Oge in Russian language presentation. Preparation for the OGE (GIA)

Trials await friendship always. The main thing today is the changed way of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life came an understanding of the significance of time. When time is the price of achieving one's goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations ceased to be companions of friendship.

Paradox: earlier the circle of contacts was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We tend to isolate ourselves, choose a secluded place.

Such redundancy of communication and the desire for isolation should reduce the need for friendship in our time to a minimum. But it's not. Relationships with friends come first.

Each of us once had favorite toys, which are associated with bright and tender memories, carefully stored in our hearts.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract the same attention as virtual ones. The toy still remains indispensable of its kind. Nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play, gain life experience.

A toy is the key to the mind of a little person. You need to choose your toy carefully. She will bring her own image, behavior, attributes, system of values and worldviews into the world of the child. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

When I was about ten years old, someone's caring hand put a volume of Animal Heroes on me. I consider it my "alarm clock" feeling of nature. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood an interest and a reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.

Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how complex everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is vulnerable. This school of comprehension of the world must necessarily exist.

No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child may be, he does not read precious books- he is deprived. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day is a discovery. Early impressions can affect a lifetime.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting. This is the foundation of spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will grow. Biography human soul is the germination of seeds sown in childhood.

The next life is complex and varied. Every trait of an adult person's character, every quality of his soul and every act of his was sown in childhood, had its own germ, its own seed.

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. The biggest problem is the diminishing importance of the family in raising a child. If in early years the family did not lay anything solid in the moral sense in a person, then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and strive in the future to pay off their inner spiritual debt with petty care and material goods.

The world is changing, becoming different. If the parents were unable to establish inner contact with the child, one should not be surprised that the child early acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness. His life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

One man was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Do not you say! the man exclaimed. "I didn't do anything good for him..." This is an algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil.

Morality is a guide to life. If you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.

How to treat this phenomenon? Philosophically. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. You will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. Sublime natures do good.

Times are changing, new generations are coming, in which everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. Intractable personal issues remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

A youthful dream of love is a dream of understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers, show his qualities and abilities to those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the trust of two to each other. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. She is always more than friendship. This is all that makes up our world.

Self-doubt is an ancient problem. In the 20th century, it became clear that ever-increasing self-doubt could cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses.

Self-doubt can serve as a basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others. How uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem to a person more important and significant than their own. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for the answer to this question in physiology, others rely on psychology. It is possible to overcome self-doubt if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively evaluate the results.

The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not have done of his own free will. The tree grows straight up. But even if it does not grow evenly, it tries to get out from under the obstacles and again stretches upwards. So is man. Submissive people suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.

If you command everywhere, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. He feels calm when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. Commanders are unhappy people, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages, knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

Is it possible to define what art is with one exhaustive formula? No. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man.

The moment when a person turns to creativity is greatest discovery. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space, to recognize and understand them. The language of art enables humanity to feel as one with them.

Since ancient times, an attitude has been formed towards art as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

War was for children cruel school. They were not sitting at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun belts. They did not have life experience, they did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in a peaceful life.

The war filled the spiritual experience of people to the limit. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant world, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good.

Although the war has become history, the memory of it must live on. The main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People means not to forget Time.

There is no universal recipe for choosing the right path in life. The final choice is up to the individual. This choice we make already in childhood.

Most of the most important decisions we make in our youth. At this time, a person chooses the most important thing for life: the closest friend, the range of basic interests, a profession.

Such a choice is a responsible matter. Do not hope that the error can be corrected later. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. Success comes to those who know what they want, make decisive choices, believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals.

There are values that change, are lost, disappear. No matter how society changes, for thousands of years there remain values that are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these values is friendship.

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, trust and readiness to help a friend at any time.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. True friendship is not affected by time and distance. Such constancy distinguishing feature true friendship.

Text 14

The word "mom" is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. In the language of any nation there is this word, in all languages it sounds gentle and affectionate.

Artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. We realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. You need to give moms joy every day and hour. After all, grateful children are the best gift for mothers.

In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was formed thanks to a common cause and help to the weak. Should one's own interests take precedence over others?

It is in this matter that personal and public interests are intertwined. It's deeper than it looks. Individualism destroys society and weakens us. Mutual support will preserve and strengthen society.

What is more important - mutual assistance or primitive selfishness? We must understand each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. Helping people in difficult times, do not look for gratitude and benefits for yourself. Then they will definitely help you.

I remember hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become. Nobody said good. Why is kindness not put on a par with courage and bravery? But without kindness, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.

Good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, they will never be brought up. The main value is the value of life, someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants.

Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today we should be more tolerant towards each other, towards the world around us. The path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for man.

In childhood, a person is happy by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. He rejoices because there is nothing to compare life with. He still does not suspect that it can be somehow different, that the soul has not yet had time to cover itself with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope.

And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and spiritual strength on experiences.

When a really real tragedy happens, we understand how absurd the imagined suffering is and how trifling the reason for it. Then we grab our heads and understand that we had to enjoy every minute.

I was betrayed by a loved one, betrayed by my best friend. We hear statements like this quite often. Most often betray those in whom we have invested our soul. The pattern here is this: the more beneficence, the stronger the betrayal.

Many suffer mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor's conscience will wake up. But what is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, and the traitor does not have it. The traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the cause, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third ...

Betrayal destroys the dignity of a person. The life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

Four war years cannot be compared with any other years of our history. Human memory weakens over time. There are fewer and fewer veterans. If the feat is not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten.

The theme of the Great Patriotic War has nourished literature and art for decades. The most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of war.

AT modern world there is no person who does not come into contact with art. Its importance in our life is great. Literature has a particularly strong influence on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. It would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Art helps a person to see and understand better the world and himself.

Art becomes a repository of memory for future generations, forms the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens a love for beauty. In difficult moments of life, art becomes a source of spiritual strength and courage for people.

Someone else's kindness is the warmth from which the heart warms up and comes into a reciprocal movement. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.

It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. “I” and “one’s own” are forgotten, someone else’s disappears, for it becomes “mine” and “me”. There is no room for enmity and hatred in the soul.

If a person's ability to dream is taken away, then the desire to fight for the sake of a beautiful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They should predict the future and make us feel that we are already living in this future and becoming different ourselves.

Dreams are needed not only for children, but also for adults. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that we must rest on our laurels and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful.

What is the benefit of reading? Is it true that reading is good for you? Why do so many people keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take your free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person's horizons, enrich his inner world, increase a person's vocabulary, develop clear and precise thinking. Everyone can be convinced of this by their own example. A person who reads speaks better. Reading develops logical thinking. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper, and you will understand that reading is useful and profitable.

Books have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and spiritual development. After reading a classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

What is a good book? The book should be captivating and interesting, written in rich language, carry a deep meaning. original and unusual ideas make the book useful.

Do not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Passion for the fantasy genre alone can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a mandatory base for every person. It will help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Popular science literature will broaden one's horizons, form knowledge about the world, help determine the path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. (according to the Internet)

Having a family and children is necessary and natural, just as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. All the burden of peasant labor was shared with him by adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She did not do all the housework alone: even the children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Quarrelsomeness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their bearers. From a person who does not love and does not respect his relatives, it is difficult to expect respect for other people. (according to Belov)

The word "culture" is multifaceted. It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. If people understand this, our country will become prosperous. It will be very good if every city and village has its own cultural center.
True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. Such centers should be headed by people who understand what culture is, what it consists of, and what its significance is.
The key note of culture can be the concepts of peace, truth, beauty. It would be good if people dedicated to their work were engaged in culture. Culture is an ocean of creativity. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful. (according to M. Tsvetaeva)

What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person, educated, well-mannered, responsible, respects himself and those around him, is distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and homeland, compassion and sympathy for his neighbor, goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain self-control and dignity in all life situations. The main goal of a cultured person is to increase goodness in the world. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.

