If the environment in which an animal lives is subject to small fluctuations, then the adaptations of organisms to it are to a certain extent static.
Thus, the hair of tropical animals is sparse, short, hard, while that of polar animals is thick, long, soft. Polar bears do not change their color, as they spend their whole lives among the ice. Desert animals - a lion, a camel, antelopes, snakes - are painted in the color of sand, in tropical forests the green color of animals prevails, many marine organisms are transparent, etc.
But if the aspect of the landscape changes with the seasons, then adaptations to the landscape acquire a dynamic character, changing periodically. And this change, more clearly than anything else, proves the unconditional dependence of organisms on the environment. However, this dependence is no less distinct in cases where there is no change: cave animals do not have seasonal periodicity in their life cycles, and this is quite natural, since there is no division of the year into seasons in caves.
Adaptations of animals to seasonal changes in nature are very diverse. They are expressed in the storage of food for the winter (bees, some rodents), in the construction of warm winter dwellings, burrows and nests, in the acquisition of new physiological properties, in a change in habitat, in the phenomena of hibernation, etc.
In connection with the change in temperature and the acquisition of a new aspect by the landscape, the nature of the covers and their color change in animals. The more pronounced the change of seasons in the landscape, the more pronounced is the shedding of the outer covers and their replacement with new ones (molting). In the tropics, the change of wool and feathers proceeds gradually throughout the year, in cold countries it is confined to certain seasons. By winter, the fur becomes thicker, fluffier, longer, a fatty layer forms under the skin. The color of the animal also changes: the hare is white in winter, piebald in spring, dark brown in summer; chestnut-colored weasels become snow-white in winter; the same happens with arctic foxes, ermines, etc., changing their dark summer clothes for a protectively colored mantle, allowing the animal to completely merge with the white background of the winter landscape.
Migrations or nomadic movements of animals should be considered a widespread seasonal adaptation. Some migrations, it is true, are not strictly periodic, but the confinement of others to the seasons is not subject to the slightest doubt.
Animals often migrate in search of food. For example, lemmings, when they multiply strongly, and there is little vegetable food in a given area, because it is eaten by the lemmings themselves, the bean goose, or has become inaccessible due to the necklace, they begin to move to other places in huge masses. The movement of nomadic lemmings is carried out with exceptional irresistibility: they cross rivers, die in droves from exhaustion and predators.
Antelopes roam in herds from dry and burnt grassy expanses to where there is water and fresh greenery. When pine nuts are not harvested, Siberian squirrels move to other forests. Reindeer in the spring from the southern outskirts of the tundra roams to the north; one of the reasons for this is the desire to get rid of midges.
Animal migrations due to lack of food or overpopulation, although not quite strictly within the framework of seasonal phenomena, are nevertheless quite often associated in one way or another with seasonal changes in the landscape.
Classical examples of typically seasonal migrations are the retreat of worms deep into the soil in autumn (where it does not freeze), fish migrations, bird migrations, etc.
Fish migrations are most often associated with spawning, i.e., the process of spawning. Instinct gathers fish into huge schools and makes them make huge movements. There are fish that spawn every year or every other year, every two years, but there are those that spawn only once in their lives: eel, chum salmon, pink salmon, red salmon, many genera of gobies, the vast majority of salmon, etc.
The phenomenon of migration is especially vividly observed in migratory fish, i.e., those that live in the sea, but for throwing caviar rise hundreds of kilometers into rivers. Salmon, or salmon, annually enters our northern rivers from the sea to spawn. Juveniles spend two or three years in the rivers, then move to the sea, where they live from one to five years, and then go to the rivers to spawn.
Salmon usually die after spawning, but there are cases when individual individuals spawn two or three times in life, and even, as a rare exception, up to five times.
Particularly interesting are the migrations of the European river eel (Anguilla vulgaris). This eel lives in the rivers and lakes of Europe. Having reached puberty (it takes several years), he goes to sea (usually in autumn), then to the Atlantic Ocean and goes to that part of it called the Sargasso Sea. Here, at depths, spawning occurs. From the fertilized caviar, larvae develop - small, transparent, fish-like, but so unlike eels that for a long time they were considered a special animal - Leptocephalus brevirostris. These leptocephals, undergoing metamorphosis and increasing in size, in for three years wander from the Sargasso Sea to Europe. Only at the end of the third year do they turn into small eels, after which they already penetrate into the rivers.
Most of the birds of the temperate countries fly away for the winter to warmer climes, and come back in the spring. Geese, swans, wagtails, ducks, larks, cuckoos, cranes, etc. fly away. Only a few carnivores remain, as well as some granivorous - sparrows, oatmeal, black grouse.
Before departure, the birds gather in flocks, and these flocks do not disintegrate in winter quarters.
The natural order of the autumn departure is that the insectivorous birds fly away first, then the granivorous ones, that is, the birds fly away in the order of the disappearance of the corresponding food. Departure of birds of this species takes a long time: it lasts for weeks. Birds often fly in a certain "formation": ducks side by side, geese one behind the other, cranes in a wedge, etc. Some species fly in the daytime, but the vast majority fly at night, leaving the day to rest on land.
Birds fly not particularly hastily, with stops, feed along the way and rest. Some of them fly only 30 kilometers a day, others about 200 km. Stops along the way continue sometimes for several days. Thus, the flight from the starting point to the final one takes quite big time. At the same time, the speed of flight is sometimes very significant, and the duration of the flight in some cases is exceptionally short. Starlings fly at a speed of 60-80 km per hour, plovers 65-80 km, geese 70-90, swifts up to 110 km. Birds can fly for many hours without rest, and, for example, one flock of lapwings in 1927 flew from England to Newfoundland (albeit with a strong tail wind) in one day, having traveled 3,500 km.
The favorite wintering grounds of Eurasian birds are India and Egypt. But birds from northern Asia fly to Arabia, Iran, India, China, even to Australia, from Europe to Africa, Asia Minor. Rooks, storks winter on the Nile, nightingales, robins, swallows, cuckoos in central Africa, eagles in Egypt, rose starling and Siberian warbler in India, red-throated goose from northwestern Siberia in the southern part of the Caspian Sea, etc.
It is important to note that the birds do not fly randomly to their winter quarters, but follow certain paths that remain the same for a given species from year to year. The flight paths of several species of birds may coincide at one distance or another. Some birds fly along seashores, others along rivers, over lakes and swamps, the path of others passes over land and is not connected with water spaces. In all these cases, the birds tend to take that path, the nature of which is closest to the nature of their native habitat, or on which they can most easily find their usual food. Thus, the birds inhabiting the sea coasts, during the flight, also adhere to the sea coasts. Since the choice of path is largely determined by the nature of the food, it is not surprising that some birds fly in different ways in spring and autumn: they return home by a different route than they leave home. This change is associated with a change in feed.
Birds do not make nests in wintering areas and do not breed chicks. If the autumn departure of birds of this species lasts for several weeks, then the arrival back to their native places usually ends in a few (no more than ten) days. Maybe this is because the departure depends on the weather, but the arrival does not. The return of birds home at more or less definite times cannot be explained simply by "migratory instinct". This phenomenon is more complex and was probably developed for a very long time. Birds often return to poor conditions when there is still snow in their homeland. snow in different years leaves at different times, and the arrival takes place annually at approximately the same time, and this discrepancy often causes the death of returning birds. The external impetus for departure in autumn is the decrease in food due to the deterioration of thermal conditions. A decrease in air temperature is a harbinger of an impending lack of food for birds. The main motive for the return spring flight to their native places is the instinct of reproduction.
