Geographical names ending in "delicate" and personal names ending in "neg.

Elifankina Elena, Elifankina Veronica, Fedorov Vladislav

Main idea of ​​the project- study of the origin of toponyms around the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka (identification of the lexical composition of toponyms, explanation of the etymology of incomprehensible toponyms, identification of structural and derivational models of Turkic toponyms and methods of their formation).

Classify toponyms

Show the originality of the toponymic landscape of their small homeland.

To study the ethno-ecological and cultural features of the native land. How information about the spiritual culture of the inhabitants of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka is encoded in the toponym.

Research results

1. A "Dictionary of toponyms and microtoponyms from the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and its environs" was compiled, which included 48 microtoponyms. All were classified by motivation into lexico-semantic groups: hagonyms, didronyms, hydronyms, oikonyms and oronyms.

2. Plans-maps of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and the surroundings of the village were drawn up.

3. Compiled computer presentation with photographs of toponyms and microtoponyms S. N. Yakushka and his entourage.

4. Compiled "Photo album of toponyms and microtoponyms of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and its environs"

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  1. Introduction………………………………………………………. 3 p.
  2. What is Toponymy…………………………………………...4 p.
  3. Literature review on toponymy .............................................5 p. .
  4. Types of toponyms .................................................. .........................6 page
  5. Classification of microtoponyms by origin……..7 pp.
  6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………9 p.
  7. Research results…………………………………....10 pp.
  8. List of used literature………………………...11 p.
  9. Application…………………………………………………………………………………12 p.

9.1. Dictionary of toponyms and microtoponyms from the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and

its surroundings

  1. Plan of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka.
  2. Plan of the surroundings of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka.
  1. Photo album "History of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka"
  1. Photo album "Toponymic space of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka, Novomalyklinsky district, Ulyanovsk region"
  1. CD-ROM with the presentation "Toponymic space of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka, Novomalyklinsky district, Ulyanovsk region."

1. Introduction

"Names are the language of the earth, and the earth is a book where the history of mankind is recorded in geographical nomenclature (in geographical names)" N.I. Nadezhdin

The work is devoted to the microtoponyms of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and its environs, the names of the streets of the village, hills, fields, lakes, swamps, ravines, rivers, which were given by our ancestors. Having studied the theory, we collected material with the help of old-timers, compiled a dictionary of 57 names, classified microtoponyms by origin, and determined the methods of their formation. The dictionary was prepared for the school museum.

For a long time, the names of many small objects that arose a very long time ago have lost their meaning in people's lives, modern man they are not needed. They are going away. Only old people remember them, and in another 6-10 years this priceless material will be irretrievably lost if it is not fixed in time. To prevent this from happening, you need to write them down and leave them. This can be done not only by specialists. This is what we decided to do.

Object of study:toponyms of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and its environs.

The purpose of the research work - study of the origin of toponyms in the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and in its environs.

Research objectives:

  1. Studying the origin of toponyms around the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka (identifying the lexical composition of toponyms, explaining the etymology of incomprehensible toponyms, identifying structural and word-building models of Turkic toponyms and ways of their formation).
  2. Classify toponyms
  3. Show the originality of the toponymic landscape of their small homeland.
  4. The study of ethno-ecological and cultural features of the native land. How information about the spiritual culture of the inhabitants of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka is encoded in the toponym.

Research methodology:

In the course of the research work, in accordance with the tasks set, talking with the old-timers of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka, the former teacher of the native language of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka Valentina Petrovna Vanyukova, the history teacher of the city of Dimitrovgrad Valentina Grigorievna Butsaeva, the head of the Chuvash folk ensemble "Savanas" Ivanyukova Irina Nikolaevna, working with Chuvash dictionary, printed publications, used the following methods and techniques of toponymic research:structural and derivational, descriptive, elements of etymological analysis (origin and correct interpretation meaning words), statistical and cartographic.

2. What is toponymy

Toponymy (from ancient Greek τόπος (topos) - place and νομα (onoma) - name, name) - a science that studies geographical names, their origin, semantic meaning, development, current state, spelling and pronunciation.

Toponymy - a set of names (toponyms) in any territory.

Toponym (from others .-Greek τόπος (topos) - "place", and νομα (onoma) - "name, name") -name own , denoting the name (identifier)geographical object.

Toponyms are studied by scienceplace names .

The role and importance of geographical names or toponyms in people's lives can hardly be overestimated. As you know, human life is constantly associated with spatial representations, with movements in space. At the same time, toponyms, naming and thereby highlighting the named objects, act as a kind of address signs that help people navigate in the world around them. This is the main purpose, the main function of words - toponyms in people's lives.
This function of toponyms determined that they accompany humanity from ancient times to the present day. As a result, even within relatively small territories, geographical names that arose in different historical periods, names associated with the languages ​​of different peoples who lived and live in this territory, currently coexist.

From this it is obvious that toponyms of any territory, performing their main function, are at the same time an important source of various knowledge about the territory where they exist: about the peoples and languages ​​that were historically associated with this territory, about some of its geographical features in the past and in the present, about people who left a mark on the history of the area, etc. All this serves as the basis for the assertion that geographical names are a kind of book in which the history of mankind is recorded. Such a noteworthy book, a kind of historical and geographical encyclopedia, is in its totality the geographical names of the Ulyanovsk region.

It is clear that the current set of geographical names of the region was formed over the centuries. And for this reason alone, they turn out to be very heterogeneous in their origin.

As a result, the deciphering and explanation of many names, and above all the most ancient ones, in terms of the time of occurrence, the language with which their origin is associated, the primary, initial meaning, turn out to be a matter of many difficulties even for specialists.

And, nevertheless, the currently formed science of geographical names - toponymy - in many cases, although not always, allows solving these difficult issues.

It should be said that the duration of the existence of many names, especially river names, their possible connection with common nouns and proper names of different languages ​​and local dialects within these languages, the historical susceptibility of toponyms to sound and structural changes significantly complicate the search for answers to the question of why and how a given word became a name. this particular geographic area.

According to the degree of reliability of explanations, a number of groups of names can be distinguished, including:

a) names, the explanation of the origin of which is not in doubt;

b) names, the origin of which has a probabilistic explanation;

c) names in relation to which it is possible to establish only a possible direction of the search for an explanation of their origin;

d) finally, the names, the historical and linguistic foundations of which are not currently established at all.

We can immediately say that quantitatively in the Ulyanovsk region the names of the first group predominate. However, in general, there are quite a few toponyms, the origin of which has so far been determined only presumably or even not determined at all.

  1. 3. Review of literature on toponymy.
  2. We looked through a number of toponymy books that helped us in our research. In the book of A.V. Superanskaya "What is toponymy?" found material on the difference between toponyms, microtoponyms, macrotoponyms. From the monograph by E.I. Golanova "How Names Arise" learned about the types of compound names, about the ways of forming words that are most characteristic of modern times. E.M. Pospelov’s “Historical and Toponymic Dictionary of Russia” has become for us a model for organizing our dictionary. The work of K.S. Lazarevich “Toponymy is the language of the Earth” helped to understand the theory. Types of microtoponymic objects, some reasons for the emergence of microtoponymic names are indicated by V. Lurie in his work "Microtoponymy of Leningrad - St. Petersburg".
  3. Academician Ya.K. Groth remarked that "a topographical name is almost never random and devoid of meaning." Even in ancient times, a person used to give names to rivers, lakes, mountains, and the settlements themselves.
  1. The beginning of a special study of the toponymy of the Ulyanovsk region was essentially laid by the article by V. A. Nikonov "History of the development of the Middle Volga region based on toponymy materials", published in the collection "Questions of Geography" in 1960. And the toponymy of the region received more or less systematic coverage in the publications of Barashkov V.F. "Toponymy of the Ulyanovsk region" (Ulyanovsk, 1974) and "Names of the rivers of the Ulyanovsk-Samara Volga region" (Ulyanovsk, 1991).
  1. 4. Types of toponyms

Among toponyms, various classes stand out, such as:

pelagonims - names seas ;

limnonyms - names lakes ;

potamonyms - names rivers ;

gelonyms - names of swamps, wetlands;

Toponyms (especially hydronyms) are stably preservedarchaisms and dialectisms , they often go back to the languages ​​of the peoples who lived in this territory in the past, which allows them to be used to determine the boundaries of the settlement of ethnic communities.

Practical transcription toponyms, establishing their original and uniform spelling and transmission in other languages, is important formapping .

Among the stylistically differentiated variants of toponyms, the most numerous are toponyms-colloquialisms, toponyms-poetisms , toponymicparaphrases .

  1. Elements of toponyms
  1. Turkic
  1. Classification of microtoponyms by origin.

Each settlement has its own microtoponymy. Reasons for the emergence of microtoponymic names:

1. A certain place does not have a name, and it arises in any group of people who use this place (the names of small forest lakes and swamps are given by local residents and are little known to residents of neighboring villages)

2. A certain place may have an official name, but it is not convenient for use in conversation (the official name of our village is Lower Yakushka, unofficial - Obama is of Chuvash origin; the official name of the neighboring village is Middle Yakushka, unofficial - Yarzava , paraphrased from the Chuvash name Erzel).

3. Some objects that residents do not like are given names that reflect a negative attitude towards them ( Shuitan Shure - damn swamp).

4. One of the reasons for the appearance of microtoponyms is the desire of local residents to give their expressive and emotional assessment of any object ( Shardek kukri - a bend on the river in the form of a grasshopper's knee, Chuv microtoponym. origin: shardyak - grasshopper, kukri - bend).

Guided by this, as well as the statement of A.V. Superanskaya that “linguists studying proper names need to know their matting as that initial moment of nomination, after which the word becomes a proper name” [Superanskaya, 1973, p.224], we tried to identify the basic principles of the nomination on the example of microtoponyms.

Based on the generalization of motivational features, the principles of nomination are formulated. Previously used materials allow us to distinguish three ways of nomination.

  • Nomination of an object according to its connection with a person.

This principle is implemented in two ways:

1) last name, first name, nickname of a person ( Lower Yakushka ; Middle Yakushka; Upper Yakushka; Khveder kul - Lake Fedora; Aldaki kassy - crossing (bridge) made by a man named Aldaki; Pipuldi Cassie - the transition (bridge) made by a man named Bibuldin, Yatman kule - limnolim Chuv. origin Yatman- male name, küle - lake, the lake belonged to a man named Yatman; Anastasi Khreste, Kartya Kul, Ukhader, Eleksey Shure, Chagrov Tapri). Among the microtoponyms collected by us, 12 names can be attributed to this species.

2) economic and other human activities ( Ukhader - swampy area where game is hunted, oh h. Atagan - rest on the way, Syumartyuk, Syarak kul, Putehvi, Chagrov tapri, Patelnik, Jussi, Selos pulenki). There are 9 such types of microtoponyms in our Dictionary.

  • Nomination of an object according to its connection with surrounding objects.

This principle is implemented through the following features:

1) the location of the object relative to another ( Khyzaldy kul - a lake located behind the gardens of the villagers, a back lake; Lower Yakushka, Middle Yakushka, Upper Yakushka) - 4 names;

2) the relation of one object to another ( Yarandy kul - lake on the field, arable land, Utyuk sule, Tyambay prusyak, Pasar prusyak,) - 4 names.

  • Nomination of an object by properties and qualities:
  1. object color (Syutkul - light lake, Sara kul, Black river);
  1. object shape (Horseshoe Bay, Pula Puse - fish head, Shardyak kukri, Shartan kul, Shovel bay, artificial lake. Lubashka, Tergeshur);
  1. object value (Bolshoi Cheremshan River, Bolshoi Avral River);
  1. Features of the flora (Oak forest, Lake Khubakh- burdock, Lake Vedkal - from Mordovian: witch - water, cal- bushes, the shores of the lake are overgrown with willow bushes, Syarak kul, Khurama kul, Birch grove, Vis khuran);
  2. Features of the fauna (lake Utinoe, oz. Badger, Bykova meadow, Shartek kukri, Pula puse, Putehvi, Uba shure);
  3. relief features (Cold mountain, Mezhn var- ravine)
  4. Secondary (transferred): "Transfer from known." (street names - st.Soviet, Youth, October, Green, Forest, Field)
  5. Other properties and qualities ( Shashla kul - limnolim Chuv. origin shishla - with a smell, smelling, kul - lake; Now it is a swampy place where swamp gas is released. Poulenki dyeing, Kuslova, Tyambai, Asla kul, Shuitan shure, Atyagash, Putyanga, Trekhboloto, Kuslova glade).

According to T.N. Chernorayeva, “this principle of nomination of microtoponyms is superior to others that we have identified above.”
Methods of education

1. 21 microtoponyms are phrases : "adjective + noun":Kholodnaya Gora, Nizhnyaya Yakushka, Krasilne Poulenki, Kiv yal, Shardek kukri, etc.. ; "numeral + noun":Twentieth Quarter.

2. Suffix:Yakushka, Patelnik, Kozlovka

3. Addition - Trypolye, Syumardyuk

4. Abbreviation -SHT (agricultural machinery)

5. Non-suffix (truncation) -lake Khubakh, Lake Badger

A great contribution to the systematic study and coverage of the toponymy of the region was made by Professor Ulyanovsk Pedagogical University V.F. Barashkov. As a result of many years of research, he published such scientific works as "Toponymy of the Ulyanovsk Region" (1974), "Names Familiar from Childhood" (1982), "Names of the Rivers of the Ulyanovsk-Samara Volga Region" (1991), "In the Footsteps of the Place Names of the Ulyanovsk Region" (1994) and others, which provide an explanation for a large number of geographical names of the region, describe the features of their historical formation and connections with the languages ​​of the peoples who inhabited and now inhabit the Middle Volga region. But the Turkic toponyms in the research of the scientist are not the subject of special study.

The relevance of the topic of our study is explained by the fact that the toponymic system of the Ulyanovsk region was formed in difficult historical and linguistic conditions. This region, like the entire Middle Volga region, has long been a place of residence of related and unrelated ethnic groups, the language and ethnic culture of which could not but influence not only the emergence and development of the modern toponymy of the region, this was also reflected at the level of the general vocabulary of the nationalities living here.

6. Conclusion.

In the course of this research work, we tried to explain the origin of the names of S.N. Yakushka and his entourage. We interviewed the elders of the village: Yankov Vladimir Spiridonovich, Bozheykina Alexandra Vasilievna, Vanyukova Valentina Petrovna. Through a survey of local residents, the meaning of many names was revealed. These names are combined into microtoponyms. In the study of microtoponymy, scientists develop classifications depending on the aspect, purpose, and objectives of the study. Exploring the origin and roots of geographical names is a very useful and exciting thing.

When revealing the meaning of the name, legends and traditions were used in some cases. According to the well-known folklorist L.E. Eliasov, “... there was a time when legends were almost the only source of knowledge of historical reality, they changed the unwritten folk chronicle of the history of peoples, tribes and clans” (1984, 3).

The results of the study will help clarify and streamline the information about the Turkic oikonymy, hydronymy, oronymy, microtoponymy, and supplement them with new, newly studied ones. They can be used in the study of onomastics of the Ulyanovsk region and the entire Volga region.

Having done this work, it is necessary to conclude that most of the names have a Turkic basis, the proof of which is grammatical and structural features. Possible signs are presented on examples in the practical part of the study.

The material of the study is irrefutable proof that the Turkic-speaking toponyms are more ancient than the Slavic ones, that in the Middle Volga region, in particular, in the Simbirsk province, the ancestors of the current Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians settled much earlier than the Russians.

The work can serve as a source for cartographers and representatives of official institutions dealing with the naming and renaming of geographical objects.

Toponyms are associated with the cultural life of a person, so each toponym can be considered as a cultural monument of its era. Having created a dictionary of toponyms of the surroundings and the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka, we have invested our personal contribution to the preservation of toponyms as a kind of cultural and historical monuments of the language of the Chuvash people who created it. Academician S.O. Schmidt said: “Local history at the call of the soul is always local love.” So let's explore and get to know our native land, and therefore love it!

We have done a lot of work, but the more we learn, the more questions arise, we still could not explain some microtoponyms - this is work for the future. We would like to expand the scope of our research. Near our village 3 km. the Mordovian village of Staraya Malykla is located, children from this village study at our school and we plan to study toponyms in the environment of this village, and then present the results of our research to the residents of our villages at a parent meeting.

7. Research results

  1. The “Dictionary of toponyms and microtoponyms of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and its environs” was compiled, which included 48 microtoponyms. All were classified by motivation into lexico-semantic groups: hagonyms, didronyms, hydronyms, oikonyms and oronyms.
  2. Plans-maps of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and the surroundings of the village were drawn up.
  3. Compiled computer presentation with photographs of toponyms and microtoponyms s.N.Yakushka and his entourage.
  4. Compiled "Photo album of toponyms and microtoponyms of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and its environs"

8. List of used literature

  1. A.V. Superanskaya.- What is toponymy? - M. Nauka, 1984.
  2. E.I. Golanova.- How names arise.- M. Enlightenment, 1989.
  3. E.M. Pospelova. - Historical and Toponymic Dictionary of Russia
  4. Lazarevich K.S. Toponymy is the language of the Earth.http//1september.ru.
  5. V. A. Nikonova. - The history of the development of the Middle Volga region based on toponymy materials, "published in the collection" Questions of Geography ", 1960.
  6. Barashkova V.F. - Toponymy of the Ulyanovsk region. - Ulyanovsk, 1974.
  7. Barashkova V.F. - Names of the rivers of the Ulyanovsk-Samara Volga region. - Ulyanovsk, 1991.
  8. M.I. Skvortsova. - Russian-Chuvash dictionary. - M. Russian language., 1985.
  9. Salmin A.K. - Chuvash folk rituals. - Cheboksary, 1994.
  10. N.I. Egorov, M.I. Skvortsov - Chuvash holidays and rituals. - Cheboksary., 1991.

9. Applications:

9.1. Annex No. 1 "Dictionary of toponyms and microtoponyms of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and its environs."

