Poisonous plants and mushrooms
Black henbane can cause poisoning, the seeds of which are in a box and resemble poppy seeds. In case of poisoning with henbane, a severe headache occurs, pupils dilate, dry mouth appears, palpitations and shortness of breath occur. Poisonous crow's eye, wolf's bast (daphne), belladonna (belladonna), wrestler (aconite), poisonous landmarks (hemlock), spotted hemlock, spike-shaped raven, hellebore, May lilies of the valley can cause poisoning. The fruits of the forest beech look like hazelnuts (semi-hazelnuts). Eating them raw causes poisoning similar to poisoning with henbane: headache, dizziness appear. Poisoning can also be caused by the nucleoli of plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, bitter almonds with excessive use. The most poisonous plants in the North include water hemlock and poisonous mushrooms.

When in doubt about which plants are poisonous and which are not, watch out for birds, rodents, monkeys, bears, and other herbivores. Usually the food they eat is suitable for humans.

In swamps, swampy banks of rivers, oxbow lakes and lakes, you can see a tall plant with numerous white flowers rising above the bright green leaves. This is one of the most poisonous plants in our flora - hemlock, or poisonous milestones. The stem of the plant is naked, rounded, often with a purple or violet tint, erect, furrowed, hollow inside, reddish outside, up to a meter high. The leaves are pinnately compound. Blooms in summer. The flowers are small, white, collected in the form of umbrellas. The milestone resembles an edible plant angelica, angelica. It differs from them in smaller leaves, thick, fleshy, hollow rhizome inside, divided by transverse partitions into separate chambers that are filled with yellowish juice.

All parts of the milestone, when rubbed between the fingers, emit a specific unpleasant odor. The plant is poisonous in any form. Especially poisonous is the sweet stem and sweetish, with a pleasant smell (reminiscent of the smell of dried apples) rhizome. The poison of the plant - cicutoxin - causes convulsions in a person, respiratory arrest, leading to death.

Next to the hemlock often grow hemlock, handrail, hemlock, which also have strong poisonous properties and belong to the same umbrella family. Modern scientists are still arguing - the famous ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, sentenced to death by an ancient court, was poisoned with a milestone or hemlock in 399 BC. The properties of these plants are so close. Still, they tend to hemlock (the Latin name for milestone).

Poison hemlock - horsemeat - causes vomiting, speech disorder, paralysis, in severe cases death.

hemlock

In the forest and alpine regions of Gorny Altai, aconite, or Altai wrestler (the local name is kuron), is quite common. Paintings of dark blue beautiful curon flowers often attract attention. This plant is 60-70 centimeters tall with small, often dissected, carved leaves, quite densely arranged along the stem. The flowers are yellow or blue, collected in a large brush at the top of the stem. Each individual flower is shaped like a helmet. The root is tuberous-thickened.

According to ancient Greek myth, aconite grew out of the poisonous saliva of the terrified hellish dog Cerberus, whom Hercules brought from the underworld to earth (the eleventh feat of Hercules). The plant owes its name "wrestler" to Scandinavian mythology: the wrestler grew up at the site of the death of the god Thor, who defeated a poisonous snake and died from his bites. The poisonous properties of aconite were already known in ancient times: the Greeks and Chinese made poison for arrows from it, in Nepal they poisoned the bait for large predators and drinking water when attacked by an enemy. The whole plant - from roots to pollen - is extremely poisonous, even the smell is poisonous. Plutarch writes that the warriors of Mark Antony poisoned by aconite lost their memory and vomited bile. According to legend, it was from aconite that the famous Khan Timur died - his skullcap was saturated with poisonous juice. Until now, hunters use the plant instead of strychnine to poison wolves. The toxicity of the plant is caused by the content of alkaloids in it (primarily aconitine), which affect the central nervous system and causing convulsions and paralysis of the respiratory center.

Aconite poisoning makes itself felt after a few minutes with a tingling sensation in the mouth, throat, burning, profuse salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. a feeling of tingling and numbness in various parts of the body: lips, tongue, skin. Burning and pain in the chest. There may be a state of stupor, impaired vision. In severe poisoning, death can occur within 3-4 hours.

In general, it must be said, the buttercup family, to which aconites belong, contains many poisonous species. These include spurs, delphiniums or larkspurs, large plants with long tassels of blue flowers. Sometimes they are called fly agaric (local name). Marsh marigold - a spring plant with large yellow flowers and round-heart-shaped leaves - grows in swamps and river banks.

Delphinium

Marsh marigold

Voronets - plants with a brush of small white flowers and black or red berries.

The common raven eye from the lily family also belongs to poisonous plants. The raven eye can be found in shady places in coniferous forests. The trunk of the plant is straight, 30-40 cm high. At the top of the bare stem there are four leaves in a circle (rarely 3 or 5), and between them on a low pedicel, a single greenish-yellow flower. The fruit develops from the flower - a bluish-black shiny berry. The whole plant is poisonous, especially the rhizome and berry. Signs of poisoning: nausea, vomiting, colicky pains, diarrhea, convulsions, cardiac disorders, respiratory arrest, paralysis.

raven eye

In addition to the crow's eye, a toxic effect only on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract has, for example, a plant familiar to many of us - nightshade. Nightshade poisoning is characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, salivation.

In meadows, in sparse birch pegs, in ravines and shrubs, but on the banks of rivers, lakes and marshes, starfish is common, which is otherwise called drunken grass, horse milestone, "horse-killing grass". The names are associated with cases of mass death of horses who ate this plant. Its stems are weak and thin, the leaves are narrow, the flowers are small, white.

A rather beautiful cockle plant with large dark pink flowers is also among the poisonous ones. In alpine meadows and in the flat part of the region there are different kinds club mosses. These are evergreen plants with usually creeping stems, closely seated with needle-like or scale-like small leaves. Many of them contain alkaloids, which are strong paralyzing poisons, similar to curare poison, which was used to make poisoned arrows.