The essence of such an adaptation to the environment as migration (periodic or non-periodic) is that the animal avoids unfavorable conditions by moving itself to another landscape. It is, as it were, an adaptation along the line of least resistance. Another seasonal adaptation has a completely different character, namely, the hibernation of animals, or the state of torpor, in which the animal spends a period unfavorable for life within its habitat.
This adaptation arose in the process of evolution in the most diverse forms and in the most diverse parts of the world. It, like the migration of animals, is stimulated by a lack of food, and a harbinger of this impending lack, serving as a kind of signal that directly induces the body to hibernation, is a decrease in external temperature in our latitudes, and in the tropics, drought, drying up of reservoirs, and a decrease in the water content in food. In accordance with this, a distinction is made between hibernation, when the animal falls into a stupor for a period of low temperatures, and summer hibernation, which is timed to coincide with the dry season.
The ecology of hibernating animals is characterized primarily by the limited period active life. They breed less frequently than animals that do not hibernate (mammals do not more than once a summer, while forms close to them that do not hibernate bring two or three generations a year), but their total number is subject to less fluctuations. than the total number of animals, although more productive, but not subject to hibernation: hibernation protects against adverse conditions and infectious diseases.
During hibernation, the animal spends many months without food. This, of course, is possible only with an extreme slowdown in vital functions. Life processes are reduced to a minimum, and the body feeds on the reserves deposited in itself. An awake marmot takes 1500 breaths per hour, and during hibernation only 14, that is, a hundred times less. Consequently, during hibernation, oxidation, and hence the destruction of tissues, is greatly slowed down, so less food is required to restore them. As a result of slowing down breathing and the almost complete absence of muscular work, i.e., due to the elimination of sources of animal heat, the body temperature of a sleeping animal drops significantly.
The duration of hibernation is the most varied. Chipmunks, dormice, squirrels sleep two to three months, hedgehogs four to five months, bats and marmots six months, and mountain marmots seven to eight months.
Mammals hibernate in burrows, lairs, hollows and other shelters. They fall into immobility and deep stupor. Their body temperature drops almost to the temperature of the air around them, exceeding the latter by only a few degrees. Breathing becomes not only slowed down by five to ten or more times, but also irregular: after five to eight breaths, there is a pause of several minutes. The consumption of oxygen and the release of CO 2 sharply decrease, the heart beats 10-30 times less often than in an animal in an active state. The composition of the blood changes due to an increase in the content of CO 2 and a decrease in the content of sugar. Since the body consumes the fat reserves accumulated before hibernation, the animal gradually loses weight, and its growth stops: if you cut your hair or claws, they do not grow during hibernation and begin to grow only after the animal wakes up. In a state of torpor, the body is not susceptible to infectious diseases, even if it was infected before hibernation.
Lizards and snakes hibernate in moss, in crevices, in burrows, and snakes hibernate in many specimens together. Carp, crucian carp and catfish burrow into the mud at the bottom and lie motionless there. Sturgeon, sterlet, beluga spend the winter in the same stupor.
For invertebrates, hibernation is best studied in insects. Many diurnal butterflies (urticaria, mourning) hibernate in the form of an adult insect under the bark and in hollows of trees, other butterflies hibernate in the egg, larva, and pupa stages. Ladybugs sleep for five to seven months under fallen leaves, bark, stones, female wasps and bumblebees in their burrows and nests, ants in the underground part of their anthills, etc. The body of a numb insect takes on the temperature of the surrounding air, and the water content in the body decreases .
The main source that supports the life (extremely slow) of an insect in hibernation is the store of fat. If this stock is not enough, the insect will inevitably die. Therefore, for example, a bee, which has no fat reserves at all, can hibernate for only five to nine days. Generally speaking, the mortality of hibernating insects is very high, and comparatively few survive the winter in a state of torpor.
In our latitudes, the number of animal species that hibernate is many times greater than the number of species that remain awake for the winter. Of the invertebrates, mollusks, crustaceans, arachnids, and insects numb for the winter; from vertebrates, fish (although not all species), amphibians (frogs, toads, newts), reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles), some mammals, for example, almost all types of bats, hedgehogs, many rodents (dormouse, jerboas, ground squirrels, marmots), badger, brown bear, etc. Birds do not hibernate at all.
Summer hibernation is characteristic of animals in tropical regions with a pronounced dry period. But this phenomenon is also expressed in temperate latitudes. Many ground squirrel species in North America hibernate as their plant food dries out. In Europe, rotifers living in moss, when the moss dries up, they themselves dry up and become numb. But as soon as the rain falls or the dew sets, they come to life again. Thus, hibernation can be repeatedly interrupted and resumed.
In the tropics, tanrecs, lungfish and some other animals sink into hibernation.
Undoubtedly, the phenomenon of hibernation is very close to the phenomenon of suspended animation. An anabiosis was understood as a state of hidden life or even a complete interruption of vital functions, after which the organism can return to life again. But it has now been established that in this second sense (i.e., in the sense of a complete cessation of vital processes), anabiosis does not exist in nature at all, but only various forms of hibernation, i.e., various forms of weakening and slowing down of vital processes, exist.
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Main article: Fitness of organisms
One of the great properties nature are her seasonal changes. Temperature, humidity, light and other environmental factors undergo periodic changes throughout the year. Seasonal changes in abiotic environmental factors, in turn, have big influence on the life of living organisms. In different regions, the period favorable for life has a different duration. For example, in middle lane the globe this period lasts about 6-7 months. Here, the period of winter dormancy is clearly manifested.
As a result of a decrease in temperature and the end of the growing season, many plants slow down their metabolism, and leaf fall begins. The period of winter dormancy is observed in insects, amphibians, reptiles and other animals. Many birds migrate to warmer climes.
photoperiodism
The growth and development of plants and animals depend on the duration of daylight hours. This phenomenon is called photoperiodism.
Photoperiodism is the dependence of the activity of physiological processes of living organisms on the duration of daylight hours. This phenomenon can be observed in experiments on plants and animals with artificial changes in lighting during the day. The processes of plant photosynthesis are also associated with photoperiodism.
Photoperiodism in plant life
The change in day length is accompanied by annual temperature fluctuations. Therefore, the length of the day serves as a signal for seasonal changes. Depending on the response of plants to the length of the day, they are divided into long-day, short-day and neutral plants. The flowering of neutral plants does not depend on the length of the day.
Photoperiodism in animals
The length of the day also has a great influence on the growth and development of animals. So, silkworm caterpillars develop well in conditions of a short day. Photoperiodism also has a strong influence on the timing of the onset of the breeding season, on embryonic development, molting, bird migration and hibernation of mammals and other animals.
Human use
Man, studying the laws of photoperiodism in plants and animals, widely uses them for his practical purposes. An example of this is the year-round cultivation of vegetables and flowers in greenhouses, increasing the egg production of chickens in poultry farms.
Biorhythms
On the basis of photoperiodism in plants and animals, biological rhythms have arisen over the course of evolution that occur with a certain periodicity. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru
Biological rhythms are periodically repeated changes in the intensity of biological processes. They can be daily, seasonal and annual. As an example of daily biorhythms, one can point to a change in the intensity of photosynthesis in plants, a change in the speed of movement, hormone production and cell division in animals. In humans, rhythmic changes are also observed during the day in the frequency of respiration, the level blood pressure and other processes. Since biorhythms are hereditary reactions, for the correct organization of the work and rest regime of a person, one must know their mechanisms well.
Thus, the reactions of organisms to daily and seasonal changes determine their ability to measure time, make them the owners of the "biological clock".
Man in his practical activities widely uses the phenomena of biorhythm.
On this page, material on the topics:
What changes occur in summer in wildlife
Seasonal changes in nature abstract grade 10
Seasonal temperature change report
What is change in nature
Seasonal changes in birch
Questions for this article:
What is photoperiodism?
