few such states on the globe - the Vatican, headed by the Pope; Saudi Arabia the king of this monarchy is both the head of the religious community of Sunni Muslims, and the Sultanate of Brunei.

In constitutional monarchies, the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, and in parliamentary monarchies, by parliament. In fact, monarchs "reign but do not rule", having become a symbol of the nation and a tribute to tradition. Most of the monarchies of Western Europe have this form of government - Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, etc.

By the end of the 1990s. there were about 30 monarchies in the world: 2 in Oceania, 3 in Africa, 13 in Asia, 12 in Europe, including Andorra, which is actually a republic, formally a constitutional monarchy (principality), from the end of the 13th century . under the dual sovereignty of France and Spain. Some monarchies have elements of republics, such as federalism. The supreme rulers of federal constitutional monarchies are elected: for five years by the hereditary rulers of the Malaysian sultanates (in Malaysia), by the Supreme Council of Emirs (in the United Arab Emirates). The constitutional monarchy in Belgium since 1993, according to a referendum, began to consist of federations.

Objectives: to familiarize students with the structure of the course, with sources of information, with the peculiarity of the textbook; to form an idea of ​​the diversity of the modern world, to give knowledge about the classification of countries, to show the place of Russia in the world; develop the ability to listen to a lecture and keep notes of the abstract of the lesson material.

Equipment: political map of the world, atlases for grade 10, textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky "Geography" Grade 10.

Type of lesson: learning new material.

Teacher: This year we will get acquainted with the peculiarities of the development and distribution of the population and economy in the world and in individual countries. Consider the issues of international relations, the interaction of society and nature. Studying the course of geography of foreign countries will not only expand your horizons, but also better understand the features of the current stage of world development.

The economic and social geography of the world is a social geographical science that studies the territorial organization of human society. Economic geography includes elements of geography, economics, and sociology. This science uses different research methods: geographical, sociological, economic. Modern geography takes part in solving many important issues of a global nature: environmental, social, demographic. Is overpopulation a threat to the world? How to deal with natural phenomena? How to save the planet from pollution? Will the population of the Earth have enough resources? How to use the planet's resources more rationally?

New areas of research have appeared in economic geography: population geography, industry, transport, agriculture, services, medical geography, geoecology, etc.

A great contribution to the geography of foreign countries was made by our scientists - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky and Ivan Aleksandrovich Vitver.

The textbook on which we will work this year has a number of features. It consists of three parts. (Students open their books to page 3.)

1 part - general characteristics peace. In this part, we will get acquainted with the political map of the world, with the peculiarities of the population of various countries of the world, with the distribution of natural resources on the territory of these countries, with the features of the current stage of economic development.

II part - Regional characteristics of the world. Here we will explore some countries in more detail.

III part - Global problems humanity. These are the most urgent problems, the solution of which is possible only through the efforts of the world community. This part aims to summarize the knowledge of the course.

Let's get acquainted in more detail with the structure of each topic. Open with. eight.

Each topic begins with a plan-scheme - a logical summary of the content of the topic. The main text follows - this is the main scientific content of the topic. The text is divided into paragraphs and subparagraphs. The main concepts of the topic are highlighted in a special font. Many terms are explained in footnotes. For example, on p. 9 find the new term and its explanation. Students find the term "sovereign states" and read its explanation on the same page in the footnote: a sovereign state is a politically independent state that has autonomy in internal and external affairs.

The text contains blocks of maps, diagrams, tables, graphs and photo illustrations. This is an addition to the main text. Example: on p. 15 in block 1 you will see a photo-illustration, and on p. 27 in block 2 are bar charts and a statistical table. Each topic has additional material that contains interesting information. You can read it at home. This is information for the curious. The possibility of using additional text is indicated by square brackets with serial numbering, which you will find in the main text.

For example, on p. 9, in the right column there is a square bracket 1. Open p. 19 and we find the text with the corresponding number, we read “After the First World War, colonies and semi-colonies occupied 72% of the entire territory of the earth's land, and 70% of the world's population lived in them. Great Britain had 70 colonies located in all parts of the world. In terms of area, they exceeded the metropolis by 170, and in terms of population by almost 9 times. At the end of the 90s, according to the UN, the share of all non-self-governing territories in the area and population of the world is approximately 0.2%.

After the additional text comes a “bookshelf”, where the author of the textbook recommends books that can be used to prepare a message, an abstract, to deepen your knowledge and develop skills independent work with additional literature.

Part of the knowledge you can get on your own in the block "obtaining knowledge and skills." Open with. 22. Please note that the tasks in the block are of a different nature and of varying complexity. Ordinary tasks are the main means of obtaining knowledge, and most of them will be completed by us. These are tasks No. 1,2, 4. Additional "complicated" for data require a lot of effort, deep analysis (task number 4 complicate nenoe). The author also offers tasks for pleasure, which are performed at will.

The most complex tasks of the third level of independence - creative tasks - may not be possible for everyone. They will be performed only at your request. In addition, there are mandatory "final" tasks that complete the topic and allow you to systematize knowledge on the topic.

