The culture of the peoples of Russia is one of the most diverse in the world. More than 190 peoples live on its territory, each of which individually has its own unique culture, and the larger the number, the more noticeable the contribution of this people to the culture of the whole country.
The most numerous in Russia is the Russian population - it is 111 million people. Rounding out the top three most numerous nationalities are Tatars and Ukrainians.
Russian culture
Russian culture has a huge historical and cultural heritage and dominates the state.
Orthodoxy is the most widespread religion among the Russian people, which had a huge impact on the development of the moral culture of the peoples of Russia.
The second largest religion, although incomparably losing to Orthodoxy, is Protestantism.
Russian housing
The traditional Russian dwelling is considered a hut built of logs, with gable roof. The entrance was a porch; a stove and a cellar were built in the house.
In Russia, there are still many huts, for example, in the city of Vyatka, Arbazhsky district, Kirov region. There is an opportunity to visit the unique Museum of the Russian Hut in the village of Kochemirovo, Kadomsky District, Ryazan Region, where you can see not only a real hut, but also household items, a stove, a loom and other elements of Russian culture.
Russian national costume
In general, the men's folk costume was a shirt with an embroidered collar, pants, bast shoes or boots. The shirt was worn loose and picked up with a fabric belt. A caftan was worn as outerwear.
Women's folk costume consisted of a long embroidered shirt with long sleeves, a sundress or a skirt with a frill, and a poneva on top of a woolen skirt. Married women wore a headdress - a warrior. A festive headdress was a kokoshnik.
AT Everyday life Russian folk costumes are no longer worn. The best examples of this clothing can be seen in ethnographic museums, as well as at various dance competitions and festivals of Russian culture.
Traditional Russian cuisine
Russian cuisine is known for its first courses - cabbage soup, hodgepodge, fish soup, pickle, okroshka. As a second dish, porridge was usually prepared. “Schi and porridge are our food,” they said for a long time.
Very often, cottage cheese is used in dishes, especially in the preparation of pies, cheesecakes and cheesecakes.
The preparation of various pickles and marinades is popular.
You can try Russian dishes in numerous restaurants of Russian cuisine, which are found almost everywhere both in Russia and abroad.
Family traditions and spiritual values of the Russian people
The family has always been the main and unconditional value for a Russian person. Therefore, from ancient times it was important to remember your family. The connection with the ancestors was sacred. Children are often named after their grandparents, sons are named after their fathers - in this way they show respect for relatives.
Previously, the profession was often passed down from father to son, but now this tradition has almost died out.
An important tradition is the inheritance of things, family heirlooms. So things accompany the family from generation to generation and acquire their own history.
Both religious and secular holidays are celebrated.
The most massively celebrated public holiday in Russia is the New Year's holiday. Many people on January 14 also celebrate the Old New Year.
They also celebrate such holidays: Defender of the Fatherland Day, International Women's Day, Victory Day, Workers' Solidarity Day ("May" holidays on May 1-2), Constitution Day.
The major Orthodox holidays are Easter and Christmas.
Not so massive, but the following are also noted Orthodox holidays: Baptism of the Lord, Transfiguration of the Lord (Apple Savior), Honey Savior, Trinity and others.
Russian folk culture and the Maslenitsa holiday, which lasts a whole week before Lent, are almost inseparable from each other. This holiday is rooted in paganism, but is now celebrated everywhere by Orthodox people. Maslenitsa also symbolizes the farewell to winter. The visiting card of the festive table is pancakes.
Ukrainian culture
The number of Ukrainians in the Russian Federation is approximately 1 million 928 thousand people - this is the third largest among the general population, and therefore Ukrainian culture is an important component of the culture of the peoples of Russia.
Traditional Ukrainian housing
The Ukrainian hut is an important component of the Ukrainian traditional culture. A typical Ukrainian house was wooden, small in size, with hipped roof from straw. The hut must be whitewashed inside and out.
There are such huts in Russia, for example, in the Orenburg region, in the western and central regions of Ukraine, in Kazakhstan, but almost always the thatched roof is replaced with slate or covered with roofing felt.