Oikonyms - names of settlements:

Yakushka. In the Novomalyklinsky district, along the Bolshoy Avral River, there are villagesYakushka, Upper Yakut, Middle Yakushka, Lower Yakushka.Distinguishing definitions in the composition of these toponyms indicate the location of the villages along the river. Defined part of the names - Yakushka - associated with a personal name Yakush.

Lower Yakushka (Upamsar) - a village in the Novomalyklinsky district of the Ulyanovsk region.

Founded in 1710. The first inhabitants settled in the bend of the river. Malykla, a tributary of the river. Big Cheremshan, under the cover of a century-old forest. Steppes stretched beyond the forest, but they were not plowed up. Due to the danger of raids by nomads - Nogais and Kalmyks - the village wandered for a long time, and the peasants prepared the land for sowing by slash-and-burn. When, after 4-5 years, the soil was depleted, the farmers moved to a new, already prepared place. The memory of nomadism is preserved in local legends.

The first repair, called Tyambai, lasted until the arrival of a new wave of settlers - a small group led by Eruk from the village of Narotkol (Eremkino). The community moved down the river. Malykla, but did not live there long. A strong flood flooded arable land and dwellings, forced them to move to higher ground under the protection of centuries-old oaks. This place is still called Dubrava. According to the legend, when building dwellings, people found large bones in the ground and, mistaking them for bear bones, gave the village a second new name. Upamsar , which in translation from Chuvash means "Bear cemetery". There is another explanation - Upamsar is a male name.

After the next raid of the steppes with robberies and theft of girls (according to local legends), the village migrated to a small peninsula surrounded by riverine lakes and swamps. They named him Yurtish. This place is now called kiv yal - Old Village. In those same years, the development of arable land on the steppe, located on the outskirts of the forest, began. Over time, the village settled in a new, permanent place, where it is to this day. To this day, the village has a double name: the official name is Nizhnyaya Yakushka, the unofficial common name is Obamza (Upamsar, in Chuvash).

In 1743, when surveying and compiling a map-plan of the Stavropol district. Simbirsk vicegerency, the village, now called Lower Yakushka, was put on the map.

At the old-timers of the village, we recorded a round dance song that we sang at the Uyav holiday - the spring-summer period of youth games and round dances. It was sung only in our village (grandmothers still remember it) - this is a beautiful legend about the founding of our Chuvash village. The song sings how a man passed through the waters, walked for a long time, wandered through the forests and swamps. The song says that later he found a white swan's nest, found a white egg in the white swan's nest, and a golden ring with a precious stone in the egg (the nest is a symbol of dwelling, the egg is a symbol of life, and the ring melted the heart of a beloved girl - a family was born, a ring - a symbol of well-being. The resettled people from the right bank of the Volga found shelter in a new place and everything that is necessary for life). Here is such a beautiful legend about the birth of my village:

1. Shur, shur tarah ep surerem,

Shur, shur tarah ep surerem,

Shur, shur tarah ep surerem,

Shur akash yavi ep tupram.

2. Shura akash yavinche,

Shura akash yavinche,

Shura akash yavinche,

Shur samarta ep tupram.

3. Shur samarta aschenche,

Shur samarta aschenche,

Shur samarta aschenche,

Yltan sere ep tupram.

4. Yltan sere merchen kusla,

Yltan sere merchen kusla,

Yltan sere merchen kusla,

Dick Cherine Ilertet.

Upper Yakushka- the village of MO "Sredneyakushkinskoe rural settlement" of the Novomalyklinsky district (formerly the Stavropol district of the Samara province) is located 10 km. south of the district center along the upper reaches on the right bank of the Bolshoi Avral River. According to some sources, the village was founded in the 70s of the 17th century. In 1744, a one-altar Church of the Nativity of Christ was built at the expense of parishioners in Kalmyk Sakhcha. (not preserved). According to the fourth revision tale of 1782, baptized Kalmyks lived in the Stavropol district. The name of the village Kalmykskaya Sakhcha has been preserved since the time when Kalmyks lived on the banks of the Big Avral River. The word "Sakhcha" means "guard". In fact, the Kalmyks guarded their people, hammered stakes along the road so that the Chuvash and Russians could not penetrate their villages. The Persians also lived in Kalmyk Sakhcha, lagging behind the caravans passing through these places of the great trade route. They grew watermelons and melons. There is a version that the Yakushkin brothers lived in the old days. The time came when they were destined to leave home and acquire their own household. The places where they settled were named after their last name. So the villages of Lower, Middle and Upper Yakushka appeared.

Potamonyms - names rivers :

Malykolka (Malykolka).The river on which the villages are located Old Malykla and New Malykla, flows past the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka.Toponym of Turkic origin. Common noun in Turkic languages malyk (malik) - "owner, owner, proprietor"; baby - "belonging to the owner." The personal Turkic name was also widespread earlier. Malik. The connection of the name with a similar Turkic basis is quite probable. At the same time, the river could be named after the area or the village.

The names of the villages reflect the time sequence of their occurrence (old - new).

Cheremshan. The left tributary of the Volga, which flows into it between the village of Bely Yar, Ulyanovsk Region, and the village of Khryashchevka Samara region. One of the major rivers of the Ulyanovsk-Samara Volga region.

On maps, the hydronym is used in the compound name Big Cheremshan, because among its tributaries there are Small Cheremshan . The Cheremshan River is also present in the Soka basin, which flows in the Samara region. The relationship of these names is beyond doubt: the smaller rivers are named after the larger one. The Cheremshan River is also in Altai in the basin of the upper Irtysh.

Cheremshan, as a tributary of the Volga, was first mentioned in the notes of Ahmed ibn Fadlan about his journey to the Volga in 921. But this traveler called the river, with a word Jaramsap.

In this regard, the modern name of the river should be considered as a modification of the name noted by ibn Fadlan:Jaramsan>Cheremshan.Taking into account the sound features of different languages ​​historically associated with the Middle Volga, such a modification of the name is quite understandable.

The historically confirmed antiquity of the hydronym gives reason to believe that its initial basis could be a common noun associated with the languages ​​of the Iranian-speaking tribes that once lived here. Compare such Iranianisms as: jaram - "flow, flowing, flowing"; charms - "meadow, pasture, pasture." Such words could well be the basis of the considered hydronym.

The connection of this name with such words of the Turkic languages ​​asjar / heat / char / yar (yar)- "steep, steep cliff, steep bank"; jarma - "a river with a deep channel and steep banks."

The historical connection of the hydronym Cheremshan with one of the indicated words and meanings seems quite probable.

It should be noted that other explanations for this name have been proposed. So, G. Sattarov (Kazan) etymologized the name, based on its modern sound appearance, as "Cheremis river, Cheremis river". But such an explanation does not take into account the presence of an older name for the river. Jaramsan and the lack of connection of this word with the meaning "cheremis".

You can also object to attempts to link the hydronym Cheremshan with a common word wild garlic, used in Russian with the meaning "wild garlic". Besides, the word wild garlic, may be assumed to have spread relatively late to the east, while Cheremshan is one of the ancient hydronyms of the Middle Volga.
Black River. In the region, several rivers and villages located on them have this name: Black River in the Baryshsky district, the village Black River in the Melekessky district, etc.

There are a great many Black Rivers in the European part of our country. This is usually the name given to small rivers flowing through swamps with opaque, muddy water; oxbows with stagnant, stagnant water.

Big Avral . River, left tributary of the Cheremshan. They fall into the Big Avral Small Avral and Dry Avral.

Academician Pallas, describing his journey through the Simbirsko-Samara Trans-Volga region (1769), called the river Evraly. Hence, it is quite probable that the hydronym is connected with the Mongolian common noun"evrel" - "dry, drying up channel", which is typical both for the upper reaches of the Big Avral and for its tributaries (Dry Avral), which often dry up in summer.

The modification of the name (Evrel> Avral) occurred, apparently, already in its Russian use.

Microtoponyms - names of small objects (land , tracts , hayfields , pastures , swamp, cutting area , burnt , pastures , wells , keys , whirlpools , thresholds etc., usually known only to a limited circle of people living in a certain area); characterizing small geographical objects, as if they give their descriptions, therefore, in most cases they consist of complex names, and sometimes contain whole sentences.

In addition to well-known toponymic names, there are toponyms known to a relatively small circle of people. This circle of people can be limited either territorially - in this case, the toponym is known mainly to people living in the same area; or socially - in the case, for example, when people visit the same place and call it the same name. Such well-known names are not usually calledmicrotoponymic

Kuslova - Kuslovaya glade, hay meadow, the name comes from the name of the settlement Kozlovka, which was located here, now it is gone, only the pits from the cellars remained. Kozlovka was paraphrased in the Chuvash manner - kuslova (there are no voiced vowels in the Chuvash language).

Bykova meadow - a hay meadow, here the city dwellers of the city of Melekes (Dimitrovgrad) mowed hay, they also gave the name.

Horseshoe Bay- bay on the river Cheremshan in the shape of a horseshoe.

Smashni- once it was a bathing place, now a wetland.

Shardek kukri - a bend on the river in the form of a grasshopper's knee, Chuv microtoponym. origin: shardyak - grasshopper, kukri - bend.

Dyeing machine - dyeing glade, hay meadow, berries were picked here. Nearby is Meleke Istochnik LLC.

Low water var- low water - boundary, border, var - ravine. A steep ravine in the forest along which the border between the Melekessky and Obamzemsky forests passed. People who went to Melekess to the market passed through this ravine. The old people say that this place was dangerous, here you could meet "dashing people." Yankov Vladimir Spiridonovich recalls: “There was such a woman Nastya Sideleva, who always slept in a cart on the way to the market. On reaching Mezhen Var, the driver woke her up: “Nastya, wake up, we’ve reached Mezhen Var.” Baba Nastya got off the cart and crossed a dangerous ravine on foot.

Syumardyuk- a place on the shore of a reservoir where a ceremony was held in the old days Syumar chuk - worship of the forces of nature, at this place they prayed to the gods and asked for rain, made sacrifices, this place also served as a bathing place for the villagers. Translated from the Chuvash syumar - rain, chuk - prayer with sacrifice. Sacrifice (a foal, a ram, a sheep, always black) was purchased with the money collected from the people. A special place is occupied by a sparrow and a swallow. Sparrow, for example, during cooking pata (sacrificial porridge) was tied by a stem stuck in the ground, released during ritual bathing. They acted similarly with the swallow: they smeared it with oil and let it go with the hope that it would fly away to God to tell about the zeal of the people.

During the slaughter, special rules were observed. The victim was tied to a tree so that her head was turned upwards. It was believed that in this way she asks God to send rain to the fields. At the same time, she was pricked in the side, which made the animal scream.

Aldaki cassi- crossing (bridge) made by a man named Aldaki.

Patelnik- paraphrased from Russian to Chuvash - beekeeper. Once upon a time in Soviet times there was a beekeeper at this place.

Udyuk syule- a road that leads through the railway towards Lake Khubakh. Previously, when there was no railway, there was a road to the place of sacrifice "bale", therefore the road is called "udyuk sule".

Jussi - the edge of the forest, in the old days they planted onions here, yussi - translated from Chuv. - bitter. The second version of the explanation: yusse - translated swamp, swamp.

pipuldi cassi- the transition (bridge) made by a man named Bibuldin.

Patelnik- a small body of water (now a wetland), on the banks of which an old man with that name lived.

Anastasi cross - a place in the forest north of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka where a cross was placed on the site of the death of Anastasia Semkina, the first Komsomol activist, who was killed at this place with fists. Subsequently, the collective farm ball was named after her "Kolkhoz named after Anastasia Semkina."

Bullet Silo - hayfield where berries were picked.

Tyambay- the first settlement of the Chuvash community (existed until the arrival of a new wave of settlers - a small group led by Eruk from the village of Narotkol (Eremkino). The Tyambay settlement was located downstream of the Malykla River, but did not live there for long. A strong flood flooded arable land and dwellings, forced them to move under the protection of centuries-old oaks.This place is still called Dubrava.

Tyambay prusyak - translated from the Chuvash Prusyak - clearing. Clearing leading to Tyambay.

Pasar Prusyak - translated from the Chuvash pasar - bazaar, prusyak - clearing. A clearing leading through the forest to a ford on the Cheremshan River. The villagers used to go along this clearing on foot or on horseback to Melekes (Dimitrovgrad) to the market.

Micro-oronyms - names of raised formsrelief (mountains, ridges, peaks, hills):

cold mountain- a hill located between the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka and the village of Srednyaya Yakushka, cold air currents pass here, therefore it is always cooler here than in the rest of the territory.

Microhydronyms are geographical names of water bodies, including:

Microl imonyms - names lakes :

Lake Wiedkal- a lake located outside the village of Staraya Malykla. The name is of Mordovian origin: after all - water, cal- bushes, the shores of the lake are overgrown with willow bushes.

duck lake= on the outskirts of Middle Yakushka is a unique natural monument - Duck Lake. The total area of ​​Duck Lake is 32 hectares. There is a huge concentration of waterfowl and near-water birds, which is why the lake is called Duck. There are rare species of birds on the lake: bittern, goldeneye, mute swans, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse. Scientists have counted a total of 22 different species of birds, but in fact there are many more. Especially in June-July, their number almost triples. Gray herons and marsh harriers fly to the lake. And the gray-cheeked grebe and the bittern that nest here are listed in the Red Book.

Tirgeshur - a small lake - an oxbow lake of a rounded shape, located south-east of the village of N. Yakushka. Limnonym comes from the Chuvash tirek - dish, bowl, spoon and shur - swamp.

Lake Hubach - a small lake - an oxbow lake to the southwest from the village of N. Yakushka. The limnonym comes from the Chuvash khubakh - burdock, in this place there used to be collective farm gardens and thickets of burdock.

Lake Badger - Lake Barsuk is located on the left bank of the Bolshoy Cheremshan River to the north-west of the village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka in blocks 27,28,36,37 of the Novomaynskoye forestry. On sandy soils to the northwest of the lake, a colony of badgers has long been inhabited, perhaps from here the name of the lake came from.

Lake Atagan- Most likely this lake is the oxbow lake of the Bolshoy Cheremshan River. During the spring flood, when the water rises, it connects through channels with the Bolshoy Cheremshan River. Food rain and spring waters, springs clogged with silt.

1 version name The lake is supposedly of Chuvash origin (according to the stories of old-timers). Atagan from the Chuvash "ut ta kan" - rest on the way, in the old days, the villagers of the Chuvash village of Nizhnyaya Yakushka walked through the forest to the city of Melekes (now Dimitrovgrad) to the market to sell milk, eggs and other products of their farm. The road passed by the lake, on the way the travelers stopped to rest on the picturesque shore of the lake, to drink some water. Hence the name of the lake. and downstreamJeeds . Atagan- male Altai name

Asla kul- limnolim Chuv. origin: asla - chief, large; kul lake. Large (main) lake.

Sara Kul (Yellow Lake) -limnolim Chuv. origin: sara - yellow, kul - lake. There were many yellow flowers around the lake, which is why it was named like that.

Syarak kul- limnolim Chuv. origin: syarak-repa, beets, an artificial lake is located on the outskirts of the field, perhaps vegetables were planted there before and they prayed to the gods for the fertility of the fields. In ancient times there was already a lake here, in Soviet times it was deepened, old springs opened up, the lake does not dry up even in dry summers.

Shartan kul- a lake shaped like a stomach, limnolim Chuv. origin - shartan-stomach, kule - lake

Yatman kul - limnolim Chuv. origin Yatman - male name, küle - lake, the lake belonged to a man named Yatman.

Shashla kul- limnolim Chuv. origin shishla - smelling, smelling, kul - lake. Now it is a swampy place where swamp gas is released.

Suite cule - a bright lake, springs beat in the lake, there was clean water.

Khyzaldy kul- the lake behind the villagers' gardens, the back lake

Yarandy kul- lake on the field, arable land.

Kartya kul- limnolim Chuv. origin: Kartya is a male Chuvash name, kul is a lake.

Hvedar kül- limnolim Chuv. origin Khvedar - male name, küle - lake, lake Fedor.

Khurama kul- limnolim Chuv. origin: khurama - elm, kul - lake, the lake along the banks of which grows elm (Chuvash sacred tree)

Pula puse- limnolim Chuv. origin: pula - fish, pus - head. Fish head, a small lake shaped like a fish head.

Lubashka- an artificial lake in the center of the village was created for fire safety when there was no running water. From Chuvash - pit, pothole. There were several such lakes, 3 more on the outskirts of the village.

Pudehvi - an artificial lake created for bathing and disinfection of animals, sheep were bathed here, the name comes from Chuv. pudek - lamb, sheep, heve - sinus. Old-timers say that 2 children drowned in this lake a long time ago.

Ukhader - an artificial lake on the edge of the forest to the north of the village was dug out for the watering of rural cattle and waterfowl. The name comes from the male name Ukhader.

Gelonyms - names of swamps, wetlands:

Shuitan Shure- a gelonym of Chuvash origin: shuitan - devil, shur - swamp. Damn swamp. Old people say that in ancient times, children went to the forest to this swamp to collect eggs of wild ducks and geese, it was forbidden. The foresters, so that the children would not destroy the nests, frightened the children with the fact that the devil lives there.

Alexey Shure - a gelonym of Chuvash origin: Eleksey is a male name, shur is a swamp. Swamp of Eleksey.

Atyagash- waterlogged lake

Uba shure- gelonym of Chuvash origin: uba - bear, shur - swamp. Bear swamp.

Agroonym is a type of toponym. The name of the land allotment, plot, arable land, field.

Putianga - a pasture to the south-east of the village of N. Yakushka, earlier in this area there was a small settlement of Putyanga.

Three Swamp - a field south of the village of N Yakushka, on which there are three small swamps

Chagrov tapri- a pasture where in Soviet times (60-70 years of the 20th century) Chagrov worked as a shepherd

Drymonim - the name of a forest area, pine forest, grove, part of the forest

Oakwood - a place to the south-west from the village of N. Yakushka, located on a hill, old oaks grow there, now there are few of them left. Here was the second settlement of the community called Upamsar.

