animals, mushrooms

There are not so many truly poisonous animals and plants in our republic, but all the same, when going out into nature, one must be attentive and careful.

Do not eat unfamiliar mushrooms, berries, plants. It is not recommended to drink raw water from springs, rivers, streams and swamps!

In nature, you can meet the following dangerous animals, mushrooms and plants:

PLIERS

Tick ​​- an insect 4-5 mm long, has a flat oval body Brown color. Four pairs of legs are equipped with suckers and claws. Having no eyes, ticks have an excellent sense of smell and crawl to places where the smell of animals and humans is preserved. Near the forest paths, there are usually several times more tick paths than at a distance from them.

Not all bites from this small insect are dangerous. The most critical period is the end of April - the beginning of May. Nature is waking up from its winter hibernation. Ticks crawl out of the ground and climb onto tall grass and branches of low-growing shrubs. Ticks are moisture-loving, and therefore their numbers are greatest in well-moistened places. Ticks prefer moderately shaded and humid deciduous and mixed forests with dense herbage and undergrowth; there are many of them in thickets of willows along river banks, on forest edges.

During the winter, a lot of poison accumulates in their body. So, that first bite of him is the most dangerous for both animals and humans. The disease - incephalitis caused by a tick bite, is very difficult to treat.

You can avoid infection if you observe the following rules during the period of activity of ticks (from April to September inclusive):

Compliance with safety precautions:

1. It is not recommended to climb into impenetrable thickets of undersized shrubs (raspberries, blackberries, etc.) without special need.
2. When moving along the forest road, do not pluck the branches (by this action, you shake off the ticks on yourself from the main bush).
3. Legs must be completely covered. The best shoes for the forest are boots.
4. Headwear is required.
5. Long hair is desirable to hide under a headdress.
6. Every 2 - 3 hours of stay in the forest, it is necessary to inspect clothes, open parts of the body (ticks are looking for a suitable place to bite for a long time). Especially carefully examine the head, neck, folds of clothing;
7. After a hike in the forest, it is necessary to check both outerwear and underwear for the presence of ticks.
8. Examine the whole body.
9. Be sure to comb your hair with a fine comb. If you find a crawling tick, it must be burned. Ticks are very tenacious, it is impossible to crush it.

If you find a tick that has already dug into your skin:

1. In no case do not pull it yourself, as you can tear the body from the head (the head can exist without the body) - in case of a tick bite, you should contact the instructor accompanying the group on the route or a medical facility.

SNAKE

There are only three types of snakes in Belarus, of which only one is truly dangerous. To avoid being bitten by a snake:

Look carefully under your feet so as not to step on the snake (the snake sees and hears poorly, so you need to go slowly, if there is danger, the snake will crawl away, the snake never attacks first); - in tall grass, in swamps, on stone placers, on deadwood it is recommended to walk in boots;
- do not sit on fallen trees, stumps, etc. without first examining them;
- when you see a snake better, go around it, and do not try to kill or drive it away;
- in case of a snake bite, contact the instructor accompanying the group on the route or to a medical facility.

The common viper is the only venomous snake living in Belarus. About fifty cm long. Less often - up to eighty. External hallmark vipers - a characteristic zigzag pattern on the back. The general background can be gray, brown, red, cherry red. There are also vipers painted solid brown or black. In mid-May, you can see snakes with a greenish tinge. These are the ones that just molted.

Copperhead ordinary - up to 80 cm in length. They got their name for their copper color with a reddish tint. Sometimes they have a reddish-yellow tint. Along the body, starting from the head, two lighter stripes stretch.

Snakes are usually up to 1.2 m long. Color: brown, with clear yellow spots on the neck. Snakes can often be found in the water, as they are excellent swimmers and prefer to swim across water barriers rather than crawl.

POISONOUS PLANTS

Without special need, it is better not to pluck them. Some plants have a specific action that protects them from predators. In contact with such plants in animals and humans, a severe skin lesion occurs, doctors call it dermatitis: redness, soreness, swelling occur, up to the appearance of signs of a chemical burn, when blisters with liquid form on the skin. Such damage does not heal for a long time, it is especially dangerous if the mucous membranes are affected. Therefore, when collecting, harvesting herbs, try not to come into contact with such plants.

POISONOUS MUSHROOMS

There are many fungi in Belarus that cause acute poisoning and are highly toxic. The harmful substances contained in them are resistant to heat and other processing. Therefore, it is extremely important to be careful with them.

The most poisonous mushrooms

The boletus has an orange or red hat. It is gray and white underneath. When cracked, the mushroom turns blue a little.

Butterflies grow under pines and spruces. The underside of the hat is yellow-lemon, and the top is brown-yellowish.

Useful and edible mushrooms are mushrooms, mushrooms, mushrooms. The latter can be found in deciduous forests. This mushroom is white, the hat resembles a funnel-shaped watering can. The edges of the mushroom are twisted down. Redheads are found under deciduous trees, pine. When you break the mushroom, a bright orange juice appears.