Ukrainian folk costume
The men's suit consists of a linen shirt and bloomers. The Ukrainian shirt is characterized by an embroidered slit in front; they wear it tucked into their pants, girded with a sash.
The basis for women's attire is a long shirt. The hem of the shirt and sleeves were always embroidered. From above they put on a corset, a yipka or an andarak.
The most famous element of traditional Ukrainian clothing is vyshyvanka - a men's or women's shirt, which is distinguished by complex and varied embroidery.
Ukrainian folk costumes are no longer worn, but they can be seen in museums and festivals of Ukrainian folk culture. But embroidered shirts are still in use and are even gaining more and more popularity - Ukrainians of all ages love to wear them, both as a festive attire and as an element of everyday wardrobe.
The most famous Ukrainian dish- red beet and cabbage borscht.
The most popular product in Ukrainian cuisine is salo - it is used to prepare many dishes, eaten separately, salted, fried and smoked.
Flour products made from wheat flour are widespread. To national dishes include dumplings, dumplings, verguns, lemishki.
Ukrainian cuisine is loved and popular not only among Ukrainians, but also among many other residents of Russia - meet the restaurant Ukrainian cuisine in large cities is not difficult.
Family values of Ukrainians and Russians are largely identical. The same goes for religion. Orthodox Christianity occupies a large part among the religion of Ukrainians living in Russia; traditional holidays are almost the same.
Tatar culture
Representatives of the Tatar ethnic group in Russia make up approximately 5 million 310 thousand people - this is 3.72% of the total population of the country.
Religion of the Tatars
The main religion of the Tatars is Sunni Islam. At the same time, there is a small part of the Kryashen Tatars whose religion is Orthodoxy.
Tatar mosques can be seen in many cities of Russia, for example, the Moscow historical mosque, St. Petersburg cathedral mosque, Perm Cathedral Mosque, Izhevsk Cathedral Mosque and others.
Traditional Tatar housing
Tatar housing was a log four-walled house, fenced from the side of the facade and remote from the street, with a vestibule. Inside the room was divided into women's and men's parts, the women's at the same time was the kitchen. The houses were decorated with bright paintings, especially the gates.
In Kazan, the Republic of Tatarstan, there are many such estates left, not only as architectural monuments, but also as residential buildings.
The costume may differ depending on the subgroup of Tatars, however big influence the clothing of the Volga Tatars had a uniform image of the national costume. It consists of a shirt-dress and harem pants, both for women and men, and a robe was often used as outerwear. The headdress for men was a skullcap, for women - a velvet cap.
In its original form, such costumes are no longer worn, but some elements of clothing are still in use, for example, scarves, ichigi. You can see traditional clothes in ethnographic museums and at thematic exhibitions.
Traditional Tatar cuisine
A distinctive feature of this cuisine is that its development was influenced not only by Tatar ethnic traditions. From different cultures, Tatar cuisine has absorbed bal-may, dumplings, pilaf, baklava, tea and other various dishes.
Tatar cuisine boasts a variety of flour products, among them: echpochmak, kystyby, kabartma, sansa, kyimak.
Milk is often used, but most often in a processed form - cottage cheese, katyk, sour cream, suzme, eremchek.
A lot of restaurants throughout Russia offer a menu of Tatar cuisine, and the best choice, of course, in the capital of Tatarstan - Kazan.
Family traditions and spiritual values of the Tatars
Creating a family has always been the highest value of the Tatar people. Marriage is considered a sacred obligation.
The moral and spiritual culture of the peoples of Russia is somehow connected with the religious culture, and the peculiarities of Muslim marriage are that it is inextricably linked with the religious culture of Muslims. For example, the Koran forbids marrying an atheist woman, an agnostic woman; marriage with a representative of another religion is not too approved.
Now the Tatars get to know each other and get married mostly without the intervention of the family, but earlier the most common was marriage by matchmaking - the groom's relatives went to the bride's parents and made an offer.