Kozlovka (Kuslovaya Polyana)- a place in the forest (quarter 34), where the village of Kozlovka used to be, now there is a clearing where local residents pick berries, medicinal plants(origanum, St. John's wort)

Birch Grove - to the NW from the village of N. Yakushka, a forest area consisting of birches.

Elnik - a piece of forest north of the village of N. Yakushka, consisting of firs.

Viskhuran - translated from the Chuvash visse - three, khuran - birch. A place in the forest to the northeast of the village, where three large old birch trees grow.

Godonyms (Names and history of the appearance of streets)

Lesnaya street

The inhabitants of the village from the island of Kive yal decided to move closer to their fields, so that it would be easier to cultivate their plots. (Lesnaya street). At that time, the houses were not put in a row by the street, but arranged in a heap-like manner. One clan settled in the place where G.V. Tregubov’s house now stands. and Kazakova Y.N., the other - to the place where the house of Ilmukov V.T. currently stands, and the third kind - to the place where the house of Elifankin I.S. Then the houses began to be built in a row - a street. This first street was called Hyrkassi, because. several tall pine trees grew here (khir - translated from Chuvash - pine, kassi - translated from Chuvash - street). The street began to grow towards Field and Green streets.

The street was later renamed Vatakasse (Middle Street). The first school was on this street. Children began to be taught in the house of Chernov's parents F.E. (now the house of Palkeev S.P. is on this place). After the revolution in the 1930s, a selmag was opened in the same house. On the same street (now the house of Katrenko V.B.) there was a brick house. The owners were dispossessed and in the same brick house opened a shop. In the place where the house of Sergeeva U.M. stands, there was a fire tower and a fire shed.

In 1935 there was a big fire in the street. It began with the house of Governors F.P. on one side of the street and from the house of Malov F. G. - on the other. Houses were burning on both sides, and the store was also burned down.

Sovetskaya Street

This street originates from the pond in the center of the village - Lubashka. At first, houses were built around Lubashka. (The lubashka was dug by the villagers themselves so that there was a supply of water). Here (near the house of Sharapova N.N.) the first school was built in 1901 by Gerasimov D.G. Where there was a monument to the fallen soldiers, there was a fire station (team on duty), a fire tower rose. In the event of a fire, firefighters took water from Lubashka. On the site of the second park (near the house of Vanyukov N.V.) there was a house of a former rich man. This building later housed an elementary school. During the summer, the school had a nursery. There is evidence that before the school there was also a store. There was a mill on the site of G. N. Erukov’s house. On the site of the house of Ilendeev A.F. there was a rural first-aid post. In 1953, a wooden club was built on the site of the park. In 1951, a wooden school building was built from the collected kulak houses, in which children were taught until 1981. The wooden first-aid post was built in 1953, the store near Lubashka in 1955. On the same street in 1960, the buildings of the village library and the village council were built, where the school is now located. The new stone club was built in 1961. On August 30, 1968, a monument to the fallen soldiers in the Great Patriotic War was opened, in 1969 a second park was laid out and a bust of V. I. Lenin was erected. In 1980, a Kindergarten. In 1985, the village council was transferred to a new building, which now houses the FAP and the village library.

Molodezhnaya Street

Molodezhnaya Street dates back to 1959. The very first houses were Erukov P. S., Butsaeva Anna, Kashkirova E. S. Previously, gardens stretched from Sovetskaya Street to Polevaya Street. The first houses were placed in the middle of the lanes. Then they cut the gardens and began to form a street. In 1981, at the end of the street, the collective farm built 10 semi-detached houses, later another 5 houses were built, then asphalt was laid. In 1987, a new two-story school building was built on this street.

Oktyabrskaya Street

This street begins its history not very long ago, it was founded in the early 50s of the 20th century. The first houses of this street originate from the house of Erukov Y. and Yatmanov Trofim. This street is one way. On this street, next to the houses, there was a carpentry workshop. For many years it was famous for its carpenters. On the other side of the street, buildings have long history. At the end of the street there is a hand-dug pond. Further, where the sawmill was located in Soviet times, there was a forge. Next to the forge was a shed where flax was ruffled. Not far away - the stables of the second brigade, a little further there was a windmill, garages for cars, warehouses for grain, a current. Behind the current was a fire. In Soviet times, livestock buildings were built along the field, opposite residential buildings.

Polevaya street

Over time, Lesnaya Street grew. The population was getting bigger. Houses were built in the direction of the field. A new street has been formed. This street was named Maltikas. The street was spacious and wide. There was also a house of a prosperous peasant (Arman Husi, opposite Chernov An. Il.). This house was very spacious. After the revolution, this house was taken from the owners. A school was placed here, because. Gerasimov's school was small and it could not accommodate all the children. In 1921, trouble overtook this street. There was a fire. One side of the street was on fire (from the side of the forest). The fire started from the end of the street, the houses burned down to the corner where the Sidelevs live. In 1935, there was another fire (it started on Lesnaya Street), in that fire the houses of almost half of the street burned down on both sides (on one side to Dmitry Vanyukov, and on the other to Fedotov Timofey (Kuren). The fire reached the school After the first fire on this street there was a brick warehouse in the middle of the street (now the house of Ilmukova N.N.) This stone building housed a village shop for many years (somewhere from 1935 to 1954).

Green Street (Tunai)

Lesnaya Street grew and the next street (now Zelyonaya Street) began to be built.

House after house was built, the street became longer. At first, the street was 25-30 houses (up to A.P. Taimolkina), then there was a reservoir. Reeds and willows grew on the shore. This was in the 19th century. Then they cut down the willow and began to populate the street further. This is how Tunay Street was formed. There was a lot of water on this street in the spring, it was difficult to walk along it during the flood. On the site of the houses of Siyakin A.V. and Ilendeeva R.I. there were houses of wealthy peasants (Minei Purche). Before and after World War II, there was a school in these houses (only a few classes). During the summer, there was a nursery in this building. At that time they were called a playground. In the 1930s, there was also a playground in the house of M. Chernov (Temercy Misha). Wealthy people lived on this street (Arman Khushi). Recently there was a collective farm board, from the back of this house there was wooden outbuilding The village library was located there for many years.

Place names are in various stages of change. Some of them have been preserved in their original version, but most of them have been modified in the course of long centuries of use. The reasons for the historical change of the toponym may be different. In some cases, they are associated with the use of the name by peoples speaking different languages, in others - with a mixture of similar-sounding, but different in meaning words of the same language, and thirdly - with a change in the sound and grammatical structure of the language, leading to change in the sound image of the toponym. There are other reasons for the change as well. This phenomenon called transformation. Geographic name transformation – it is its change in the process of historical use.

There are several types of transformation of toponyms:

1. Reduction. As V. A. Zhuchkevich notes, reduction- one of the most typical phenomena in toponymy. It is explained by the fact that the conversation does not require detailed characteristics named geographical object, only a general and, if possible, brief designation is sufficient. The rate of reduction of envy on the frequency of use of the toponym. Yes, the city Rostov-on-Don in oral speech called Rostov-Don or simply Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod – Lower, St. Petersburg - Peter. In the US city San Francisco called frisco, a Los Angeles - L.A.(according to the first English letters of the components).

Abbreviations are frequent in Spanish toponymy. When founded in the 16th century, the city and port at the mouth of the river. La Plata got a magnificent name Ciudad de la santissima Trinidad e Puerto de nuestra señora la virgen Maria de los Buenos aires, which means "The city of the most holy Trinity and the harbor of our Lady Mary of the good winds." In the name of the modern capital of Argentina, only the last two words remain - Buenos Aires, which simply means "good winds." In local usage, Argentines refer to their capital as Baires. The archipelago in the Pacific Ocean was named after the Viceroy of Peru, Marquis de Mendoza - Las isles marquesas de don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza de Cañete. Now these islands are simply called the Marquesas.

2. Abbreviation or acronym ( from Greek άκρος - "external, extreme"). This form of transformation can be considered as one of the types of reduction of toponyms. It consists in the transfer of verbose geographical names through capital letters or initial syllables. Abbreviations such as USA (United States of America), UK (United Kingdom), EU (European Union, European Union) are widely used in the world. The names of the socialist countries are also common - China, North Korea, Vietnam. In the past, this phenomenon was common in the countries of the socialist bloc ( USSR, Poland, East Germany, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia etc.)


In 1931, a joint expedition led by D. Mawson discovered a new coast in East Antarctica. It was named after this expedition. Bank of Banzare: English BANZARE – British-Australian-New Zealand Antarctic research Expediton("British - Australian-New Zealand Antarctic Scientific Expedition"). In the same place in Antarctica there is the Valley of the IGY - the International Geophysical Year.

In the very north of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago there is a small bay with a somewhat strange name at first glance - Ex. So it was named in 1933 by geologists by the initial letters of the name, patronymic and surname of the expedition member Elena Konstantinovna Sychugova.

3. Agglutination or gluing . This type of transformation consists in connecting two or more words. Examples: Ustyug from Ust-South, Ushachi from Ust-Shacha etc.

4. Phonetic transformation. It arises as a result of the adaptation of a geographical name, more often a foreign language, to the norms of a close language (for example, in the environment of the Turkic languages ​​- the terms tag and doug, Alatoo and Alatau) or a foreign language. Most foreign names in Russian differ in pronunciation from the original version ( Paris and Bet, London and Landon, Bucharest and Bucuresti etc.)

This kind of transformation also includes the transfer of stress to another syllable. The issue of phonetic transformation is in line with the unification of toponyms, which is being done by the UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names.

5. Morphological transformation. This type of transformation is a consequence of the adaptation of geographical names in different languages ​​over a significant historical period. During morphological transformation, the original version of the toponym can be modified beyond recognition.

So, the Phoenicians founded a settlement in the west of the Iberian Peninsula and named it after the bay in which it was founded: Alisubbo- "joyful bay." Later, the name underwent significant changes under the influence of Latin, Gothic, Arabic and Portuguese languages ​​- Olisippo - Olissipona - al-Oshbuna - Lishbua(Lisbon is traditionally used in Russian).

There are a lot of examples of this type of change in toponyms on Earth: Kart Hadasht - Cartago - Cartajanna - Carthage, Bellum Vadum - Belvado - Bilbao, Posonium - Preslav - Breslavburg - Presburg - Bratislava, Grantakastir - Grantebrikge - Catebrysi - Kaunbridge - Cambridge, Novum Castellum - Newcastle, Jebel el Tariq - Djebeltar - Gibraltar etc.

Name Yosemite Valley and the national park of the same name in the United States also appeared as a result of morphological transformation. It was the result of the distortion by European settlers of the name of the local Indian tribe uzumati("bear", totem animal) in auanichi and finally in yosemite.

6.Rethinking. As a result of this type of transformation, the name changes both appearance and semantics. Rethinking is an erroneous understanding and explanation of the unclear meaning of a toponym by sound similarity. According to the figurative comparison of V. A. Zhuchkevich, “like a plant, the word is extracted from the former soil and transplanted into another, and it is not always possible to find the seed that gave birth to it.”

In 1589, a city was founded on the Tsaritsa River. Tsaritsyn(now Volgograd). However, the name of the river was rethought: in ancient times it was called Sarysu(in Turkic "yellow water"), but in terms of sound likeness in Russian, a transformation into the Queen took place.

In 1631, Cossack explorers founded a fortification on the Angara River, which they named after the Buryats living there - Buryat prison. But words unfamiliar at that time Buryat, Buryat looked like Russians brother, fraternal. As a result, the fortress gradually began to be called Fraternal prison. Later, on this basis, the toponym Bratsk arose.

7. Translation or tracing paper(from the French calque - "copy"). Translation (calque) of a toponym from one language to another with a change in form, but the preservation of etymology is one of the types of transformation of toponyms. For example: Belgorod - Moldavian Chetatya-Alba - Turkish Akkerman, Chinese Yellow River - Yellow River, Turkic Dzhetysu - Semirechie, Greek Mesopotamia - Mesopotamia, Hindi Punjab - Pyatigorsk, Turkic Beshtau - Pyatigorsk, Lake Kukunor (among the Mongols "blue lake") - Qinghai (also among the Chinese), etc.

Many tracing-paper toponyms have entered the Russian-language geographical literature: the Cape of Good Hope; Great Salt, Great Bear, Great Slave and Upper Lakes of the North American mainland; Mediterranean and Yellow Seas, etc.

In geographical names, there are also hybrid toponyms or semicalques, when one part of a complex toponym is translated, and the other remains in its original form: Kask-lake, Kapustmaa (Finno-Ugric maa- "land"), Sekiz-Muren (Eight Rivers, the first word is Turkic, the second is Mongolian).

Tracing is an undesirable technique when transferring foreign names, because the address function of toponyms is reduced.

8. Official renaming. This is the elimination of the former toponym and its replacement with a new one for some reason (ideological, political, social, etc.) The renaming of geographical objects occurs according to various reasons. Basically, this process is associated with political reasons - revolutions, wars, the formation of new and destruction of old states, the ideological background of toponyms, the improvement of national toponymy.

As E. M. Pospelov notes, two immediate motives for renaming are possible: 1. the desire to eliminate the existing name associated with the names or concepts of the past, which has become unacceptable in the changed conditions; 2. the desire to introduce a new name in order to reflect the ideas, names and concepts of the new government, system or public education. But often, numerous neutral names are involved in the renaming process. Some of them are mistakenly classified as unacceptable, others become the foundation for the introduction of names with a new ideological content.

Revolutionary renaming dates back to the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century. First of all, this affected toponyms associated with royal power, titles of nobles, and religious concepts. Yes, the title Saint Piens was replaced by the consonant Sapiens("wisdom"), Saint Lo on the Rocher de la Liberte("rock of liberty"), island Ile de Bourbon("island of the Bourbon dynasty") was renamed reunion("An association"), Place Louis XVI in Paris was named Revolution Square(now - Place de la Concorde). From the first days of Soviet power in Russia, renaming began. First of all, toponyms associated with kings, titles of nobles, Orthodox and other religions were eliminated. As a result Aleksandrovsk became Zaporozhye, Land of Nicholas II – Severnaya Zemlya, Novo-Nikolaevsk – Novosibirsk, Tsarevo-Kokshaysk – Yoshkar-Oloy(Mari " red city»), Romanov-on-Murman – Murmansk, Petrograd – Leningrad etc. The process of renaming has become massive. Many objects received memorial and symbolic names.

In parallel, there was a process of getting rid of the so-called dissonant toponyms. Basically, they represented a whole layer of names formed from ancient Russian personal names. V. A. Zhuchkevich in his “Brief Toponymic Dictionary of Belarus” provided a significant list of renamed geographical names by 1974. As a result, they disappeared from geographical maps Fornication and Blevachi, flea beetles and Dung, Smerdyacha and Devilry and many hundreds of unique names that were recognized as "dissonant". The improvement of toponymy turned out to be extremely doubtful and, moreover, disastrous. But, despite the official renaming, many toponyms continue to live in folk speech.

Military actions were also of great importance in the formation of toponymy. So, after the end of the Second World War, the borders of Poland changed. The ancient Polish lands - Pomerania, Silesia, Gdansk - were attached to it. A special state commission was created, which within 5 years established Polish names: Allenstein became Olsztyn, Danzig – Gdansk, Breslau – Wroclaw, Kattov – Katowice, Oppeln – Opole etc. The Soviet authorities carried out similar work in East Prussia, where a completely new toponymy was created: Koenigsberg became Kaliningrad, Instenburg – Chernyakhovsky, Pillau – Baltic, Raushen – Svetlogorsk etc. During the years of occupation of the Korean Peninsula, Sakhalin, the Kuril Archipelago, Japan also planted its toponymy. After the end of the war, the name was also changed here.

Significant changes in geographical names occurred as a result of the collapse of the colonial system. The liberated young states began to get rid of the toponymic heritage of the past. As a result, a significant layer of new or restored toponyms arose.

With the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the socialist camp, the process of renaming covered the newly independent countries. Name returned to the capital of Kyrgyzstan Bishkek(similar to the previously used Pishpek); new capital of Kazakhstan (former Tselinograd) first received the former name Akmola("white grave"), but after it was renamed again - to Astana("capital"); highest point Tajikistan and, in the past, all Soviet Union – Peak Communism renamed to peak Ismail Samani(national hero of the country); city Krasnovodsk was named Turkmenbashi in honor of the President of Turkmenistan S. Niyazov, etc. These processes continue in many CIS countries.

The official renaming may be associated with significant events or dates in the life of the country. The appearance of such geographical names occurs in our days. So, in the island state of Vanuatu (Oceania) about. Santa Catilina was renamed to Millennium in honor of the new millennium.

The given examples reflect the dynamics of geographical names and their dependence on the socio-political processes taking place in the world. An ill-considered, unreasonable renaming causes enormous damage in terms of preserving the cultural and historical traditions of the people.

^ SECTION II. CLASSIFICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

Various approaches to toponymic data by various scholars have led to the existence of various classifications of toponyms. The first attempts at scientific toponymic classification date back to the 19th century, when they were shown to belong to different morphological groups and semantic types.

In 1924, geographer ^ V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky classified names into 7 categories: from personal names and nicknames; from church holidays; from historical names; from a pagan cult; from ancient tribes; assigned in honor of various events and persons; from the objects that make up the typical geographical landscape of the area.

^ A. M. Selishchev(1939) divided Russian names into 7 categories: those derived from the names of people and their nicknames; from the names of people by occupation; on a social and property basis; administration related; reflecting the ethnic character of the population; reflecting the features of the landscape and features of the development of populated areas; with an abstract meaning.

Onomastic classification developed by a Polish scientist ^ V. Tashitsky in the middle of the 20th century, differentiated toponyms into topographic, cultural, possessive and diminutive.