Perhaps the most common mushroom is champignon. It grows everywhere, even near houses. It is often confused with the pale grebe. Near the base of the stem of the fungus, edible individuals have pale pink or brown plates, while grebes have white ones.

Poisoning with poisonous mushrooms - first aid

In case of poisoning by any kind of mushrooms, there is a so-called first aid instruction. The very first thing you need to free the stomach from poisons. Should take a glass boiled water, add 2 tablespoons of salt, drink and induce vomiting.

There is a special emetic root of ipecac, it causes urge after 5-15 minutes. If apomorphine is injected under the skin, then after a short period of time vomiting will begin. It is impossible to save a child in this way and resort to these measures if a person has confusion.

Potassium permanganate (popularly potassium permanganate), salt solution, soda, special solutions (rheosorbilact, reambirin) help flush out poisons from the body. If there is no diarrhea, then you need to take laxative Or do an enema. Inside it is necessary to take activated carbon or any adsorbent based on silicon. In cases of severe poisoning, up to 100 tablets of coal are consumed with a small amount of water.

If there is pain in the gastrointestinal tract, no-shpu should be taken. A warm heating pad on your feet slows down the process of absorption of toxins into the bloodstream. In case of poisoning, drink plenty of fluids (preferably water with lemon).

call ambulance should be mandatory, even if the person feels better. Mushrooms are contraindicated for children under 6 years of age. In the hospital, to improve the condition, the doctor will prescribe a gastric lavage, an enema, "Neogemodez", "Gluconeodez" and adsorbents. Don't risk your health!

There is a huge amount poisonous mushrooms and plants. It is almost impossible to list all of them, especially since there are such in every corner of the planet. In any case, dangerous plants with their poison can cause significant harm to human health. Moreover, deaths have been reported. But all this could have been avoided. Let's talk with you about what poisonous plants and mushrooms exist, what consequences they cause and how to avoid it.

General information

At different types poisonous plants, the poison is located either in the stem, or in the leaves, or in the berries, or even in the roots. Therefore, it is not in vain that forest animals choose what to eat, because they know what to eat and what not. But before delving into this topic in more detail, let's give a definition.

Poisonous plants are those that can lead to poisoning by human or animal toxins. These include representatives of the flora, both temporarily containing poisons, and permanently. You need to understand that in this group there are a fairly large number of subgroups. The degree of toxicity of the poison is determined by the amount and density of chemicals and other compounds. Usually they talk about coumarins, alkaloids, glycosides, etc.

At the same time, the degree of toxicity depends not only on the type of plant, but also on its age, as well as the phase of vegetation. So, often young mushrooms are less poisonous than old ones, and vice versa. Some herbs become most dangerous during flowering, while others - when the fruits ripen. Usually the poison is concentrated in different organs in different quantities, but there are species where all the toxins are concentrated in one place. If we talk about which plant is most dangerous to human life, we can answer this: where the concentration of the poison reaches its maximum. Often these are young mushrooms and herbs, which, when dried, are no longer such a big danger. Of course, it makes sense to talk about other factors that affect the concentration of toxins. Here the soil, place of growth, weather conditions, etc. matter.

Industrial and domestic poisoning

Occupational poisoning is usually not as severe as household poisoning. They arise as a result of the work of employees of the enterprise with poisonous plants. Usually this is the cultivation, collection, and processing of herbs for medicinal purposes. But, as a rule, minor poisoning and can occur due to poison entering the human stomach, contact with the skin, and also through the respiratory tract. In the worst case scenario, everything ends with a short-term loss of performance. This is due to the fact that, subject to safety rules, employees of enterprises are practically not exposed to harmful effects. They work in special suits and respirators and are unlikely to taste mushrooms or plants.

But household poisoning is a much more serious thing. Often, mushroom poisoning ends in death. This is usually caused by the doctor being called too late, or the dose being lethal.

Often confused with poisonous, which are a kind of twins. Overdose medicinal herbs used for external use is a rarity. However, this also happens. Sometimes folk healers advise using this or that tincture, which not only does not give the proper result, but can also cause serious health problems. You have probably already understood that there is no unequivocal answer to the question of which plant is life-threatening. The fact is that there are hundreds and even thousands of them. Let's try to look at the main ones.

Dangerous indoor plants

First of all, I would like to start with what is present in almost everyone in the house - with indoor flowers. Of course, not everyone has dangerous specimens, but those who have them usually do not know about it. Nevertheless, forewarned is forearmed. In any case, if you decide to buy a poisonous flower for your own reasons, make sure that children or animals do not get to it, otherwise the consequences can be very sad.

The most common dangerous houseplants are representatives of the Euphorbia family, as well as arroids. Contact with the skin can lead to burns and swelling, but if the juice enters the body, then there is a high probability of severe poisoning. This is due to damage to the mucous membrane of the digestive organs and the central nervous system. You need to be careful with the flower familiar to many - poinsettia. And even the juice of the same tulips or hyacinths must be washed off the hands. Of course, the probability of getting a serious burn is negligible, but if you touch the mucous membrane of the eye with such a hand, then the sensations will not be pleasant.