Nowadays, people devote too little time to culture. For a cultured person, the process of familiarization with culture should begin in childhood. The child absorbs the positive experience of the family and homeland. As an adult, he can be useful to society. (according to the Internet)

Some believe that a person matures at a certain age when he becomes an adult. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood - independence, the ability to do without anyone's help. A person understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. There are situations when a person alone can not cope. Then you have to ask for help. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should wait for help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

What is friendship? You will meet friends most often among people of a common fate, one profession, common thoughts. It is impossible to say with certainty that such a commonality defines friendship.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Friendship is not equality or similarity. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched by experience. Friendship is based on similarities, and manifests itself in differences, contradictions, dissimilarities.

A friend is the one who claims your rightness, talent, merit. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You can't force yourself to be someone's friend or force someone to be your friend.

For friendship, first of all, mutual respect is needed, which is manifested in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels appreciated as a person. Trust is important in friendship.

A friend can make mistakes. Friendship is important in common moral values common interests or hobbies. Friendly feelings do not depend on age, they can be very strong and bring a lot of experiences to a person. Without friendship, life is unthinkable.

concise statement- this is the first task that you have to complete at the OGE in the Russian language. This task is designed to test the skills of information processing of text.

First, let’s remember what a presentation is. Statement- type of work, which is based on oral or written retelling source code. concise statement- This is a brief, generalized transfer of the content of the source text. In a concise presentation, it is necessary to reflect the content of the original text as much as possible, using minimal speech means.

According to the succinct assessment criteria, we need to complete the following tasks:

1) To convey the main content of the listened text without missing a single micro topic;

2) Apply at least one method of text compression;

3) Write a paper without logical errors and violations of paragraph articulation of the text (approximate volume is 90-110 words).

Listening to text

In my opinion, the most difficult task is to remember and write down the text.

The original text is played twice. Between the first and second reading you will have 3-4 minutes to comprehend the text.

At the first reading, try to understand the essence of the text, its main problem. Follow the development of microthemes, remember their position and sequence.

Do not try to write down the entire text! Tag only keywords(which form the semantic basis of this text). Leave gaps between entries: this will give you the opportunity (on the second reading and editing) to insert words, phrases and even sentences. Try to make a plan, formulating each microtopic in the form of a thesis.

On the second reading, check if you remember correctly the sequence of the disclosure of the topic and the author's reasoning. Complete your entries.

Micro topics

In the process of listening to the text, it is necessary to mentally divide it into its constituent parts - microthemes.

microtheme- the content of several sentences united by one thought. microtheme is a part common theme text and, as a rule, is a separate paragraph (or several). In the text of the condensed presentation, all microthemes of the source text should be noted, otherwise the score will be reduced.

For example:

A careful reading of this text will help to highlight the following micro-themes in it:

Methods of compression (compression) of text

The meaning of text compression is to leave the main information, reducing the secondary. There are three language ways to compress text: elimination, generalization and replacement .

Using exceptions it is necessary to determine the main information and secondary details (introductory constructions, repetitions, homogeneous members, synonyms, non-essential fragments and whole sentences). Eliminating these details, form a compressed text.

For example:

First of all, it is worth noting that both words are of foreign origin. They entered the Russian language in different time — These foreign words entered the Russian language at different times.

At generalization we isolate individual facts, select the means of their brief transmission and compose a new text. Using this method, we can replace homogeneous members with a generalized name, direct speech with indirect speech, several simple sentences with a complex one.

For example:

He was forced to study with tutors in the Russian language, mathematics, social science, history and chemistry - He was forced to study with tutors in many subjects.

Simplification (replacement) is a text compression technique based on the simplification of syntactic constructions.

- part replacement complex sentence participial or participle turnover;

- merging several sentences into one;

- replacement of part of the text with one sentence;

- reducing the number of parts of a complex sentence;

- replacement of a sentence fragment with a synonymous expression;

- replacement of a sentence or part of it with a demonstrative pronoun;

For example:

When I read his notes, imbued with his love for his mother - Reading his notes, imbued with his love for his mother.