The so-called "linguistic" classification is known according to the correlation of toponyms to a particular language: indigenous names for a given language, the meaning of which is completely clear; names originating from the language of a given people, but changed and even rethought; titles; inherited from other languages ​​and transformed in accordance with the modern dominant language; foreign names for this territory. It is obvious that assigning a toponym to one or another type according to this classification is quite difficult.

Attempts were made to divide toponyms according to morphological features into simple toponyms and complex toponyms. The latter, in turn, are divided into 6 subtypes: noun + noun; adjective + noun; numeral + noun; phrases; abbreviations; other educations.

The etymological classification of toponyms is interesting: toponyms of a completely clear semantic meaning (etymologically obvious); toponyms, the meaning of which is revealed as a result of etymological analysis (etymologically transparent); toponyms, the meaning of which cannot be deciphered (etymologically opaque). However, over time, toponyms can move from one group to another. Historical (stratigraphic) classification is based on the temporal reference of geographical names and their division into toponymic layers by age.

American toponymist ^ J.R. Stewart in the 70s. 20th century proposed the following classification of geographical names: descriptive; associative; related to incidents; possessive; memorial; folk etymological; artificial; advisory; erroneous; transferred.

A classification was proposed according to objects of toponymic nomination: oronyms; hydronyms; phytotoponyms; oikonyms; urbanonyms.

The semantic classification is as follows: names reflecting natural conditions and processes (oronymic; hydronymic; phytotoponyms; soil-ground toponyms; weather-climatic toponyms; zootoponyms); anthropotoponyms; industrial toponyms; trade - transport; types of settlements; ethnotoponyms; memorial toponyms; religious and cult toponyms; migrant toponyms; other toponyms (not amenable to explanation or correlation to any group). Currently, semantic classification is most often used by specialists.

The disputability and inconsistency of many structural components of the above classifications is quite obvious. Each of them has soy pros and cons. The issues of creating any scientific classification are extremely complex. Each scheme depends on the goals and objectives of the study. Linguists are closer to morphological and linguistic classifications, historians are closer to stratigraphic (according to the age of toponyms), geographers are closer to semantic.

According to professor V.A. Zhuchkevich, in an ideal form, a unified classification should answer three key questions: what is called, what objects; how it is called, in what language and by what means of the language; why is it called, what is the meaning of the names. This reflects the integrality of toponymy as a science - the answer to the first question belongs to geography, to the second - to linguistics, to the third - to toponymy as such. However, we have to state that the creation by scientists of a single universal classification scheme is a matter of the future.

^ 2.2. TOPONYMS REFLECTING NATURAL CONDITIONS

Natural landscapes and their components were accurately detailed by the local population in geographical names as a result of centuries-old observations of natural phenomena and processes. The layer of toponyms reflecting natural phenomena is one of the most widespread on Earth. Among this category of geographical names, the most significant are toponyms that reflect the relief (oronymic), weather and climate, waters (hydronymic), soils and soils, vegetation (phytotoponyms) and animal world(zootoponyms).

oronymic toponyms.

This group of geographical names reflects the specific features of the relief. Many well-known names of mountain ranges, massifs and peaks are associated with the specifics of the relief ( Cordillera, Sierra Madre, Himalayas, Mont Blanc, Kilimanjaro and etc.)

Oronymic names are widely represented in the toponymy of the Caucasus. Armenian toponyms ^ Lernavan, Lernagyugh, Lernashen come from the word ler- "mountain". Georgian terms mta- "mountain", kedi - "ridge", klde - "rock" underlie such oikonyms as Mtiskalta, Mtisdziri, Shuamta, Kvemo Kedi, Sakarikedi, Okroskedi, Kldistavi, Kldisubani. The Turkic names of Azerbaijan have preserved such terms of relief as dash- "stone", doug- "mountain" dere- "gorge" yal- "mountain crest", etc.

Toponymy reflects many terms associated with various features of the earth's surface. Among Slavic terms, the following subgroups of terms can be noted: reflecting positive landforms ( squirrel, shaft, crown, char, hump, mane, stone, hill, ridge and etc.); reflecting negative landforms ( beam, depression, valley, hollow, dip, pit and etc.); having opposite meanings, i.e. reflecting both positive and negative landforms ( rope, top, ridge, cliff, yar and etc.); neutral ( coast, plain).

The clarity of many terms, in particular such as char("treeless peak"), protein("top white with snow") allowed them to enter the scientific. In toponymy, these terms have been preserved only in limited areas - char and squirrels - in Eastern Siberia (for example, ridges Wide Char in the Khabarovsk Territory and Katunskiye Belki in Altai).

Interesting Turkic toponyms ^ Alatau("motley mountains") and Karatau("black mountains") - the names of many ranges of Asia ( Zailiyskiy, Dzhungarskiy, Kuznetskiy Alatau; ridges Karatau on the Tien Shan, on the Mangyshlak peninsula of Kazakhstan, etc.) These names do not have a direct color designation. Just a term alatau designated mountains, on the slopes of which white spots of snow alternated, black areas of stone placers and alpine meadows. BUT Karatau- These are low mountain ranges with desert, semi-desert and steppe vegetation with a complete absence of snow cover.

The relief was reflected in the historical and geographical division of Lithuania into Samogitia and Aukstaitija. These names are formed from the Baltic words žemas - "low" and aukštas - "exalted".

Interesting origin of the toponym Fujiyama- a kind of symbol of Japan. Scientists explained this name in different ways, but at the base they always singled out the word pit- Japanese for "mountain". Here is the “steep mountain”, and the “mountain of abundance”, and the “mountain of immortality”. Some toponymists word fuji explained from the language of the Ainu people in the meaning of "fire", i.e. Fujiyama- "fire mountain". However, the most probable version of the interpretation of this name was given by an authoritative Japanese scientist - toponymist Kagami Kandy. He dates the origin of the toponym to the 1st millennium AD. e. and gives a figurative explanation of its meaning - "the beauty of a long slope hanging in the sky."

Karst processes and phenomena are also reflected in toponymy. In various regions of the Earth, where these natural phenomena have become widespread, toponyms containing karst terms are widely represented. Such, in particular, are names with the meaning "cave". Among them, one can recall the Armenian Air, Spanish Sotano(this is how deep vertical passages in the limestone caves of Central America are called), Georgian Kwabi, Moldovan Grote, Azerbaijani Delic and many others. others

Volcanism and other endogenous processes are also reflected in the names of volcanoes. These are the toponyms: popocatepetl(in the language of the Aztecs "smoking mountain"), Vesuvius(from the language of the ancient Oskov people "smoke, steam"), Kilauea(from the Polynesian "vomiting"), Cotopaxi(from the Quechua language "sparkling" or "smoking mountain"), Hekla(in Icelandic "hat, hood"), Etna(from the ancient Greek "flame"), Krakatoa(from the Javanese "crackling"), Pichincha(from the Quechua language "ebullient peak"), soufriere(French for "sulphurous"), etc.

Weather-climatic toponyms.

The presence of toponyms reflecting the meteorological and climatic conditions of a particular territory is not mandatory. In toponymy, this group of names is one of the least common. Meteorological terminology does not have any noticeable toponymic activity. This is due to the dynamism of the natural processes themselves, which are expressed and defined by this vocabulary. Quite lengthy, long-term and stable observations of the population or the presence of constant phenomena and processes are needed so that they become determined by toponyms.

The map has names like islands windward and Leeward(off the northern coast of South America), city Windhoek(the capital of Namibia, the name means "windy pass"), city Nouakchott(capital of Mauritania, "windy place"), steppe Boro Dala(Mongolia, "windy valley"), Belarusian villages calm and Buyavishe- from the word buoy- "open windy place".

The name of the state of Chile in the language of the indigenous inhabitants of the Araucan Indians means "cold", "winter". So the inhabitants of the Araucan plains perceived the snow-capped peaks of the Andes. The extinct Chimborazo volcano depicted on the coat of arms of Ecuador also contains a weather and climate component in its name: the word race (or race) in the language of local Indians it means "snow" (the first part of the toponym is connected with the hydronym Chimbo with an unidentified etymology).

The name of the highest point of the Guiana Plateau ^ Neblina (Sera-Neblin) means "foggy", and the state Kelantan(Malaysia) in Malay means "lightning" - in the rainy season there are really a lot of thunderstorms with lightning. Volcano Waileleale("overflowing with water") in Hawaii is named for the huge amount of rainfall that falls on its slopes. This is one of the wettest places on the planet. Common name for New Zealand in the language of the indigenous Maori people Aotearoa- long white cloud

The metaphorical name can also be attributed to the weather-climatic subgroup ^ Death Valley, the hottest place in North America, in the Shoshone language: Tomes- "burning earth underfoot", which reflects the exceptional severity of the climate. City name Srinagar(India) means "sunny city".

The names of this subgroup are widespread in Australia. In the life of aborigines, climatic conditions and processes often turned out to be decisive. Therefore, a whole layer of toponyms is associated with weather phenomena in the languages ​​of various aboriginal tribes.

Peculiar names-warnings, which were given by navigators during the period of discovery of new unknown lands, are associated with weather and climatic features. In 1488, the Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias, after a long journey, reached the southern tip of Africa. In memory of the dangers and difficulties he experienced along the way, as well as because of the difficulties of navigation, Dias gave the name to the first cape encountered on the South African coast. Cabo Tormentoso- Cape Stormy. Later, by decision of King João II of Portugal, the cape was renamed Cabo da Boã Esperanza- "Cape of Good Hope", referring to the hope of reaching a rich India.

Hydronymic names.

Names given on the basis of water features are extremely common in the toponymy of the planet. The waters of the Earth - flowing and stagnant, lakes and springs, rivers and streams - are extremely diverse in their physiographic, chemical and other characteristics. In hydronymic toponyms, the features of the flow, color, taste, smell of water, the nature of the channel and floodplain are revealed.

In the desert regions of the planet, any source of water is of great importance. Therefore, peoples living in such harsh natural conditions clearly distinguish between different types of water sources. For example, in Turkmenistan, the terms and names of wells are highly specialized depending on the quality of the water: azhiguiy- "well with bitter water", suzhuguy- "well with fresh water», shorguiy- "salty well" uzinguiy- "deep well", etc. There are settlements in Uzbekistan Minbulak(a thousand springs), Sarybulak(yellow source), Karabulak(black source), Taldybulak(willow source), Sasykbulak(stinky source), etc.

As noted, the names of the largest water bodies known to mankind since ancient times often mean "big water, river, lake." river name indus comes from Sanskrit sindhu- big river. The largest river of the North American mainland, the Mississippi, translated from one of the Indian languages ​​​​means "great river".

It is known that large rivers have different names in different parts of the course. This fact of the "polyfamily" of large rivers is not surprising and is explained by geographical reasons - a change in the direction and nature of the flow or the resettlement of a large number of peoples replacing each other along the entire length of the river. For example, the Nile is named Bahr el Jebel("river of mountains") when it literally breaks down on a flat East Sudan basin from a high mountain plateau. And the huge number of ethnic groups living on the banks of the great river led to the presence of many names in various languages: Arabic El Bahr, Coptic Earo, in the Buganda language - Cyprus, in the Bari language - Tkutsiri etc. For the most part, all these names have a similar meaning - “great river” or “big water”. Therefore, the Niger River (the name is derived from the Berber n'egiren- "river") has different names in different parts of the course in local languages: in the upper reaches Joliba("big river"), in the middle and lower reaches Quara, Quara("river"), Issa Bari("great river") Mayo("river").

The Yangtze River also has many names in different parts of the course. It's Tibetan Murui-Us(where mustache- "river"), Chinese jinshajiang("river of golden sand"), Yangtzejiang. It was the latter form that served as the basis for the name in other countries. Hydronym means "river of the city of poplars". In China, the river is often called Changjiang- "long river", or simply Jiang- "river".

spanish word rio(“river”) is a component of a huge number of toponyms of the New World - Rio Grande(big river) Rio Colorado("Red River") Rio Solado("salt river"), etc. One of the largest rivers in South America Magdalena, discovered and named so by the Spaniard Rodrigo de Bastides in honor of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Mary Magdalene, among the Carib Indians it was called caripuana which means "big water".

The hydronymic term is widely used in Malay toponymy kuala- "mouth". It is used in toponyms-composites in combination with the name of the rivers - Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Terengganu, Kuala Lipis and etc.

Wai ("water, river") is a Polynesian geographic term for permanent surface watercourses in Polynesia and New Zealand. The names of many rivers and other objects in this region are formed by this word ( Vyvera, Waikiki etc.). Name of the longest river in New Zealand Waikato means "a river flowing into the distance."

In Australia, the term cry (English creek - “stream, river arm”) defines periodically drying up watercourses of the mainland. Hence the hydronyms Coopers Creek, Diamantina Creek and others. Screams are natural analogues of North African wadi (weddow). Toponyms with these hydronymic terms are widely represented in the names of this region of the planet. Incidentally, the term wadi in a slightly modified meaning "river" was transferred by the Arabs to Spain. Therefore, such names of the rivers of the Iberian Peninsula are associated with this term, such as Guadalquivir(from Arabic Wadi al-Kebir- river valley Guadalajara(from Arabic Wadi al-Harra- "rocky river"), etc.

Many of the world's largest reservoirs have the term in their name lake (big water): Nyasa, Chad, Michigan etc. Finland has a huge number of lakes. Many of them have names with the word jarvi- "lake" ( Inarijärvi, Oulujärvi, Kemijärvi). This is also typical for Turkic toponyms with the terms kol, kol, gel- "lake". They are widely represented in the toponymy of Eurasia: Issyk-Kul(“hot lake”, according to another version “sacred lake”), Alakol("motley lake"), Astrakhan("black lake"), Gek-Gel("blue lake"), etc.

The name of the most significant lake in the Caucasus ^ Sevan received an explanation when in the tract Otzabert a cuneiform stone was found on the shore of this reservoir. It mentioned the Urartian word Sunia- "lake", which gave the name to Sevan.

At the same time, many large lakes, due to their size, were associated by some peoples with the seas. So, the Evenks called Lake Baikal lamu– "Sea", the largest lake in Mongolia Khubsugul sometimes called Dalai- "sea ocean". In everyday life, people also call large reservoirs seas (for example, the well-known Minsk Sea).

Soil and ground titles.

These names are quite widely found in the toponymy of many regions of the Earth. City name ^ Maseru, the capital of the African state of Lesotho means "the place of the red sandstones." The Kalahari semi-desert is named in the language of the Hottentots - from the word karakha- rocky and sandy terrain.

Weld(from Afrikaans veld - field) are arid plateaus in South Africa. The term is used with definitions depending on the specifics of landscape components: relief (High, Middle and Low Veld, mountain veld, banqueveld – weld with parallel ridges of steep hills), soil cover ( hardeveld- solid weld, sandeveld– sandy weld, Surveld- sour weld, weld soil with lime deficiency), type of vegetation ( bushveld- shrub veld, grassveld- grassy veld).

In Australia, an aboriginal term gilgai(gilgai - failure, drawdown). This is the name of a flat surface with scattered pillow-shaped mounds. It is formed as a result of the penetration of soil particles from the upper horizon into the lower one through cracks. When saturated with moisture, particles are pushed to the surface, creating a bumpy landscape, constantly subject to erosion processes. Gilgai typical of New South Wales. The term is found in aboriginal toponymy.

Soil features of a particular area became the basis for such toponyms as ^ Glinka, Clay, Clay, Sands, Sandy, Mud, Kamenka, Cretaceous . The names associated with swamp ores are widely used in hydronymy - Rudnya, Mine, Rzhavets, Zheleznitsa.

Folk geographic terms reflecting soils and soils are also widely represented in geographical names. River Gverstyanets may contain in its sediments Gverstu- coarse sand Stone rivers - rocky (or it starts from a source - "stone"), in the river valley Opochki expected exits flasks- chalk limestone.

Phytotoponyms.

Toponymic data in many cases give an idea of ​​the distribution of various plant formations and flora species. Acting as an important natural landmark, as well as being one of the key sources of livelihood for the population, vegetation is reflected in the toponymy of many regions of the Earth.

Such Slavic river names as ^ Olshanka, Berezina, Dubenka, Krapivna, Lipna, Orekhovka determine the composition of dominant plant species. In the same row, such names as Karaganda (caragana- black acacia) Almaty(apple), Liepaja(linden), Brest (elm), Bangkok(place of wild plum), Dakar(tamarisk), Mato Grosso plateau(large thickets of bushes), R. maranion(thicket), R. and Madeira Islands(forest), about. Java (millet) and many others in different parts of the world.

Toponym appearance Brazil due to the fact that during the period of Portuguese colonization, one of the most important items of export from this country was red sandalwood- a tree with very valuable red wood. This tree is also known as pernambuco (fernambuco) by name Pernambuco, which in the language of the Tupi-Guarani Indians means "long river" (now a state in Brazil). The scientific name of the tree is brazilwood. It was also used in the dye business, because. gave a bright red color. This paint was called in Portuguese braza(from the word brassa- "heat, coals"). Hence the name of the tree Brazilian, and subsequently the whole country - brazil(in the Russian version - Brazil).

Many settlements in Georgia have the names of plant species in their names: ^ Vaziani, Vasizubani (vazi – vine), Vashlevi, Vashliani (wasted- cherry), Tsablana, Tsablini (sables- chestnut) Mukhrani, Mukhnari (fly- oak) Telavi(body- elm), etc.

Name of the national park Manyara(East Africa) is the name of a tree, a variety europhobia, from the thorns and branches of which the Maasai make fences for livestock. Name of the capital city of Sri Lanka Colombo according to one version means "mango leaves".

In Eastern Europe, vegetation is well reflected in hydronyms. The physical and geographical conditions of certain territories dictate the distribution of certain toponymic foundations. Among Poles, Czechs, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians, preference in phytotoponyms is given to such species as birch, alder, linden, viburnum, oak, willow. The toponymic evidence of the past landscapes of the East European Plain speaks of much larger distribution areas of broad-leaved species than those that are observed in our time.