What are biological rhythms?
What is a biological clock?
What changes are taking place in nature?
What is the main factor for seasonal changes in plants and animals?
Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru
Factors affecting the change in air temperature. The annual course of precipitation. The phenomenon of fog, nebula, hoarfrost. Daylight length. Seasonal changes in plant life. Change in leaf color. Adaptations of cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals for wintering.
Seasonal changes in wildlife
Prepared by Nilova Anastasia, a student of grade 10A
Scientific adviser: Soboleva Tatyana Gennadievna
Introduction
“Autumn time, the charm of the eyes ...” this is how A.S. Pushkin spoke about autumn. A lot is also said about autumn folk proverbs and sayings, for example: “Autumn is eight changes; sows, blows, twists, stirs, tears, sapit, pours from above, sweeps from below.
September reluctantly closes the summer. Signs of autumn are visible everywhere: the grass withers, the air cools down, the first yellow leaf breaks from the trees. This month was called "leaf fall", "summer seller", "spring" - another name for September. This is the time of flowering heather - an evergreen low shrub, often found in Polissya, in forests and sometimes in the forest-steppe. Indeed, with the onset of autumn, the leaves on the trees are painted in golden tones, it becomes colder, the length of the day changes. The sun is getting less and less and it is raining more and more. But why is this happening? Why do such changes occur in nature, the life of plants and animals?
1. Changing weather conditions
Annual temperature variation. The air temperature is constantly changing throughout the year. During the transition from summer to autumn, the temperature drops. First of all, the temperature changes due to a change in the angle of incidence of the sun's rays.
The greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the more solar energy per unit area of the earth's surface, which means that the more it will heat up, and the more the air will heat up from it.
In autumn, the angle of incidence of sunlight is less than in summer, so there is a noticeable decrease in air temperature.
However, the change in air temperature can also be affected by the movement of air masses: the arrival of warm or cold air masses can significantly change the typical daily course of air temperature.
Also, the change in air temperature during its descending and ascending movements largely depends on how much water vapor it contains.
Precipitation. Atmospheric precipitation is the moisture contained in clouds, which falls on the Earth in various forms: snow, rain, hail, etc. The annual course of precipitation is different at different latitudes and even within the same zone. It depends on the amount of heat, thermal regime, air circulation, distance from the coast, the nature of the relief. Precipitation is formed during the water cycle in nature. Water evaporates from the surface of bodies of water, rises and condenses at high altitude, and then falls to the ground as precipitation. In autumn, this process is more intense due to the frequent change of warm and cold fronts.
The phenomenon of fog, nebula, hoarfrost. Fog is a thick cloud that forms near the surface of the earth. A sharp temperature drop in the early morning hours raises moisture into the air, concentrating it in it. As soon as the temperature rises, the fog will dissipate, and the moisture will again fall to the ground. Fog is formed when cold air meets warm air.
Hoarfrost is particles of frozen dew. They look like prickly snowflakes, covering all surfaces with an uneven, prickly layer. As a rule, the appearance of a light ice cover indicates that negative temperatures and the first frosts have appeared.
Daylight length. In autumn, daylight hours become shorter and nights longer. This is due to the speed of the Earth's orbit. The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, so the length of daylight changes throughout the year. Its duration also varies with geographic latitude.
Conclusion: Autumn is a time of change of southern warm and northern cold air currents, which makes the weather sometimes rainy and rainy, sometimes warm and dry. The influx of solar heat is reduced. The weather in autumn is unstable, it often rains, but in the first half of September, good clear sunny days are not uncommon.
2. Seasonal changes in plant life
Herbaceous plants: most of the herbaceous plants, namely the stems and leaves die off for the winter, less often remain in the form of underground modified roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs in which there is a supply of nutrients, and can be used by the plant for the next year for a new vegetative period .
Flowers: the withering of a flower means only the transition to a new stage in the life of the plant. In most cases, it depends on the temperature regime in autumn, as well as on excessive air humidity, lack of light.
Discoloration and fall of leaves: in summer, the leaves turn green due to the large amount of chlorophyll pigment contained in them. However, along with chlorophyll, green leaves contain other pigments - yellow xanthophyll and orange carotene. In summer, these pigments are invisible, as they are masked by a large amount of chlorophyll. In autumn, as the vital activity in the leaf dies out, chlorophyll is gradually destroyed. This is where the yellow and red shades of xanthophyll and carotene appear in the leaf. The destruction of chlorophyll is more intense in the light, that is, in sunny weather. That is why in cloudy rainy autumn the leaves retain their green color longer. But if the "Indian summer" comes to replace the prolonged rains, then the crowns of the trees in 1-2 days are painted in golden colors autumn. In addition to gold, the autumn dresses of trees contain crimson hues. This color is due to a pigment called anthocyanin. With a decrease in temperature, as well as in bright light, the amount of anthocyanin in the cell sap increases.
Conclusions: Autumn is a turning point of the year: in a short period from September to November, nature undergoes a transition from heat to frost, from greenery to snow, from summer to winter. It takes only 3 months for the green-leaved forest with lush grass cover to take on a completely winter look - leafless, bare trees against a white background of snow.
3. Seasonal changes in animal life
Adaptations of cold-blooded animals for wintering. Cold-blooded animals endure the winter in an inactive state. In their body, changes occur that begin well in advance in the summer. By autumn, their nutrient reserves increase, due to which metabolism is maintained at a slow pace. The amount of water in their cells decreases. Despite this preparedness, many cold-blooded animals hibernate in shelters where the harsh conditions of winter are less pronounced.
Adaptations of warm-blooded animals for wintering. Warm-blooded animals have less ability to hypothermia than cold-blooded ones. A constant body temperature is ensured by their high metabolic rate. To maintain the temperature at the same level, they develop such features as heat-insulating covers, fatty deposits, etc. To reduce heat transfer in winter conditions, they have an autumn molt - a change in summer fur in mammals and plumage in birds to thicker, winter. Warm-blooded animals do not go into winter dormancy if they can feed themselves in the winter. Mammals that are unable to forage in winter conditions hibernate. Before hibernation, animals accumulate nutrients in the body, mainly fats up to 40% of body weight, and settle in a shelter.
Birds that are not able to provide themselves with food in winter conditions fly away to warmer climes, where they find abundant food.
Conclusions: In the spring, when it gets warm, migratory birds arrive, mammals wake up from hibernation, cold-blooded animals come out of a state of stupor. In autumn, with the onset of cold weather, they have the opposite. It has been established that the main regulating factor of seasonal changes in the life of animals is not a change in temperature, but changes in the length of the day during the year.
rainfall animal wintering seasonal
Autumn is a magical time of the year. All paths in the park are covered with foliage and needles. Raindrops thump the ground in a muffled rhythm. And with the fall, step by step, we are approaching changes. Autumn is the harbinger of winter, the time of the onset of the first cold weather. Autumn is the time when the sky turns dark and the days short. Autumn is the time of learning. Autumn is the season of rains. Autumn is the time of poets. And autumn is the first snow. And that means winter is coming...