If you decide to get yourself something from the nightshade or kurt family, then remember that their fruits are poisonous. Basically dangerous. houseplants when properly handled, they do not create unnecessary problems, but again, you must always be on the alert, do not drink the juice of plants, do not eat poisonous berries, and everything will be in order.

About the most poisonous mushrooms

Mushroom poisoning is perhaps one of the most severe. Most often they lead to death. That is why it is necessary to go to the forest with a good mushroom picker. Of course, if you already have experience, you can do it on your own. That's just mushrooms must be collected exclusively known. caught in a basket and fried in a pan, for example, can kill even a person with strong immunity, although much depends on the dose. The more poison entered the body, the less chance of survival. The poison is very resistant to heat treatment, therefore, it is not recommended to eat such a mushroom, even boiled, even dried. Many healers advise using pale grebe for external use. Its effectiveness has been proven for a long time, but you need to be extremely careful. The toadstool has a white skirt and plates, by which it can be easily distinguished from other mushrooms.

Often champignons are confused with or smelly grebe. If in the first case the poisoning is not so serious, then the smelly toadstool is very dangerous. The severity of poisoning with such a fungus can be compared with a pale toadstool. It is impossible not to mention such a mushroom as the most beautiful cobweb. Their poisoning often ends in death. This is due to the fact that the first symptoms occur only 5-10 days after eating.

So we looked at some dangerous plants and fungi. Now let's move on, because we have more to talk about.

The most dangerous plants for humans

Within the territory of Russian Federation There are a huge number of poisonous plants, however, many people know about them, so poisoning with various herbs is quite rare. But you still need to know what can be collected and used, and what is not. Especially if you've never done it before. AT middle lane Aconite, better known as a wrestler, is very common in Russia. This herb is completely poisonous, but the highest concentration of toxins is found in the leaves and roots. It is enough to eat only 2-3 grams of any part of aconite, and a lethal outcome is guaranteed. These are very dangerous plants for humans. It was not in vain that earlier, before going into battle, edged weapons were abundantly lubricated with aconite.

Many plants from cause severe poisoning. This should include belladonna, henbane, dope, etc. Another dangerous representative is hemlock. Approximately 200 grams of roots kill an adult cow. The root and stem have an attractive smell, but it does not attract animals. They only get poisoned if they accidentally eat hemlock.

Few people would think that lilies of the valley are also dangerous. For example, their juice can affect the functioning of the heart and cause serious problems. Now let's look at other dangerous plants and fungi.

In the forest and in the field

Everyone knows that wolfberries are dangerous. This is very often said to children, and those, as luck would have it, tend to try them. They do contain toxins that can lead to poisoning. However, it is almost impossible to die from. This is due to the fact that although the berries have an attractive appearance, they do not taste very good, to put it mildly. Therefore, even a child usually has time to eat only one fruit, which can only cause vomiting.

But the cow parsnip is much more dangerous. Its juice makes human skin vulnerable to sunlight. In this case, you can get serious burns, even if you are in the shade. If you eat a little cow parsnip, you can get a mental disorder. Of course, it will be reversible, but this is not good enough.

The most dangerous plant for livestock is buttercup. It is worth noting that these plants are never given fresh to animals. This is due to the fact that livestock can be poisoned. However, after drying, the poison is destroyed, and such hay can be fed to both cows and rabbits. All of the above plants are actively used in medicine. For example, it is difficult to overestimate the effectiveness of celandine in dermatology or oncology.

The most poisonous plants in the world

We can safely say that the most dangerous plant on the entire planet Earth is the manchineel. Information about this representative of the flora is even listed in the Guinness Book of Records. In appearance, this is a rather unremarkable tree growing in the Caribbean and the Bahamas. Only now for us it is unknown, and every local resident knows that it is better to bypass it. Moreover, such trees are outlined with a red marker or covered with a ribbon, which symbolizes danger.

Often, the manchineel tree grows very large, up to 15 meters in height. But a completely logical question arises: "Why not just destroy it, since a person can die because of it?" Firstly, people are trying to save this species, and secondly, many have already tried to do it without permission. But the main problem is that it burns reluctantly, and the resulting smoke leads to serious poisoning. completely poisonous. This is a very dangerous plant for human health, and poisoning is often fatal. The fruit grows on the tree, very similar to apples, and they look appetizing. However, fruits, leaves, and even bark all contain lethal doses of toxins. If a little juice gets on the skin, then a terrible burn and swelling are definitely provided.

The most dangerous animal

Plants are plants, but if you don't touch them, they won't hurt you. The situation is quite different with animals. At the sight of poisonous snakes, frogs and spiders, it is better to bypass them, and not try to drive them away.