Working on a summary

For example, I suggest the following text:

An example of a summary:

The world of childhood is constantly expanding. The child's soul equally absorbs all impressions, preserving them for life. A.S. Pushkin wrote that happiness is the best university. It completes the education of the soul. A kind-hearted attitude towards a child does not contradict the exactingness of adults.

Childhood memories are always definite and figurative, but they are remembered differently for everyone. If we take the spring, then for sure many will remember it by installing a birdhouse, damming, the first fishing and many others.

Children subtly feel the elusive edge in the transition from one state to another. Everyone knows that the most delicious potatoes are on the verge of raw and baked. The moment when the swing, moving up, is about to begin to reverse, the moment before falling into water or straw - all this gives rise to the delight of happiness and fullness of life (109 words).

Texts for condensed presentations from the OBZ in the Russian language OGE-2016

1. Text

One man was told that his acquaintance spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Do not you say! the man exclaimed. "I didn't do anything good for him..." Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is met with evil. In life, it must be assumed, this person met more than once with people who confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.
Morality is the guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a wind-blown, thorny bush, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.
How to treat this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That means you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: exalted natures do good.

2. Text
We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing lasting in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.
The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.
The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents could not establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main worries to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that some child acquires cynicism and disbelief in unselfishness so early, that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

3. Text

There are values that change, get lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.
People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time.
The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for years, and still be very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

4. Text

War was a cruel and rude school for children. They were not sitting at desks, but in frozen trenches, and in front of them were not notebooks, but armor-piercing shells and machine-gun belts. They did not yet have life experience and therefore did not understand the true value of simple things that you do not attach importance to in everyday peaceful life.
The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant world, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good.
Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget the Time means not to forget the People, not to forget the People - it means not to forget the Time.

5. Text

The word "mother" is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle, lovingly pronounced by a young man and a deep old man. In the language of any nation there is this word, and in all languages it sounds gentle and affectionate.
Mother's place in our life is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Maternal love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and we need only her at this moment. A man calls his mother and believes that she, wherever she is, hears him, sympathizes and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life.
How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

6. text

Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. Favorite toy is the most vivid memory from the childhood of every person.
In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but, despite all the novelties that appear, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable of its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.
A toy is the key to the mind of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

7. Text.

Times are changing, new generations are coming, in which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal questions, meanwhile, somehow remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?
A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathize, empathize. Yes, and just show their qualities and abilities in front of those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.
Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.

8 Text

The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not have done of his own free will. The tree, if left undisturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then it, bending under obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again stretch upwards. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.
If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on an equal footing. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unfortunate people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.
Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages, knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

9 text

I was betrayed by a loved one, I was betrayed by my best friend. Unfortunately, we hear such statements quite often. Most often betray those in whom we have invested our soul. The pattern here is this: the more beneficence, the stronger the betrayal. In such situations, the saying of Victor Hugo is recalled: "I am indifferent to the knife blows of the enemy, but the pin prick of my friend is painful to me."
Many suffer mockery of themselves, hoping that the traitor's conscience will wake up. But what is not there cannot wake up. Conscience is a function of the soul, and the traitor does not have it. The traitor usually explains his act by the interests of the cause, but in order to justify the first betrayal, he commits the second, third, and so on ad infinitum.
Betrayal accurately destroys the dignity of a person, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends his behavior, trying to justify his deed, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening himself with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

10 text

No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child is, if he does not read precious books, he is deprived. Such losses are irreparable. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day is a discovery. And the sharpness of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then influence the whole life.
Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.
The next life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, form this character. But if we trace and find the connection between phenomena, it becomes obvious that every feature of the character of an adult person, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every act of his were sown in childhood, have since then had their germ, their seed.

11 text

Trials await friendship always. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the significance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were burdened by guests, now that time is the price of achieving their goal, relaxation and hospitality have ceased to be significant. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.

But here is a paradox: before, the circle of contacts was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.