Mass poisoning of horses, livestock and poultry was observed when eating hellebore. A decoction of its rhizomes is sold in pharmacies as an insecticidal remedy for lice. Hellebore is a tall plant with a thick stem and large elliptical leaves with well-marked arcuate veins. Flowers in tall panicles, yellowish-greenish or reddish-black-brown. Hellebore grows in tall forest floodplain and subalpine meadows, in logs and swamps in the forest zone, often forming large thickets.

The poisonous properties of henbane and dope are well known. Both plants belong to the nightshade family.

Henbane is a biennial herbaceous plant that has an unpleasant odor. Its stem is erect, sticky, pubescent, 30-90 cm high. The flowers are large, up to 2 cm long, dirty yellow (purple in the middle), with a network of purple veins. The leaves are broad, pubescent, with large teeth. The fruit is a capsule with a lid and a partition inside a five-toothed calyx. The box contains small black or yellow seeds, similar to poppy seeds. The root is similar to parsley, soft, juicy, with a sweet and sour taste. All parts of the plant are poisonous, but the seeds are especially dangerous.

Datura is a large plant with an upright, profusely branched bare stem. The flowers are funnel-shaped, large - up to 10 cm, located singly in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a large, up to 4-5 cm in diameter, box, seated on the outside with greenish spines. When ripe, the fruit opens into four doors. Seeds numerous, black, almost rounded. Datura is resistant to drought and powerful growth: sometimes it reaches 120 centimeters in height.

The active ingredients of henbane and dope are alkaloids that have antispasmodic properties (reduce the tone of smooth muscles), dilate the pupil, relax the muscles of the bronchi, reduce intestinal secretion and peristalsis.

With mild poisoning by these plants, dry mouth, speech and swallowing disorders, dilated pupils and impaired near vision, photophobia, dryness and redness of the skin, agitation, sometimes delirium and hallucinations, tachycardia appear.

In severe poisoning, a complete loss of orientation, a sharp motor and mental excitement, sometimes convulsions with subsequent loss of consciousness and the development of a coma. A sharp increase in body temperature, cyanosis (blue) of the mucous membranes, shortness of breath with the appearance of periodic breathing of the Cheyne-Stokes type, the pulse is incorrect, weak, a drop in blood pressure.

Death occurs with symptoms of paralysis of the respiratory center and vascular insufficiency.

A specific complication of atropine poisoning is trophic disorders - significant swelling of the subcutaneous tissue of the face, in the area of ​​​​the forearms and legs.

You should also be careful with shrubs. Among the very poisonous is the common wolf or wolf's bast - ornamental shrub with fragrant pink flowers that bloom before the leaves appear. The fruits are red juicy berries, the size of a pea, with one seed inside. The fruits are located in tight piles, have a burning juice that burns the oral cavity. Lives in the black taiga.

In the steppe zone in the south-west of the Altai foothills, along the rocky slopes and among the bushes, another species is found - the Altai wolf with white flowers and grayish-green leaves. The fruits are yellowish-red. Forms compact bushes, leafy almost from the soil surface.

All parts of both the common wolf and the Altai wolf are poisonous, especially the fruits. You can get poisoned, even cleaning a branch from the bark with your teeth. In case of poisoning, a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, difficulty in swallowing, salivation, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, blood in the urine. On peat bogs, in swampy coniferous forests, an evergreen odorous shrub grows - wild rosemary, or drunken grass.

Ledum marsh

A strongly branched evergreen shrub with ascending shoots covered with dense "rusty" tomentose, 50 to 120 cm high, with a strong stupefying camphor-like odour. Ledum leaves are leathery, lanceolate, dark, shiny, linear-oblong, pointed. The edges of the leaves are strongly wrapped down. Flowers (up to 1.5 cm in diameter) are white, sharp-smelling, in multi-flowered umbrellas (May-June). The fruit-box opens with five wings. The roots are superficial, with mycorrhiza (symbiotic habitat of fungi on the roots of higher plants). During flowering, it releases substances into the air, which in large quantities have an adverse effect on humans (headache).

In early spring, Ledebour's rhododendron, or maral (local name), blooms very effectively. Its large purple-pink flowers and tough shiny fragrant leaves always attract attention, but beware: it is poisonous, eating the leaves and branches of this plant by animals is often fatal.

Maralnik

Junipers also have poisonous properties - evergreen shrubs with needle-shaped leaves and blue-black berry-like cones. They belong to the cypress family.

We have mentioned only some of the poisonous plants found in Altai. The list can certainly be continued. It can also have a harmful effect medicinal plants if they are not used correctly. Therefore, you can not be treated without a doctor's recommendation and eat plants if you are not completely sure what kind of grass or shrub is in front of you.

It is often difficult for a non-specialist to notice the differences between individual species; for him, many are completely different plants seem to be the same. It should also be remembered that poisonous plants often have beautiful flowers and fruits.

Poisonous plants that are dangerous when eaten

The number of such plants is small compared to non-poisonous and edible ones. good rule is the knowledge of edible plants, but if you have to eat unfamiliar - do it in small quantities and wait a while before continuing.

1) In the polar and subpolar regions, you can be sure that only a dozen plants are poisonous. Two of the most poisonous far north are water hemlock and poisonous mushrooms.

2) When in doubt about which plants are poisonous and which are not, watch birds, rodents, monkeys, bears and other herbivores. Usually the food they eat is suitable for humans. Follow these tips:

do not eat plants that sting, pinch;

boil the products of all plants that you are in doubt. The poison of many of them is neutralized in this way;

do not consume plants with milky juice and do not allow it to come into contact with the skin. This does not apply to the numerous wild berries, breadfruit, papaya and barrel cactus;

avoid poisonous ergot with an infected head, found in cereals or grasses, they are distinguished by black, instead of normal green, seeds.

poisonous mushrooms

When collecting mushrooms, we must remember that among them there are poisonous, very dangerous ones. You need to use the rule - if you don’t know what kind of mushroom, it’s better not to take it.