The box jellyfish is the most poisonous animal in the world. It got its name because of its shape. The appearance of this marine life is very attractive, but the poison kills a person in a few minutes. Around 60 recent years about 6 thousand swimmers died from the poison of box jellyfish. This is a pretty impressive number. Toxins affect skin cells, the central nervous system, and the heart. It is noteworthy that usually the victim is conscious and experiences hellish pain. If this happened in the water, then there is practically no chance of salvation. However, if you react quickly and treat the wound with acetic acid, you can survive. Usually a person goes into shock immediately. If the victim of the bite does not drown, then he dies of cardiac arrest.

In addition to box jellyfish and the herbs described above, there are also other dangerous animals and plants in the world that lead to death, and there are a huge number of them. But let's now talk about how this can be avoided.

How to avoid poisoning and what to do if it happens?

You must understand that almost any poisoning or bite from a poisonous animal can be neutralized. There are only a few exceptions. The first thing that is required of you is to study dangerous animals and plants. If you are traveling, take a first aid kit with you. Believe me: it can save your life, and if it doesn't come in handy, then it's for the best.

It often happens that it is difficult to understand which plant is dangerous to health and which is not. For example, if you want to try a little-known fruit, then you need to do this very carefully. First, a so-called skin test is performed. It lies in the fact that the fruit juice is rubbed into delicate areas of the skin. If burning or irritation does not appear, then a small amount of juice is smeared on the corner of the lips. After they try to chew the fruit, but the pulp is spit out. If after 2-3 hours the first signs of poisoning do not appear, then you can slightly increase the dose.

But if poisoning does occur, it is necessary to remove the poison from the body as soon as possible. Do this by drinking plenty of water. Usually the liquid is diluted with a solution of potassium permanganate or soda. Water will dilute the poison and weaken its effect. Vomiting in this case is a normal reaction. Spider and snake bites require more careful handling. It is impossible to suck out the poison, as it can get into the wounds in the mouth.

Conclusion

So we have considered dangerous poisonous plants that are best avoided. Many experienced herbalists give recommendations that you should not eat herbs that, when broken, secrete a milky juice, most often they are poisonous. It is also advised to abandon the use of all unknown types of mushrooms. The same applies to many seeds and seeds of various fruits. If the fruit itself can be edible, then this does not mean that you can eat its seeds. It is not recommended to try fruits that are divided into five slices. Cherry and raspberry berries are quite edible, but their leaves are not advised to eat, especially if they are old. As they grow older, they absorb a large amount of toxins.

Now you know what they are - life-threatening plants, and why you need to beware of them. Take precautions. Do not try unfamiliar berries and plants and avoid snakes and spiders.

2 slide. The living world is rich and diverse. Useful and poisonous is in it side by side. On a walk in the forest and outside the city, you must follow the safety rules - you can’t take it in your mouth and taste everything in a row - berries, blades of grass, mushrooms.

3 slide. This mushroom is inedible, but many forest animals need it as a medicine.

On a high thin leg

The mushroom stands near the path,

Leg - pipe,

On the pipe - a skirt,

And in a red hat

white patches,

The cap flares

Like a bright beacon.

Fly agaric is famous for that

What is terribly poisonous!!!

4 slide. Pale grebes - you can’t even get close to the place where pale grebes grow. All parts of the pale grebe are extremely poisonous: a hat, a leg, films. Even her disputes are no exception, as they are dangerous to human health. Spores and wind can get on plants and fungi growing nearby. Therefore, you need to follow the rule - do not pick berries and mushrooms growing near this mushroom. For poisoning, it is enough to eat half or a third of the mushroom.

But the toadstools are pale,

Like bad girls

Bending and twisting

Trying to like it...

Don't bother with them...

Who wants to be poisoned!

5 slide. Poisonous plants are plants that contain such chemicals that, once in the human or animal body, cause poisoning. Poisoning can lead to serious illness and even death. For the plant itself, toxic substances are of great importance. They protect the plant from animals that could eat its stem, leaves, roots, seeds. There are many poisonous plants. In some, the roots are saturated with poison, in others the leaves. Some have flowers and fruits.

6 slide - 7 slide . Wolf bark. Have you come across low bushes with flowers similar to lilacs in the forest in spring? They smell strongly and sickeningly. But you can’t bring these flowers home and put them in water. If you smell these flowers for a long time, you will feel dizzy and feel ill. This wolf's bast is a very poisonous plant. It has red fruits similar to sea buckthorn. They are very poisonous and dangerous - you can die from them.

This shrub is called wolf because, as if once, the wolf was late for the council of animals, where the plants were given names, and therefore none of them received the name of the wolf. He was very annoyed by this circumstance and, out of annoyance, began to strip the bark from the plant, and then, in order to calm this predator, this shrub was called the wolf's bast. And of course, for good reason. Indeed, the poisonousness of the wolf's bast has long been known among the people.

You can’t touch the berries at all - the juice from them that gets on the skin can cause pain, redness, swelling.

green lining,

pink hat,

The berries are ripe

Rubies glow.