Fish epithelium
The structure of the skin in fish. Features and purpose of the epidermis and its seasonal changes in some fish species. The microstructure of the epithelium. Influence of external and internal factors on the state of chromatophores - pigment cells. The adaptive value of body color.
presentation, added 11/19/2015
Living organisms and the environment
Environmental factors affecting a living organism. Factors of inanimate nature. Dependence on the sun is not only the intensity of the light used in photosynthesis, but also the temperature of the environment. living factors. relationship between living organisms.
abstract, added 03/05/2009
The main factors of plant life
Terrestrial and cosmic factors of plant life. Solar radiation as the main source of light for plants. Photosynthetically and physiologically active radiation and its significance. Influence of illumination intensity. The importance of heat and air in plant life.
presentation, added 02/01/2014
bird class, general characteristics class
Structural features. Seasonal phenomena in the life of birds, nesting, migrations and flights. Adaptation of birds to different habitats. The role of birds in nature and their importance in human life.
term paper, added 08/26/2007
Bird class
Features of the structure and life of birds, reproduction and development. Seasonal phenomena in the life of birds (nesting, flight, migration). Similarities between modern birds and reptiles. Ecological groups of birds, their importance in nature and human life.
abstract, added 07/03/2010
Collection of herbaceous plants, insects of the entomological collection, animal collection of wet preparations
Research methods for fungi, algae, lichens, higher plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Rules for collecting plants and animals, drying plants, killing and fixing animals. Practical skills for excursions in nature.
practice report, added on 06/04/2014
Origin of biological terms
Biology is the science of living nature. Spores of plants, sporozoans and fungi. Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for the color of plant chloroplasts. green color. Saprophytes are plants that feed on dead and decaying tissues of plants or animals.
presentation, added 04/25/2012
Animals and the Environment
The role of animals in nature. Domestication or domestication. Monuments to the most famous dogs. Adaptations of organisms to environmental conditions. Characteristics of ground-air, water, soil environments, their inhabitants. The relationship of animals in nature.
presentation, added 09/25/2013
Class Insects
General characteristics and features of the class Insects, the prerequisites for their prevalence, species and subspecies. The presence of an aircraft as their distinguishing feature, methods of reproduction and features of the internal structure. Seasonal changes in insects.
report, added 07/06/2010
Influence of illumination intensity on the anatomical and morphological structure of plant leaves
Features of the structure of the leaf, its morphology, venation, anatomy, aging and leaf fall. Comparative analysis leaf adaptations to different environmental conditions. Influence of illumination intensity on leaf anatomy of shade-loving and light-loving plants.
term paper, added 12/25/2011
Section: "Fundamentals of Ecology" (8 hours)
Seasonal periodicity in nature.
- The subject and basic concepts of ecology.
Ecological factors of the environment.
- The subject and tasks of ecology. Place of ecology among biological sciences.
- The effect of environmental factors on living organisms.
- Forecasting and modeling.
- Seasonal phenomena in nature.
- The subject and tasks of ecology.
Place of ecology among biological sciences.
Ecology is the science of the patterns of relationships between organisms and the organic nature surrounding them. This term was introduced in 1866. E. Haeckel.
Tasks of ecology: the study of the relationship of organisms and their populations with the environment, the study of the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of the organism, the establishment of a relationship between the environment and the number of populations, the study of the struggle for existence in populations and the direction of natural selection. Ecology studies the relationship between populations of different species in a community, between populations and environmental factors, their influence on the distribution of species, on the development and change of communities. Ecology is inextricably linked with evolutionary doctrine, especially with the problems of microevolution, since it studies the processes occurring in populations.
The object of study is ecosystems. Ecology is classified according to specific objects of study: the ecology of microorganisms, the ecology of plants, the ecology of animals, the ecology of man. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of man with the environment.
Ecology is of great importance for the development of various sectors of the national economy. The most important areas of application of environmental knowledge are nature conservation, Agriculture, genetics, physiology, some industries (for example, the creation of waste-free technologies). Ecology serves as the main theoretical basis for the development of many sciences.
- Ecological environmental factors and their characteristics.
The concept of the natural environment includes all the conditions of animate and inanimate nature in which an organism, population, natural community exists. The natural environment directly or indirectly affects their condition and properties. Ecological factor - a component of the natural environment that affects the state and properties of an organism, population, natural community; it is an element of the environment that can have a direct impact on a living organism at any stage of its development. There are three groups of factors:
1. abiotic factors - all components of inanimate nature, among which the most important are light, temperature, humidity and other climate components, as well as the composition of the water, air and soil environment;
2. biotic factors - interactions between different individuals in populations, between populations in natural communities;
3. anthropogenic factor - all the diverse human activities that lead to a change in nature as the habitat of all living organisms or directly affect their lives.
- Types of relationships between organisms.
- Symbiotic. Symbiosis is a form of existence of a population in which each species benefits from association with another species. Organisms included in the symbiosis are adapted to coexistence and often cannot live independently, and if some symbionts live separately, they cannot compete with other species.
a) cooperation - hermit crab and sea anemone;
b) mutualism - mycorrhiza - fungus root, lichen - mushroom algae (algae supply the fungus with sugars and receive mineral salts from the fungus, which it extracts from wood, rock, soil, etc.);
c) commensalism - a relationship in which one of the partners benefits, and for the other they are indifferent, i.e. the commensal uses a partner as a dwelling, a source of food, but does not harm the partner. Freeloading - pilot fish and shark; lodging - a refuge for some animals in the burrows of other animals, the bodies of other animals can be a refuge (slave - stuck, coelenterates on mollusk shells, epiphytes on tree trunks, algae, mosses, lichens, ferns, flowering plants);
2. Antibiotic.
a) predation - a relationship in which individuals of one species eat individuals of another (fox and hare, sundew, cannibalism). Predators, exterminating the most weakened individuals, maintain the composition and size of the population at an optimal level;
c) competition - populations belonging to different types, can compete with each other for vital resources: water, food, shelters, places for laying eggs, etc. Competition occurs when species have similar needs for living conditions, space, food. Less adapted organisms perish (sparrows and tits, herbivores, insects and mammals);
3. Indifferent: neutralism - squirrels and moose in the same forest, hydroid polyps on the shell of a mollusk.
- The effect of environmental factors on living organisms.
Different environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, food, act on each individual. In response to this, organisms natural selection various adaptations are being developed for them. The intensity of the factors most favorable for life is called optimal or optimum. The optimal value of one or another factor for each species is different. Depending on the attitude to one or another factor, species can be warm and cold-loving (elephant and polar bear), moisture- and dry-loving (linden and saxaul), adapted to high or low salinity of water, etc.
endurance limit- the value of the intensity of the factor behind which the existence of life is impossible.
The optimum and limits of the body's endurance in relation to one of the environmental factors depend on the level of other factors. For example, at an optimal temperature, endurance to unfavorable humidity and lack of food increases. On the other hand, the abundance of food increases the body's resistance to changes in climatic conditions. However, such mutual compensation is always limited, and none of the factors necessary for life can be replaced by another.
The ability of a species to reproduce individuals, to compete with others, will be limited by that of the factors that most strongly deviates from the optimal value for the species. If the quantitative value of at least one of the factors goes beyond the limits of endurance, then the existence of the species becomes impossible, no matter how favorable the other conditions are.
limiting factor- an environmental factor that goes beyond the endurance of the organism (beyond the permissible minimum or maximum). For example, the distribution of many animals and plants to the north is usually limited by a lack of heat, while in the south the limiting factor for the same species may be a lack of moisture or the necessary food.
- Forecasting and modeling.
To study the relationship in ecosystems ( natural communities) use a variety of methods: experiment, long-term observation in nature, determining the number of individuals in populations, observing animal migration, etc.
For a more complete and deeper knowledge of wildlife, modeling is widely used - the creation of artificial ecological systems. In this case, mathematical data processing (mathematical modeling) is used. Modeling methods, if they correctly reflect the processes occurring in nature, make it possible to predict in what directions a given ecosystem will develop further, which is of great practical importance for many biogeocenoses (forest, meadow, swamp, lake).
Modeling and environmental forecasting are based on the principle of dividing complex ecosystems into separate, simpler components (subsystems) that are linked to each other by functional links of varying complexity. For example, fish, phytoplankton, zooplankton, demersal animals and plants (benthos), etc. can be isolated in an aquatic system. When studying aquatic ecosystems, aquariums are often used as models, into which various components from natural ecosystems are introduced and forms relationship between them.