The Tatar family is a family of the patriarchal type, a married woman was completely at the mercy of her husband and at his maintenance. The number of children in a family sometimes exceeded six people. Spouses settled with their husband's parents; living with the bride's parents was shameful.
Unquestioning obedience and respect for elders is another important feature of the Tatar mentality.
Tatar holidays
The Tatar culture of celebration includes both Islamic and original Tatar, and all-Russian public holidays.
Major religious holidays are Eid al-Adha - the feast of breaking the fast, in honor of the end of the month of fasting - Ramadan, and Eid al-Adha - the feast of sacrifice.
Until now, the Tatars also celebrate kargatuy, or karga butkasy - folk holiday spring, and Sabantuy - a holiday on the occasion of the completion of spring agricultural work.
The culture of each people of Russia is unique, and together they are an amazing puzzle that will be incomplete if you remove some part. Our task is to know and appreciate this cultural heritage.
The Russian people are representatives of the East Slavic ethnic group, the indigenous inhabitants of Russia (110 million people - 80% of the population of the Russian Federation), the largest ethnic group in Europe. The Russian diaspora has about 30 million people and is concentrated in such states as Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, in countries former USSR, in the US and EU countries. As a result of sociological research, it was found that 75% of the Russian population of Russia are followers of Orthodoxy, and a significant part of the population does not identify themselves with any particular religion. The national language of the Russian people is Russian.
Each country and its people have their own meaning in modern world, the concepts of folk culture and the history of the nation, their formation and development are very important. Each nation and its culture is unique in its own way, the color and originality of each nation should not be lost or dissolved in assimilation with other nations, the younger generation should always remember who they really are. For Russia, which is a multinational power and home to 190 peoples, the issue of national culture is quite acute, due to the fact that over the recent years its erasure is especially noticeable against the background of cultures of other nationalities.
Culture and life of the Russian people
(Russian folk costume)
The first associations that arise with the concept of "Russian people" are, of course, the breadth of the soul and fortitude. But the national culture is formed by people, it is these character traits that have a huge impact on its formation and development.
One of distinguishing features The Russian people have always been and are simple, in the old days Slavic houses and property were very often plundered and completely destroyed, hence the simplified attitude to everyday life. And of course, these trials, which befell the long-suffering Russian people, only tempered his character, made him stronger and taught him to get out of any life situations with his head held high.
Kindness can be called another of the traits that prevail in the character of the Russian ethnos. The whole world is well aware of the concept of Russian hospitality, when "they will feed and drink, and put to bed." The unique combination of such qualities as cordiality, mercy, compassion, generosity, tolerance and, again, simplicity, very rarely found in other peoples of the world, all this is fully manifested in the very breadth of the Russian soul.
Diligence is another of the main features of the Russian character, although many historians in the study of the Russian people note both her love for work and huge potential, and her laziness, as well as complete lack of initiative (remember Oblomov in Goncharov's novel). But all the same, the efficiency and endurance of the Russian people is an indisputable fact, against which it is difficult to argue. And no matter how scientists all over the world would like to understand the “mysterious Russian soul”, it is unlikely that any of them can do it, because it is so unique and multifaceted that its “zest” will forever remain a secret for everyone.
Traditions and customs of the Russian people
(Russian meal)
Folk traditions and customs are a unique connection, a kind of "bridge of times", linking the far past with the present. Some of them are rooted in the pagan past of the Russian people, even before the baptism of Russia, little by little their sacred meaning was lost and forgotten, but the main points have been preserved and are still being observed. In villages and towns, Russian traditions and customs are honored and remembered to a greater extent than in cities, which is associated with a more isolated lifestyle of urban residents.
A large number of rituals and traditions are associated with family life(this is matchmaking, and wedding celebrations, and the baptism of children). Carrying out ancient ceremonies and rituals guaranteed a successful and happy life in the future, the health of descendants and the general well-being of the family.