12 text

There is simply no and cannot be a universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, only path in life intended for you. And the final choice always remains with the individual. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.

But most of the most important decisions that determine life path, we still accept in youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, the circle of his main interests, his profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be postponed until later. You should not hope that the mistake can be corrected later: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.

13 text

Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of physicians, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.

And the problems are psychological, because self-doubt can serve as a basis for constant dependence on someone else's opinion. Imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem to him more important and significant than his own. He sees his every act primarily through the eyes of others. And most importantly - he wants approval from everyone: starting with loved ones and ending with passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question, based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to set goals correctly, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.

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When I was about ten years old, someone's caring hand put a volume of Animal Heroes on me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the “alarm clock” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the summer in the countryside, a walk in the forest with a man who “opened his eyes to everything”, the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood an interest and a reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.

Growing up, a person should comprehend with his mind how complex everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of wildlife. This school must be.

And yet at the beginning of everything is love. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also acquires a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.

17 text

Is it possible to define what art is with one exhaustive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.

The moment of man's turning to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. Indeed, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends his own characteristics, his life, his place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to get in touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is it that enables humanity to feel itself as a single whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.

18 text

In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society has just been formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the completely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests than our own?

And it's not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this matter that personal and public interests are intertwined. Do you see how much deeper it is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And what is more in our interests - mutual assistance or primitive selfishness? There can be no two opinions here. We must understand each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And, helping people in difficult times, you don't have to wait for gratitude, you just need to help, not looking for benefits for yourself. Then they will definitely help you in return.

19 text

I remember hundreds of boys' answers to the question: what kind of person do you want to become. Strong, brave, courageous, smart, resourceful, fearless ... And no one said - kind. Why is kindness not put on a par with such virtues as courage and bravery? But without kindness, genuine warmth of the heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.

And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not educated in childhood, you will never educate them, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in unrest, joys and sorrows.

Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the surrounding living world and do the most courageous deeds in the name of goodness. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.

20 text

In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds more and more reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it can be somehow different, but most likely, all the same, because the soul has not yet had time to cover itself with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.

And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calmly and prosperously life develops, we will not calm down until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and spiritual strength on experiences.

It is only when a really real tragedy happens that we realize how absurd the imagined suffering is and how trifling the reason for it. Then we clutch our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.

30 presentations in a complete set with microthemes

Text 1

Trials await friendship always. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the significance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were burdened by guests, now that time is the price of achieving their goal, rest and hospitality have ceased to be significant. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.

Text 2

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but, despite all the novelties that appear, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable of its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.

The toy is the key to the consciousness of the little man. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form a correct understanding of good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of toys of a negative orientation.

MICRO THEMES
1. Favorite toy is the most vivid memory from the childhood of every person.
2. In the age of computer technology, a toy still remains indispensable, because it teaches, develops a child, helps him gain life experience.
3. A toy is the key to the mind of a little person. It is necessary to carefully choose a toy for the formation of the positive qualities of the child.

Text 3

MICRO THEMES
1. Each person has his own "alarm clock" feelings of nature.
2. A person should have a school of reverence for the mystery of life.
3. The starting point of all values of life is Love, which brings a person closer to happiness.

Text 4

No matter how interesting the home and school life of a child may be, if he does not read precious books, he is deprived. Such losses are irreparable. It is adults who can read the book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day is a discovery. And the sharpness of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then influence the whole life.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds sown in childhood. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

The next life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, form this character. But if we trace and find the connection between phenomena, it becomes obvious that every feature of the character of an adult person, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every act of his were sown in childhood, have since then had their germ, their seed.

MICRO THEMES
1. Childhood impressions form the foundation of a child's future spiritual life.
2. The biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.
3. All the qualities of an adult's personality were laid down in childhood.