Among the poisonous mushrooms is, first of all, pale grebe. It contains strong poisons that are not destroyed by scalding and roasting. Pale grebe can be confused with champignon. The difference is that on the lower part of the leg of the pale grebe there is always a small tuberous swelling, covered with a sheath in the form of a rim or collar. In the upper part of the stem there is a membranous ring (white, greenish or pale yellow). The plates under the hat are white, unpainted. In a mature champignon, these plates are dark, in a young one they are slightly pink in color, and there are no rings, swellings on the stem and shell. Some edible mushrooms sometimes have tuberous formations. And although this happens very rarely, it is better not to collect them.

Poisonous mushrooms include fly agaric (panther, red, stink, porphyry). You can not eat false mushrooms. They are smaller in size than edible mushrooms, and do not have films on the legs.

In light deciduous forests, more often under beeches, you can find a satanic mushroom. Its cap is gray-whitish, convex, the tubular layer is greenish-yellow, with red pores, the flesh turns blue when cut, and then becomes pale with a slight unpleasant odor. Very poisonous.

Bile and pepper mushrooms, although not poisonous, are unsuitable for food because of their bitter taste. The gall fungus is similar to white, it is even called a false white fungus. It is distinguished by a darker pattern on the stem and a pinkish bottom of the cap. Pepper fungus is much less common than gall fungus. It differs from similar species of butterflies and mossiness mushrooms in smaller sizes. The bottom of the cap has large uneven pores and a yellowish-red tint.

It is necessary to keep in mind the possibility of poisoning in the spring with the first mushrooms - false morels and lines. After appropriate heat treatment, these mushrooms can be eaten.

The next mushroom season has begun, which means it's time to get a basket with all sorts of things out of the closet and move out into the forest to fish.

But is everything so simple? Of course not. Representatives of the kingdom of fungi can be as dangerous as wild animals or poisonous plants.

Therefore, if you want to become an inveterate mushroom picker and at the same time live to a ripe old age, you should get to know these unusual creatures in advance.
Poisonous mushrooms, of which there are about 30 species in Russia, often disguise themselves as edible relatives, which often makes them difficult to detect.

If you have carefully studied all the photos below and read the descriptions, but still cannot distinguish poisonous mushroom from edible, better leave it alone.

Death cap


Occurs: from August to the end of September.

The hat of the toadstool has a yellow-brown, pale green or olive color. The edges of the cap are usually lighter than its center.

There is a ring on top of the leg. white color.

Outwardly, the grebe is not much different from edible mushrooms growing in the forest, and this makes it doubly dangerous.

Pale grebe has a strong toxic effect.

false fox


Occurs: from July to October.
Or as it is also called - the orange talker.

The hat of the false chanterelle is brightly colored from orange to copper-red and shaped like a funnel with smooth edges. The plates are bright red, the stem is about 10 cm in height, often narrowed towards the base.

This type of fungus often grows in groups, rarely singly and always near real chanterelles.

It is quite simple to distinguish them: the pulp of false chanterelles has a very unpleasant odor.

The fungus is considered to be slightly poisonous, i.e. in order to get rid of the symptoms of poisoning, it is enough to do a gastric lavage.

false honey agaric


Occurs: from June to October.
Masquerading as its edible relative, the mushroom has a convex cap of yellow, pink or pale orange.

The color is usually darker in the center of the cap than at the edges.

The flesh is light yellow, smells unpleasant and has a bitter taste.

growing large groups on decaying wood.

This mushroom is poisonous, after a few hours symptoms of poisoning appear: nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating and loss of consciousness. False honey agarics are outwardly similar to four edible mushrooms at once: autumn, winter, summer and gray-lamellar.

Fly agaric


Occurs: from mid-August to mid-September.
This cousin of the pale grebe is considered by some to be a conditionally edible mushroom. However, scientists have identified poisons that are contained in all parts of his body.

The hat of the grebe-shaped fly agaric is covered with large white scales and reaches up to 10 cm in diameter.

The color of the hat is a delicate cream color. The leg is long, thin, white in color, there is a dense ring that is darker than the shell of the leg and pulp.

The pulp emits an odor similar to the aroma of freshly peeled potatoes.

satanic mushroom


Occurs: from June to September.
This mushroom is also considered conditionally edible, however, in order to remove all toxins from it, it must be thermally processed for 10 hours.

After such punitive cooking, the pulp becomes completely inedible.

Outwardly, the satanic mushroom is similar to ordinary boletus, but unlike boletus, it actively produces and accumulates toxic substances dangerous to humans that affect the liver, spleen and nervous system. The hat is green, olive or brown in color and in some specimens can reach 40 cm in diameter.

It is quite simple to determine the insidious mushroom: on the cut, the leg becomes first blue and then bright red for 5 minutes: the poison interacts with oxygen from the atmosphere.

Russula is burning-caustic


Occurs: from mid-summer to mid-autumn.
Among the harmless representatives of the russula genus, there is a dangerous saboteur who can cause a lot of trouble when he hits your dining table - this is a burning-caustic russula. It is almost impossible to distinguish between an errant and a red russula, at least until the spores ripen, which will color the plates with inner side in ocher color.

Since the symptoms of vomiting russula poisoning are disguised as ordinary food poisoning, the mushroom picker may not be aware of the cause of the disaster that happened to him for a long time.

All parts of russula pungent are characterized by a bitter taste and a strong burning sensation after touching the lips and tongue.

Milky gray-pink


Occurs: from August to the end of October.
In most countries, the gray-pink milky is classified as a dangerous poisonous mushroom, the toxins of which tend to accumulate in the cells of the liver and kidneys.

Manifested in the form of bronchial asthma, some patients may develop toxic hepatitis.

The color of the milky cap varies from gray-pink to light red.

The shape is round, reminiscent of a funnel. Centric rings, scales or mucus are completely absent.