(Colorized photograph of a Russian family in the early 20th century)
Since ancient times, Slavic families have been distinguished by a large number of family members (up to 20 people), adult children, having already married, remained to live in their own home, the father or elder brother was the head of the family, they all had to obey and implicitly fulfill all their orders. Usually, wedding celebrations were held either in the fall, after the harvest, or in the winter after the Feast of the Epiphany (January 19). Then the first week after Easter, the so-called "Red Hill", was considered a very good time for a wedding. The wedding itself was preceded by a matchmaking ceremony, when the groom’s parents came to the bride’s family together with his godparents, if the parents agreed to give their daughter in marriage, then the bride was held (acquaintance of the future newlyweds), then there was a rite of conspiracy and handshake (the parents decided on issues of dowry and the date of the wedding festivities ).
The rite of baptism in Russia was also interesting and unique, the child had to be baptized immediately after birth, for this godparents were chosen, who would be responsible for the life and well-being of the godson all his life. At the age of one, the baby was put on the inside of a sheepskin coat and sheared, cutting a cross on the crown, with such a meaning that impure forces would not be able to penetrate his head and would not have power over him. Every Christmas Eve (January 6), a slightly grown godson should bring godparents kutya (wheat porridge with honey and poppy seeds), and they, in turn, should give him sweets.
Traditional holidays of the Russian people
Russia is a truly unique state, where, along with the highly developed culture of the modern world, they carefully honor the ancient traditions of their grandfathers and great-grandfathers, which go back centuries and keep the memory of not only Orthodox vows and canons, but also the most ancient pagan rites and sacraments. And to this day, pagan holidays are celebrated, people listen to the signs and centuries-old traditions, remember and tell their children and grandchildren ancient traditions and legends.
Main national holidays:
- Christmas January 7
- Christmas time January 6 - 9
- Baptism January 19
- Pancake week from 20 to 26 February
- Forgiveness Sunday ( before Great Lent)
- Palm Sunday ( the Sunday before Easter)
- Easter ( the first Sunday after the full moon, which occurs no earlier than the day of the conditional vernal equinox on March 21)
- Red hill ( first Sunday after Easter)
- Trinity ( Sunday of Pentecost - 50th day after Easter)
- Ivan Kupala July 7
- Day of Peter and Fevronia July 8
- Ilyin's day August 2
- Honey Spas August 14
- Apple Spas August 19
- Third (Bread) Spas August 29
- Veil day October 14
There is a belief that on the night of Ivan Kupala (from July 6 to 7), once a year, a fern flower blooms in the forest, and whoever finds it will gain untold wealth. In the evening, large bonfires are kindled near rivers and lakes, people dressed in festive old Russian robes lead round dances, sing ritual chants, jump over the fire, and let wreaths go with the flow, hoping to find their soul mate.
Shrovetide is a traditional holiday of the Russian people, celebrated during the week before Lent. A very long time ago, Shrovetide was rather not a holiday, but a rite, when the memory of departed ancestors was honored, appeasing them with pancakes, asking them for a fertile year, and spending the winter by burning a straw effigy. Time passed, and the Russian people, longing for fun and positive emotions in the cold and dull season, turned the sad holiday into a more cheerful and daring celebration, which began to symbolize the joy of the imminent end of winter and the arrival of the long-awaited warmth. The meaning has changed, but the tradition of baking pancakes has remained, exciting winter entertainments have appeared: sledding and horse-drawn sledge rides, the straw effigy of Winter was burned, all the Shrovetide week a relative went to pancakes either to mother-in-law or to sister-in-law, everywhere there was an atmosphere of celebration and fun , various theatrical and puppet performances were held on the streets with the participation of Petrushka and other folklore characters. One of the most colorful and dangerous entertainments on Maslenitsa was holding fisticuffs, they were attended by the male population, for whom it was an honor to take part in a kind of “military business”, testing their courage, courage and dexterity.
especially revered Christian holidays among the Russian people are Christmas and Easter.