This plant

Requires respect.

Everyone is afraid of him

The bees don't sit

Birds do not peck berries,

Moose do not chew branches

Hares don't bite.

This bush is angry and fierce.

8 slide . Aconite is a poisonous plant, especially its tubers. The properties of this plant were well known to our ancestors - the ancient warriors rubbed the tips of their arrows with the poison of this plant.

9 slide. Hogweed - grows in meadows, edges, along roads. High - up to 2.5 meters. Hogweed juice causes burns, pain. This plant must not be touched.

10 slide. Belen - used to treat patients since ancient times. But in large doses it can cause terrible poisoning - especially seeds. People who are poisoned by henbane come into a violent state. Hence the expression "henbane overeat", "enraged".

11 slide . Datura - 1 meter high. Poisonous fruits.

whips grow,

They have leaves on them.

Flowers - tubules,

white skirts,

The fruits are deceitful

Full of poison.

Dope will fall into the mouth -

The mind will go for the mind.

12 slide. Wolf berries. The plant has poisonous fruits.

green jackets,

And they have beacons.

Red, treacherous

Paired berries.

I'm not a sneak at all

Only wolfberry

Even if washed

Very well-behaved.

13 slide . Crow's eye - all parts of the plant are poisonous, but the fruits are of particular danger.

Leaves - cross stitch

Stem - pestle,

From grass crow's eye

Evil is staring at us.

Look, even the view

These berries are poisonous.

14 slide. May lily of the valley. All its parts are poisonous - leaves, flowers, fruits - red-orange berries.

In the shell of a leaf

Quietly ringing

Pale shines

Pearl thread.

On an arc, on a branch -

Pearl bells.

Gentle, thin, bitter

Flowers have fragrance.

15 slide . Buttercup caustic (night blindness). Contains caustic substances that irritate the skin and mucous membranes. If you pick up a bouquet of flowers and smell it, a runny nose will appear, tears will flow, it will become difficult to breathe, and if, holding the plant, rub your eyes with your hands, then there will be a sharp pain in the eyes, a temporary sensation poor eyesight. Be sure to rinse your face with water.

Leaves, petals

varnish cheeks,

amber flowers,

small, treacherous,

Blinded and burned -

This flower is cool.

16 slide. Cicuta is one of the most poisonous plants in the Russian flora. It grows in swamps, in ditches, along the banks of streams. This plant is especially poisonous in spring and early summer. Under no circumstances should it be taken by mouth.

On bare back

red patches,

pinnate leaves,

Flowers are silvery.

Dancing in the swamp

Waving umbrellas.

There is a terrible poison in it,

Even for a bull it is dangerous.

17 slide. Mouse peas. Poisonous seeds.

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Slides captions:

Made by Vasilyeva M.S. GBOU No. 296 ODO St. Petersburg 2015. Materials from methodological manual"Dangerous objects, creatures, phenomena" I.A. Lykova, V.A. Shipunova, M., id. "Colored World", 2014 Dangerous and poisonous plants and mushrooms

Death cap

poisonous plants

Wolf's bast

The fruits of the wolf's bark

hogweed

wolf berries

raven eye

May lily of the valley

Buttercup caustic (night blindness)

mouse peas

Preview:

Presentation "Dangerous and poisonous plants and mushrooms"

2 slide. The living world is rich and diverse. Useful and poisonous is in it side by side. On a walk in the forest and outside the city, you must follow the safety rules - you can’t take it in your mouth and taste everything in a row - berries, blades of grass, mushrooms.

3 slide. This mushroom is inedible, but many forest animals need it as a medicine.

On a high thin leg

The mushroom stands near the path,

Leg - pipe,

On the pipe - a skirt,

And in a red hat

white patches,

The cap flares

Like a bright beacon.

Fly agaric is famous for that

What is terribly poisonous!!!

4 slide. Pale grebes - you can’t even get close to the place where pale grebes grow. All parts of the pale grebe are extremely poisonous: a hat, a leg, films. Even her disputes are no exception, as they are dangerous to human health. Spores and wind can get on plants and fungi growing nearby. Therefore, you need to follow the rule - do not pick berries and mushrooms growing near this mushroom. For poisoning, it is enough to eat half or a third of the mushroom.

But the toadstools are pale,

Like bad girls

Bending and twisting

Trying to like it...

Don't bother with them...

Who wants to be poisoned!

5 slide. Poisonous plants are plants that contain such chemicals that, once in the human or animal body, cause poisoning. Poisoning can lead to serious illness and even death. For the plant itself, toxic substances are of great importance. They protect the plant from animals that could eat its stem, leaves, roots, seeds. There are many poisonous plants. In some, the roots are saturated with poison, in others the leaves. Some have flowers and fruits.