The dominance of phytotoponyms among the physical-geographic category of names is typical for Belarus, and most of the names are associated with the name of tree species. The wide distribution of the names of local flora in toponymy illustrates a rich list of toponymic bases. : forest, forest, oak, linden, alder, aspen, birch, bark, elm, willow, ash, sycamore, vine, willow, pine, needles, spruce, pear, cherry, shoots, buckthorn, oles, forest, Chakhets, kokora, bez, walnut, rush, reed and etc.

Zootoponyms.

Toponymic information reflects the distribution various kinds animals in the past. There are fewer such names than phytotoponyms, but they are also quite common.

In the toponymy of North America, many river names are reminiscent of the animal world: Deer - deer, Buffalo- bison, Elk - elk, Grizzly - Grizzly bear, Racoon – raccoon, etc. River alligators in the state of North Carolina is located on the extreme northern border of the distribution of these reptiles. The names of many water bodies reflect the ichthyofauna - fish wealth. Belarus has rivers and lakes Okunets, Okunevo, Okunevets, Karasevo, Karasinka, Karasevki, Shuchie, Shchuchino, Shchuchinka, Linok, Linets and etc.

Many islands in the oceans were named after representatives of the animal world - Azores("hawk"), Cayman(caiman is a species of crocodile) Galapagos("turtles"), Samoa("place of the moa bird"). Name of city and emirate Dubai in the UAE means "locust". Peninsula Yucatan The Mayan Indians called the natives Ulumit Kus el Ethel Zet- "country of roosters and deer", and the name Alaska means "place of whales". isthmus Tehuantepec between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Mexico (the conditional northern border of Central America) was named from the Aztec language, where tehuan- "wild beast" (sometimes this word was called a jaguar), and tepek- mountain.

Name of a West African state ^ Mali in the Mandingo language it means "behemoth", but this version does not always find scientific confirmation. Name of the capital city of this country Bamako in the Malinke language means "crocodile river". Capital of Uganda Kampala according to the main version, in its name it reflects one of the types of antelopes - the impala.

Armenia has ^ Gailadzor gorge (guile- wolf), village Archut (arch- bear), Artsvanik (arts- eagle), Ukhtasar (wow- camel). The names of many Lithuanian rivers and lakes are a reflection of the animal world: Babrinis, Babrukas, Babrune(babras - beaver), Gerve, Gervele, Gervinas(gerve - crane), Fork, Vilkauya, Vilkas (vilkas - wolf), Bite, n.p. Bitenai(bite - bee). According to one version, the name of the Estonian city Tartu comes from the word tarvas - bison.

Documents from the 15th century for the East Slavic territory, beaver ruts are mentioned - hunting grounds for beaver. Toponyms with the root "beaver" are very widely represented within this region. Only in the Oka river basin does the Russian toponymist G. P. Smolitskaya counted more than 70 titles. The distribution of beavers in Georgia is also marked by toponyms. Georgian scientist G. I. Khornauli gives toponymic evidence of beavers in the past, such as a lake Sathava("beaver place") in southern Georgia. Now in this state, these animals are not found.

According to toponymy, E. L. Lyubimova established the former habitats of the following animals and birds on the Russian Plain: tur, bison, wild boar, beaver, sable, wolverine, bear, wolf, fox, hare, badger, bear, elk, various bird species.

Azerbaijani scientists reconstructed the former habitats of goitered antelopes, which are now preserved only in the reserves of this state (toponyms Jeyran-bulags- "source of gazelle", Jeyranbatangel- “the lake where the goitered gazelle drowned”, etc.) Toponyms also make it possible to study the modern zoogeography of different regions of the Earth.

Any person who speaks Slavic languages ​​can easily determine the meaning of such names as ^ Wolf River, Bear Mountains, Elk Forest, pike lake etc. However, it should be noted that the names of the type Zaitsevo, Shchukino, Sorokino, Volkovo, Medvedino do not belong to zootoponyms. Names-nicknames were common in the Old Russian language Hare, Pike, Magpie, Wolf, Bear etc. In the XIV - XVIII centuries. Numerous surnames with the endings "-ov, -ev, -in, -yn" arose from these nicknames. In turn, geographical names appeared from these anthroponyms. Ignorance of this pattern often leads to misinterpretation of toponyms and gross errors in etymologization.

^ 2. 3. ANTHROPOTOPONYMS

The names of places and the names of people are closely related. Countless geographical features are named after personal names of people. Basically, this category of names is common in oikonymy. allocated dv These are the main subcategories of anthropotoponyms -patronomic and memorial toponyms.

patronymic toponyms.

These toponyms arose on the basis of the names, surnames and nicknames of the first settlers, landowners and other categories of people ( patronymic from the Greek πατρωνυμος - "bearing the name of the father"). Already before our era, the names of ancient Greek colonial cities began to appear, assigned by the names of their founders - Hermonassa, Phanagoria, Amastria and etc.

Thousands of toponyms are known Ivanovo, Petrovo, Nikolaevka, Nikitino and the like. This is due to the spread among Russians of such names as Ivan, Vasily, Alexei, Peter, Andrey, Grigory, Fedor, etc.

Patronymic names also include such names as ^ Bessonovo, Baranovka, Bykovo, Bulanovo, Gusevo etc. Academician S. B. Veselovsky was interested in proper names, representing, in his opinion, the most valuable historical material. According to his calculations, only in the interfluve of the Oka and the Volga, up to 60% of the villages originate from the names and nicknames of the owners. The ancient Russian names collected by the scientist make it possible to see the patronymic where, at first glance, it does not exist. So, in the past, the Slavs had such nicknames as Money, Yerzik, Brain, Moschalka, Ostuda, Chowder, Boil. Some of them are preserved only in surnames and toponyms. Academician S. B. Veselovsky said that geographical names are essentially akin to archaeological materials. Often, residents of the same village have a surname similar to the oikonym ( Ivanovs from Ivanovka, Petrov from Petrovka etc.)

At the beginning of the 11th century prince Yaroslav founded a city on the Upper Volga, which was named after him - Yaroslavl. The Old Russian form of the possessive adjective with the format “–l” is often found in East Slavic place names (Zaslavl, Mstislavl in Belarus, Likhoslavl in the Tver region, etc.)

In all countries of the world there are patronymic toponyms. This regularity is toponymically universal. Examples of patronymic names in Europe are extremely numerous - Vittorio(Italy), Hermannsdorf(Germany), Wilhelmsburg(Austria), etc. In North America, the geographical map is replete with toponyms such as Morgan, Simon, Jackson, Joshua etc.

But in other regions of the Earth, this pattern is clearly visible. In Manchuria, patronymics are one of the most common categories of place names. The main element in them is the family name of the first settlers of the village. Taking into account the very wide distribution of the surnames Wang, Zhang, Li, Zhao, there are quite a lot of toponyms like wangzhuang("Van village"), Lizhuang etc.

Memorial toponyms.

This group of geographical names is derived from personal names and surnames of individuals known in various fields of human activity. These toponyms perpetuate the names of prominent or simply famous people– discoverers, travelers, scientists, politicians. The tradition of giving such names goes back to ancient times. In honor of the conqueror of the East, the Macedonian king Alexander, about 30 cities were named: Alexandria Egyptian(now city Alexandria in Egypt, local Arabic name Al - Iskandaria), Alexandria Margiana, Alexandria Oksiana, Alexandria Eskhata and etc.

The names of Roman emperors are reflected in such toponyms as Caesarea-Augusta(now Zaragoza, Spain), Julia-Feliz(now Sinop, Turkey), Augusta Emerita(now Merida, Spain), Prima Justiniana(now Skopje the capital of Macedonia) Diocletian-Palatium(now Split, Croatia) Gratianopol(now Grenoble, France) and many others.

The most widespread memorial toponymy was in the era of the great geographical discoveries. The names that perpetuate the memory of famous travelers and explorers of the planet include: country Columbia, British Columbia, archipelago Colon, cities Colon(more than 10 in various countries of Latin America) - in honor of H. Columbus; Strait of Magellan; islands, strait, mountain cook; waterfalls Livingston; Beringov strait and sea; sea Amundsen; island, river, range and reefs flinders; peninsula, lake, river Air and many others. The names of explorers and pioneers are found in the Arctic Semyon Dezhnev, Laptev, admiral Makarova and etc.

The names of the natives of Belarus are also immortalized: the city and the ridge Domeiko(Chile), ridge Chersky, strait Vilkitsky etc. In honor of T. Kosciuszko the highest point of Australia, an island off the northwestern coast of North America, and a settlement in the state of Mississippi (USA) are named.

Titles ^ Carolina, Victoria, Louisiana given in honor of titled persons. Names such as Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Darling, Durban, Wellington, Orange, Seychelles etc. were given in honor of ministers, governors and other statesmen.

In Russia, in honor of the crowned persons, such names were given as St. Petersburg(in honor of saint peter- heavenly patron of the first Russian emperor), Petrozavodsk, Yekaterinburg, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and others. There are a lot of such toponyms in Antarctica: Land of AlexanderI, Queen Maud Land, island PetraI. This continent has the most memorial toponymy on the planet. In the Scandinavian countries, the names of various kings who bore the same name are associated with names Karlskrona, Karlsborg, Karlstad, Karlshamn, Kristianstad(all from Sweden) Kristiansund and Christiansan(Norway), etc. This should also include the obsolete name of the Norwegian capital Oslo - Christiania.

In the states of Latin America, there are a lot of toponyms given in honor of the fighters for the independence of these countries, as well as presidents, generals, and officers. Particularly in honor of Simona Bolivar named cities in Venezuela, Argentina, Uruguay, mountain, state of Venezuela and country Bolivia. In addition, the toponym is found in the names of US cities (states Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee). In honor of the Latin American generals, there is a whole list of more than 20 toponyms: General - Cabrera, General - Conesa, General - Pinedo, General - Juan - Madariaga, General - Lorenzo - Winter and etc.

In the Soviet Union and some other countries of the socialist camp, there was a huge variety of memorial ideological toponyms. They were assigned by the names of party leaders, participants in the revolution, civil war, etc. So appeared on the map endless Leninsky, Dzerzhinsky, Kuibyshev, Kalinin etc. Toponyms appeared in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe Dimitrovgrad, Blagoevgrad(Bulgaria), Karl-Marx-Stadt and Wilhelm-Peak-Stadt-Guben(in the GDR), Gottwald(Czechoslovakia), Leninvarosh(Hungary), etc. Currently, such names have been renamed in many countries, and the original versions of names have been returned to settlements.

The island belongs to the same category. ^ Beagle in the Indian Ocean in honor of the ship of the round-the-world expedition in which he participated C. Darwin; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky after the names of two ships of the expedition V. Bering - "St. Peter" and "St. Paul". Due to the presence of memorial toponyms not associated with the names of people (names of ships, events, etc.), this category of names is often considered as an independent one.

The earliest proper names of geographical objects were originally common nouns, “tied” to a specific object on the ground: Mountain, River, Lake, Gorodok, etc. This is how the names of small objects are formed in rural areas: Shelomok (low hill), Zaistochye, Torah ( part of the village on a high place). And even now you can hear such expressions: “the river has opened” (meaning Tom), “let's go to the River” (meaning the Ushaika River, a small tributary of the Tom).

With the expansion of ideas about the structure of the territory, the need arose to distinguish between objects of the same type. Descriptive toponyms arose: Near Lake, Far Lake, Bald Mountain, Shaggy Mountain, Fimkin Mowing, Far Keys.

The formation of toponyms began with small objects. Large objects (large rivers, seas, mountain systems, lowlands, etc.) are not perceived in full, but only in the part near which people settled. For example, the South Siberian (Sayan) Samoyeds called the Yenisei Urgaby "big water", and the West Siberian Plain never had its own name among the locals. Its modern name is bookish, created by scientists.

The toponymy of Siberia was created mainly by the peoples who now live here. In a number of cases, toponyms indicate a change in the areas of residence of ethnic groups. There are toponyms left by the tribes that disappeared after the arrival of the Russians, but the ethnic binding of which is quite reliable. Perhaps some of these tribes went to other places. Many toponyms were created by peoples who disappeared in the distant past, whose linguistic affiliation cannot be reliably restored. And, finally, there are toponyms, the origin of which is unknown.

Below is a list of language families whose speakers' ancestors participated or could potentially participate in the naming (nomination) of geographical objects in Siberia.

Ural family

Finnish group - Estonians, Finns (Suomi), Karelians, Komi, Udmurts, Mari, Mordovians, Veps, Izhors, Vods, Livs, Saami.

Ugric group - Khanty, Mansi, Hungarians.

Samoyed group - Selkups, Nenets, Enets, Nganasans, South Siberian (Sayan) Samoyeds (Koibals, Kamasins, Mators, Tai-Gins, Karagas).

Altai family

Turkic group - Siberian Tatars (Tobolsk, Baraba, Tomsk, Tara), Altaians, Shors, Khakases, Tuvans, Tofalars (Karagas), Yakuts (Sakha), Dolgans, Bashkirs, Kazan Tatars, Chuvashs, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, Turkmens, Karakalpaks, Azerbaijanis, Nogais, Kumyks, Crimean Tatars, Gagauz, Karaites, Uighurs, Karachays, Balkars, Turks.

Mongolian group - Khalkha-Mongols, Buryats, Kalmyks, Dzhungars, Olets, Tumats.

Tungus-Manchurian group - Evenks, Evens, Solons, Ude(ge), Orochs, Oroks, Nanais, Ulchis, Manchus, Jurchens.

Paleoasian family

Yenisei languages ​​(Ket-) - Kets (Imbaki, etc.), Yugi, Kotty, (Vas-Sans) Assans, Arins, Pumpokoli.

Chukchi-Kamchatka languages ​​- Chukchi, Koryak, Alutor, Kerek, Itelmen (sometimes Itelmens are separated into an independent group).

Eskimo-Aleut languages ​​- Eskimos, Aleuts.

Yukaghir-Chuvan languages ​​- Yukagirs, Omoks, Chuvans; sometimes the Yukagirs are included in the Ural family.

Nivkh language - Nivkhs (Gilyaks).

Indo-European family

Iranian group - Ossetians, Afghans, Pashtos, Tajiks, Tets, Pripa-Mir Tajiks (Vakhans, Ishkashims, Yazgulyams, Rushans, Shugnans, Khufs, Bartangs, Oroshors, Sarykols), Munjans, Yigas (both outside the CIS), Sogdians , Bactrians, Alans, Sarmatians, Saks (Siberian Scythians).

Slavic group - Russians, Ukrainians.

Kratvelian group - Georgians, Mingrelians, Laz, Chans, Svans.

Armenian language.

Alarodian family

A group of dead languages: Hurrian, Urartian, Hattian, Kask.

Abkhazian-Adyghe group: Abkhazian, Abaza, Adyghe, Kabardian (Kabardino-Circassian) languages.

Nakh-Dagestan group

Nakh languages ​​- Chechens, Ingush, Batsbi.

Dagestan languages ​​- Avars, Andians, Tsez, Lezgins

Toponyms created by speakers of these languages ​​are usually well recognized, as they contain the corresponding geographical terms. By isolating these terms from toponyms (mountain, city, village, lake, river, cape, bay, strait, etc.), one can also identify their linguistic affiliation. So, in the oikonym Tallinn, the term linn "city" (from Estonian) is well distinguished.

Nenets hydronyms are of the same type - their second component is the term yakha "river": Syo-Yakha, Nyucha-tasu-yakha, Nyucha-Yakha "Russian river"

An indicative Nenets term with the meaning "lake" is that (each in Aeneak and Selkup: Num-to and Numyl-to "heavenly (God's) lake". Yerto, Yarroto, Mapto, Polto, Perelto.

Selkup hydronyms are diagnosed by the typical formants kyke, kykke, kyge, gy, ky "river, river": Chadzh-kyge, Slogan-gy "evil spirit river".

Nganasan river names have the term tari (Aya-tari, Arki-tari, Geterei-tari), bigai (Denly bigai "northern lights river", Madei-bigai "plague river", Popigay from Ngan. Fa-bigai "forest river", Jose-bigai, Biderama-bigai, Gyrgora-bigai, Tunaka-bigai, Here-bigai).

Khanty hydronyms have in their composition the characteristic term yogan (agan, yugan) "river": Kolnk-yogan "fish river". Agan, Bol. Yugan, Vasyugan, Hoi-yogan, Sum-yogan. Wat-yogan, Ai-Gumayogan. emtor "lake": Tukh-Emtor "forest lake", sygat "rep. shitegakizaya from the lake": Tukh-sigat, Sigat-entyr, Siga-yogon, Kumggykh-szhpt. Ovi-syagat and two rivers Sigat-kyge.

In tab. 1 is a rather incomplete list of basic geographic terms for some ethnic groups

Table 1 Geographical terms of various peoples and nationalities

Selkups

kyge, kyk

before, then, ter

uula, hud

amut, lama

Pump rings

Eskimos

veem, waam

Itelmens

oh, lavey

Geographical terms in complex toponyms are usually the last component.

The principles of nomination of various geographical objects are quite similar. The principles of naming (nominating) objects created by man (city, village, collective farm, power plant, railways, etc.) and natural objects (rivers, lakes, mountains, ravines, etc.) differ significantly. The names of rivers are distinguished by a great variety, the names of mountains and mountain systems are less diverse. This is explained, first of all, by a large number of water bodies, their more diverse individual characteristics, and a greater everyday need for a nomination. So, almost every watercourse, large or small, has its own name, but not every Hochm, hillock, even mountain received a personal name.

Lecture #9

Subject: Name of water bodies (hydronyms)

1. Patterns of reflection of hydronyms in natural conditions.

2. Indicators - terms: terms - indicators of rivers (potomonym).

3. Indicators of swamps and lakes (linonyms and gelonyms), microhydronyms.

4. Glacionimes and other water bodies (ocean, sea, bay, strait).

1. The toponymy of Kazakhstan is multilingual and multilingual. It goes back centuries to the ancient Turkic, Mongolian, Finno-Ugric roots, that is, many peoples took part in its formation. Most toponyms (hydronyms, orotonyms, orchionims, etiotoponyms, phytotoponyms, zootoponyms, various kinds of names of tracts and others) are Kazakh in origin and formed according to the o + t model (definition + term). The term is in the post-position of the structure of a complex Kazakh toponym, it is its core, an indicator that carries the main detailed information about the object, that is, the Kazakh toponymic system was formed based on the needs of a nomadic lifestyle, livestock farming. It is closely connected with the culture, way of life, beliefs and customs of the people.