Dense white flesh tastes moderately bitter.

This type of mushroom is not similar to any other, and therefore it is quite easy to recognize it.

Lattice red


Occurs: from late spring to autumn.
Without exception, all individuals of the lattice are very poisonous.

However, the extravagant form of the mushroom is listed in the Red Book, so do not rush to trample it as soon as you notice it.

However, you will most likely feel it long before you see it: the grate emits a sharp smell of rotting flesh, spreading 10-15 m around its habitat.

The smell is emitted by fully ripened mushrooms.

The spicy aroma attracts insects that carry the spores around.

Often grows in splendid isolation, sometimes in groups.

Symptoms of poisoning are trivial: vomiting, loose stools mixed with blood, fever.

Fortunately, they pass completely on their own after 10-12 hours.

Gymnopilus beautiful


Occurs: from late June to mid-September.
In appearance, this forest dweller is really quite beautiful, but in no case should you taste it or even touch it.

Its pulp contains an impressive amount of intoxicating and hallucinogenic substances.

Having fallen under the influence of an insidious mushroom, you can easily end the mushroom picking trip that began so cheerfully in the nearest swamp or impenetrable taiga. Gymnopilus does not grow alone, huge colonies can extend for tens of meters around the center of the mycelium. In shape and color, the hymnopilus is similar to edible flakes, but edible mushrooms have a larger fruiting body and a wide ring on the stem.

Value false


Occurs: from early August to late September.
Poisonous species are often found among agaric fungi of the cobweb genus.

The greatest danger to the health of mushroom pickers is the false valui, or, as it is popularly called, “horseradish mushroom”.

It is often confused with the edible type of valuya, but, despite the external similarity, these two mushrooms differ sharply in chemical composition.

A distinctive feature is the pungent smell of horseradish (did you think why they call it that?), which is emitted by freshly cut individuals.

2 slide. The living world is rich and diverse. Useful and poisonous is in it side by side. On a walk in the forest and outside the city, you must follow the safety rules - you can’t take it in your mouth and taste everything in a row - berries, blades of grass, mushrooms.

3 slide. This mushroom is inedible, but many forest animals need it as a medicine.

On a high thin leg

The mushroom stands near the path,

Leg - pipe,

On the pipe - a skirt,

And in a red hat

white patches,

The cap flares

Like a bright beacon.

Fly agaric is famous for that

What is terribly poisonous!

4 slide. Pale grebes - you can’t even get close to the place where pale grebes grow. All parts of the pale grebe are extremely poisonous: a hat, a leg, films. Even her disputes are no exception, as they are dangerous to human health. Spores and wind can get on plants and fungi growing nearby. Therefore, you need to follow the rule - do not pick berries and mushrooms growing near this mushroom. For poisoning, it is enough to eat half or a third of the mushroom.

But the toadstools are pale,

Like bad girls

Bending and twisting

Trying to like it...

Don't bother with them...

Who wants to be poisoned!

5 slide. Poisonous plants are plants that contain such chemicals that, once in the human or animal body, cause poisoning. Poisoning can lead to serious illness and even death. For the plant itself, toxic substances are of great importance. They protect the plant from animals that could eat its stem, leaves, roots, seeds. There are many poisonous plants. In some, the roots are saturated with poison, in others the leaves. Some have flowers and fruits.

6 slide - 7 slide . Wolf bark. Have you come across low bushes with flowers similar to lilacs in the forest in spring? They smell strongly and sickeningly. But you can’t bring these flowers home and put them in water. If you smell these flowers for a long time, you will feel dizzy and feel ill. This wolf's bast is a very poisonous plant. It has red fruits similar to sea buckthorn. They are very poisonous and dangerous - you can die from them.

This shrub is called wolf because, as if once, the wolf was late for the council of animals, where the plants were given names, and therefore none of them received the name of the wolf. He was very annoyed by this circumstance and, out of annoyance, began to strip the bark from the plant, and then, in order to calm this predator, this shrub was called the wolf's bast. And of course, for good reason. Indeed, the poisonousness of the wolf's bast has long been known among the people.

You can’t touch the berries at all - the juice from them that gets on the skin can cause pain, redness, swelling.

green lining,

pink hat,

The berries are ripe

Rubies glow.

This plant

Requires respect.

Everyone is afraid of him

The bees don't sit

Birds do not peck berries,

Moose do not chew branches

Hares don't bite.

This bush is angry and fierce.

8 slide . Aconite is a poisonous plant, especially its tubers. The properties of this plant were well known to our ancestors - the ancient warriors rubbed the tips of their arrows with the poison of this plant.

9 slide. Hogweed - grows in meadows, edges, along roads. High - up to 2.5 meters. Hogweed juice causes burns, pain. This plant must not be touched.

10 slide. Belen - used to treat patients since ancient times. But in large doses it can cause terrible poisoning - especially seeds. People who are poisoned by henbane come into a violent state. Hence the expression "henbane overeat", "enraged".

11 slide . Datura - 1 meter high. Poisonous fruits.

whips grow,

They have leaves on them.

Flowers - tubules,

white skirts,

The fruits are deceitful

Full of poison.

Dope will fall into the mouth -

The mind will go for the mind.

12 slide. Wolf berries. The plant has poisonous fruits.

green jackets,

And they have beacons.

Red, treacherous

Paired berries.

I'm not a sneak at all

Only wolfberry

Even if washed

Very well-behaved.

13 slide . Crow's eye - all parts of the plant are poisonous, but the fruits are of particular danger.

Leaves - cross stitch

Stem - pestle,

From grass crow's eye

Evil is staring at us.

Look, even the view

These berries are poisonous.

14 slide. May lily of the valley. All its parts are poisonous - leaves, flowers, fruits - red-orange berries.

In the shell of a leaf

Quietly ringing

Pale shines

Pearl thread.

On an arc, on a branch -

Pearl bells.

Gentle, thin, bitter

Flowers have fragrance.