Text 5

We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing lasting in the moral sense was laid in a person by the family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is the overprotection of the child by the parents. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents have not given their child spiritual warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents could not establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that some child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

MICRO THEMES
1. Difficulties in educating the younger generation are associated with a decrease in the importance of the family.
2. Excessive guardianship of the child by parents is a consequence of the weakening of the family principle.
3. If the parents could not establish contact with the child, then such a child becomes cynical, and his life becomes flat and dry.

Text 6

Morality is the guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a wind-blown, thorny bush, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.

How to treat this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That means you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: exalted natures do good.

MICRO THEMES
1. One person, having heard unflattering comments about himself from a friend, replied that this could not be, because he had not done anything good for him.
2. People will treat you the way you treat them.
3. By doing good, which will surely pay off, you yourself will be happy.

Text 7

A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathize, empathize. Yes, and just show their qualities and abilities in front of those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, because only in love do we recognize the other person's full right to everything that makes up our world.

MICRO THEMES
1. Over time, intractable personal issues remain unchanged. How to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?
2. A teenager needs to realize himself in communication with peers and show his qualities to those who are ready to understand him.
3. Love is greater than friendship, it involves complete mutual trust, revealing everything best properties personality.

Text 8

MICRO THEMES
1. Self-doubt can cause many troubles.
2. A person who is not confident in himself constantly depends on the opinions of others, and therefore he becomes indecisive and cannot use life situations to his advantage.
3. Only the person who correctly sets goals, correlates them with external circumstances and positively evaluates his results is able to overcome self-doubt.

Text 9

If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on an equal footing. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unfortunate people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.

MICRO THEMES
1. The essence of power lies in the fact that one person forces another to do what he would not have done of his own free will. Out of obedience, obedient people themselves often turn into tyrants.
2. People who command everywhere and everyone are always alone, because they do not know how to communicate on an equal footing, therefore they themselves are unhappy and breed misfortune.
3. Command and control are different concepts. To manage means to be able to take
responsibility for their own actions.

Text 10

MICRO THEMES
1. No formula can define what art is.
2. The language of art is universal: it allows you to get in touch with other personalities and civilizations.
3. Art is able to capture the image of an era and pass it on to descendants.

Text 11

The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. They could cry not from grief, but from hatred, they could childishly rejoice at the spring crane wedge, as they never rejoiced either before the war or after the war, with tenderness to keep in their souls the warmth of bygone youth. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant world, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good.

Although the war has already become history, the memory of it must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget the Time means not to forget the People, not to forget the People - it means not to forget the Time.

MICRO THEMES
1. The war was a cruel and rude school for children. They did not understand the true
the values of simple things, because they did not have life experience.
2. The war filled their spiritual experience to the limit. Those who survived returned from the war, having managed to preserve in themselves a pure, radiant world, faith and hope, becoming more irreconcilable to injustice, kinder to good.
3. The memory of the war must live on, because the main participants in history are People and Time. Not to forget Time means not to forget People, not to forget People means not to forget Time.

Text 12

But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, the circle of his main interests, his profession.

MICRO THEMES
1. There is no universal recipe for choosing the right path intended only for you. The choice always remains with the individual.
2. Most of the big decisions we make in our youth.
3. Such a choice is a responsible matter, it cannot be postponed until later. Success comes to those who believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals.

Text 13

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who is a true friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on the mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for years, and still be very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.

MICRO THEMES
1. One of the eternal values that are of great importance to people of all
generations and cultures, is friendship.
2. Friendship is a relationship based on openness, trust and willingness to help each other.
3. Friends have the same life values, spiritual guidelines. Persistence is the hallmark of true friendship.

Text 14

The word "mom" is a special word. It is born together with us, accompanies us in the years of growing up and maturity. It is babbled by a child in the cradle, lovingly pronounced by a young man and a deep old man. In the language of any nation there is this word, and in all languages it sounds gentle and affectionate.

Mother's place in our life is special, exceptional. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Maternal love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and we need only her at this moment. A man calls his mother and believes that she, wherever she is, hears him, sympathizes and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life.