Such construction of Kazakh toponyms o+t has more informational possibilities than the suffix model. What do we mean by understanding "toponym, term"? as A.A. Reformatsky rightly notes in literature, especially geographical, concepts, terminology and nomenclature are confused, they are trying to be synonymized. When isolating geographic (toponymic) terms from the entire geographical nomenclature, we will strictly adhere to the main features and terms outlined by A.A. Reformatsky. The purpose of establishing a typology of geographical objects B.A. Serebrynikov singles out keywords which he calls indicators of toponymic terms. For the toponyms of Kazakhstan, the indicators will be the words that Konkashbaev calls Kazakh folk geographical terms.

A.M.Murzaev calls them local and folk geographical terms. The systemic nature of toponymic terminology is manifested in the well-known subordination of its basic terms.

2. Hydronymic indicators - terms can be divided into 6 classes: 1 river 2 lakes and swamps 3 springs 4 wells 5 features of water bodies, channels, coasts, bays, valleys, sources, mouths, channels, tributaries and other differences. 6 foreign language formats of hydronyms .

River indicators are divided into 5 groups:

1. Ozen - this is the general meaning of the river, the river among the Kazakhs occasionally the term includes their own names of small rivers: Big and Small Uzen in western Kazakhstan, Kokozen. Ozen - a river, a small river, a stream, a channel, a channel.

Tatars have uzan (lowland); for the Kyrgyz, ozone is the riverbed, the coast. In the Crimean peninsula, ozen means a destructive mudflow.

2. Su - literally water. The term is found in all regions of Kazakhstan. Su is the most common generic hydrodynamic term with the meaning river from which a number of specific hydroterms are formed: Aksu, Karasu, Kyzylsu, Koksu, Sarasu - rivers with a color meaning. Ashysu, Tushysu, sasyksu expressing the taste and quality of water. Sholak, uzinsu - length, ystyksu contain a temperature characteristic, kulansu, tentex - according to the nature of the flow.

The Kazakhs call the big (main) river Atasu. Aksu and Karasuna which look seems to be easy and simple to translate Aksu - white water, and Karasu - black water. As a result of a thorough analysis, it turned out that Aksu is flowing - fast-flowing (clean) with good plentiful fresh water. Karasu is characterized by two varieties: 1. standing water - a pond, large relatively deep reaches into which steppe rivers break up in summer.

2. rivers fed by groundwater at the foot of mountains, springs, rivers. Sometimes used in the form Karasuk. There are 2 rivers and lakes with this name in the Pavlodar region and Altai. The rivers ashhysu, tashhysu are abundant with water during spring and in summer they dry up in many places, become alkaline, become bitter, and tusshysu retain water suitable for drinking - fresh. Therefore Ashu and tusshy mean good and bad. Although the main meaning of tusshy is insipid, ashy is bitter, salty.

Koksu - heavenly (alpine water) possibly grassy (green river).

Sarysu - rather yellow (muddy water).

Semirechie is usually called steppe rivers flowing through clay and loess territories, as a result of which they carry a large amount of suspended material. Their water is really yellow.

Kyzykhsu is literally red water. Water protruding on top of the ice before opening (melt water) in a portable sense is shallow, not deep. Consequently, the component ak, kara, kok, Kyzyl in hydronymy is used in a direct color meaning, and A.N. Kononov, E.M. Murzaev, A.V. Superanskaya, A.T. Kaidarov and others.

3. features of the rivers Espe, Mukor, Sokyr. Espe is the Kazakh word esu - row, winnow. The winding rivers Mukor is a small low-water steppe river that rarely brings its water to any reservoir or large river and often ends blindly in the steppe, breaking up into separate reaches or dries up. Mukor is from the Mongolian word for a dead end, a short shallow river. Sokyr is literally blind.

4. Kurya -3 lakes (bitter-salty) in Zhelezinsky district of Pavlodar region. It is not explained from the Kazakh kury, although the locals tried to interpret the meaning. This word is like kuruya - dry nests. The wide distribution of rivers with the name Kure is known from the North European part to Kamchatka and Siberia, interpreted as a river bay. In Siberia, the old channel of I.A. Vorobyov, exploring western Siberia, interprets the word Kurya - a bay that goes into meadows or swamps.

5. Darya - a large area in the south of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the Turks mean the sea.

3 1. Wherever the Turkic-speaking peoples live, the meaning of the lake is widely used termi kol which is included in the second part of hydronyms. Mountain lakes are called Alakol, Zhasylkol.

Teniz used to be called any large lake, but now this name is used in the meaning of the sea. The Caspian Sea has 70 names (according to Kh.Kh. Khasanov and P.V. Zhilo). The Aral Sea has at least 20.

Chalkar or Shalkar is a large lake, boundless and beautiful. Close in semantics are zhaltyr, zhalanash, zhalpan - sparkling, not overgrown with grass, zhalpak - flat.

2. Large groups in the steppe and the northern part of Kazakhstan make up the name of the lakes sor, batpak, balkash, mi, sapyr, shabarty.

Sor is a saline area and a salt lake with a marshy bottom.

Batpak - swamp (V.V. Radlov) mud, silt, swamp.

Balkash - hummocky - swampy place, swamp or unsteady place (according to Radlov).

The terms “mi” “sabyr” are used less frequently. Mi - the brain is literally a swampy place consisting of a liquidish gray color. It looks like brain tissue. Sabyr is an impenetrable swampy solonetsous area.

3. Lakes with abundant groundwater, swampy, dangerous with quicksand and bogs. Tomar, Kopa, Bylkyldak, Saz.

Tomar is a hummock in a swamp, that is, a hummocky marshy area with meadow vegetation and abundant groundwater.

Kopa - an area overgrown with reeds, sedge (according to G. Musabaev, Kh. Makhmudov).

Bakhash used to be called atyrkol. Guryev - Atyrau.

Aral-1. island, 2. interfluve

Kabak - a cliff, a terrace. Kaiyr - coastal shallows. Bugaz is a strait. Boget - literally an obstacle, a dam, a dam. Kayram is an underwater shallow. Stupid is the bottom.

LECTURE №10

Topic: THE ROLE OF A GEOGRAPHICAL TERM IN THE FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF KAZAKH PROPER NAMES.

1 The emergence and development of own names (onyms).

2 The role and importance of the geographical factor in the formation and functioning of toponymicons.

3 Toponyms defining the geological structure and minerals.

4 Landscape indication.

1 The emergence and development of proper names (onyms) is socially conditioned and based on the emergence and development of the language itself. Philosophy of Marxism and Leninism recognizes the decisive role in the formation and development of the language of people's attitudes in the process of production of material goods. The lexical structure of the language receives division depending on the division of reality and its consciousness in the process of its labor development. Reality, that is, the habitat (geographical environment) and various aspects of the economic and ethno-cultural activities of the human society were decisive factors in the formation of the lexical system of the language, and hence the system of proper names. indirect influence of the geographical environment. The habitat environment and human productive activity have the most decisive impact on the development and functioning of geographical appellative and toponymic vocabulary, the least on anthroponymy. Detailed differentiation and quantitative volume of certain categories of geographical appellative vocabulary generally depend on many extralinguistic factors, including the physical and geographical features of the environment in which human society lived or lives. For example, the Arabs of the Sahara do not have a single word for snow, while the Nenets of the North have many words associated with the concept of snow. Academician Yu. V. Bromley emphasizes that the geographic environment has an impact on the ethnic group, as well as on other social communities - through the development of productive forces. Any onomastic nomination is associated with a whole complex of extralinguistic factors (economic, social, historical, spiritual, everyday, psychological, etc.) that participate in the propria nomination of names of different types and different categories to varying degrees.

In the process of production of material goods, practical and even spiritual activity of a person, physical and geographical objects are involved in the range of interests and needs of a person and thus receive a common noun and onomastic nomination. The acts of the nomination and its results (geographical appellatives, toponyms) reflect various aspects and signs of the geographical environment, the spiritual and economic life of the nominating society.

2 The role and significance of the geographical factor in the formation and functioning of the toponymicons of various peoples (for example, settled and nomadic) are not the same. The reasons for the different degree of influence of the geographical environment on the appellative and proprietary nomination should be sought in the belonging of a certain linguocultural community to one or another economic and cultural type - "a historically established complex of features of the economy and culture, characteristic of peoples living in certain natural and geographical conditions, under a certain level of their socio-economic development”. It was nomadism, as a special traditional type of economic and cultural activity of the Kazakh ethnos, that had a huge direct and indirect influence on the development and formation of folk geographical terminology and various sectors of the onomastic space of the Kazakh language.

The researcher of Kazakh folk geographical terminology G.K. Konkashpaev wrote: “The vastness of the territory of Kazakhstan determined the diversity of its nature: forest-steppe and steppe in the north to sandy and saline deserts in the south, including high mountains in the southeast with their vertical zonality. The form of farming contributed to a detailed acquaintance of the Kazakhs with their territory, with the originality of its landscapes, especially with those elements of nature that were of decisive importance for pasture cattle breeding. Therefore, most Kazakh folk geographical terms are associated with cattle breeding (with types of pastures, reservoirs, shelters for livestock, etc.) and relatively few terms are associated with agriculture. Along with this, the Kazakh terminology is very rich, diverse and detailed, associated with the diversity of the nature of Kazakhstan, primarily with deserts, steppe and mountain landscapes.

The vast majority of toponyms in Kazakhstan includes a folk geographical term that reflects some feature of the natural environment, that is, relief, hydrography, climate, vegetation cover, desert, steppe and mountain landscapes. There are about 40 terms for designating various kinds of hills; 13 terms are used to designate a mountain slope, each of which has its own shade of meaning (bet, betkey, bokter, janbas, turme, toskey, etc.). Species orographic nomens Alatau, Karatau, muztau, sandyktau, balaktau, kaskyrtau, taztau, in which the generic orographic term "tau" - mountain, denote various types of mountains, which indicates the extreme development of Kazakh horographic terminology. All these folk geographical terms (nomens) function in the toponymy of Kazakhstan as their own geographical names.

Many toponyms of Kazakhstan contain in their composition the names of plants and trees growing on certain physical and geographical objects. We list the names of plants and trees most often found in the toponymicon of Kazakhstan: koga - a plant from the cattail family, karagan - black acacia, kurai - kurai, kiyak (akkiyak) - hair, Elen - grass, Arpa - barley, arsha - archa (juniper) , karagai - pine, Terek - poplar, bidayik (akbidaiyk, karabidaiyk) - couch grass, boz - feathery feather grass, reed, reed, tal - willow, sasyr - herbaceous plant from the Compositae family), zhusan - wormwood, zhyngyl - comb (tamarix), itmurun - dog rose, kendyr - hemp, etc. Some oronyms, in which one of the components is the name of the onion, belong to a very distant era. Thus, the ancient name of the Pamirs, which the Greeks called Imai, is the Chinese Tsong-Ling, which means "onion mountains".

Thus, the role and significance of the geographical factor in the genesis, development and functioning of the Kazakh onymy lies in the fact that the nature of Kazakhstan in all its diversity is reflected in an extremely rich differentiated folk geographical nomenclature.

3 The role of the geographical factor can be traced in toponyms containing an indication of the presence of minerals, ores, and non-ferrous metals. Our materials show that some toponyms of Kazakhstan, especially oronyms, are associated with geology, since they often contain a direct indication of the presence of certain types of minerals or reflect the composition of rocks, their textural features, weathering forms, etc. Even the designation of color in oronyms can serve as information for geologists about the presence of gypsum-bearing layers, marble, limestone, oxidized copper minerals on orographic objects

Information about the minerals of Kazakhstan could not but be reflected in the toponymy of Kazakhstan, since the mountainous territories of the republic were places of ore mining, processing of minerals from ancient times. According to archaeological research in the Zhezkazgan region, ore began to be mined from the Eneolithic, that is, from the end of the 4th century - the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e.. An outstanding geologist, academician K. I. Satpaev wrote that "the rafting of Zhezkazgan has a different age", and that "the development of ores continued for many centuries." Medieval authors Ibn-al-Vardi, Ibn-al-Fakiv, Ibn Iyas wrote that the Kimaks mined iron, silver, gold and precious stones.

Some toponyms contain a direct indication of the presence of certain types of minerals: Temirtau, Karatemir - temir "iron", Zhezdi, Zhezkazgan - zhez "copper", Taskomirsai - komir "coal", Altynsu, Altyntobe, Altyntas, Altynshoky - altyn "gold". Names with the jos component “ocher” are quite frequent in the toponymy of Kazakhstan. The toponym Zhosaly is common in all regions of Kazakhstan without exception. The orange mineral paint ocher has played an important role in ritual cosmetics, color symbolism and polychrome art of many tribes and peoples since ancient times.

Applied value in toponymy for a number of natural sciences is predetermined by the influence of the geographical environment on toponymy, which is manifested in the "reflective" ability of toponyms that fix the conditions, properties and certain features of objects of the natural environment. Toponymy acts as a kind of code system in which the geographical environment and the most diverse aspects of the economic and cultural activities of people, with the help of a person - the nominee, encoded a variety of information that is of scientific value for a number of social and natural sciences.

4 Landscape indication is a new direction in landscape science. The essence of landscape indication is the use of external easily observable features of the landscape (primarily relief and vegetation) as an indicator of landscape components that are difficult to directly observe - rocks, groundwater, soils and climatic conditions. Landscape scientists emphasize the complex nature of landscape indication and argue that the most interesting results can be achieved in the field of contact between different sciences.

Relief, vegetation, traces of human activity and their combination in the form of ecto-tiers of landscapes of "external landscapes" are frequent indicators. B. Zalessky, the author of a little-known monograph "The Life of the Kirghiz Steppes", published in French in Paris in 1897, reported that the Kazakhs are looking for water in the desert through the communities of the giant feather grass - chiy. The role of the indicator in the indication of faults in deserts is served by chukalaki "shokylaki" - large (1 - 7 m high) mounds, which usually have an elongated-oval outline. Mud volcanoes-like formations called miy (Kazakh "brain") have indicative value. G.K. Konkashbaev writes: “Miy (literally the brain) are swampy places, consisting in appearance of the medulla; they are found in spots on saline depressions.

Landscape indication of local groundwater is of practical use, as the construction of wells on lenses makes it possible to extend transhumance to areas with highly mineralized waters of the main aquifers. The most reliable indicator of subsand lenses are churuts, under each of which, at a depth of no more than 5 m, fresh water can be opened. Researcher of Kazakh folk geographical terminology G.K. Konkashpaev gives the following description of "churots": "Shurat is a small depression among hilly-ridged sands with close groundwater and relatively rich reed-grass vegetation."

LECTURE #11

TOPIC: REFLECTION OF THE PLANT WORLD IN THE TOPONYMS OF KAZAKHSTAN.

PLAN

1 Phytonyms reflecting physical and geographical objects.

2 Phytonyms of Northern and Southern Kazakhstan.

3 Phytonyms of Pavlodar region.

1 Many toponyms of Kazakhstan contain in their composition the names of plants and trees growing on certain physical and geographical objects. In the toponymy of Kazakhstan, there are names not of all types of flora, but of those species that had one or another meaning in the economic and ethno-cultural life of the Kazakhs. The names of plants and trees are most often found in the toponymicon of Kazakhstan: koga - a plant from the cattail family; caragan - black acacia; kurai - kurai; kiyak - hair; deer - grass; teken - thorn, prickly; arpa - barley; shi - chi; alma - apple tree; arsha - archa (juniper); karagay, terek - poplar; biday - wheat; bidayik - wheatgrass; boz - reeds; tal - willow; zhusan - wormwood; itmurun - wild rose; kendyk - hemp.

Toponyms are associated with the plant world, they can inform about the past or present distribution of certain plant species, which helps to recreate pictures of historical landscapes. Observations from the oronimy of Kazakhstan show that often the names of plants and trees growing in the mountains. These are such names as: Arshaly, Arshaty, Karagay, Itmuryn, Karagash. Names of various types of wormwood, which are common in mountain dzhailau (ermen); names of wild onions (piyaz zhua). Some oronyms in which one of the constituent components is the name of the bow, referring to a very distant era. An example, for example, the ancient name of the Pamirs, which the Greeks called imay, is the Chinese Tsong Lin, which means "onion mountains". Toponyms with the base "agash2" seem to be ancient, although some of the toponyms with this component could have arisen at a relatively late time.

2 From observations of the toponymy of Northern Kazakhstan, and then of Southern Kazakhstan, a direct correlation of many geographical names with the features of the vegetation cover of the area was revealed. Kazakhstan occupies a leading position in a number of wild useful plants. There are more than 12,000 species of medicinal plants alone, among which wormwood occupies a special place. For the deserts of southern Kazakhstan, where the vegetation cover due to lack of moisture is very sparse characteristic thickets of various thorns. These plants, which are the main food for camels, are fixed by the Kazakhs in 16 toponyms of Kazakhstan. Chagall - the name of the area with white-earth wormwood. Caragan belongs to the legume family, kyzylsha (beet or red shrub saltwort) belongs to the haze family. In the south of Kazakhstan, phytotoponyms with kiyak (hair) are often found.

3 In the Pavlodar region, toponyms were found that contain the word Shirpy (broom). For river valleys, semi-woody vegetation is typical - varieties of saxaul. Here, representatives of the cereal family (barley, wheat, feather grass) have the largest distribution in the territory of Kazakhstan. The theme of the participation of the plant world in the formation of phytotoponyms is inexhaustible, but the partially given examples convince how significant their place is in the toponymy of Kazakhstan and what information they carry.