15 slide . Buttercup caustic (night blindness). Contains caustic substances that irritate the skin and mucous membranes. If you pick up a bouquet of flowers and smell it, a runny nose will appear, tears will flow, it will become difficult to breathe, and if, holding the plant, rub your eyes with your hands, then there will be a sharp pain in the eyes, a temporary sensation poor eyesight. Be sure to rinse your face with water.

Leaves, petals

varnish cheeks,

amber flowers,

small, treacherous,

Blinded and burned -

This flower is cool.

16 slide. Cicuta is one of the most poisonous plants in the Russian flora. It grows in swamps, in ditches, along the banks of streams. This plant is especially poisonous in spring and early summer. Under no circumstances should it be taken by mouth.

On bare back

red patches,

pinnate leaves,

Flowers are silvery.

Dancing in the swamp

Waving umbrellas.

It hides a terrible poison,

Even for a bull dangerous.

17 slide. Mouse peas. Poisonous seeds.

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Slides captions:

Made by Vasilyeva M.S. GBOU No. 296 ODO St. Petersburg 2015. Materials from methodological manual"Dangerous objects, creatures, phenomena" I.A. Lykova, V.A. Shipunova, M., id. "Colored World", 2014 Dangerous and poisonous plants and mushrooms

Death cap

poisonous plants

Wolf's bast

The fruits of the wolf's bark

hogweed

wolf berries

raven eye

May lily of the valley

Buttercup caustic (night blindness)

mouse peas

Preview:

Presentation "Dangerous and poisonous plants and mushrooms"

2 slide. The living world is rich and diverse. Useful and poisonous is in it side by side. On a walk in the forest and outside the city, you must follow the safety rules - you can’t take it in your mouth and taste everything in a row - berries, blades of grass, mushrooms.

3 slide. This mushroom is inedible, but many forest animals need it as a medicine.

On a high thin leg

The mushroom stands near the path,

Leg - pipe,

On the pipe - a skirt,

And in a red hat

white patches,

The cap flares

Like a bright beacon.

Fly agaric is famous for that

What is terribly poisonous!

4 slide. Pale grebes - you can’t even get close to the place where pale grebes grow. All parts of the pale grebe are extremely poisonous: a hat, a leg, films. Even her disputes are no exception, as they are dangerous to human health. Spores and wind can get on plants and fungi growing nearby. Therefore, you need to follow the rule - do not pick berries and mushrooms growing near this mushroom. For poisoning, it is enough to eat half or a third of the mushroom.

But the toadstools are pale,

Like bad girls

Bending and twisting

Trying to like it...

Don't bother with them...

Who wants to be poisoned!

5 slide. Poisonous plants are plants that contain such chemicals that, once in the human or animal body, cause poisoning. Poisoning can lead to serious illness and even death. For the plant itself, toxic substances are of great importance. They protect the plant from animals that could eat its stem, leaves, roots, seeds. There are many poisonous plants. In some, the roots are saturated with poison, in others the leaves. Some have flowers and fruits.

6 slide - 7 slide . Wolf bark. Have you come across low bushes with flowers similar to lilacs in the forest in spring? They smell strongly and sickeningly. But you can’t bring these flowers home and put them in water. If you smell these flowers for a long time, you will feel dizzy and feel ill. This wolf's bast is a very poisonous plant. It has red fruits similar to sea buckthorn. They are very poisonous and dangerous - you can die from them.

This shrub is called wolf because, as if once, the wolf was late for the council of animals, where the plants were given names, and therefore none of them received the name of the wolf. He was very annoyed by this circumstance and, out of annoyance, began to strip the bark from the plant, and then, in order to calm this predator, this shrub was called the wolf's bast. And of course, for good reason. Indeed, the poisonousness of the wolf's bast has long been known among the people.

You can’t touch the berries at all - the juice from them that gets on the skin can cause pain, redness, swelling.

green lining,

pink hat,

The berries are ripe

Rubies glow.

This plant

Requires respect.

Everyone is afraid of him

The bees don't sit

Birds do not peck berries,

Moose do not chew branches

Hares don't bite.

This bush is angry and fierce.

8 slide . Aconite is a poisonous plant, especially its tubers. The properties of this plant were well known to our ancestors - the ancient warriors rubbed the tips of their arrows with the poison of this plant.

9 slide. Hogweed - grows in meadows, edges, along roads. High - up to 2.5 meters. Hogweed juice causes burns, pain. This plant must not be touched.

10 slide. Belen - used to treat patients since ancient times. But in large doses it can cause terrible poisoning - especially seeds. People who are poisoned by henbane come into a violent state. Hence the expression "henbane overeat", "enraged".

11 slide . Datura - 1 meter high. Poisonous fruits.

whips grow,

They have leaves on them.

Flowers - tubules,

white skirts,

The fruits are deceitful

Full of poison.

Dope will fall into the mouth -

The mind will go for the mind.

12 slide. Wolf berries. The plant has poisonous fruits.

green jackets,

And they have beacons.

Red, treacherous

Paired berries.

I'm not a sneak at all

Only wolfberry

Even if washed

Very well-behaved.

13 slide . Crow's eye - all parts of the plant are poisonous, but the fruits are of particular danger.

Leaves - cross stitch

Stem - pestle,

From grass crow's eye

Evil is staring at us.

Look, even the view

These berries are poisonous.

14 slide. May lily of the valley. All its parts are poisonous - leaves, flowers, fruits - red-orange berries.

In the shell of a leaf

Quietly ringing

Pale shines

Pearl thread.

On an arc, on a branch -

Pearl bells.

Gentle, thin, bitter

Flowers have fragrance.

15 slide . Buttercup caustic (night blindness). Contains caustic substances that irritate the skin and mucous membranes. If you pick up a bouquet of flowers and smell it, a runny nose will appear, tears will flow, it will become difficult to breathe, and if, holding the plant, rub your eyes with your hands, then there will be a sharp pain in the eyes, a temporary feeling of poor vision. Be sure to rinse your face with water.