6 slide - 7 slide . Wolf bark. Have you come across low bushes with flowers similar to lilacs in the forest in spring? They smell strongly and sickeningly. But you can’t bring these flowers home and put them in water. If you smell these flowers for a long time, you will feel dizzy and feel ill. This wolf's bast is a very poisonous plant. It has red fruits similar to sea buckthorn. They are very poisonous and dangerous - you can die from them.

This shrub is called wolf because, as if once, the wolf was late for the council of animals, where the plants were given names, and therefore none of them received the name of the wolf. He was very annoyed by this circumstance and, out of annoyance, began to strip the bark from the plant, and then, in order to calm this predator, this shrub was called the wolf's bast. And of course, for good reason. Indeed, the poisonousness of the wolf's bast has long been known among the people.

You can’t touch the berries at all - the juice from them that gets on the skin can cause pain, redness, swelling.

green lining,

pink hat,

The berries are ripe

Rubies glow.

This plant

Requires respect.

Everyone is afraid of him

The bees don't sit

Birds do not peck berries,

Moose do not chew branches

Hares don't bite.

This bush is angry and fierce.

8 slide . Aconite is a poisonous plant, especially its tubers. The properties of this plant were well known to our ancestors - the ancient warriors rubbed the tips of their arrows with the poison of this plant.

9 slide. Hogweed - grows in meadows, edges, along roads. High - up to 2.5 meters. Hogweed juice causes burns, pain. This plant must not be touched.

10 slide. Belen - used to treat patients since ancient times. But in large doses it can cause terrible poisoning - especially seeds. People who are poisoned by henbane come into a violent state. Hence the expression "henbane overeat", "enraged".

11 slide . Datura - 1 meter high. Poisonous fruits.

whips grow,

They have leaves on them.

Flowers - tubules,

white skirts,

The fruits are deceitful

Full of poison.

Dope will fall into the mouth -

The mind will go for the mind.

12 slide. Wolf berries. The plant has poisonous fruits.

green jackets,

And they have beacons.

Red, treacherous

Paired berries.

I'm not a sneak at all

Only wolfberry

Even if washed

Very well-behaved.

13 slide . Crow's eye - all parts of the plant are poisonous, but the fruits are of particular danger.

Leaves - cross stitch

Stem - pestle,

From grass crow's eye

Evil is staring at us.

Look, even the view

These berries are poisonous.

14 slide. May lily of the valley. All its parts are poisonous - leaves, flowers, fruits - red-orange berries.

In the shell of a leaf

Quietly ringing

Pale shines

Pearl thread.

On an arc, on a branch -

Pearl bells.

Gentle, thin, bitter

Flowers have fragrance.

15 slide . Buttercup caustic (night blindness). Contains caustic substances that irritate the skin and mucous membranes. If you pick up a bouquet of flowers and smell it, a runny nose will appear, tears will flow, it will become difficult to breathe, and if, holding the plant, rub your eyes with your hands, then there will be a sharp pain in the eyes, a temporary feeling of poor vision. Be sure to rinse your face with water.

Leaves, petals

varnish cheeks,

amber flowers,

small, treacherous,

Blinded and burned -

This flower is cool.

16 slide. Cicuta is one of the most poisonous plants in the Russian flora. It grows in swamps, in ditches, along the banks of streams. This plant is especially poisonous in spring and early summer. Under no circumstances should it be taken by mouth.

On bare back

red patches,

pinnate leaves,

Flowers are silvery.

Dancing in the swamp

Waving umbrellas.

There is a terrible poison in it,

Even for a bull it is dangerous.

17 slide. Mouse peas. Poisonous seeds.

Goals: study the main poisonous mushrooms, the symptoms of their poisoning and help; talk about some types of poisonous plants and the basic rules for helping with poisoning by poisonous plants.

Conducting methods: story, conversation, explanation.

Location: classroom.

Time spending: 45 min.

Plan:

1. Introductory part:

• org. moment;
• interview

2.Main part:

• learning new material

3.Conclusion:

• repetition;

poisonous plants.

Among the thousands of medicinal plants there are poisonous herbs, which are often skillfully disguised as their completely harmless counterparts. It is very important to be able to distinguish between poisonous plants and, of course, to know how to act if poisoning does occur. Let's give some examples.

Belena is black.
Some poisonous plants synthesize biologically active compounds - alkaloids - and in strictly defined doses are used as medicines. Such a plant is henbane, which has been used to treat patients since ancient times. But in large doses, henbane can cause poisoning.
henbane - herbaceous plant Solanaceae family 30-60 cm high. The stem is straight, pubescent with soft glandular hairs. The leaves are alternate, oblong-opal, notched-toothed. Basal leaves are petiolate. The flowers are collected at the tops of the stems, large and have a dirty yellow corolla with dark purple veins. Fruit - boxes with small brownish-gray seeds.
Henbane grows in weedy places, in vegetable gardens, orchards, roadsides. Wild plants are not harvested for medicinal purposes. All parts of the plant contain poisonous alkaloids of the atropine group. The seeds also contain bitter glycoside, resins, fatty oils. It is the seeds that taste good and resemble poppy seeds that most often cause poisoning.
The first signs of poisoning are dilated pupils, dizziness, redness of the face, excessive excitement, accompanied by delirium and hallucinations.