For independent work on the topic, the questions of the block "self-control and mutual control" are intended. Questions have headings: "How would you explain?", "What do you think?", "Do you know?", "Can you?". Questions under the heading "What do you think?" more complex, require reflection and do not have specific answers in the text of the textbook.

On the flyleaf of the textbook there are "visiting cards" of countries - these are short information about them (flag, area, population, capital, form of government, form of territorial structure).

Teacher's word:

Today we will begin to study the first topic "Modern political map of the world." And let's get acquainted with the diversity of the countries of the modern world.

What information does the political map of the world carry? (The coloring shows different countries, the dotted line shows the borders between countries, the punsons show the capitals of countries.)

The political map of the world is constantly changing. The formation of the political map of the world is a long process. It reflects the course of development of human society. There are 5 stages.

I- th stage - ancient (before the 5th century AD)- the emergence and collapse of the first states. During this period, many states were formed, developed and disintegrated. The most famous of them: Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt. Wars were the main means of change on the political map of the world.

II- th stage - medieval (5th-16th centuries)- the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia. There was a domestic and foreign market. During this period, there were such states as the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Persia, China, England, Spain, Byzantium, the Delhi Sultanate, etc. Major changes on the political map of the world of that time appeared in the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. In the 20s of the XX century, Portugal seized territories on the African continent: the Azores, Madeira, the Slave Coast. A new part of the world, America, was discovered, and the Spanish colonization of America began. (Remember who discovered America?) Vasco da Gama discovered a new sea route to India around Africa. Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the world (1519-22). According to the Treaty of Tordesillas, the whole world was divided between the strongest states at that time - Spain and Portugal.

3- th stage - new (XVI-XIX centuries) - the era of the birth and establishment of capitalist relations in the world. European countries are becoming major metropolitan areas, influencing the mouth of the whole world. With the development of manufactory production, Spain and Portugal were replaced by England, France, the Netherlands, and Germany. It was a time of large colonial seizures of territories by Europeans in America, Asia and Africa. By the beginning of the 20th century, the division of the world was complete. Only its forcible redistribution was possible.

4th stage - the newest - the formation of the political map of the world is associated with the 1st and 2nd world wars (1st half of the twentieth century), and

also with the formation of socialist states and the collapse of the colonial system. The borders of many states have changed. Some countries have increased their territory (France, Denmark, Romania), while other states have lost part of the territory. For example, Germany, having lost the war, lost part of its territory - Alsace and Lorraine, all its colonies in Africa and Oceania. Large Austria-Hungary collapsed, and new independent states were formed: Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The division of the Ottoman Empire took place.

5- th stage - modern. After the Second World War, two states were formed on the site of the former Germany - the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. New socialist states appeared in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America (Cuba). The fifth stage includes the emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia (in the 40-50s of the XX century), the formation of independent states in Africa (60-70s), the collapse of the socialist system, changes on the map of Europe and Asia (80-90s). In the 20th century, the number of countries increased: firstly, following the results of the first and second world wars; secondly, as a result of the collapse of the colonial system, 102 countries achieved independence; Third, in the early 1990s after the collapse of the USSR (15 republics), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. In the 1990s, qualitative changes took place on the political map of the world. After the collapse of the USSR, most of the republics united in the CIS (only the Baltic countries did not enter the Commonwealth of Independent States). The two German states of the GDR and the FRG united. Czechoslovakia broke up into two independent states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia declared independence. The Warsaw Treaty Organization and the CMEA ceased their activities.

Namibia, Eritrea, the Republic of the Marshall Islands have achieved independence. There are very few colonies left, mostly islands in the Pacific Ocean. The territories of Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands remain disputed. Two or more states claim the right to own them.

If in 1900 there were 57 sovereign states in the world, then by 2000 there were already 193 of them.

Task". Read the text on p. 9. Which states are considered sovereign? ( sovereign states or politically independent states.) The remaining states are colonies, non-self-governing territories.

The countries of the world are grouped according to different criteria: by area (country we are giants and dwarf countries or mini-states); by population; by geographical location (coastal, land, island, peninsular, archipelago countries).

Task: Complete task No. 1 in the block of obtaining knowledge and skills.

On the basis of the political map of the world in the atlas and the "visiting card" of the countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, write in a notebook:

1. 7 largest countries in the world, 5 microstates.

2. 10 countries with a population of more than 100 million people.

3.5 peninsular, 5 island, 5 archipelago countries.

4. 10 land countries.

According to the political map and business card, students make an entry in a notebook:

1. Largest states: 1. Russia; 2. Canada; 3. China; 4. USA;

5. Brazil; 6. Australia; 7. India.

Microstates: Monaco, San Marino, Vatican, Andorra, Liechtenstein.