Distribution of phytotoponyms in Pavlodar region.

according to K. T. Saparov

Phytonyms

Oronyms

hydronyms

Oikonyms

Agash

Aigyr

Alka

Arsha

alabota

badam

Bethege

Bidai

Bidayik

Dolan

Zhusan

Zhyngyl

Itmuryn

Kaiyn

Kamyz

Karagan

Karakt

kiyak

Koga

Moyin

Oshagan

deer

Sarymsak

Saumal

soray

Terek

Tobylgy

Togan

Tekinykty

Shagyr

Shengel

Shirpas

Shilik

Yrgay

Zhantak

Karagan

Lecture 12

Reflection of the animal world in the toponyms of Kazakhstan

1. Zoonyms - types and common features

2. morphological structure of zoonyms

3. Zootoponyms of Kazakhstan and Pavlodar region

1 . Animal - this term in Russian is late. Back in the 11th century in the Old Russian language there was one word belly with the meanings "life", "animal" and "property" (but never belly). Already in the 11th century, as a result of substantiation, the noun animal "that which is alive" arose from the Old Russian adjective animal, animal "vital".

As in the formation of phytonyms, complete arbitrariness reigns here. Domestic animals, wild animals in zoos, sometimes in nature reserves, receive proper names from people for a variety of reasons and occasions. Perhaps, only in animal breeding they adhere to strict rules, however, they are not the same in different branches of animal husbandry.

In horse breeding, a newborn receives a name (nickname), in which the syllables of the parents' nicknames must be present. So, from the nicknames of the parents Thunder and Dawn, the name thunderstorm can be created.

In the formation of the number of public cattle adhered to the following rules. Newborn calves were numbered by tattooing the number on the inside of the right ear. The first calf born since the beginning of the year is assigned No. 1, the second No. 2, and so on. Or they tattoo the mother's number. In breeding farms, in order to avoid the loss of origin, the first letter of the father's name is also indicated in front of the digital number. For example, P52 - bull "Priz", cow No. 52. Nicknames are given simultaneously with the inventory number. Nicknames should be simple, short, beautiful. The nickname of the calf begins with the first letter of the mother: from the cow "Liana" the bull "Lotus" and the heifer "Lily". If there are identical nicknames, they are distinguished by numbers: "Astra-1", "Astra-2", etc. (naturally, such nicknames are used for accounting, and not as vocatives when referring to cattle).

On the ethical side, a number of rules are observed in the formation of animal names. It is strictly forbidden to give nicknames that coincide with the name of nationalities, the names of people, socio-political terms, as well as nicknames that defame animals.

2 . The morphological structure and word formation of zoonyms is not a special case, since it is based on the main derivational methods available in the language. When forming zoonyms, only those linguistic means that exist in the given language and are characteristic of the nomination of animals are used. At the same time, the semantic and structural word-formation models of zoonyms, according to researchers, are very diverse compared to anthroponyms and toponyms.

Animal nicknames can be formed both by onymization of appellatives and by transonymization, i.e. the transition of onyms of other categories into nicknames.

The onymized type includes nicknames created in a lexico-semantic way, the transition of words (different parts of speech) into IS without changing the form: Rus. Chestnut, Giant(horses), Fly, Palm(dogs), Fast, Defiant(horses), Ah, Avos(horse), fly away(horse), Dare, Guess(dog), Woe away(horse), The scent of love(dog); kaz. Zholbarys(dog), Karlyғ ash(cow), Kaska(horse), KoRғ an(bull), Kuttyayaқ (dog), etc.

Word-building models can be differentiated into simple, complex and compound. So, in Russian zoonymy, simple, in turn, are divided into non-affix and affix.

Non-affix formations include the names of animals, the morphemic design of which took place at the pre-ozonymic level, i.e. the zoonym was created on the basis of the appellative as a result of onymization (zimushka - the nickname of the dog Zimushka Baron- dog's nickname Baron, Petka- name of the parrot Petka and etc.).

Suffixal nicknames include, according to researchers, mainly feminine derivatives: Bulany - Bulanka, Gnedoy - Gnedukha, as well as Kosmatukha, Dobrusha, July, Lyubimka, Zvezdonya and others, which refer to specific zoonymic suffixal derivatives recorded in the dialect vocabulary.

Complex nicknames in Russian zoonymy are a rare phenomenon ( Belosheyka, Belogrudka, Belogubka), while Turkic zoonyms are quite often created by compounding ( Karahelmet, Ққтаяқ, Karakө h).

Composite formations are a model of " adjective + noun"(rus. Autumn Night, Scooping Magic, Spring Drop, Swift Raid- nicknames of horses), model " noun + noun» ( Daughter of the Pine, Son of Hercules, Aroma of Love, Prince Florizel). These models are not frequent and form the specifics of zoonymic education. Quite rare, but there are models representing " name + patronymic"(Russian pig MarandI am Ivanovna, piglet Boris Ivanovich, cat Vasily Timofeevich, English Tristram Shandy, Lord Byron, Lucrezia Borgia- nicknames of cats by the names of artists, literature, religion).

3 . The vast plains of Kazakhstan, its mountains and waters are inhabited by a rich and diverse fauna, acquaintance with which is of great interest. The geographical map of Kazakhstan is dotted with Kazakh names of rivers, lakes and tracts associated with the names of various wild animals, which indicates the great role that wild fauna has played or is playing in the life of the country's landscapes.

May-balyk (fatty fish), may-taban (fatty crucian carp) are some small lakes of Kazakhstan or separate sections of vast reservoirs (for example, Zaysan). In Mugodzhary there is a river Kunduzdu, i.e. otter. Many lakes are called Chushkakol (Boar Lake). They are scattered over the entire area of ​​Kazakhstan from the northern forest-steppe to the Aral semi-deserts, everywhere where wild boar has recently met or still lives in the reeds. Near Lake Kurgaldzhin there is the river Kulanotpes (for a long time it served as the “border of the habitat of the kulan”).

In several places, small mountain ranges and hilly ranges are known under the name Tyulkuly (fox), and one of the sources on the left bank of the river. The Urals south of Lbischensky is called Kiikkuduk (saiga well).

The Kazakh names of the mountains Buguly (Deer) and Maraltyube (Deer Hill) undoubtedly indicate the past distribution of the Bug-deer (deer) in a number of regions of the republic. The roe deer among the Kazakhs is known under the name ilik, elik (Russians sometimes pronounce ilek); it is widespread in South-Eastern and Northern Kazakhstan, and in the recent past it occupied almost all of its territory, with the exception of waterless desert areas. But the same name is r. Ilek. Several decades ago, in its valley there were extensive groves and thickets of bushes in which roe deer kept. It is very likely that the name of another river, the Ili, which flows into the Balkhash, comes from the Kazakh name of the roe deer. In its tugai, crossing the waterless sands of Sary-Ishikotrau, roe deer are still found in abundance. The large ridge on the southeastern border of Kazakhstan is called Tarbagatai, which comes from the Mongolian tarbag - marmot. A vast area in the center of the republic is known as Turgai, and Turgai (more correctly - trade) is a lark, one of the most numerous landscape birds of Kazakhstan. With good reason, its vast steppe and semi-desert regions can be called the Land of Larks. There are many hundreds of such names on the map of Kazakhstan. In general, it should be noted that the Kazakh geographical dictionary is rich, points and marks. The analysis of Kazakh geographical names is of great interest for studying the nature, history of the country and the evolution of some of its sections. In this dictionary we will find words that sound so unusual for the Russian ear: Amankaragai (hello pine, hello forest) and Kosh-Agach (goodbye tree), quite understandable and natural in the mouth of a nomad who came from a vast treeless country to the border of a pine forest or from the wooded slopes of the Altai, which went to the semi-desert plateaus of Mongolia (Kosh-Agach). Many of these names now speak only of past conditions, of the former distribution of animals, and are only of historical interest, like the names of Swan Lakes and Beaver Rivers in a number of regions of the European part of the former USSR, which have long lost both the swan and the beaver.

The names of animals of the Pavlodar region are represented in the nomenclature by 334 zootoponyms, which make up 7.6% of all toponyms. Zoonyms of the area under consideration are well displayed on the map compiled by K.T. Saparov.

Zootoponyms of Pavlodar region:

Bozaigyr mountains, Saryaygyr tract, Karaaygyr mountain, Shubaraigyr fork, Kulaygyr tract, Toraigyr lake, Buraaygyr fork, Aigyr mountain, Aigyrtas, Aigyrzhal, Bozbie tract, Alabie, Torbie, Karabie, Bosbie, Kurymbie river, Karakaska lake, ur. Kokaska, Ushkaska, Kaskaat, Kaskabie, lake. Burylat, Torat, ur. Saryat, Kokatkelgen, lake. Atsoigan, ur. Zhabagyly, Tai, Aktai, Kulatai, Taiolgen, lake. Taisoigan, ur. Taikamagan, Kulakulyn, lake. Ushkulyn, Foal, ur. Kulynshak, Akkoshkar, Akkozy, lake. Sarykoy, Koybaygar, ur. Coisor, Koital, Koytas, Koykyrilgan, Knuikamalkanagash, Lake Koyasomas, Ur. Koysolgan, Lake Bura, Karabura, Karabura-Kazakh, Aktүyesor, tүyyebaka, Tүyetas, river aatrey, oreso aatres, Ozero Ashil. Tuyezharkaq, ur. Narolgen, oikonym Botabas, ur. Narbota, oz. Aktailak, ur. Tailak, ur. Sarytailak, ur. Karabuka, ur. Karasiyr, oikonym Koksiyr, Siyroldy hill, ur. Siyrolgen, Siyrsalgan fork, ur. Ogyzdy, oz. Buzau, oikonym Karabuzau, ur. Eshkitau, ur. Karaserke, oz. Itbas, oz. Kushikzhugan, ur.Esek, lake. Kulanshi, oz. Maraldy, Bugyzhyra river, Ayutobe mountain, ur. Bolshaya Medvezhka, Bobrovsky Island, Mount Bala Koyandy, ur. Kishi Koyandy, ur. Arkarly, Shagalaly, Chaika island, lake. Duck, oikonym Lebedinka, lake. Swan, ur. Kuatkan, Mount Burkitty, ur. Sunkarkiya, Mount Japalak, ur. Karakus, Mount Kuskongan, lake. Shortan, Okunevo, Shabakty, Balykty, Rybny Klyuch river, lake. Balykbai, ur. Baka, Zhylan, Zhylandy Bulak river, ur. Zhylandykak, Zhylandy Island, Karasu Zhylandy River, Shybyndy Mountains, Masaly, Kurtty Hollow, Karasu Kurtty River, Kurtty Su Lake.

Literature:

LECTURE №13

THEME: TOPONYMS REFLECTING THE FEATURES OF THE LANDSCAPE, RELIEF, GROUND SURFACE.

1 Popular classification of pastures.

2 Kazakh swamp terminology - gelonyms.

3 Kazakh folk soil terminology.

4 The name of the various pastures of the people.

1 G.K. Konkashpaev wrote about the role of nomadic cattle breeding in the formation of the name of pastures and other terms of folk geographical terminology: or other pasture (landscape, climate, vegetation, seasonal uses, suitability for different types cattle, and so on), but also to notice all the smallest features of the landscape that can serve as landmarks on the path of migrations to shelter livestock from bad weather, and the like. "Written sources, mainly" Materials on Kyrgyz land use ... protected by negative landforms; in winter, cattle grazed on windswept hills, windward sides of mountains and hills; in summer, vegetation was used on the northern slopes of mountains and hills, as well as on the southern slopes of ravines and depressions.

The folk classification of pastures is thoroughly disclosed in the work of the Kazakh geographer G.K. Konkashpaev "Kazakh folk geographical terms". He gives the following economic and geographical characteristics of various types of pastures:

Orten (from the word ort - fire + affix -en) - a pasture with young green grass that appears after it has fallen in the spring.

Zhailau (in the literature and on maps - dzhailau) is a summer mountain or steppe pasture, abundant in food and water, where they usually spend the summer with their livestock. AT mountainous areas In Kazakhstan and Central Asia, the term Zhailau is understood as high mountain pastures, in the same sense the term is used in the Crimea and the Caucasus.

Bedelik - alfalfa field, alfalfa. In the old Kazakh economy in the south of Kazakhstan, bedeliks were areas fenced off with clay fences near the wintering grounds.

Aniz - stubble, fallow; mal anizda zhayylyp zhatyr - cattle graze on the stubble.

Otar is a pasture of any season, located far from the village.

Orys - pasture, a place for grazing livestock located around the parking lot (village); the radius of the area is determined by the distance that cattle move from the village during the day.

Tebyn (in literature - tebenovka or teben from the verb tebu - kick (hoof)) - a winter pasture covered with snow.

Shurat is a small depression among hilly-ridged sands with close groundwater and relatively rich reed-grass vegetation.

Ashchy - (literally bitter, sour) - saline depressions, usually found along the valleys and floodplains of steppe rivers or along the depressions of lakes and sors.

The transparent internal form of some "pasture" terms makes it possible to hide their motivations, pointing to specific methods and forms of cattle breeding. , poor man.

2 Kazakh swamp terminology does not have a wide range of semantic models as Slavic telmographic terminology. V.M. Mokienko believes that the productivity of models such as wetlands, quagmire,. The swamp testifies to the spread of the low-lying type of swamps during the existence of the Common Slavic language, which gives an idea of ​​the nature of the Proto-Slavic landscape. The presence in the composition of the Kazakh folk geographical terminology of the words of swamp vocabulary indicates the residence of tribes and clans that participated in the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh people, and later the Kazakh ethnic group itself, not only in the steppe and mountain landscape zones, but also in areas with swamp-meadow areas. The delta of the ancient Syr Darya and the territories adjacent to it, which in many places are swamps and marsh-meadow areas, have long been a habitat for both agricultural and nomadic peoples.

Lecture 14

Ethnographic aspect of toponyms.

1. pastoral nomadic economy and toponymy

2. terms of an anthropogenic nature

3. anthroponyms, genonyms, ethnonyms

4. ethnographic aspects of toponyms, reflecting religious views and beliefs (mythonyms)

1 . The influence of pastoral nomadic economy can be traced in almost all areas of Kazakh onymy. It is the indirect influence of nomadic pastoralism that explains the detailed differentiation in the geographical vocabulary of pasture types and relief elements; the presence of a significant percentage of names in the toponymy of various types of vegetation used for livestock feed; the presence of a large number of designations in toponymy by color, size, shape, which characterizes the increased role of visual perception of the surrounding world by nomads and. etc. It can be argued that the influence of cattle breeding and a nomadic lifestyle was also reflected in the presence of lexemes containing information about domestic animals in the toponyms of Kazakhstan; about the camps (dwellings) of nomads and the dwellings of the souls of livestock, about pastures, about the methods and means of nomadism, etc.

So, to toponyms; containing information about pets include the following: Alreadygyruscale("mountain or rock from which the stallion fell"), Eshkiolmes(goats will not fall from starvation"), Weң livedқ s(lit., "a thousand horses".), Қ languageө w("a measure of the distance that grazing lambs can move"), Kulyndy ("a place where there are many foals"), Atoinaқ ("a place where horses frolic"). The names of Topalanoh(top, anthrax), Eshkі karylgan("the place where the goats died" (Arginbaev 112). Not uncommon in the toponyms of Kazakhstan and names with the component tosone hundredy, қ ystaқ . "wintering". Term kystau- is also often included in the proper names of localities. Toponyms with a component kystay indicate the location of winter quarters, winter pastures.

The functioning of cattle breeding in the life of the Kazakh people (formerly nomadic) is indicated by geographical proper names with a component zhailau: Tөржailau, Shuyldaқ zhailay, oyzhailau, Ketzhailau, Zhailauls etc.

The information embedded in the semantic structure of such toponyms as Arbaқ heғ en(literally, "the place where the cart spent the night (stopped)") - a mountain in the Arkalyk district of the Turgai region and a number of toponyms with a component horde- "in the old days the headquarters of the khan", "the location of a large feudal lord or foreman" (Konkashpaev. 1951, 30.): Ordaқ heғ en, (place, parking (settlement) of the horde "); Ordabasy(lit., "the beginning of the horde"), etc.

It is known that nomadic pastoralism was characterized by a constant change of seasonal pastures, which was the reason for one of the main features of the nomadic way of life - nomadism (migration) of the population from one place to another. It is known from history that even in ancient times: one of the ways of movement of nomads during wanderings was movement on carts. Even in Saka times (the Iron Age), tribes with their herds roamed over long distances both in meriodinal and latitudinal directions: men traveled on horseback, children, women and the elderly - in wagons covered with leather and felt (History... Volume 1,200). In later times, in the economy of the Kazakhs of the XY-XYI centuries, carts-houses of noble Kazakhs were known: these huge wagons pulled a lot of camels (Economy ... 58) . OH. Margulan wrote: "We often observe the case of the formation of camps and settlements from the formation of wagons in the history of Kazakhstan, it is typical especially for the Middle Ages. Kazakh geographical names associated with the word "Urda" are more typical for such camps and settlements" (Margulan 1950.14) .

Further, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR A.Kh. Margulan writes: "The history of the wagon is of interest to us because it is partly connected with the history of the emergence of semi-sedentary settlements, ancient Kazakhstan, which arose in the peculiar conditions of nomadic life" (Margulan 1950, 14).

We also associate the emergence of oronyms Arbakongan ,Ordabay, Ordakongan etc. with the formation at the foot of the mountains of temporary (semi-sedentary) settlements from wagons (arb).

2 . As part of the toponyms of Kazakhstan, a whole group of words is found - terms denoting artificial names, i.e. man-made topographic objects. These may include the names of such anthropogenic objects: korgan(mound), mar, both,turkul, there, kamal, thenғ an, asar , kola, mazar, mola, zirat, beyit, etc.

