Imperial period Russian history unthinkable without the "German factor". Just look at the map: the capital city - St. Petersburg - and its suburbs - Oranienbaum, Kronstadt, Peterhof, Shlisselburg - had German names.
In the 18th century, German immigration was the result of Peter the Great's modernization project: significant colonies of immigrants from the then numerous German states appeared in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In addition, after the annexation of Estonia and Livonia (present-day Estonia and Latvia), Russian citizenship was replenished by the so-called “Ostsee Germans” - aristocrats from the Baltics, who were traditionally united and became part of the highest bureaucracy.
They also took certain positions at the court - this became especially noticeable during the reign of Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), when an open conflict broke out between the "Russian" and "German" groups at the court.
Later in historiography, this period was characterized as the dominance of foreigners, called "Bironism".
However, over time, the contradictions smoothed out. If in the 1760s he was still waging patriotic wars for history with Miller and Schlozer, who defended the “Norman theory” of the origin of Russian statehood in its radical version (in their opinion, Slavic tribal unions were not capable of creating a state, unlike the Vikings), By the beginning of the 19th century, the situation had changed.
At that time, Russia needed settlers, in particular, for the development of the annexed steppes of Novorossia and Crimea.
Natives of the German states willingly began to settle there, as well as in the middle and lower reaches of the Volga.
Many Germans became completely Russified, often converted to Orthodoxy and became loyal to their new homeland. Some retained their faith (Lutheranism or Catholicism), but still became Russian in spirit. Throughout the 19th century, Russia was not at war with the German states, with the exception of those that supported Napoleon at the beginning of the century. Therefore, the declaration of war on August 1, 1914 came as a shock and a sign of change.
The society seethed - the "sacred unity" began.
Patriotic demonstrations took place on the streets of cities, hundreds of people went to the front of the First World War as volunteers, donations and the deployment of hospitals for the wounded began.
Vladislav Khodasevich in his memoirs "Necropolis" wrote: “The book of violently patriotic poems by Gorodetsky “The Fourteenth Year” is still in the memory of many. There, not only the Tsar, but even the Palace and even the Square were printed in capital letters.
Under these conditions, the German community found itself in a dual position. Most of its representatives demonstrated loyal feelings: for example, Fetler, the mentor of the Baptist Gospel House in St. Petersburg, held a solemn prayer for the emperor and the Russian army, and also called on the reserve to be faithful to the emperor and the Motherland in the sermon.
However, the anti-German campaign was gaining momentum. In "" on August 15, a feuilleton was published about German prisoners of war in Vologda, who were placed in the "best rooms" of Vologda hotels. “They were sitting at a table that drank, ate ... It seemed to me that I was not sitting at the station waiting for the train,<...>and in the bierhall of a small German university town. They felt as if they were in their own country,” wrote an anonymous author. "Couldn't these ruddy-cheeked burches be adapted for field work?" he asked rhetorically. In the Baltics, schools of the “German Union” were closed (which was accompanied by accusations from the local press of the German local nobility of treason).
On August 31, a blow was also dealt to the enemy on the front of geographical names: “Highest command deigned to call henceforth” Petersburg Petrograd.
In a small front-page article, an unsigned author stated: “Somehow this name sounds closer and more affectionate to the Russian ear! In Petrograd<...>From now on, a new era will shine, in which there will no longer be a place for the German dominance that spread across Russia in the Petersburg, fortunately obsolete, period of our history.
"All burghs must disappear with geographical map Russia,” another journalist urged.
However, this did not happen - even the inhabitants of the small Shlisselburg did not achieve the renaming of their city into Oreshek. Neither Yekaterinburg (which became Sverdlovsk only under the Bolsheviks in 1924) nor Orenburg (which was renamed Chkalov from 1938 to 1957) did not disappear from the map of the empire.
Public reaction to this was mixed. These days, a real war has already begun - the battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia was going on, ending in the defeat of the Russian army; in Galicia, the army broke through the Austrian defenses. Echelons with the wounded went to the capital and large cities.
"Holy Unity" began to leak. Did not accept the renaming and part of the intelligentsia. wrote :
Who encroached on the brainchild of Petrovo?
Who is the perfect handiwork
I dared to offend, taking away at least a word,
Dare to change at least a single sound?
The name "Petrograd" remained outside the city until 1924, when, after the death of Lenin in January, an operational decision was made to rename it to Leningrad.