Christmas is not only a bright holiday of Orthodoxy, it also symbolizes the rebirth and return to life, the traditions and customs of this holiday, filled with kindness and humanity, high moral ideals and the triumph of the spirit over worldly concerns, in the modern world are re-opened to society and rethought by it. The day before Christmas (January 6) is called Christmas Eve, because the main dish of the festive table, which should consist of 12 dishes, is a special porridge "sochivo", consisting of boiled cereals poured with honey, sprinkled with poppy seeds and nuts. You can sit down at the table only after the first star appears in the sky, Christmas (January 7) is a family holiday, when everyone gathered at the same table, ate a festive treat and gave each other gifts. 12 days after the holiday (until January 19) are called Christmas time, earlier at this time the girls in Russia held various gatherings with fortune-telling and rituals to attract suitors.
Bright Easter has long been considered a great holiday in Russia, which people associated with the day of general equality, forgiveness and mercy. On the eve of Easter celebrations, Russian women usually bake Easter cakes (festive rich Easter bread) and Easter, clean and decorate their homes, young people and children paint eggs, which, according to ancient legend, symbolize the drops of blood of Jesus Christ crucified on the cross. On the day of Holy Easter, smartly dressed people, meeting, say “Christ is Risen!”, Answer “Truly Risen!”, Then follows a triple kiss and the exchange of festive Easter eggs.
Austria is a small state located in Central Europe. A country that has a great past and an even more interesting future, as Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, where more than 20,000,000 tourists come every year.
Population
Austria is a state with a population of 8,404,252 people. About 98 percent are themselves Austrians. The rest is occupied by Hungarians, Slovenes, Czechs, Gypsies and Croats. Since 1970, Austrian population growth began to fall, as the birth rate declined, but life expectancy increased markedly. The main language spoken by the Austrians is German. But it is very different from literary German language. The majority of Austrians (73.6 percent according to the census since 2001) identify themselves as Catholics.
culture
The culture of Austria, like the country itself, is truly special. The reason for this is the interweaving of history and modernity, as well as the fact that the culture itself was formed under the influence of several neighboring states. Austria is developed in technological progress, but it does not forget its traditional culture, which is more and more vividly displayed in architecture, music and painting.
If you visit the territory of the Danubian lowland, you can see large villages where they are engaged in agriculture. And if you look into the mountainous regions, you can see houses that are built of stone from the bottom and wood from the top. Really interesting. You can feel the whole atmosphere of the past.
Although folk costumes are not worn in everyday life, they are not forgotten during important events. As for the costume itself, it is made of homespun cloth.
- Women's clothing: White jacket with puffy sleeves. There is a corsage and a fluffy skirt, on which huge aprons are located.
- Men's clothing: Shirt white color, leather pants (short), jacket and always a hat with a feather.
Austrian cuisine is different, but special in its own way. For example, in the Alpine regions, dairy products predominate. In the Danube region, more flour is used.
Austria is still famous for its folk dances, one of which resembles the Viennese waltz.
Austria is a really interesting country that will not make any traveler or tourist bored.
Option 2
The history of Austria is rooted in the distant past, and its ethnic composition has undergone many changes during the formation of the state. Historians have established that one of the first peoples who inhabited the territory of modern Austria were the Celts, who founded in the II century. BC. the kingdom of Norik (the territory between the upper reaches of the Danube and the Drava). Thanks to allied relations with the Romans during the era of the Roman Empire, the local population gradually became more diverse. By the end of the 5th century AD under the onslaught of neighboring Germanic tribes, the Romans were forced to leave Coastal Norik. This event marked the beginning of the German period in the history of Austria, which had a significant impact on its culture and language.
The territory of modern Austria is located in the center, or, as the Austrians themselves like to say, in the heart of Europe and has no access to the sea. The largest (about 89%) ethnographic group in Austria are German-speaking Austrians who speak the Austro-Bavarian dialect. In addition to the Austrians, people from nearby countries (the former Yugoslavia, Germany, Hungary, the Czech Republic) and immigrants (mostly Turks) also live here. The population of Austria as of 2013 is 8.47 million people.
The culture of Austria is closely intertwined with the culture of Germany, Italy, Hungary and the Czech Republic and represents a kind of synergy of all four cultures. In the Middle Ages, the cultural milestone of Austria remained hidden in the shadows, but with the beginning of the New Age, it began to shine. She showed herself especially brightly in music: in the 18th-19th centuries. Vienna was considered the capital of European classical music (largely thanks to the Vienna Opera and such outstanding composers as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss, Ludwig van Beethoven and many others).