Ecosystem modeling methods are now increasingly used in ecology. They open up broad prospects for predicting the processes occurring in ecosystems and elucidating the effect of anthropogenic factors polluting it on the biosphere.
- Seasonal phenomena in nature.
Seasonal periodicity is one of the most common phenomena in living nature. It is especially pronounced in temperate and northern latitudes. The seasonal phenomena of organisms are based on complex adaptive reactions of a rhythmic nature, which have been elucidated relatively recently.
winter calm- a complex physiological adaptation at a certain stage of development, in which the tissues of organisms contain many reserve nutrients, especially fats and carbohydrates, due to which reduced metabolic processes are maintained during wintering. The amount of water in tissues decreases, especially in seeds, winter buds of plants. Thanks to all these features, the resting stages are able to survive the harsh conditions of wintering for a long time. So, in plants (depending on the species), seeds, aboveground and underground parts with dormant buds hibernate, and in some herbaceous plants - basal leaves. On the different stages development, winter dormancy occurs in insects. The malarial mosquito and hive butterflies overwinter in the adult insect stage, the cabbage butterflies in the pupal stage, and the gypsy moth in the egg stage.
biological rhythm– an annual cycle of intensive growth and development, reproduction, preparation for winter and wintering for each species in the course of evolution; periodically recurring changes in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena. The coincidence of each period of the life cycle with the corresponding season is crucial for the existence of the species.
The main factor in the regulation of seasonal cycles in most plants and animals is a change in the length of the day. The reaction of organisms to the daily rhythm of lighting, i.e. on the ratio of daylight (length of the day) and the dark period of the day (length of the night), expressed in a change in the processes of growth and development - photoperiodism. Light conditions in nature have a distinct daily and seasonal periodicity, which is due to the rotation of the Earth. In connection with the daily rhythm of lighting, animals developed adaptations to a daytime and nighttime lifestyle.
The length of the day determines not only the onset of winter dormancy, but also other seasonal phenomena in plants. Thus, a long day promotes the formation of flowers in most of our wild plants. Such plants are called long-day plants. Of the cultivated, these include rye, oats, most varieties of wheat and barley, and flax. However, some plants, mainly of southern origin, such as chrysanthemums, dahlias, need a short day to bloom. Therefore, they bloom with us only at the end of summer or autumn. Plants of this type are called short-day plants.
The influence of the length of the day on animals is strongly affected. In insects and mites, the length of the day determines the onset of winter dormancy. Thus, when caterpillars of cabbage butterflies are kept under conditions of a long day (more than 15 hours), butterflies soon emerge from pupae and a successive series of generations develops without interruption. But if the caterpillars are kept at a day shorter than 14 hours, then even in spring and summer overwintering pupae are obtained, which do not develop for several months, despite sufficient high temperature. This type of reaction explains why in nature in summer, while the day is long, several generations can develop in insects, and in autumn development always stops at the wintering stage.
In most birds, the lengthening day in spring causes the development of the gonads and the manifestation of nesting instincts. Autumn shortening of the day causes molting, the accumulation of spare fats and the desire to fly.
The change in the length of the day is always closely related to the annual course of temperature. Therefore, the length of the day serves as an accurate astronomical forerunner of seasonal changes in temperature and other conditions.
"The biological clock"- the ability of living organisms to navigate in time. Various methods of development control are used in the year-round cultivation of vegetable crops and ornamental plants in artificial light, during winter and early forcing of flowers, to accelerate the production of seedlings. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with cold achieves earing of winter crops during spring sowing, as well as flowering and fruiting in the first year of many biennial plants. By increasing the length of the day, it is possible to increase the egg production of birds on poultry farms.
Anabiosis- a temporary state of the body, in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and there are no visible signs of life. Described in 1701. A. Levenguk. It is typical for viruses, bacteria, amphibians, reptiles, lichens, mosses, etc. It is used in practice for the manufacture of dry vaccines, cultures of bacteria, viruses, preservation of tissues and organs; increases the resistance of organisms to the influence of factors during space flights. Some rodents and turtles with the onset of a hot and dry period in the desert, when the vegetation burns out, fall into hibernation. At perennials often accompanied by shedding of leaves or complete death of ground parts, which occurs in many desert plants.
Poikilothermic (cold-blooded) animals- organisms whose body temperature depends on the ambient temperature (fish, amphibians, reptiles).
Homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals- able to maintain a constant body temperature (birds, mammals).
Front poll:
1. Expand the main tasks of ecology.
2. What environmental factors do you know?
3. What intensity of factors is called optimal?
4. What is a limiting factor? Give examples of a limiting factor specific to local conditions.
5. Describe the limit of endurance, give an example.
6. The essence of environmental forecasting and modeling. Give examples.
7. Describe and give examples of photoperiodism in plants and animals.
8. Describe and give examples of winter dormancy in plants and animals.
9. Describe and give examples of biological clocks in plants and animals.
10. Describe and give examples of suspended animation in plants and animals.
11. Describe and give examples of the biological rhythm in plants and animals.
12. Describe and give examples of poikilothermic and homeothermic organisms.
13. Types of relationships between organisms.
II. Ecosystem. Biogeocenosis. Agrocenosis
1.
Ecosystem. Types of ecosystems. Ecosystem properties.
2. Biogeocenosis. The main indicators of biogeocenosis.
3. The flow of energy.
4. Supply chains.
5. Ecological pyramids. Types of ecological pyramids.
6. Agrocenosis. Comparative characteristics of agrocenosis and biogeocenosis.
1. Ecosystem. Types of ecosystems. Ecosystem properties.
Ecosystem- any combination of living organisms and their environment in a relationship. The term was proposed in 1935. Tansley.
Ecosystem types:
1. natural - swamp, forest, meadow, etc.;
2. artificial - aquarium, pond, fur farm, etc.
Ecosystem properties:
1. Self-reproduction - the ability of organisms to reproduce, the presence of food and energy in the environment, the reconstruction of the habitat by living organisms;
2. Integrity - the relationship of living organisms with each other and with the environment due to the flow of energy and matter;
3. Stability - the property of biogeocenoses to maintain balance when environmental conditions change, i.e. endure adverse conditions and maintain the ability to reproduce;
4. Self-regulation - the property of populations of organisms in a given biogeocenosis to limit their numbers.
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Seasons These are seasons that differ in weather and temperature. They change with the annual cycle. Plants and animals adapt perfectly to these seasonal changes.
Seasons on Earth
It is never very cold or very hot in the tropics, there are only two seasons: one is wet and rainy, the other is dry.
At the equator (on the imaginary midline) it is hot and humid throughout the year.
In temperate zones (outside the lines of the tropics) there is spring, summer, autumn and winter. Generally, the closer to the North or South Pole, the cooler the summer and the colder the winter.
Seasonal changes in plants
Green plants need sunlight and water to form nutrients and grow. They grow most in spring and summer or during the wet season. They tolerate winter or dry seasons differently. Many plants have a so-called rest period. Many plants store nutrients in thickened parts underground. Their aerial part dies, the plant rests until spring. Carrots, onions and potatoes are the type of nutrient storage plants that people use.
deciduous trees
deciduous trees, such as oak and beech, shed their leaves in autumn because there is not enough sunlight at this time for the formation of nutrients in the leaves. In winter, they rest, and in spring new leaves appear on them.
evergreen trees always covered with leaves that never fall. To learn more about evergreen and shedding trees.
Some evergreen trees, such as pine and spruce, have long, thin leaves called needles. Many of the evergreen trees grow far north, where summers are short and cool and winters are harsh. Keeping their foliage, they can start growing as soon as spring arrives.