How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

MICRO THEMES
1. The word "mother" is a special word. It accompanies us throughout our lives.
2. The mother's place in our life is special.
3. You need to give joy to mothers all the time, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

Text 15

MICRO THEMES
1. In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society has just been formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and help to the weak.
2. Individualism destroys society and weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.
3. We must understand each other if we want to live well together and not depend on anyone. And, helping people in difficult times, you do not have to wait for gratitude.

Text 16

MICRO THEMES
1. Without kindness, genuine warmth of the heart, the spiritual beauty of a person is impossible.
2. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in unrest, joys and sorrows.
3. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person.

Text 17

MICRO THEMES
1. In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default.
2. And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. We believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and spiritual strength on experiences.
3. Only when a really real tragedy happens do we realize how absurd the fictitious suffering is and how trifling the reason for it.

Text 18

Betrayal accurately destroys the dignity of a person, as a result, traitors behave differently. Someone defends his behavior, trying to justify his deed, someone falls into a feeling of guilt and fear of impending retribution, and someone just tries to forget everything, without burdening himself with either emotions or thoughts. In any case, the life of a traitor becomes empty, worthless and meaningless.

MICRO THEMES
1. The more we put our soul into relationships, the stronger the pain of betrayal.
2. The traitor has no conscience. Having betrayed once, a person will betray again and again.
3. The life of a traitor becomes empty and meaningless.

Text 19

The Great goes further and further Patriotic War in the past, but the memory of her is alive in the hearts and souls of people. Indeed, how can one forget our unprecedented feat, our irreplaceable sacrifices made in the name of victory over the most insidious and cruel enemy - German fascism.

The four years of war cannot be compared with any other years of our history in terms of the severity of the experience. But the memory of a person weakens over time, bit by bit the secondary disappears bit by bit: less significant and bright; and then the essential. In addition, there are fewer and fewer veterans, those who went through the war and could talk about it. If the self-sacrifice and steadfastness of the people are not reflected in documents and works of art, then the bitter experience of past years will be forgotten. And this cannot be allowed!

The theme of the Great Patriotic War has nourished literature and art for decades. Many wonderful films have been made about the life and feat of a man in the war, wonderful works of literature have been created. And there is no premeditation here, there is pain that does not leave the soul of the people who lost millions of human lives during the years of the war. But the most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, the living, but, mainly, the dead.

MICRO THEMES
1. The Great Patriotic War goes further and further into the past, but the memory of it is alive in the hearts and souls of people.
2. But the memory of a person weakens over time, bit by bit, the secondary disappears bit by bit: less significant and bright; and then the essential. And this cannot be allowed.
3. The most important thing in a conversation on this topic is the preservation of measure and tact in relation to the truth of the war, to its participants, the living, but, mainly, the dead.

Text 20

In the modern world there is no person who would not come into contact with art. Its importance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theatre, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge impact on it. But literature has a particularly strong effect on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists themselves, writers, composers build their works in such a way as to support and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, listeners. But the meaning of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.

Art can save character traits era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for future generations. It imperceptibly forms the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens a love for beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

MICRO THEMES
1. The value of art in our life is great.
2. Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
3. Art is able to preserve the characteristic features of the era, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries.

Text 21

In order to appreciate kindness and understand its meaning, you must certainly experience it yourself. It is necessary to perceive the ray of someone else's kindness and live in it. One must feel how a ray of this kindness takes possession of the heart, word and deeds of all life. Kindness comes not out of duty, not out of duty, but as a gift.

Someone else's kindness is a premonition of something more, which is not even immediately believed. This is the warmth from which the heart warms up and comes in response. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but respond sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly, with his kindness.

It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life. At this moment, during these hours, a person finds his best in himself, hears the singing of his heart. “I” and “one’s own” are forgotten, someone else’s disappears, for it becomes “mine” and “me”. And for enmity and hatred there is no place in the soul.

MICRO THEMES
1. Kindness comes not out of obligation, not out of duty, but as a gift.
2. A person who has once experienced kindness cannot but answer sooner or later, confidently or uncertainly with his kindness.
3. It is a great happiness to feel the fire of kindness in your heart and give it free rein in life.