Leaves, petals

varnish cheeks,

amber flowers,

small, treacherous,

Blinded and burned -

This flower is cool.

16 slide. Cicuta is one of the most poisonous plants in the Russian flora. It grows in swamps, in ditches, along the banks of streams. This plant is especially poisonous in spring and early summer. Under no circumstances should it be taken by mouth.

On bare back

red patches,

pinnate leaves,

Flowers are silvery.

Dancing in the swamp

Waving umbrellas.

It hides a terrible poison,

Even for a bull dangerous.

17 slide. Mouse peas. Poisonous seeds.

In nature, everything is arranged very harmoniously, there is nothing superfluous. Wandering through the forest in search of edible mushrooms, do not rush to kick a toadstool or fly agaric out of annoyance. Poisonous to humans, they benefit some animals, work as forest orderlies, destroying old stumps and trunks felled by storms, processing last year's leaves and broken branches into fertilizers. Without them, the forest would turn into an impenetrable thicket. So, just go around them without touching them with your hands or a sharp knife.

fly agaric

Fly agarics know everything. Their pretty red hats with white flecks early childhood considered in books and enliven in coloring books. This brings their chances of getting into the mushroom picker's basket to zero. Have you ever decided to cook folk remedy from a disease in which the fly agaric must certainly participate. And for soup for dinner, no one dares to collect them.

Amanita loves not only red outfits, but also gray and brown ones. The so-called panther fly agaric, wears a brown hat with white speckled warts. Arranged in parallel circles throughout the cap, the speckles turn the mushroom into small panther cubs hiding in the grass.

With his elegant hat, he makes the forest more beautiful, delighting everyone who knows how to enjoy beauty. Being a poison to the human body, it is good for the soul.

Pale and white toadstools

The easily recognizable fly agaric does not create problems for the mushroom picker. It is much more difficult to distinguish grebes, which are "twins" of edible mushrooms. These include pale and white grebes.

Being a double of the delicious champignon, the pale grebe turns into a dangerous and insidious enemy of man. The insidiousness of the toadstool lies in the slow action of its poison, which manifests itself 12, and sometimes 30 hours after a meal, when it is almost impossible to fight the action of the poison.

Of course, you can distinguish toadstool from champignon:

* Firstly, by the unpleasant smell emanating from the toadstools, while the champignon smells of pleasant freshness.

* Secondly, you need to look under the mushroom cap to see the color of its plates. The champignon plates are pink, which later turn into purple. The plates of both grebes are white. The color of the cap of the pale grebe has a greenish tint, and the white, which is also called the "stinky fly agaric" is white.

* Thirdly, in toadstools at the base of the leg, you can see shreds of a torn bag, if it was not sprinkled with earth. The leg of the white toadstool is not smooth, but covered with scales, which give the leg a shaggy appearance.

Together with edible champignons, poisonous red champignon can grow, distinctive feature which are a reddish spot in the center of the cap; bad smell; yellowing flesh on the break.

false mushrooms

Summer and autumn mushrooms, which are very easy to collect, one has only to stumble upon their colony, also have poisonous counterparts, often growing next to edible ones. To distinguish them from each other, you need to take a closer look at the color of their hats and plates.

The plates of false summer honey agaric (or sulfur-yellow false honey agaric) are painted in greenish or sulfur-yellow shades, and the poisonous color of the hat itself unpleasantly irritates the eye. Edible summer honey agaric paints its plates cream or brown.

Autumn (or real) honey agaric is easy to distinguish from its poisonous counterpart, you just have to smell its white flesh. Mushroom appetizing aroma of real honey agaric cannot be compared with the unpleasant smell of its counterpart - false honey agaric. In addition, the pulp of the twin is not white, but yellow.

If you do not trust your sense of smell, you can compare the colors of mushroom caps and plates. The edible honey agarics have yellowish-white plates with dark spots, while the false ones have gray to black colors. The doppelgänger's hat is brick-red, for which it is also called "brick-red false bellows".

The best rule of thumb when picking mushrooms is if you're in doubt about the definition of a mushroom, it's best to leave it to the forestry.

Representatives of many species have the ability to form and concentrate substances with properties that are toxic to other organisms. Poisons of biological origin are individual chemical compounds or mixtures of chemical compounds, which, getting into another organism, even in a small amount, can cause a violation of its physiological functions, cause it to become ill and even lead to its death.

Biologically active compounds that are part of poisons have a different chemical nature. Among them there are, for example, polypeptides, alkaloids, steroids, etc., which are not present in the body of the victim. In addition, poisons can contain very large amounts of some substances that are also found in the body of the victim, but normally their level is much lower.

organisms different types produce poisons that differ in their qualitative and quantitative composition. Some poisons of biological origin in small doses have a therapeutic effect on humans. This explains the interest of researchers in poisonous organisms as a potential source of drugs.

3.6.1. Poisonous plants and mushrooms

Poisonous plants - plants that contain specific substances and are capable of causing illness or death of a person or animal at a certain dose and duration of exposure.

In the plant world, there are thousands of toxic substances, which are divided into several groups depending on their chemical nature. For example, alkaloids, glycosides, phytotoxins, photosensitizing pigments, saponins, mineral poisons, etc. are isolated. They can also be classified according to the clinical picture of poisoning. There are, for example, neurotoxins, liver and kidney poisons, substances that irritate the digestive tract, cause respiratory arrest, damage the skin, and cause malformations. Sometimes one substance belongs to several chemical classes at once or acts on several organ systems.

Poisonous plants are known in all major taxonomic groups - from algae to angiosperms. There are poisonous unicellular, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Sometimes poisoning is caused by mould, head or rusty fungi present on plants or in plant foods. Although bacteria and fungi are now classified as independent kingdoms of organisms, some of them are traditionally considered together with poisonous plants.

We give a description of individual poisonous plants and fungi.