Deserts are usually very dry, sometimes there is no rain at all, and sometimes there are very short rainy seasons. Seeds germinate and give new shoots only in the rainy season. Plants bloom and produce seeds very quickly. They store nutrients
Seasonal changes in animals
Some animals, such as reptiles, reduce their activity and go to sleep to survive the cold or dry season. When it gets warmer, they return to an active lifestyle. Other animals behave differently, they have their own ways of surviving in harsh periods.
Some animals, such as the dormouse, sleep through the winter. This phenomenon is called hibernation. All summer they eat, accumulating fat so that in winter they can sleep without eating.
Most mammals and birds hatch their young in the spring, when there is plenty of food everywhere, so that they have time to grow up and get stronger for the winter.
Many animals and birds make long journeys each year, called migrations, to places where there is more food. For example, swallows build nests in Europe in the spring, and fly to Africa in the fall. In the spring, when it becomes very dry in Africa, they return.
Caribou (called reindeer in Europe and Asia) also migrate, spending their summers above the Arctic Circle. Huge herds eat grass and other small plants where the ice melts. In autumn they move south to the evergreen forest area and feed on plants such as moss and lichen under the snow.
Seasonal changes in plant life.
Plants in winter
Plants in the winter forest seem completely lifeless to us. However, this impression is deceptive. Even in the most severe frosts, plant life does not stop. At this time, they rest, gain strength for the spring revival. “What we call the dream of nature,” wrote S. Pokrovsky, “is only a special form of life, full of deep meaning and significance.” This form of life of plant organisms is called a state of rest.
At this time, the metabolism of the plant is inhibited, and visible growth also stops. But life processes continue, albeit at a slower pace. For example, the starch accumulated over the summer turns into sugars and fats that feed the plant. In a state of winter dormancy, intensive activity of the educational tissue or meristem takes place in plants, which is transformed into new cells and tissues.
This period is very important for plants. It was at this time that the rudiments of leaves are laid in vegetative buds and elements of flowers - in flower buds. This allows the plant in the spring to quickly move to the active phase of life.
Therefore, for all perennial forms of plants, a dormant period is a necessary condition for normal growth during the growing season.
Different plants have different dormancy periods. Some of them, such as honeysuckle, lilac, elderberry, buckthorn, are distinguished by a short dormant period. Their deep rest ends in October-November. Until January, a deep rest lasts near birch, poplar, hawthorn. The longest dormant period is observed in linden, spruce, pine, beech, and oak. A signal for rest is for them a decrease in the length of daylight hours. A change in the length of the day is perceived in plants by leaves, and in the absence of them, by buds. It is known that snow covering grass plants protects them from freezing. And what allows trees and shrubs with bare branches to "survive"? Why don't their buds and shoots die from the bitter cold? The survival of plants during the period of winter cold is facilitated by a change chemical composition cells. During the preparation of the plant for winter, sugars accumulate in its cell sap, lowering the freezing point. The more sugar the plant accumulates, the more successfully it will withstand the winter cold. It is known that after a plentiful harvest, apple trees often freeze out, because they did not have time to accumulate required amount sugars. Nutrients they have left mainly for the formation of fruits.
Plants that grew intensively in autumn, for example, due to prolonged warm weather or abundant nitrogen fertilization, also do not tolerate frost well. Nutrients were spent on plant growth, and not stored in reserve. In the spring, when the accumulated sugars begin to be used by the plant in its life processes, its frost resistance also falls. Therefore, spring, even small, frosts are more dangerous than harsh winter frosts.
Accumulated sugars allow plants, especially in broad-leaved forests, to begin their vital activity even under snow cover. Already in February, with bitter frosts under the snow, you can find pale yellow sprouts with folded leaves, and sometimes even buds. Since in such forests the soil does not freeze under the snow cover. The presence of a large amount of humus and snow cover create excellent thermal insulation. Due to this, the soil temperature here almost never drops below 0 degrees. Unfrozen moisture remains available for plants.
Intensive use of stored nutrients raises the temperature of the plant itself. Around him, sometimes even the snow melts. So in February, shoots of coltsfoot, laid back in the fall, begin to grow under the snow. If you dig up a plant at this time, you can see that a tiny cave has thawed around it in the snow cover.
Severe frosts are still cracking, and spring is already beginning under the snow
Plants in spring.
Having cleared a small area of soil from snow, let's see what is happening now under it in the forest. This should be done as carefully as possible so that, by removing the lower layers of snow, the plants under it are not damaged. We will see here, along with overwintered evergreen stems of greenfinch (Galeobdolon luteum), wild hoof (Asarum europaeum) and hairy sedge (Carex pilosa), whole line tender, yellowish or barely green sprouts, breaking through a layer of caked last year's fallen leaves. In the perennial scilla (Mercurialis perennis), a common forest plant that forms a background in the grassy layer of the forest in summer, we will find large arched sprouts with buds under the snow. We will also find young stems with buds and leaves in lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis), chistyak (Ficaria ranunculoides) and anemone (Anemone ranunculoides) - our usual spring plants, as well as in musky adoxa (Adoxa moschatellina), dreamweed and some others. These tender stems, with young, still folded leaves, differ sharply from the rough leathery parts of overwintered plants, so it is difficult to assume that they developed from autumn or from the previous summer and overwintered in this form. In addition, in autumn, on the surface of the soil, one cannot find such large seedlings in all these plants, not to mention the developed leaves or even colored buds, which can often be found under the snow near the lungwort. Only in a perennial forest from autumn, under a thick layer of fallen leaves, you can see small arched, curved sprouts with a brush of barely noticeable rudimentary leaves.
Thus, it remains to be concluded that our spring plants have a remarkable ability to develop under the snow in winter. Leaving in the fall under the snow with dormant underground organs - rhizomes and tubers - they emerge from it already with developed stems, leaves, and often even with colored buds. In the forest during snowfall, young parts of spring plants break through the snow.
Plants in summer.
Summer is the time of the year when plants develop rapidly and perform all their vital functions, first of all, they form reproductive organs. Indeed, at this time of the year, most plants develop flowers, which then develop into fruits containing seeds from which new plants will develop.
That is why, in the summer months, plants require special care and attention; they need to be looked after regularly, following all the rules, carefully monitoring the temperature. Indeed, the heat of the summer months increases the evaporation that takes place with the help of leaves and flowers, and the earth dries quickly. The lack of water interferes with the proper circulation of nutrients, and if time does not intervene, the development of the plant may stop, which will lead to its death.
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Autumn is one of the most colorful seasons of the year. Autumn, like spring, amazes and attracts us with its continuous change - not a single day of autumn is like the rest.
The transition from the warm days of the end of summer to the first snow of winter takes place gradually during the autumn. In the apparent "dying" of autumn nature, sprouts of the next spring are hidden. The autumn period is of great importance for the life of plants and animals. Autumn is the transition period from summer to winter.
leaf fall
The beginning of the autumn coloring of trees can be considered the first sign of autumn. This majestic and colorful phenomenon of nature is associated with biological changes that occur in almost all wild trees during the cold periods of the year. The foliage falls and thus allows the plants to rest, prepare for a long winter hibernation, when all life processes inside the tree stop, and the juices stop circulating. Without leaves, trees consume much less water and do not accumulate much snow on their branches during snowfalls. This means that the risk of mechanical damage is reduced. In addition, along with the leaves, the plants shed all kinds of pests, which then die during the period when the cold sets in. We can say that autumn changes in nature begin with leaf fall. But this is in wildlife (after all, trees are also living beings with the ability to breathe and grow). And how are the autumn changes in inanimate nature associated with the near onset of cold weather?