As for the Austrian holidays, they are quite diverse. Most of them have a religious theme (for example, Christmas, Epiphany, Catholic Easter, All Saints' Day, etc.), but the Austrians also love to celebrate carnivals, and in each region in its own way.
It is worth mentioning the Austrian cuisine, because it is also not spared the influence of neighboring cultures. Desserts are very popular in this country. Traditional desserts are strudel, Sacher cake, Linz cake, etc. Their main meal is lunch, so they have a very satisfying high-calorie meal, consisting of soup, a main course of meat, a side dish and salad.
The culture of Austria is colorful and multifaceted, thanks to the unique historical development, she absorbed the best features various countries and transformed them into something new, her own, which today is considered primordially Austrian, and this cannot but surprise.
3rd grade The world
Cigarettes and tobacco in general have a huge negative impact on the human body. Although many do not believe that smoking has serious consequences, scientists have long proven that this is not so.
A plant with an unusual mysterious name, sleep-grass is beautiful flower. He also has other names: Backache or anemone open. A flower rises in the Ranunculaceae family
The official name is the People's Republic of China, PRC (People's Republic of China). It is located in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent on the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. The area is 9.6 million km2, the population is 1284.53 million people. (late 2002). Official language- Chinese. The capital is Beijing (14.23 million people with adjacent counties, end of 2002). Public holidays: Chinese New Year according to the agricultural calendar (Spring Festival) - January-February according to the Gregorian calendar; Founding Day of the People's Republic of China October 1. Monetary unit - yuan (jen-minbi).
In the PRC there are: a special administrative region (SAR) Xianggang (Hong Kong), a special administrative region (SAR) Aomen (Macau) - both in the territory of Southeast China.
In the East China Sea is the island of Taiwan, separated from the mainland by the Taiwan Strait, which China considers the 23rd province.
Member of 677 international organizations, incl. UN (since 1971) and its specialized organizations, WTO (since 2001), APEC (since 1991), IMF, IDA, etc.
SIGHTS OF CHINA
Temple of Heaven (Tian Tan)
Temple of Heaven (Tian Tan)
Terracotta Army
Terracotta Army
Shaolin Monastery
Shaolin Monastery
Forbidden City (Beijing)
Forbidden City (Beijing)
The great Wall of China
The great Wall of China
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
It is located from west to east from 73° east longitude west of Wujia County in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Pamir Highlands to 135° east longitude at the confluence of the Amur (Heilongjiang) and Ussuri (Usulijang) rivers; from north to south from 53° north latitude from the median line of the Amur River (Heilongjiang) near Mohe to the 4° southern tip of the Nanshatsyundao archipelago at Cape Zengmuansha.
The coast of the country is washed in the east and southeast by the waters of the Bohai Gulf, the Yellow, East China, South China Seas and the Gulf of Tonkin.
In the vast sea area belonging to China, there are 5400 islands. The largest of them are Taiwan - 36 thousand km2 and Hainan - 34 thousand km2. The length of the coastline of the continent is 18 thousand km. In its northern part, it forms the Liaodong Peninsula (Liaoning Province) and the Shandong Peninsula (Shandong Province), and in the southern part, opposite Hainan Island, the Leizhou Peninsula (Guangdong Province). There are many natural harbors, on the basis of which the most important seaports of the country operate - Dalian, Qinghuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai.