Aconite (oak wrestler, Karakol, Dzungarian)

General characteristics. Belongs to the Buttercup family. Distributed in temperate regions of Europe, Asia and North America. Perennial rhizomatous or root bulbous herbaceous plants with upright, rarely winding stems, 50-150 cm high. Aconite root usually consists of 2-3 rіpopodіbnyh black-brown tubers. Long, thin lateral branches depart from it. Tubers reach 4-8 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width. Fresh aconite tubers smell like horseradish. From an older, darker tuber, a simple erect (rarely branched) stem up to 1.5 m high grows in spring (Fig. 3.175).

Rice. 3.175. Jungar aconite (Co n and um maculatum):

1 - the upper part of the plant with an inflorescence; 2- the lower part of the stem with leaves and root; From - flower (general view); 4 - flower, devoid of perianth; 5 - fruit.

Leaves with long petioles are alternately arranged on the stem. They are articulated into 3-7 narrow incised cuneiform lobes. The upper side of the leaf is dark green, glossy, the lower side is paler, matte. The top of the stem has a long brush major flowers. They are irregular, in different types of aconite of different colors: blue, blue, blue-violet, white, yellow. The calyx of the flower is p "yatilistkova, pelyustkopodіbna. The fruit is dry, the seeds are black-brown, trihedral with a wrinkled-wavy "back".

Sometimes the plant is confused with celery (there is a case when a shepherd ate an aconite potato, confusing it with celery). The taste of the tubers is sugary, causes a feeling of crawling on the tongue, followed by numbness. enough to cause fatal poisoning2-4 aconite tubers.

Poison properties. The poisonous properties of aconite were already known in ancient times: the Greeks and Chinese made poison for arrows from it, in Nepal they poisoned the bait for large predators and drinking water when attacked by an enemy.

The whole plant - from roots to pollen - is extremely poisonous, even the smell is poisonous. The toxicity of aconite depends on the geographical location (soil, climate), on the age of the plant - in the southern latitudes it is the most poisonous, and in Norway, for example, animals are fed with it.

The toxicity of the plant is caused by the content of alkaloids (in particular, aconitine), which affect the central nervous system and lead to convulsions and paralysis of the respiratory center. Aconitine is extremely poisonous: 0.2 mg is enough to cause severe poisoning. The literature describes a case when 3-4 mg of aconitine killed an adult.

Signs of poisoning: aconite poisoning makes itself felt after a few minutes with a tingling sensation in the mouth, during swallowing, burning, profuse salivation, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, tingling and numbness in various parts of the body: lips, tongue, skin. Heartburn and chest pain, impaired vision. In severe poisoning, death can occur within 3-4 hours: complete loss of orientation, sudden motor and mental excitement, sometimes convulsions. Death occurs from paralysis of the heart and breathing.

The medicinal uses of this plant are very diverse. In Tibet, she is called the "king of medicine". Small doses of aconite treated anthrax, pneumonia; in Russian traditional medicine it was used as an external pain reliever. Currently, some types of aconite are listed in the Red Book.

Hemlock (hemlock spotted, spotted omega)

General characteristics. A biennial herbaceous plant (from 90 to 200 cm high), which forms a rosette of basal leaves in the first year, and a strongly gallusist stem up to 2 m in the second year. Spotted hemlock looks very similar to wild carrots: both plants belong to the umbrella family and have a fleshy tap root. The stem is naked, with a bluish bloom and dark red spots in the lower part, from which the plant got its name. Leaves similar to parsley leaves (Fig. 3.176), when rubbed, there is a pungent smell, reminiscent of the smell of cat urine. The flowers are small, white, arranged in complex umbrellas with10-15 main beams. The fruits are small, grayish-green, ovate-spherical, laterally flattened.

Rice. 3.176. Hemlock spotted: 1 - the upper part of the plant with an inflorescence;2 - stem with leaves; 3 - the lower part of the stem; 4 - root; 5 - fetus;

6 - ovary of the pistil in the section; 7- inflorescences; 8 - flower.

Poison properties. Belongs to the number of the most poisonous plants, fruits and leaves are especially dangerous. All parts of the hemlock contain at - kaloid, which paralyzes the respiratory muscles. The lethal dose is about 50 mg of the plant per 1 kg of body weight. In ancient times it was used as a deadly poison.

Poisoning occurs when ingested oral cavity stems mistaken by children for angelica (from which whistles are made, when eating seeds. Causes contact damage to the skin and mucous membranes, proceeding according to the type of severe allergic reactions. Cases of poisoning of starving livestock are known.

Signs of poisoning. With a mild form of poisoning, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea appear. There is a partial numbness of the skin, dizziness, headache, visual and hearing impairment. In severe cases, muscle weakness increases, turning into muscle paralysis (starting from the legs). Loss of consciousness. Death occurs as a result of respiratory arrest.

medical application. It is used to prepare drugs that reduce pain. It is used only on the advice of a doctor.

Poisonous milestone (hemlock, milestone, ferula dzungaria)

General characteristics. Perennial herbaceous plant of the Umbelliferae family, 50-150 cm tall. Milestone grows in damp, marshy places. The stem is glabrous, rounded, often with a purple or violet tint, erect, furrowed, hollow inside, reddish outside, up to a meter high. The leaves are often complex. Blooms in summer. The flowers are small, white, collected in panicle inflorescence (Fig. 3.177).

Rice. 3.177. Milestone poisonous (Cicuta virosa): 1.2 - stem with leaves, flowers and fruits; - rhizome in the context; 4 - pestle; 5, 6 - fruit.

Veh resembles edible plants angelica and angelica. It differs from them in smaller leaves, thick, fleshy, empty rhizome inside, divided by transverse partitions into separate chambers, filled with yellowish juice. On a longitudinal section of a thickened rounded rhizome, parallel transverse cavities are clearly visible, which is a hallmark of the plant. All parts of the milestone, when rubbed between the fingers, emit a specific unpleasant odor.