Indian summer is a short period, usually ending with the onset of October. The first signs of inclement weather are already appearing. Fogs, thick, sticky, resembling milk in appearance, fill the autumn nature with dampness and a rotten smell. In its essence, fog is a thick cloud, which, as a result of a temperature drop, forms at the very surface of the soil. As soon as it warms up, the fog will dissipate. Moisture will fall on withered grass and foliage in the form of frost.
The topic of autumn changes in inanimate nature also includes such a phenomenon as frost. In essence, these are small particles of dew frozen in the form of snowflakes. They cover all surfaces with a thin, uneven prickly layer. This suggests that the first frosts and negative temperatures appeared in the atmosphere.
winds and clouds
In autumn, the cold front of the atmosphere brings with it colder air masses. The winds react to this and change their direction, intensify, bringing bad weather and precipitation. This time of year sometimes becomes slushy and long, causing autumnal changes in nature.
Ice drift and ice
At the end of November, it happens that the air temperature drops to negative values. The water surface of various reservoirs is bound by the first crusts of ice. This most often occurs in ponds and lakes, where there is almost no current. The ice is not yet completely strengthened, so the wind and currents carry it away, forming the so-called autumn ice drift. The ice that covers the soil in the middle and at the end of autumn is formed during a light frost, which prevents the rain from turning into snow. The earth has not yet cooled down enough to cover itself with a blanket of snow, a harbinger of severe frosts.
Autumn changes in wildlife
In plants, autumn is a thorough preparation for the winter period, when all of them (living in natural conditions) fall into hibernation: vital activity and the exchange of juices decrease many times over.
Insects with the onset of cold weather hide and hibernate. it defensive reaction to lower temperatures. Many insects (such as flies or beetles) crawl into cozy crevices and at first glance appear to be dead. But it's not. With the onset of spring, they will come to life and fly again.
Cold-blooded animals "sleep" as a result of the fact that they cannot maintain the temperature necessary for existence. Snakes, frogs, reptiles and amphibians all hibernate in late autumn.
At the very beginning of autumn, birds prepare for flights to warmer climes. Then their flight begins. Wintering birds do not fly away and feed intensively in the autumn forests.
Some mammals also hibernate in late autumn and early winter. But this is more likely due not to the onset of cold weather, but to the lack of food supply for them in winter. These animals include: bear, badger, marmot, hedgehog, some rodents (gopher, hamster, dormouse).
Wintering mammals intensively accumulate weight in order to use their own fat for heating and nutrition during the winter cold.
In this way, animal world prepares for the approach of the winter cold period, reacting differently to autumn changes in nature.
K. Paustovsky said beautifully about autumn:
“More than all the seasons, I love and regret autumn, perhaps because she has very little time for her rustling and flying life.”
AUTUMN CHANGES
IN NATURE
Prepared by:
Minkin Egor
Student 2 "A" class
>>Autumn phenomena in plant life
§ 6. Autumn phenomena in plant life
Autumn is harvest time. In autumn, most plants, including perennials, ripen fruits and seeds. The leaves of many trees and shrubs change color and then fall off - occurs leaf fall. Trees and shrubs seem to compete with each other in the beauty of purple and golden yellow foliage. 14 . But some plants remain green until frost, and blacken after snow falls. These are, for example, lilac, alder, some apple trees and young poplars. The duration of leaf fall in different plants is not the same. For example, birch leaf fall lasts about two months, and linden sheds foliage in two weeks.
Herbaceous plants such as full pansies, shepherd's purse weed and wild radish, bluegrass annual, and some others continue to bloom until late autumn.
Certain phenomena in plant life (leafing, flowering, fruiting, leaf fall) are repeated from year to year. Seasonal periodic phenomena in the life of animals and plants are studied by phenology. Constant phenological observations of plants and animals of the native land help to establish the features of the development of wildlife and determine the timing of agricultural work. These observations are available to everyone; they must be kept regularly and recorded in a special notebook. Botanists identify and evaluate natural stocks of various plants, including rare protected plants. Particular attention is paid to those of them that live only in small areas. In the "tracking service" active assistance to botanists can be provided by schoolchildren.
1. What phenomena in plant life can be observed in autumn?
2. Which trees and shrubs have leaves that remain green until frost?
3. What plants bloom in late autumn and where can you find them?
> 1. Take part in planting trees and shrubs.
2. Get a calendar of nature. Write down seasonal changes in the life of the plants around you.
3. In the nearest forest, park or garden, on the instructions of the teacher, observe several types of trees, shrubs and grasses. Write down which plants and when the fruits and seeds ripened. Has the color of the leaves changed and has the leaf fall begun?
Korchagina V.A., Biology: Plants, bacteria, fungi, lichens: Proc. for 6 cells. avg. school - 24th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2003. - 256 p.: ill.
Calendar-thematic planning in biology, video in biology online, Biology at school download
Lesson content lesson summary support frame lesson presentation accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-examination workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures graphics, tables, schemes humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics parables, sayings, crossword puzzles, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles chips for inquisitive cheat sheets textbooks basic and additional glossary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in the textbook elements of innovation in the lesson replacing obsolete knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for the year methodological recommendations of the discussion program Integrated LessonsElvira Rakhimova
Autumn changes in animal life.
Program content: To give children an initial realistic understanding of the preparation of wild animals for winter. (The bear makes a den in a dry place.
The hedgehog makes a nest for himself in a hole, where he falls asleep, burrowing into autumn leaves that brings on its pins and needles.
The squirrel makes stocks, burying nuts, acorns under the roots of trees, dries mushrooms on the knots of trees.
A white hare changes its fur coat to a white one, so it becomes invisible in winter.)
Develop the ability to understand the simplest relationships in nature (It became cold, the life of wild animals is changing) . Cultivate interest in animals of the local area.
vocabulary work: Lead to the passive dictionary "lair", "nest", to the active "wild animals".
Individual work: Teach Nikita, Sasha to listen carefully, pronounce the words.
Equipment: paper, bunny (a toy) pictures of animals(hedgehog, squirrel, bear, hare) magnetic board, model of a protective color of a hare.
Course progress.
Guys, everyone, sit down on the chairs comfortably. (There is a knock on the door). Children, someone came to us. I'll go and see (bring in a toy). Who is it? Yes, it's a bunny. The bunny offers to guess where he came from. (Answer children: He came from the forest.)
Paints early
The sun is the edge of heaven
Self-assembly tablecloth
Spreads the forest
Enough treats
He has for everyone
sweet roots,
Honey, mushrooms, nuts.
What is this poem about? Where did the bunny come from?
Our guest doesn't know what to do wild animals during the cold season? Children will help the bunny, tell him about life of wild animals in the forest. And help us in this "Magic TV (showing a magnetic board). Guys name the wild ones animals who live in the forest (children's answers). Do you know why they are called wild? (children's answers). That's right, because they live in the forest, get their own food, build their own dwellings. Let's say it again - "Wild animals". (Repeat Masha, Lena). Now I will give you a riddle, and you listen carefully.
"A fluffy tail sticks out from the top of the head
What is this strange animal?
Cracks nuts finely.
Well, of course it is. " (Squirrel)
That's right, it's a riddle about a squirrel. Look at the screen of the "magic TV". What does a squirrel do in summer? That's right, she collects mushrooms throughout the forest and stocks up. Hides them in the hollow of a tree; nuts, acorns, berries. The squirrel dries its stocks on twigs.
Now I will give you another riddle.