Nevertheless, the historical district remained on city maps Petrograd side(located on the islands between the Malaya Neva and Malaya Nevka), and in 1963 the Petrogradskaya metro station appeared.
However, the name did not stick in everyday life - colloquially, the city continued to be called Peter, and in 1991, when the question of the name of the city was put up for a referendum, residents chose from Leningrad and St. Petersburg. And at the present time there is no noticeable movement "for Petrograd" in the city.
From its foundation in 1703 until 1914, the city was named after St. Peter. Although many people think that the city is named after Peter the Great himself. Historically, this name is associated with the formation of the Russian Empire. From 1712 to 1918 St. Petersburg was the capital of the Russian state. The historical name of the city was returned in 1991.
By decision of Nicholas II during the First World War, the German name "Petersburg" was replaced by "Petrograd". Despite the indignation of the intelligentsia, the city bore this name from August 1914 to January 1924. It was preserved in the topography of the city - the names of some points on the map remind of it, for example, Petrogradsky Island.
The comparison with the "city on the water" did not arise by chance. In St. Petersburg, as in Venice, there are a lot of bridges: each has its own name and a special history. In the 18th century, gondolas ran along the rivers and canals of the city.
At the beginning of the 20th century, St. Petersburg was known for its book publishing houses. "Rainbow", "Lengiz", "Alkonost" and others were famous high quality printed products. That is why the city on the Neva was compared with the book capital of Europe - Leipzig. It all started with the fact that the Petrograd publishing houses became famous at a literary exhibition in Florence in 1892.
This name was given to the city by poets. In the era of classicism, St. Petersburg was called Palmyra in honor of the ancient trading city, famous for its incredible beauty of architecture. Contemporaries believed that the writer Faddey Bulgarin was the first to compare the northern capital with Palmyra on the pages of the Northern Bee.
Even in the "History of the Russian State" Nikolai Karamzin noted that the people say "Peter" instead of "Petersburg". This trend was reflected in fiction at the end of the 18th century. For example, in the works of Maykov, Radishchev, Muravyov. During the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks used the name "Red Peter". Today, the name "Peter" seems to be one of the most common.
It was in Tsarist Petersburg that three revolutions took place. Russian - 1905–1907, February and October 1917. Remembering these events, in Soviet times the city began to be called the Cradle of the Revolution.
Another historical event, which became the reason for changing the name of the city - the death of Lenin in 1924. Basically, this name is associated with the Great Patriotic War, although it was official until 1991. As a rule, the city is called "Leningrad" by the older generation.
For several decades, the name of the city "St. Petersburg" was written in different ways: either together, or separately, then with "g", then with "x", then with "e", then with "i". And in the written testimonies of that time such names as "Piterpol" and "S. Petropolis". Peter I himself in his letters called him in the Dutch manner - "St. Petersburg". This option is considered the first name of the city.
When the city was just being built, Peter I often called it "Paradise". He wrote to Menshikov: “... And we would like to see you here, so that you too, the beauty of this Paradise (in which you were and are a good participant in the labors) in return for your labors, would be a partaker with us, which I wish from the bottom of my heart.”
Petropolis is the Greek version of the name of the city. In the 18th century, the intelligentsia tsarist Russia was fascinated by antiquity, so this option took root in poetry. Lomonosov uses it in "Ode on the day of the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna": "Petropolis, imitating the sky, similarly emitted rays."
Due to the fact that the city was often renamed, comic names “walked” among St. Petersburg residents: “St. Leninburg”, “Leningburg”, “Petrolen”. In 1917-1918, the capital's intelligentsia called Petrograd "Chertograd" because of dissatisfaction with the name adopted by Nicholas II.
Peter is a city on the Neva, which changed its name three times. Founded in 1703 by Peter I, it became St. Petersburg. Russian Emperor named it after the apostle Peter. There is another version: Peter I lived for some time in the Dutch Sint-Petersburg. He named his city after him.
Base
Peter - which was once a small fortress. In the XVIII century, the construction of each settlement began with the citadel: it was necessary to create reliable fortifications from enemies. According to legend, the first stone was laid by Peter I himself in May 1703, on Hare Island, located near the Gulf of Finland. Petersburg is a city built on human bones. At least that's what many historians say.