Text 22

If a person is deprived of the ability to dream, then one of the most powerful incentives that give rise to culture, art, science and the desire to fight for the sake of a beautiful future will disappear. But dreams should not be divorced from reality. They should predict the future and make us feel that we are already living in this future and becoming different ourselves.

Dreams are needed not only for children, but also for adults. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. It does not allow us to calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you long for this life. This is its value.

MICRO THEMES
1. You can not take away a person's ability to dream.
2. A dream is needed not only for children, but also for adults. Its value lies in the fact that it is a source of inspiration and high feelings.
3. You need to be able to dream, you need to cultivate in yourself the desire for something meaningful and beautiful.

Text 23

What is the benefit of reading? Is it true that reading is good for you? Why do so many people keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take your free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden the horizons of a person, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. And it is also important to read books because it increases the vocabulary of a person, develops a clear and precise thinking. Everyone can be convinced of this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how it has become easier to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks better. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and profitable.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading this or that classical work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

MICRO THEMES
1. What is the benefit of reading? Is it good to read?
2. The benefits of reading books are obvious. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking.
3. It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development.

Text 24

What is a good book? First, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages, there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

Do not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a mandatory base for every person. In great works there is disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read non-fiction literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

MICRO THEMES
1. What is a good book? This is a book that makes us think about the good, this is a useful book.
2. Do not get carried away by any one genre or kind of literature.
3. You need to read classical literature. It is a must for every person. In great works there is disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy.

Text 25

Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared with him by adult sons.

The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, and clothes. She did not do all these works alone: even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Quarrelsomeness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their bearers. It was necessary to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond with kindness or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. From a person who does not love and does not respect his relatives, it is difficult to expect respect for other people.

MICRO THEMES
1. Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work.
2. The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother.
3. Love and respect for each other were brought up in the family, which helped outside the home as well. This was important, because it is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and does not respect his family.

Text 26

The word "culture" is multifaceted. What does true culture carry in the first place? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, what its significance is.

Such concepts as peace, truth, beauty can become the key note of culture. It would be good if honest and disinterested people, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.

MICRO THEMES
1. Genuine culture carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And therefore it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture
2. True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand this.
3. It would be good if honest and disinterested people, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture.

Text 27

What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and the motherland, compassion and sympathy for one's neighbor, goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain self-control and dignity in all life situations. He has a clear goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase good in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is genuine humanity.

Nowadays, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person's process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions that pass from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

MICRO THEMES
1. A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person.
2. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy.
3. It is good if a person's process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

Text 28

Some believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is an expression: the hand should wait for help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this, you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

MICRO THEMES
1. Everyone has a different understanding of what it means to be an adult.
2. Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship.
3. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.

Text 29

What is friendship? How do they become friends? You will meet friends most often among people of a common fate, one profession, common thoughts. And yet it is impossible to say with certainty that such a commonality determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Of course! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equally from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched by experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. Another, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, and manifests itself in differences, contradictions, dissimilarities.

A friend is the one who claims your rightness, talent, merit. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

MICRO THEMES
1. What is friendship? How do they become friends?
2. friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friendship is based on similarities, and manifests itself in differences, contradictions, dissimilarities.
3. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

Text 30

Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You can't force yourself to be someone's friend or force someone to be your friend.

For friendship, a lot is needed, first of all, mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means reckoning with his opinion and recognizing his positive features. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A respected friend feels that he is valued as a person, respected for his dignity and helped him not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, for friendship, for example, common moral values are important. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it hard to be friends. The reason is simple: will we be able to show deep respect for a friend and, perhaps, trust, if we see that he does things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and consider this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.

Friendship does not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a lot of experiences to a person. But without friendship, life is unthinkable.

MICRO THEMES
1. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.
2. For friendship, a lot is needed, first of all, mutual respect, trust, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, common moral values.
3. People can be friends different ages. Without friendship, life is unthinkable.