"He sleeps in a den in winter,
Under the big pine
And when spring comes
He wakes up from his sleep (Bear)
That's right, bear. Look at the screen of the "magic TV". What is the bear doing? That's right, he eats raspberries. Why bear eats a lot in autumn? (children answer) That's right, he eats a lot to accumulate fat. Then he looks for a dry place under the roots of trees and arranges a lair for himself. Children, why is the bear building a den for himself? (falls asleep for the winter). The bear sleeps in winter because it is big, it needs a lot of food, and in winter it is cold, there is snow everywhere. hard to find food. Now listen to the riddle about another animal. Listen carefully and try to guess.
"Ears are long, a ponytail with a finger
And his name is" (bunny)
Look at the screen of our magic TV. Who do you see? (I show a picture of a white and gray hare). At what time of the year can a hare wear a gray fur coat. Yes, spring and summer. But the leaves turned yellow, it gets cold sometimes it snows, what kind of fur coat does a bunny need (I listen to the children's suggestions) What do you think Polina? Why is it that in winter, when it is cold, everything is covered with snow, the bunny needs a white fur coat so that neither the wolf nor the fox will notice it. (demonstrating a model of protective coloration) What should you do in winter to keep warm? You need to move a lot.
Fizminutka!
The hares jump hop-hop-hop.
Yes, white snow.
They sit and listen.
Is the wolf coming?
Unfolded, unfolded.
Two - bent over, stretched.
Three - three claps in the hands.
Three head nods.
Well done boys! You have become clever and mischievous bunnies! Sit on the chairs. Guys, listen carefully and say carefully and tell me about whom This is a mystery.
"The master sewed a fur coat for himself
I forgot to take out the needles.
But he doesn't care at all
Even though he sleeps on pins and needles. (hedgehog)
That's right hedgehog. Look at the magic TV screen. What does a hedgehog do autumn? (children answer) Surely he's making a nest for himself. To keep the nest warm, he wears dry leaves on his needles. It will curl up into a ball, roll on yellow leaves and carry them to its nest. Here he will sleep until spring.
Now tell the bunny who changes his coat for the winter (children's answers) That's right, rabbit. Who sleeps sleeps until spring (children's answers) right hedgehog and bear. Who's stocking up for the winter? (children's answers). correct protein. Now the bunny will know how wild animals getting ready for winter. The bunny says thank you, and it's time for him to return to the forest. goodbye bunny (put away toy). Well done children! Today you answered questions well, were attentive and active.
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Purpose: to identify and consolidate the knowledge, ideas, skills that children have received during school year. Tasks. Educational.
Complex lesson "Conversation about the life of wild animals and birds in the winter forest" Purpose: To give children an idea of the life of forest animals and birds in winter, to learn to observe natural objects in winter. Cultivate caring.
Abstract of the GCD on the formation of children's knowledge about the life of wild animals "Visiting the forest inhabitants" Software content. Tasks: 1. Continue to form a system of knowledge about the life of wild animals in the winter. 2. Develop visual.
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Educational area: Cognitive development. Introduction to the natural world. Seasonal changes - "Golden Autumn" Registration of the reception.
Organization of directly educational activities of children in the preparatory group
For the comprehensive development of preschoolers in kindergarten and younger schoolchildren, it is imperative to pay attention to the natural changes of the seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter. For example, with the beginning of autumn and the new academic year, you can conduct a lesson “Autumn changes in nature”, clearly explaining the topic of training in the park on walks or in the classroom using the material collected in advance. Older children keep a calendar of weather changes, drawing icons and making comparisons with previous years. It records autumn changes in nature (pictures and a herbarium are attached). On the topic of the lesson, the children should pay attention to the following points.
gold autumn
In central Russia, autumn, indeed, is “the charm of the eyes,” as the poet said. The heat and stuffiness of summer is changed by a slight coolness. The days are getting shorter and the nights are getting longer and darker. They are the first to react to these autumn changes in nature, turning yellow and red, then slowly fly around, covering the entire area with a multi-colored carpet. There comes a period of golden Indian summer, when nature still pleases with a moderate sun, when late fruits ripen, filled with both sweetness and aroma, but the nights are already getting colder and colder.
leaf fall
And the colorful phenomenon of nature is associated with biological changes that occur in almost all wild trees during the cold periods of the year. The foliage falls and thus allows the plants to rest, prepare for a long winter hibernation, when all life processes inside the tree stop, and the juices stop circulating. Without leaves, trees consume much less water and do not accumulate much snow on their branches during snowfalls. This means that the risk of mechanical damage is reduced. In addition, along with the leaves, the plants shed all kinds of pests, which then die during the period when the cold sets in. We can say that autumn changes in nature begin with leaf fall. But this is in (after all, trees are also living beings with the ability to breathe and grow). And how are the autumn changes in inanimate nature associated with the near onset of cold weather?
mists
Indian summer is a short period, usually ending with the onset of October. The first signs of inclement weather are already appearing. Fogs, thick, sticky, resembling milk in appearance, fill the autumn nature with dampness and a rotten smell. In its essence, fog is a thick cloud, which, as a result of a temperature drop, forms at the very surface of the soil. As soon as it warms up, the fog will dissipate. Moisture will fall on withered grass and foliage in the form of frost (if the ground has already cooled down enough).
Frost
The topic of autumn changes in inanimate nature also includes such a phenomenon as frost. In essence, these are small particles of dew frozen in the form of snowflakes. They cover all surfaces with a thin, uneven prickly layer. This suggests that the first frosts and negative temperatures appeared in the atmosphere.
winds and clouds
In autumn, the cold brings with it colder winds. The winds react to this and change their direction, intensifying, bringing bad weather and precipitation. This time of year sometimes becomes slushy and long, causing autumnal changes in nature.
In turn, cumulus rain clouds bring in a huge amount of precipitation. If the temperature changes quite sharply, then you can feel strong winds at the beginning of autumn, see and feel the rains with snow, as a result of the appearance of a cold cyclone.
Ice drift and ice
At the end of November, it happens that the air temperature drops to negative values. The water surface of various reservoirs is bound by the first crusts of ice. This most often occurs in ponds and lakes, where there is almost no current. The ice is not yet completely strengthened, so the wind and currents carry it away, forming the so-called autumn ice drift.
The ice that covers the soil in the middle and at the end of autumn is formed during a light frost, which prevents the rain from turning into snow. The earth has not yet cooled down enough to cover itself with a blanket of snow, a harbinger of severe frosts.
Observing the autumn changes in nature, one can learn how the transition to the winter period of life, cold and snowy, is being prepared. When everything around seems to freeze until the next spring and the onset of warm days.
Autumn changes in wildlife
- We already talked about leaf fall in trees and its significance for the life of plants at the beginning of the article. It should be emphasized that trees also belong to wildlife, as they live and die, breathe and give offspring. In plants, autumn is a thorough preparation for the winter period, when all of them (living in natural conditions) fall into hibernation: vital activity and the exchange of juices decrease many times over.
- Insects with the onset of cold weather hide and hibernate. This is a defensive reaction to lower temperatures. Many insects (such as flies or beetles) crawl into cozy crevices and at first glance appear to be dead. But it's not. With the onset of spring, they will come to life and fly again.
- Cold-blooded animals "sleep" as a result of the fact that they cannot maintain the temperature necessary for existence. Snakes, frogs, reptiles and amphibians all hibernate in late autumn.
- At the very beginning of autumn, birds prepare for flights to warmer climes. Then their flight begins. Wintering birds do not fly away and feed intensively in the autumn forests.
- Some mammals also hibernate in late autumn and early winter. But this is more likely due not to the onset of cold weather, but to the lack of food supply for them in winter. These animals include: bear, badger, marmot, hedgehog, some rodents (gopher, hamster, dormouse).
- Wintering mammals intensively accumulate weight in order to use their own fat for heating and nutrition during the winter cold.
Thus, the animal world is preparing for the approach of the winter cold period, reacting differently to autumn changes in nature.