Wolf bark.
Strongly branched shrub from the berry family. Its branches are rod-shaped, with gray bark, covered with small, brown spots. The leaves are alternate, oblong-lanceolate, collected at the ends of the branches. Leaves are bluish-green above, bluish below. The flowers are four-petalled, pink or white, fragrant, sitting on the sides of the branches in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a juicy, bright red, sometimes yellow berry; grow directly on the stem.
All parts of the plant are poisonous. They contain a poisonous substance - daphnin. The bark and juice of the plant, as well as the berries, are especially poisonous, attracting with their bright color. It is even dangerous to touch the plant, in no case should it be touched by hands, since contact with the plant causes irritation, inflammation, blisters and long-term non-healing ulcers on human skin. Wolf's bark poisoning can also occur when berries are consumed, most often by children, who are tempted by their beautiful appearance. In case of poisoning, salivation, stomach pain, vomiting, dizziness and convulsions occur.

Raven eye.
Perennial herbaceous plant from the lily family. The stem is erect, 20-30 cm high and has four obovate leaves arranged crosswise. Rhizome creeping, long, thin. A greenish-yellow flower grows at the top of the stem. Blooms in May-June. From a flower in July-August, a fruit is formed - a black-blue large berry. Out of ignorance, it is sometimes mistaken for blueberries or blueberries. It grows on moist soil, in mixed and coniferous forests, among shrubs, in shady places.
The whole plant is very poisonous, especially a lot of poison in globular berries. In case of poisoning with berries, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain occur.

First aid for poisoning.

If poisoning by poisonous plants nevertheless occurred, then first of all it is urgent to remove the poison from the body and slow down its absorption.
First of all, you need to induce vomiting by irritating the root of the tongue and give the victim inside a large amount (4-5 glasses) of warm salted water. Also recommended for the purpose of oxidizing toxic products is a solution of potassium permanganate for gastric lavage.
Reducing the absorption of poisons contributes to the intake of a suspension of activated carbon - carbolen. To do this, several tablets are crushed, mixed with water and given to the victim to drink. It is advisable to do a cleansing enema. When touching a poisonous plant with your hands or body, wash the affected area several times with soap and water or a solution of potassium permanganate. The injured person should be taken immediately to medical institution to provide qualified medical care.

Mushroom poisoning.

The main reason mushroom poisoning- inability to recognize edible and poisonous mushrooms, improper preparation of dishes from some edible mushrooms, as well as possible mutations of edible mushrooms. There are relatively few species of poisonous mushrooms, and only the pale grebe is deadly poisonous. Signs of poisoning with pale toadstool appear only 8-12 hours after its use: severe abdominal pain, frequent diarrhea with continuous vomiting, severe thirst, headaches, cold sweat. The temperature of the human body drops to 36-35', the pulse becomes weak, the extremities become cold. Consciousness is preserved in most cases.

Signs of poisoning with fly agaric (red, panther, smelly), as well as some mushrooms of the genus clitocybe appear 1.5-2 hours after their use: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, strong salivation, sweating. Then insanity begins, delirium and hallucinations appear, a person loses the ability to control his actions and falls into a state that sometimes borders on insanity. Death occurs rarely, mainly in children. You can also get poisoned by edible mushrooms. In old mushrooms, along with useful substances often there are decomposition products of proteins that adversely affect the human body. Therefore, only relatively young mushrooms are suitable for food. In addition, improperly harvested or spoiled dried and canned mushrooms can be the cause of poisoning. In no case should mushrooms be pickled or salted in galvanized dishes - this can lead to poisoning.

In case of any, even mild, mushroom poisoning, you should immediately consult a doctor or take the victim to the hospital. Before the doctor arrives, the patient needs to cleanse the stomach, be sure to put it in bed, apply heating pads to the legs and stomach. It is necessary to give cold salted water to drink in small sips (one teaspoon of salt per glass of water) - this somewhat weakens nausea and vomiting. In addition, you can give strong tea, black coffee, honey and milk. In no case should a person who has eaten mushrooms drink alcoholic beverages, since alcohol contributes to the rapid absorption of mushroom poisons into the body. The remains of the mushrooms that led to poisoning must be transferred to a doctor for examination, this will facilitate subsequent treatment.

Poisonous mushrooms include mushrooms, in the fruiting bodies of which at all stages of their development contain poisonous substances - toxins that cause poisoning. The main causes of poisoning are ignorance of the differences between edible and poisonous mushrooms, carelessness when collecting "forest meat". The deterioration of the ecological situation also affects the properties of mushrooms. AT recent times cases of accumulation of heavy metals and pesticides by fungi have been recorded.