The length of the land border is 22,800 km. China borders in the northeast on the DPRK (1416 km); in the northeast and north with Russian Federation(3605 km and 40 km), in the north with Mongolia (4673 km); in the northwest with Kazakhstan (1533 km) and Kyrgyzstan (858 km); in the west with Tajikistan (414 km), Afghanistan (76 km), Pakistan (523 km); in the southwest and south with India (3380 km); in the south with Nepal (1236 km), Bhutan (470 km), Myanmar (2185 km), Laos (423 km) and Vietnam (1281 km). In the east and southeast, China has maritime borders with the Republic of Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
There are many lakes in China total area is approximately 80,000 km2. Lakes in China can also be divided into external and internal. The external ones include freshwater lakes rich in fish and other aquatic products in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as Poyang in Jiangxi Province, an area of 3583 km2, a depth of 16 m; Dongtinghu in Hunan province, area 2820 km2, depth 30.8 m; Taihu in Jiangsu province, area 2425 km2, depth 3.33 m, as well as Lake Xingkai (Hanka) in Heilongjiang province on the border with the Russian Federation, total area 4500 km2 (1/3 located in Chinese territory), depth 10 m. K internal are salt lakes, the largest of which is Qinghai in the province of the same name, an area of 4583 km2, a depth of 32.8 m. Among the internal lakes, there are many dried ones, such as Lop Nor.
The plains of Northeast China consist of the Sanjiang lowland, located along the lower reaches of the Songhua River between the Amur and Ussuri, and another vast lowland, located in its northern part along the middle course of the Songhua River and in the southern part along the course of another large river in the northeast, the Liaohe. Between themselves, they are connected by a narrow valley of the Songhua River and together form the Songliao Plain. This plain extends to the Liaodong Gulf and is connected there with the Great Plain of China, the largest in the country. The Great Plain of China stretches from the Great Wall of China in the north to the Yangtze River in the south.
Austria population and culture Grade 3, a message that will briefly tell you a lot useful information about the peculiarities of the demographic situation in the country and cultural differences.
Austria: culture and traditions
The Austrian population is fairly ethnically homogeneous. About 98% of the population are Austrians. They speak German dialects (Austro-Bavarian). In addition to the Austrians, small groups of Croats, Hungarians and Slovenes live here. Most of the Austrian population (77%) lives in small towns. main feature The demographic situation is the cessation of population growth since the 70s. This situation is associated with a drop in the birth rate.
Today, technological progress in Austria is progressing by leaps and bounds. But in architecture, one can trace the specifics of traditional culture, which depends on the direction of the economy and the features of the relief. Agriculture is developed within the Danube Lowland, there are many large villages here. AT mountainous areas peasants live in two-story houses, the lower part of which is built of stone and the upper part of wood.
The folk costume of the Austrians disappeared from everyday life a very long time ago. However, it is reminded of various organized events that seek to revive long-standing traditions. Today, the manufacture of homespun cloth for sewing folk attire is more relevant than ever. The traditional costume for men consists of a white shirt, leather short pants, a hat with a feather, and a jacket. Women's attire consists of a white sweater with puffy sleeves, a bodice, a wide skirt, and a colorful apron.
Austrian cuisine still has regional differences. So, in areas of alpine cattle breeding, dairy products are the basis of nutrition. In the Danubian agricultural region, there are many flour dishes, corn porridge is popular and dumplings are typical. World-famous apple strudel and Viennese pastry. You won't find better taste anywhere.
As for the holidays, the Austrians have quite a lot of them. Name days are celebrated with special solemnity, the 50th and 70th anniversaries are celebrated magnificently. Catholic saints are revered in the country. Saint Martin, the patron saint of shepherds, is especially revered. In cities and villages on November 1 and 2, the days of commemoration of the dead are celebrated. Maslenitsa is accompanied by processions of mummers, whose faces are hidden under masks with fangs and large horns. On the holiday of seeing off winter and meeting spring, carnival processions are organized. Dance evenings and balls are organized in the capital Vienna.
It is worth noting the Austrian folklore, which is quite interesting and rich. Tyrolean folk songs and the Lendler dance, which is the prototype of the Viennese waltz, are famous in Austria.
In general, the development of culture in the country is associated with the activities of Austrian universities. The oldest of them is the University of Vienna, founded in 1365. Also in the 17th century, higher technical schools were organized and the Academy of Sciences was opened in 1847.
We hope that Grade 3 was able to use the message on the topic “Population and Culture of Austria” in preparation for the lesson. "Culture of Austria" You can expand the message through the comment form below.