Poison properties. The plant is poisonous in any form. Especially poisonous is the sweet stem and sweetish, with a pleasant smell (reminiscent of the smell of dried apples) rhizome. Outward resemblance to carrots and a pronounced carrot smell of the underground part led to poisoning of children. The hemlock rhizome is also sometimes mistaken for a turnip. Poison milestone contains in the rhizomes of the resin-like substance cicutotoxin - the strongest poison with neurotoxic (anticholinergic, convulsive) action.

Signs of poisoning. If you eat this plant, then after 15-20 minutes. there is malaise, salivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and then convulsive attacks, against the background of which respiratory and cardiac arrest is possible.

medical application. Medicinal plant. In folk medicine, the roots and rhizomes of hemlock are used externally in the form of ointments and infusions for certain skin diseases, rheumatism, and gout.

Hellebore Lobel (common)

General characteristics. Powerful plant 1.5 m high with a shortened vertical rhizome and numerous additional cord-like roots, belongs to the Liliaceae family. Listkozmіschennya sequentially. The leaves are oval and lanceolate, pointed, folded, with long sheaths. Panicled inflorescence. Flowers on short stalks. Perianth yellowish-green, 2.5 cm in diameter, with elliptical rounded leaflets. Fruits - to the middle of the tripartite boxes. Blooms in mid-summer. The inflorescences in the bud are already formed in autumn (Fig. 3.178).

Rice. 3.178. Hellebore Lobel: 1 - the upper part of the plant with an inflorescence; 2 - section of the stem with leaves; 3 - rhizome;

4 - ovary of the pistil in the context; 5 - pestle; 6 - fruit; 7 - flower; 8 - stamen.

Mass flowering is repeated after 2-3 years. The first flowering in 10-30 years. Life expectancy is usually at least 50 years. Propagated by seeds and vegetatively. It occurs in the forest belt, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the European part (except for the Baltic states), Siberia, the Amur region, as well as in the Caucasus and Tien Shan in the upper forest and subalpine belts. It grows in pastures, because it is not eaten by livestock.

Poison properties. Its berries, flowers, stems, leaves, roots and rhizome are poisonous. Possible poisoning of farm animals, poisonous to bees. Rhizomes with roots contain alkaloids (the alkaloid veratrin, its lethal dose is about 0.02 g), in the roots - up to 2.4%, in the rhizomes - up to 1.3%, as well as the glycoalkaloid pseudo_ervin, glycosides, resins, tannins. Hellebore alkaloids first excite and subsequently paralyze the central nervous system.

Signs of poisoning. Hellebore poisoning is manifested by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe headache and pain in the pancreas. In severe cases, the rhythm and heart rate are disturbed, with the pulse usually becoming slower. Sometimes the nervous system is also affected. This is evidenced by agitation, visual disturbances, convulsions, loss of consciousness.

medical application. Hellebore rhizome powder or decoction is used as an insecticide, emetic and for wound healing. In folk medicine, it is used for skin diseases. Extracts are used as protikorostyaniya, o - type pediculosis agent.

Toadstool pale

General characteristics. Toadstool pale enters the genus of fly agaric of the fly agaric (amanitovyh) family, of the lamellar order. It grows in deciduous and coniferous forests, in clearings singly and in groups from June to autumn.

The cap has a diameter of up to 10 cm, in young mushrooms in the form of bells, napіvkulepodіbna (Fig. 3.179). subsequently flat-convex, silky, white, light green or yellow-green, usually darkened in the middle, sometimes covered with white scales (remnants of the general cover), more often without them, mucous in damp weather.

Rice. 3.179. Toadstool pale(Amanita phalloides).

The pulp is dense, elastic, thin, white, in young mushrooms with a pleasant smell, in old mushrooms the smell is sweetish, unpleasant. The plates are free, wide, frequent, white in young and old mushrooms.

Leg up to 15 cm long, up to 2 cm in diameter, white or yellowish-green, sometimes with a pale green patterned pattern, solid, even, with a thin striped ring on top (the remainder of its own cover), tuberous thickened below near the base.

Spore powder is white. The fungus, when rubbed between the fingers, has an unpleasant odor.

Poison properties. Pale grebe is a deadly poisonous mushroom. All parts of the fungus are poisonous; boiling, salting, drying do not destroy the toxic properties. Mushrooms contain poison alpha - and beta-amanitin, phalloidin, falain.

In 100 g fresh mushrooms(5 g dry) contains 10 mg phaloidin, 13.5 mg amanitin. The lethal dose of amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg. Toxins are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, deposited in the liver.

Signs of poisoning. Signs of poisoning appear after 8-12 h., and sometimes after 20-40 h. after eating mushroom food, when medicine can no longer help, and similar poisoning with white grebe (see below).

General characteristics. Completely white mushroom. Belongs to the genus of fly agaric, the fly agaric family, grows in coniferous and mixed forests from July to October, singly and in groups. The cap is up to 12 cm in diameter, at first in the form of bells, later flat-topped, sprawling, sometimes not completely hidden, with a tubercle in the middle, completely white, in mature mushrooms it may be yellowish in the middle (Fig. 3.180). The flesh is white, not bitter, with an unpleasant odor, especially in mushrooms that lie for a long time. Plates are free.

Rice. 3.180. white toadstool(Amanita virosa).

Leg up to 8 cm long, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, even, sometimes curved, thickened near the base, white, with scales, with a white sagging ring under the cap.

Spore powder is white.

Poison properties. Mortality in case of poisoning with pale toadstool reaches 50%. All parts of the fungus are poisonous.

Signs of poisoning. After 6-10 h, sometimes after 1-2 days after consumption, severe diarrhea and continuous vomiting, abdominal pain, hemoglobinuria (red urine) lasting up to 48 h. Fatigue, calf cramps, thirst, little urine, and on the third day a marked improvement (very misleading). Subsequently, hemolytic jaundice develops, and on the fifth day - death as a result of acute liver and kidney failure.