Civilian workers were brought in to build the new city. They worked mainly on draining the swamps. Many foreign engineers arrived in Russia to supervise the construction of structures. However, most of the work was carried out by masons from all over Russia. Peter I from time to time issued various decrees that contributed to the accelerated process of building the city. So, he forbade the use of stone in the construction of any structures throughout the country. Modern man It is difficult to imagine how hard the work of the workers of the 18th century was. The necessary equipment then, of course, was not, and Peter I sought to build new town as soon as possible.
First inhabitants
Peter is a city that in the first half of the 18th century was inhabited mainly by soldiers and sailors. They were needed to protect the territory. Peasants and artisans from other regions were brought here forcibly. became the capital in 1712. Then the royal court settled here. The city on the Neva was the capital for two centuries. Until the revolution of 1918. Then in St. Petersburg (St. Petersburg) events that were quite important for the whole history took place.
Attractions
We will tell about the Soviet period in the history of the city later. First, it is worth mentioning what was done in tsarist times. St. Petersburg is a city that is often called the cultural capital. And it is no coincidence. There are a huge number of historical monuments, unique sights. St. Petersburg is a city that combines Russian and Western culture in an amazing way. The first palaces, which later became the property of culture, began to appear already in the first half of the 18th century. Then the famous palaces were built. These buildings were designed by I. Matarnovi, D. Trezin.
The history of the Hermitage begins in 1764. The name of the attraction has French roots. "Hermitage" in translation from the language of Walter means "hermit's hut". It has existed for over 250 years. During its long history, the Hermitage has become one of the most famous. Tourists from different parts of the world visit it every year.
In 1825, an event took place on Senate Square in St. Petersburg that influenced the course of national history. Here the Decembrist uprising took place, which served as an impetus for the abolition of serfdom. There are many more significant dates in the history of St. Petersburg. It is impossible to tell about all cultural and historical monuments within the framework of one article - a lot of documentary works are devoted to this topic. Let's briefly talk about the impact that the February Revolution had on the status of the city.
Petrograd
Peter lost the status of the capital after the revolution. However, it was renamed earlier. The First World War had a strong influence on the fate of the city. By 1914, anti-German sentiments were so strong that Nicholas I decided to rename the city. So the capital of the Russian Empire became Petrograd. In 1917, there were problems with the supply, there were queues in grocery stores. In February, Nicholas II abdicated the throne. The formation of the Provisional Government began. Already in November 1917, power passed to the Bolsheviks. The Russian Soviet Republic was created.
Leningrad
Peter lost the status of the capital in March 1918. After Lenin's death, it was renamed Leningrad. After the revolution, the population of the city decreased significantly. In 1920, just over seven hundred thousand people lived here. Moreover, most of the population from the workers' settlements moved closer to the center. In the 1920s, housing construction began in Leningrad.
In the first decade of the existence of the Soviet region, the Krestovsky and Elagin Islands were equipped. In 1930, the construction of the Kirov Stadium began. And soon new administrative units were allocated. In 1937, they developed a master plan for Leningrad, which provided for its development in a southerly direction. Pulkovo airport was opened in 1932.
St. Petersburg during WWII
More than a quarter of a century ago, the city was given back its former name. However, what he had in Soviet times will never be forgotten. The most tragic pages in the history of St. Petersburg fell on the period when it was called Leningrad.
The capture of the city on the Neva by the German command would achieve important strategic goals. Namely:
- Take over the economic base of the USSR.
- Capture the Baltic Navy.
- Consolidate dominance in the Baltic Sea.
The official beginning of the blockade of Leningrad is September 8, 1941. It was on that day that the land connection with the city was interrupted. The inhabitants of Leningrad could not leave it. Rail traffic was also interrupted. In addition to the indigenous people, about three hundred thousand refugees from the Baltic and neighboring regions lived in the city. This greatly complicated the situation.
In October 1941, famine began in Leningrad. First, he expressed himself in cases of loss of consciousness on the street, then in the mass exhaustion of the townspeople. Food supplies could only be delivered to the city by air. Movement through Lake Ladoga was carried out only when severe frosts set in. The blockade of Leningrad was completely broken in 1944. Many emaciated residents who were taken out of the city could not be saved.
Return of historical name
Petersburg ceased to be called Leningrad in official documents in 1991. Then a referendum was held, and it turned out that more than half of the inhabitants believe that their hometown should be returned to its historical name. In the nineties and early 2000s, many historical monuments were installed and restored in St. Petersburg. Including the Savior on Blood. In May 1991, the first church service for almost the entire Soviet period was held in the Kazan Cathedral.