2. Countries with a population of more than 100 million people:

1) China - 1300 million people;

2) India - 1010 million people;

3) USA - 280 million people;

4) Indonesia - 215 million people;

5) Brazil - 170 million people;

6) Pakistan - 160 million people;

7) Russia - 146 million people;

8) Nigeria - 135 million people;

9) Bangladesh - 127 million people;

10) Japan - 126 million people.

3. Island states: Sri Lanka, Iceland, Ireland, Madagascar, Cuba, etc.

Peninsular: Italy, Spain, Greece, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Korea, etc.

Archipelago countries: Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Fiji, Tuamotu, etc.

4. Land states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Austria, Mongolia, Hungary, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Lesotho, Central African Republic, Chad, etc.

Students can work in pairs, groups or individually.

Teacher: Countries also differ in qualitative characteristics - in terms of the level of economic development, the degree of involvement in the world economy, etc.

Countries are divided into developed, developing and countries with economies in transition. The binomial typology provides for the division of countries into developed and developing. This division is based on the level of gross domestic product. What is GDP? Find the answer on p. 10 in footnote. (. Gross domestic product - an indicator characterizing the value of all final products produced in the territory of a given country in one year, in US dollars.) The border between developed and developing countries runs along the line of $6,000 per capita.

On this basis, the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan were transferred to the group of developed countries. In 1995, Russia's GDP was $2,460. Russia formally falls short of the level of developed countries.

What indicator is used by the UN to determine the level of socio-economic development of a country? Read the text (small print) on us.11.

What is the HDI? The human development index takes into account not only the level of per capita income, but also the level of education, average life expectancy, environmental safety, and the level of crime. According to this criterion, the most developed countries are Canada, the USA, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, France (HDI over 0.8).

lowest GDP level in African countries - Somalia, Sierra Leone and Niger (HDI less than 0.5). Russia ranks 67th (between Suriname and Brazil.)

Developed countries include all countries of foreign Europe, USA and Canada, South Africa, Japan, Israel.

Among the developed countries, the G7 countries are distinguished. These are the countries with the highest economic potential. The "big seven" includes the following states: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada.

Developing countries include about 150 countries and territories, which are home to about 3/5 of the world's population. Developing countries are located in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania. Most of these countries were colonies and won independence only after the Second World War.

Developing countries are called the "Third World". This "world" is so many-sided that it is divided into six subgroups.

1. Key countries - India, Mexico and Brazil. These are the leaders of the "third world" with enormous natural, human and economic potential. These three countries produce as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined, but the per capita GDP is lower than in economically developed countries. In India, it is 350 dollars (example p. 12 in the textbook).

2. Countries with per capita GDP over $1,000 (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.)

3. Newly industrialized countries that made a big leap in socio-economic development in the 80s and 90s. The first NIS are Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The second echelon of the R/V - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. These Asian countries are nicknamed "Asian dragons".

4. Oil-exporting countries that have a high per capita GDP (more than 10 thousand dollars) due to the sale of oil. These are the countries of Southwest Asia - Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, United Arab Emirates. This subgroup also includes the countries of North Africa - Libya, Algeria, as well as Brunei, Venezuela and some other countries.

5. Classical developing countries lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars a year. Feudal vestiges are strong in the economy of these countries. Most of these countries are in Africa.

6. Least developed countries (about 40 countries). They are sometimes referred to as the "fourth world". The economy of these countries is dominated by agriculture, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate. Per capita GDP is 100-300 dollars per year (example p. 13).

Task: Find these countries on the political map.

Asia: Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Yemen.

Africa: Chad, Ethiopia, Somalia, Mozambique.

Latin America: Haiti.

Task: Read the text on p. 13, item 5 "Countries with economies in transition".

Which countries belong to this group?(These are post-socialist countries. Many of them can be classified as developed countries, for example: Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, etc. A special place in this group is occupied by Russia, Ukraine, China. China, which is developing at a very high pace, overtaken the developed countries of the world in many economic indicators.)

Option 1: Tell us about the classification of the countries of the world by area, population, level of economic development, geographical location and show examples of countries on the map.

Option 2: Tell us about the groupings of "third world" countries and show examples of these countries on the map.

1. Topic №1, §1.

2. Mark on the contour map of the countries recorded in the lesson in a notebook or indicated in the textbook. (At least 30 countries.)

3. Know the terms: sovereign countries, GDP, NIS, key countries, "Asian dragons"

4. Make a crossword "Countries of the world" (optional).

geography teacher MOU SOSH 176

slide 2

1. Stages of formation of the political map of the world

2. Division of countries:

• according to the level of socio-economic development
• by territory size
• by population
• by geographic location
• by form of government
• According to the peculiarities of the territorial - state structure

3. Political geography

slide 3

Stages of formation of the political map of the world

• Ancient (before the 5th century AD) the emergence and collapse of the first states.
• Medieval (V - XVI centuries) - the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia
• New (XVI-XIX centuries) - the formation of a colonial empire.
• The latest (first half of the 20th century) - the formation of socialist countries, the collapse of the colonial system
• Modern (second half of the 20th century - modern period)