People knew about the poisonous properties of certain types of mushrooms many centuries ago. Even in the old days in herbal books they wrote about poisonous mushrooms: “Some mushrooms, who accept them without knowing, die in vain.” Historians testify that poisonous mushrooms became a formidable weapon in the struggle for power in the hands of court intriguers. Historical information tells about the use of mushrooms for the purpose of poisoning in the struggle for power. Poisonous mushrooms were poisoned by the Roman Emperor Claudius, Pope Clement VII, French King Charles VI and others.

Therefore, knowledge of the properties appearance poisonous mushrooms is extremely important. This will reduce cases of poisoning with poisonous mushrooms, and will allow for the prevention of poisoning.

Black henbane can cause poisoning, the seeds of which are in a box and resemble poppy seeds. In case of poisoning with henbane, a severe headache occurs, pupils dilate, dry mouth appears, palpitations and shortness of breath occur. Poisonous crow's eye, wolf's bast (daphne), belladonna (belladonna), wrestler (aconite), poisonous landmarks (hemlock), spotted hemlock, spike-shaped raven, hellebore, May lilies of the valley can cause poisoning. The fruits of the forest beech look like hazelnuts (semi-hazelnuts). Eating them raw causes poisoning similar to poisoning with henbane: headache, dizziness appear. Poisoning can also be caused by the nucleoli of plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, bitter almonds with excessive use. The most poisonous plants in the North include water hemlock and poisonous mushrooms.

When in doubt about which plants are poisonous and which are not, watch out for birds, rodents, monkeys, bears, and other herbivores. Usually the food they eat is suitable for humans.

In swamps, swampy banks of rivers, oxbow lakes and lakes, you can see a tall plant with numerous white flowers rising above the bright green leaves. This is one of the most poisonous plants in our flora - hemlock, or milestone poisonous. The stem of the plant is naked, rounded, often with a purple or violet tint, erect, furrowed, hollow inside, reddish outside, up to a meter high. The leaves are pinnately compound. Blooms in summer. The flowers are small, white, collected in the form of umbrellas. The milestone resembles an edible plant angelica, angelica. It differs from them in smaller leaves, thick, fleshy, hollow rhizome inside, divided by transverse partitions into separate chambers that are filled with yellowish juice.

Poisonous plants that are dangerous when eaten

The number of such plants is small compared to non-poisonous and edible ones. good rule is knowledge of edible plants, but if you have to eat unfamiliar - do it in small quantities and wait a while before continuing.

1) In the polar and subpolar regions, you can be sure that only a dozen plants are poisonous. Two of the most poisonous in the far North are water hemlock and poisonous mushrooms.

2) When in doubt about which plants are poisonous and which are not, watch birds, rodents, monkeys, bears and other herbivores. Usually the food they eat is suitable for humans. Follow these tips:

• do not eat plants that sting, pinch;
• boil the products of all plants that you are in doubt. The poison of many of them is neutralized in this way;
• do not consume plants with milky juice and do not allow it to come into contact with the skin. This does not apply to the numerous wild berries, breadfruit, papaya, and barrel cactus;
• avoid poisonous ergot with an infected head, found in cereals or herbs, they are distinguished by black, instead of normal green, seeds.

poisonous mushrooms

When picking mushrooms, we must remember that among them there are poisonous, very dangerous ones. You need to use the rule - if you don’t know what kind of mushroom, it’s better not to take it.

Among the poisonous mushrooms is, first of all, pale grebe. It contains strong poisons that are not destroyed by scalding and roasting. Pale grebe can be confused with champignon. The difference is that on the lower part of the leg of the pale grebe there is always a small tuberous swelling, covered with a sheath in the form of a rim or collar. In the upper part of the stem there is a membranous ring (white, greenish or pale yellow). The plates under the hat are white, unpainted. In a mature champignon, these plates are dark, in a young one they are slightly pink in color, and there are no rings, swellings on the stem and shell. Some edible mushrooms sometimes have tuberous formations. And although this happens very rarely, it is better not to collect them.

Poisonous mushrooms include fly agaric (panther, red, stink, porphyry). You can not eat false mushrooms. They are smaller in size than edible mushrooms, and do not have films on the legs.

In light deciduous forests, more often under beeches, you can find a satanic mushroom. Its hat is gray-whitish, convex, the tubular layer is greenish-yellow, with red pores, the flesh turns blue when cut, and then becomes pale with a slight unpleasant odor. Very poisonous.

Bile and pepper mushrooms, although not poisonous, are unsuitable for food because of their bitter taste. The gall fungus is similar to white, it is even called a false white fungus. It is distinguished by a darker pattern on the stem and a pinkish bottom of the cap. Pepper fungus is much less common than gall fungus. It differs from similar species of butterflies and mossiness mushrooms in smaller sizes. The bottom of the cap has large uneven pores and a yellowish-red tint.

It is necessary to keep in mind the possibility of poisoning in the spring with the first mushrooms - false morels and lines. After appropriate heat treatment, these mushrooms can be eaten.