Today, more than five million people live in the cultural capital. It is the second largest city in the country and the fourth largest in Europe.
Exactly 100 years ago, on August 19/September 1, 1914, the Highest Command of Emperor Nicholas II to the Governing Senate was published to rename St. Petersburg to Petrograd. The very decision to change the name of the capital of the Russian Empire was taken by the Sovereign a day earlier - on August 18/31.
The renaming of the capital in the first month of the First World War was not accidental and reflected the general mood of the townsfolk, embraced by anti-German sentiments. As the historian of the Russian army A.A. Kersnovsky noted, “Yesterday's cosmopolitans suddenly turned out to be ardent nationalists. The dominant note here, however, was reckless chauvinism, hysterical fury against everything "German." People who seemed to be quite sensible, suddenly demanded that their surnames of German origin be changed into Russian.. "German speech was forbidden, - the modern historian and publicist S.V. Fomin echoes Kersnovsky . - Violators were subjected to a very impressive fine of up to three thousand rubles or a three-month imprisonment. The performance of musical works by German composers was considered an unpatriotic act. The settlements that bore German names were renamed..
However, similar phenomena were observed in Russia's allied countries. So, for example, in Paris, the municipality changed the name of the German street to Jaurès street, and the Berlin street to Liège street.
In this impulse to abandon everything German, already on July 31 / August 12, the liberal Birzhevye Vedomosti published an article with the characteristic title “Not Petersburg, but Petrograd”, in which they conveyed the wishes of the Czech diaspora of St. “remember the initiative of a long line of Russian figures and thinkers of the 18th and early 19th centuries, who were jarred by the German name of our capital”. Citing further quotations from the decrees of Empress Catherine II and Emperor Alexander I, in which the capital of the Empire was sometimes called the "City of St. Peter", the Czech diaspora of the city noticed that Petrograd "is called our capital by all southern and western Slavs, also Chervonorussians." “It is time to correct the mistake of the ancestors, it is time to cast off the last shadow of German guardianship. We, the Czechs, ask the public administration of the capital to enter with a petition to the Highest Name for the approval and henceforth the obligatory use of the Russian name of the capital "Petrograd" ”, - said in the conclusion of the appeal.
We also note that the name "Petrograd", which is a Russian tracing paper from the German (Dutch) name "Petersburg", was not accidental and was already well known to educated Russians thanks to the poetic lines of A.S. Pushkin from The Bronze Horseman:
Above the darkened Petrograd
November breathed autumn chill.
Rushing in a noisy wave
At the edge of its slender fence,
Neva rushed about like a patient
In your restless bed...
This name of the city is also found in the poems of G.R. Derzhavin (“Procession along the Volkhov of the Russian Amphitrite”):
No, not a picture of ancient divas
Surprises mortals look;
Ekaterina is walking
With Georg to Petrograd!
However, both A.S. Pushkin and G.R. Derzhavin used in the same works another name for St. Petersburg - “Petropol”. And in the 1870s, as stated " Russian word"Among the Slavophiles there is a movement in favor of renaming St. Petersburg to Petrograd." “Historical documents confirm that the Slavophiles tried to introduce this name into life,” the newspaper recalled in 1914. - In correspondence and in personal conversations, they completely avoided the name Petersburg, and even on the envelopes of letters they wrote "Petrograd", as a result of which misunderstandings often arose between the Slavophiles and representatives of the postal department, who did not vouch for the accurate delivery of letters with the inscription "Petrograd". This movement, however, had no real results.
On August 11, 1914, Emperor Nicholas II received a report from the Minister of Agriculture A.V. Krivoshein, who, as is commonly believed, convinced the Sovereign of the need to issue an order to rename St. Petersburg. As the head of the office of the Ministry of Agriculture, I.I. Tkhorzhevsky, recalled, Krivoshein himself later said: “The sovereign is doing well. Many attack him for Petrograd. Rukhlov (Minister of Railways. - RNL) allegedly said: what are you, Your Majesty, to correct Peter the Great! - And do you know how the Emperor answered? He didn’t get angry, but laughed it off: “Well, Tsar Peter demanded reports from his generals about victories, but I would be glad to hear about victories. The Russian sound is dearer to my heart ... Is it really well said?”. According to Russkiy Slovo, the issue of renaming the capital received an unexpectedly quick resolution, after the support of this measure, in addition to A.V. changed his German surname to the surname of his wife, becoming Desyatovsky) and the Minister of Internal Affairs N.A. Maklakov.
Unfortunately, the Tsar's diary entries do not say a word about the motives that made him decide to rename the city, but already on August 20/September 2, 1914, he mentions the capital of the Russian Empire precisely as Petrograd.
However, the tsarist initiative to rename the capital did not meet with everyone's understanding. According to Tkhorzhevsky, dissatisfaction was largely due to the fact that “the city was renamed without asking: it was definitely demoted”. “The historical name associated with the founder of the city and borrowed from Holland, reminiscent of the “eternal worker on the throne”, was replaced under the influence of some patriotic whim with the name of Petrograd, which says nothing, in common with Elizavetgrad, Pavlograd and others like it”- the well-known St. Petersburg lawyer and member of the State Council A.F. Koni lamented. “The crown of stupidity was, of course, the demand to rename St. Petersburg to Petrograd - the city of St. Peter to the city of Peter I. The ignorance of our educated circles, from which the initiative came, was amazing, - A.A. Kersnovsky wrote in turn. - Peter I named the city he founded in honor of his saint - "St. Petersburg" - in Dutch, not at all in German, and, of course, did not think of naming it after himself. Petersburg in Russian could be translated "Svyatopetrovsk". "Petrograd" was the first step to "Leningrad". Some barbarians adopted from others ". And the poetess Z.N. Gipius, in connection with this renaming, left the following entry in her diary: “According to the mania of the Tsar, Petersburg the great Peter - failed, destroyed. Bad sign! Later, in December 1914, in the poem "Petrograd", the poetess burst into the following indignant lines:
Who encroached on the brainchild of Petrovo?
Who is the perfect handiwork
I dared to offend, taking away at least a word,
Dare to change at least a single sound?
And given the fact that the renaming of the capital coincided with the catastrophe that the Russian troops suffered in East Prussia, it is not surprising that the following entry appeared in the diary of the artist K.A. Somov: "The defeat of our troops, two corps destroyed, killed by Samsonov . Shameful renaming of St. Petersburg to Petrograd! The mayor of St. Petersburg I.I. Tolstoy reacted in the same way in his diary, noting on August 19: “The morning newspapers report on the renaming of St. Petersburg into "Petrograd" by the Highest Decree, which took place yesterday, on the 18th. (...) I do not like this kind of chauvinism at all, being a rather sad omen: who do they want to please with this? If this renaming is a joy for someone, then it should be significantly overshadowed by the news that appeared in the morning newspapers and today about a serious defeat, if not about the defeat of the Russian army in Prussia.. Baron N.N. Wrangel also pointed out this: “...Today's government announcement speaks of serious setbacks. All the more tactless is the Supreme Command, published today, on the renaming of St. Petersburg into Petrograd. Not to mention the fact that this completely senseless order, first of all, darkens the memory of the great reformer of Russia, but the publication of this renaming "in retaliation against the Germans" today, on the day of our defeat, must be recognized as extremely inappropriate. Who prompted the Sovereign to take this step is unknown. But the whole city is deeply indignant and filled with indignation at this tactless trick.. Even the mother of the Sovereign, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, showed her displeasure, sarcastically remarking: "Soon My Peterhof will be called Petrushkin Dvor".
But on the pages of the press, the renaming of the imperial capital to Petrograd was only welcomed. The authors of newspaper essays pointed to the "liberation" of the city from the traces of "German dominance", the monarchist publications restrainedly supported the decision of the Sovereign, in some places there appeared hasty and rather clumsy verses dedicated to this historical decision. The now almost forgotten poet Sergei Kopytkin responded to this event with the poem "Petrograd!", In which there were such lines:
With what delight this word
Russia accepted from the Tsar's hands!
And thrown off the brainchild of Petrov
German faded frock coat.
Let the newborn name
Hear the enemy regiments!
It circles over them
Like a whirlwind of annoyance and longing.
It is like an angel of inspiration
Like heat that feeds hearts
In the smoke and roar of battle
Support the Russian fighter.
Down with the German poison!
Down with German words!
From now on the Russian State
The Russian head crowns!
Birzhevye Vedomosti reported with pathos: “We went to bed in St. Petersburg, and woke up in Petrograd!.. The St. Petersburg period of our history with its German tint has ended ... Hurray, gentlemen!..”. « Petersburg Sheet," calling the renaming of the capital "a great historical fact," rejoiced that what had happened was what "the best of the Slavophiles" dreamed of. “... The capital of the great Slavic state still bore a German name, - said in a newspaper article . - ... Russia - the head of the Slavs - must follow its own historical and original path. Its capital should have a Slavic name. By the command of the Sovereign Master of the Russian land, it will be so from now on. ”. At the same time, the publication continued, following the renaming of St. Petersburg, there must inevitably be changes in the names of the cities closest to the capital: Peterhof, Shlisselburg, Oranienbaum and Kronstadt, and with regard to the latter, it was especially emphasized that it was unacceptable to keep the name "Kronstadt", since in Within the borders of Austria-Hungary, which was at war with us, there was a city with the same name. "The capital of the most important Slavic people, - wrote "New time" - by the will of the Sovereign Emperor, she shook off her foreign name and was baptized in Slavonic. Petersburg became Petrograd. The common people used to say: Peter, Peterburh. And that part of it that defended the "old faith" always called it only Petrograd". The last statement is true - the Old Believer diocese of the city since 1901 was called Petrograd.
At the same time, as the researcher of this issue A.G. Rumyantsev notes, in the Petrograd City Duma, some deputies were dissatisfied with the disappearance of the prefix “saint” (“holy”) in the name of the city, in connection with which they asked the government to approve the full name of the capital as "City of St. Peter" or "St. Petrograd". As Baron N.N. Wrangel noted in his diary, the hasty and not universally accepted and understood renaming of the city even led to such a curiosity as the appearance of the “St. Petrograd Hotel” in Vilna.
However, the new name of the city on the Neva was destined to be short-lived. In common parlance, the city was still called simply "Peter", and due to subsequent tragic events, the name "Petrograd" entered the mass consciousness exclusively with the invariable prefixing of the word "revolutionary" to it. And less than ten years after the tsarist decree, in January 1924, the Bolsheviks again renamed the former imperial capital, giving it the name of Lenin, and thereby turning Petrograd into Leningrad. The original name of St. Petersburg was returned to the city only in September 1991 after a referendum in which historical name northern capital, 54% of Leningraders spoke out.
Prepared Andrey Ivanov, Doctor of Historical SciencesThe official name of Leningrad since August 18, 1914, adopted after Russia's entry into the 1st world war as more "patriotic" instead of the "German" name St. Petersburg. Previously met as in fiction (A. S. Pushkin) ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)
Petrograd- Petrograd, official name Leningrad since August 18, 1914, adopted after Russia's entry into World War I as a more "patriotic" instead of the "German" name St. Petersburg. Previously encountered as in fiction ... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"
PETROGRAD, the name of the city of St. Petersburg in 1914 24. Source: Encyclopedia Fatherland ... Russian History
Existing, number of synonyms: 5 city (2765) Leningrad (12) Petersburg (13) ... Synonym dictionary
St. Petersburg place names World: Toponymic Dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Federal city of St. Petersburg Flag Coat of arms ... Wikipedia
PETROGRAD- (name; see also LENINGRAD, PETERSBURG, PETROPOL) We / each / keep drive belts in our five / worlds! / This brought audiences to Calvary / Petrograd, Moscow, Odessa, Kyiv, M914 15 (393); When everyone settles in heaven and hell, / the earth ... ... Proper name in Russian poetry of the XX century: a dictionary of personal names
Petrograd- Saint Petersbourg Pour les articles homonymes, voir Saint Petersbourg (homonymie). Saint Petersbourg Saint Petersburg ... Wikipedia en Français
The name of the city of St. Petersburg in 1914 24. * * * PETROGRAD PETROGRAD, the name of the city of St. Petersburg (see SAINT PETERSBURG) in 1914 24 ... encyclopedic Dictionary
See Petersburg… Etymological dictionary Russian language by Max Fasmer
Books
- , Yarov Sergey Viktorovich, Balashov Evgeny Mikhailovich, Musaev V.I.
- Petrograd at the turn of the era. The city and its inhabitants during the years of the revolution and the Civil War,. This book of essays on the history of Petrograd during the Civil War, without exaggerating, shows the difficulties and shady sides of life, without neglecting the positive that is already reflected in ...