In different regions of Kazakhstan, there are their own geographical names with the topoelemont korgan: Taldykorgan, Korgan tobe, Akkorgan, Ushkorgan, Beskorgan, Yeanakorgan etc. Word korgan(from the word korganu"defend") arose at the beginning as a common name for a fortification (wall, fortress), erected, as a rule, on hills and hills. Later, as a result of semantic evolution, the word korgan (kurgan) began to denote a hill, a hill, a cone-shaped mound. Ancient fortresses and fortifications were erected on hills and hills; as a result, there was a metonymic transfer of the name according to the scheme "kurgan fortification (on a hill) mound hill".

The word mound has entered the geographical terminology of many peoples, it "occurs in Ukraine - in South Russia, Kazakhstan and other regions of the USSR, but in different places it has different meanings - from the original" "to protect, protect, fortress, strengthen" to the concepts of "hill, hill, ancient, grave "high ice floe in the sea" (Murzaev 1974, 102). In "History of the Kazakh "SSR" (vol. 3, Alma-Ata, 1979, p. 4) with reference to the work of Grodekov. G. (volume 1, Legal Life, Tashkent, 1889, p. 25) provides an interesting message about the hill Marchө be: "According to biys of Sultan and Halbiy, representatives of the three zhuzes gathered annually for a meeting (maslikhat) on the Martub hill, in the mountains near Sairam. Questions were discussed here, where to spend the winter, where to fly, how to achieve peace and how to fight."

Mar has a meaning close to the derived meaning of the word corehan. A.I. Yashchenko (Yashchenko 68), referring to V.I. Dahl (Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Volume 2, M., 1955, p. 301), defines its meaning as follows: "mar - a lonely hillock, mound, embankment or natural hill".

In the toponymy of Kazakhstan there are names Tө rtcool tөbe, Torkul. Word tө rtkү l denotes small elevations of artificial origin in the form of rectangles or irregular squares. The term is widely used in archeology and history. So, in one of his archaeological works A.Kh. Margulan (Margulan 1949.35) wrote: "The ruins of the ancient Zhatach settlements are found here in the form of small mounds or mounds (tobe) having ovals, rectangles or irregular squares (tortkul) in terms of shape."

Orographic terms of an anthropogenic nature can also include both, found in such oronyms as Aboutals, Bothlytөbe, obatas, Both, Қ araoba and others in almost all regions of Kazakhstan. Sronyms with a component both often indicate burial places, and in the past both apparently had sacred semiotics. Places of burial (cemeteries, individual graves) are indicated by toponyms with components mazaR, mole, zirat, beyit: Mazarsay, BUTқ mola, Karamola, ZeeRattas, Akbeyі t and etc.

As part of the toponyms of Kazakhstan, such as, for example, BUTRendy, Polatkova, Tasқ aboutRa, Қ otaң ds etc. there are terms denoting premises for livestock: aRen- open (without a roof) corral for livestock, kora - a room for keeping livestock. Kazakhs as қ aboutra used in the mountains, natural orographic objects are caves, therefore, in some cave names there is a term қ aboutRa.

A number of toponyms described above can be attributed to names reflecting the attributes of material culture. On the division into "material" and "spiritual" cultures, as L.K. Baiturin (Baiturin 216) not absolutely; since there are always objects that occupy an intermediate explanation (the so-called quasi-semiotic phenomena), among which belong the elements of "material culture". When entering some semiotic system (for example, ritual, etiquette), they are recognized as signs, when entering from the system - as things. Such elements, however, attributable not to objects (things) of "material culture", but to physical and geographical objects of the natural environment are orographic objects - mountains, hills, hills, gorges, caves. As our materials show, dacha orographic objects had a high semiotic status in the past - they had sacred significance.

3 . Anthroponyms are a category of IP, which includes any proper names that a person may have. Anthroponyms are divided into such classes as personal name, patronymic, surname, nickname, pseudonym, cryptonym, nickname, andronym, gyneconym, patronymic. Each nation has its own naming traditions, which are expressed in the formality of anthroponyms, naming motifs, and the structure of the name. The fund of anthroponymy (a set of anthroponyms) of any nation is diverse in its composition. The list or register of names (anthroponym of icons) of each nation is limited, so more than one person can have the same name. Anthroponyms studies a special section of onomastics - anthroponyms. The formation and development of modern anthroponymic systems is a rather complex and lengthy process that cannot be considered in one plan.

General signs of anthroponyms:

    All types of anthroponyms are united by a common feature - the ability to name a person. Of these, only the personal name has a high degree of individualization of the denotation, i.e. each person has a name, other types can be optional and correlate with the historical and cultural traditions of the people. In addition, it should be noted that personal names are chosen arbitrarily, surnames and patronymics are due to family ties; nicknames, pseudonyms, etc. are not the main, but an additional name, and they are not given to every person. The nickname is not assigned by the individual himself, it is given to him by other people, while pseudonyms, cryptonyms, for known reasons, are chosen by the bearer of the name himself. Saken Seifullin, Mukhtar Auezov, Beyimbet Maylin and other Kazakh writers signed their works with pseudonyms: Dusenbi, Shamil, Manap, Zhushkaya (S.Seifullin), Arқ a, arғ yn, M.E., M.(M. Auezov).

Very often, pseudonyms, gaining wide popularity, can be used as a real name: Maksim Bitter (A.M. Peshkov), Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (V.I. Ulyanov), Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), Anatole France (A.Thibault).

    In the development of anthroponyms of different peoples, there is a natural development from the anthroponymic system of the same name to the polynomial one. The system of the same name is considered the most ancient.

    The official naming formula for different peoples is a historical category that is not strictly defined, it is changeable, includes a different number of components and a different order in which they follow.

    Anthroponyms form the core of the onomastic space.

    The main fund of the national anthroponym and kon in most cases are the names of the native language.

    The anthroponymic system is replenished by neologism names and borrowing names.

    In anthroponymic systems, male and female names are distinguished, which have a certain semantics.

    Names perform an important legal function - identification of a person in society.

    Anthroponyms have only the singular form (plural is possible in exceptional cases; when naming family members (Ivanov family, Mukhamedzhanova sisters), with a generalized designation of homogeneous objects, the collective meaning of certain groups of people (A.S. Pushkin We all look at Napoleons, according to M.V. Lomonosov, the Russian land can give birth to its own Platos and quick-witted Newtons), when the anthroponym passes into an appellative (Don Juan and Don Quixote have not yet died out in the world).

    In many national anthroponymic systems, there is a division of personal names into official (full) and unofficial names.

Informal names, in turn, are differentiated into:

    hypocoristic, i.e. short names that have an abbreviated form of the stem or one full stem instead of a two-base name: Rus. Sasha from Alexander, Sveta from Svetlana, Kaz. Kasym from Kasymzhan, Gulya from Gulnar;

    deminative, i.e. names with a diminutive shade of meaning, formed with the help of a special deminative affix: rus. Annushka, Little Johnny, Kaz. Ә lken from Ә landI, BakaWith from Baқ ytzhan, WAken from Wә Rі lbek, Yerkinthai from Yerkі n;

    pejorative, i.e. names with a derogatory connotation of meaning: Rus. Masha, Vaska;

    augmentative, i.e. names with a magnifying and frightening shade of meaning: Rus. Sergeishche, Barbarianseeka.

Peyorative and augmentative names are typical for Russian informal names, in the formation of which special suffixes are involved. There are respectful names in Kazakh anthroponymy, i.e. names that are used to address (name) people older in age, rank, social status, etc.: Bә ke from Bayayukan, Baқ ytzhan, Khaleke ot Halel, Sә ke from Samat.

All informal names with the meaning of any subjective assessment constitute a group of qualified names. The subjectivity of the assessment is determined in accordance with word-building means, which are a kind of markers, and depending on the communicative situation, on the context in which they are used. The context is very important for determining the quality of a name, since some suffixes that are considered pejorative (for example, the suffix -ka, which has a universal meaning), as A. Vezhbitskaya notes, may not be such, because. they in certain situations express tenderness, friendly attitude.

Anthroponymic naming formula, as noted, is not strictly specified. So, for example, the Russian people have only their inherent three-component structure - surname + first name + patronymic, which, according to researchers, is an ethnolinguistic (cultural-historical) phenomenon of the Russian national language as well as the vocative model name + patronymic.

This structure in the socialist period was distributed throughout the territory of the USSR in order to identify and register all its inhabitants. Therefore, for example, in the Kazakh atroponymicon there is an official three-formula naming. At present, this formula coexists with the resurgent historical national formulas for naming the Kazakhs, which are formalized with the help of anthroponymic elements - ұ ly, -қ yzy, - thosegі or in a non-affix way ( Mұ Withabaev Mә di Maratұ ly, Mұ staffӘ fly Armanұ ly, Sherkhan Mұ rtaza, BayanzhanEric etc.).

Oriental anthroponyms also differ in the originality of naming. So, in the Vietnamese anthroponymic system, there is both a two-term, and a three-, four-term formula, in which a certain sequence is observed: surname - given name (Nguyen Zhu, Fai Ngoc), surname - additional word - given name (Tran Hung Dao, Nguyen Thi Binh), surname - additional name for denoting gender - name decoration - given name (Lam Thi Mi Za).

According to statistics, the researcher notes, all English children receive two names at birth (first + middle names): personal and middle, the latter serves as an additional individualizing sign. As a middle name, personal names, surnames, toponyms,

derogatory vocabulary. For example, the sons of Charles Dickens had the following names: Charles CaliforniaBoz Dickens (after his father's pseudonym), WalterLandor Dickens, FrancisJeffrey Dickens, Henryfielding Dickens, Alfred Tennis Dickens, EdwardBulwer Dickens (after famous English poets and writers).

Ethnonyms are the names of peoples. There are many toponyms on geographical maps, formed from the names of peoples and nationalities: the Persian Gulf, the river. Tunguska, the Sea of ​​Japan, the city of Paris, the Komi Republic, the Samoyed river on Taimyr, the Baraba lowland, the Tatar Strait.

Ethnonyms are divided into two groups: 1) autoethnonyms (endoethnonyms) - self-names; may be native words or borrowed from another language; 2) alloethnonyms (exoethnonyms) - names used only to designate neighbors (other names).

The formation of ethnonyms has been going on for a long time, and continues today according to heterogeneous signs and motives.

The use of the name of a real person as an ethnonym is a frequent phenomenon in onomastics. Among them are the following: the Uzbeks got their name from the name of the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek.

A large group is formed by ethnonyms given from outside, by neighbors or strangers. There are many reasons for creating such ethnonyms.

There are several cases of changing ethnonyms by others, previously little used. In some cases, ethnonyms that were offensive or degrading to a person were forgotten. In others, these processes occurred in the course of the development of an ethnos or due to the rejection of a foreign name and the restoration of one's own. Until recently, the current Mansi were better known under the name of the Voguls. This ethnonym entered the name of the Autonomous Okrug - Ostyako-Vogulsky (until 1940). Replaced by the ethnonym Mansi with the reconstructed meaning "man".

4. Toponymist E. Kerimbaev, in the process of analyzing Kazakh mythonymy, in general terms, determined the nature of the nomination and the features of the functioning of mythonyms and identified a range of specific problems related to the further study of the mythonymic system of the Kazakh language. It should be noted that the corresponding terminology associated with the SI of a religious and cult nature has not yet been developed. In onomastic literature, mythonymy is defined as a system of fictitious, unreal names, but conceivable by a person as real objects of any sphere of onomastic space. "Mythoponyms", - in Kerimbaev's definition, - "these are the names of real-life geographical objects, the motivation of which is determined by the mythological type of thinking, and the toponym itself is included in the text of the mythological narrative."

The mythoponyms associated with folk tales, legends, in which fictitious persons, objects, realities appear, include the following GN: the city of Kelinshektau “mountain of the bride”, the city of Kazygurt, Malayushkan peak letters. “the laborer flew away”, in the meaning of “fell off the top”, Ur. Mynzhylky “thousand horses”, ur. Akbikesh (girl's name) and many others. others

For example, in the South Kazakhstan region, a group of mythoponyms - the names of archaeological sites, real geographical objects - is connected with the plot of the origin of the toponym Shyauildir, which, according to folk legend, is the result of the merger of the names of two lovers - the captive commander Shamil and the daughter of the cruel ruler Buryndyk Duri - Shamildur. Let's name these toponyms:

Dry.rus. Akaryk is a canal, a canal allegedly brought out by Shamil from the Syrdarya, n.p. Bestorangyl (on the territory of Aktobe farm) five poplars grown from fragments of a broken shank of Shamil's giant ketmen, which he threw with force. Bug. Pyshakshytobe - the place where the treacherous murder of lovers took place; Bug. Aktobe is the place of their burial.

In the toponymic space of Kazakhstan, a significant number of GN associated with pre-Muslim beliefs, Islamic religion, Tengrism expressed in cult veneration of the so-called holy places, sacralization, relic and components of zolactria and demonology are found.

A special system of culturological nature is formed by hagiotoponyms - the names of the places of worship of the saints, where they were buried. On the vast territory of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, a large number of hagiotoponyms with topocomponents aulie, ata, baba/bap, anna, az, aziz are found.

For example: the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, the mausoleum of Arystanbap.

Necronymic treminology associated with the funeral rites of the Kazakhs is developed in the national onymy. (Necronym - SI burial place).

Necronymic terms are the words kumbez “mausoleum”, zirat, sagana, mazar, mola, ungy, kabir, beyit, sore “burial places” - “tomb”, “grave”, “cemetery”, munara “minaret” - part of the architectural complex of the mosque and chapels.

Let us name some necronyms that are simultaneously characterized as places of worship-hagiotoponyms: Domalak-ana saganasy, Kempirdin ungysy (small) chapel, Akbikesh munarasy.

In the toponymic material with lexemes-epithets ata, baba, aulie, a layer of relict GT associated with zoolatry, the totem of animals, birds and phytophoric hagiotoponyms is distinguished, because "pre-Islamic names were closely connected with paganism and reflected the flora and fauna."

One of the relic components is the image of a ram - a totem in the names of the river. Koshkarata and hypothetically in the dromonim Baranjol.

The structure of the Kazakh pandemonium has much in common with the Central Asian demonology, in which common characters appear as genie (zhyn), peri, diyu, albasty, shaitan, etc.

Traces of shamanism and demonology are found in GN such as ur. Aksakbaksy “lame shaman”, ur. Shaitankum "damn sand".

Top names associated with the Islamic religion include the names Bug. Zheti sheit “seven Shiites”, Ishanozek “Ishan's Hollow”. The lexemes Shiite, Ishan mean clergy, spiritual dignity in the Islamic religion.

Literature:

    Theory and practice of onomaxtics, G.B. Madieva, Almaty, 2003

    Historical and linguistic research of toponyms of South Kazakhstan, Kyzdarkhan Rysbergenova, Almaty, 2000

    Kazakh onomastics in ethnocultural, nominative and functional aspects, Kerimbaev E.A., Almaty, 1995

    Historical toponymy of the Pavlodar region, T.A. Insebaev, Pavlodar, 2004

Lecture No. 15

COSMONYMS - NAMES OF SPACE OBJECTS

1. Names of galaxies and constellations.

2. Names of stars and planets.

3. Names of satellites of planets, asteroids, meteoroids, comets.

4. Names of objects on the Moon and Mars

This section discusses the origin of object proper names STAR sky: galaxies, constellations, stars, planets and their satellites, asteroids, meteorites, comets, as well as the names of objects on the surface of the Moon, Mars and some asteroids.

The study of geographical names is important both in cognitive and practical terms - after all, without them it is impossible to imagine modern life. Knowing them also has a considerable educational value: a good knowledge of a small homeland, the study of it speaks of love for it. A deep study of the geographical names of individual regions of our country is one of the ways to consciously perceive the native nature, culture, traditions of the Russian people, therefore toponyms are a necessary link in the educational work of a school teacher: be it a philologist, historian or geographer. Love for their native places, a reverent, caring attitude towards them, a desire to know everything about them causes in children devotion and love for their Fatherland, for their people - patriotism. The stock of geographical names in children, of course, is gradually increasing - with the expansion of cultural horizons, the accumulation of life experience and the development of speech. But it often happens that a student, learning from textbooks about great rivers, lakes, mountain ranges, huge cities, about famous, famous places for something, which, of course, is very commendable, at the same time knows nothing about his native village , the city, the street along which he walks every day, about the river in which he bathes in the summer. This happens for various reasons, in particular, due to the ignorance of others in this regard, including teachers. Worst of all, if this comes from indifference, indifference to the world around and to the history of the people to which he himself belongs, and this can lead to emptiness of the soul.

Toponymic questions arise immediately after the threshold of the house. As soon as a child goes out into the street, he immediately learns that the street is called Leninskaya or Main. Both mom and dad and grandmother try to make sure that the baby firmly remembers the street and the number of the house where he lives: you never know what can happen to a little man if he starts to travel on his own.

Place names are assigned in a variety of ways. Some have been known since ancient times, others appear literally yesterday, those are invented by a living people, these were left by a disappeared one; some have authors, the majority arose at an unknown time and was given by an unknown mouth.

Object of study: the village of Bilgish, Askinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The village of Bilgish is located in one of the most beautiful places in the Askinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, belongs to the Kashkinsky rural settlement. It borders on the Karaidelsky district, the Kashkinsky rural settlement, the Urmiyazov rural settlement, the villages of Amirovo and Gumbino. Surrounded by green forests. Dividing the village, a river flows, many glades and meadows. The abundance of springs pleases residents and visitors with its life-giving coolness. Our village is small, it has 137 households and 387 people.

Subject of study: toponyms of the village of Bilgish.

Sources: The work is based on both scientific sources and testimonies of the inhabitants of the village of Bilgish. At the stage of collecting toponyms - the results of a survey of students and local residents, at the stage of analyzing toponyms - special and educational literature.

Research methods: The following research methods were used in the research work.

1. Analysis of documents and materials of Internet resources.

2. Survey - a method of collecting primary information by contacting a specific group - a written survey (questionnaire), oral surveys (interviewing). The questionnaire survey was conducted with school students and villagers. The survey showed that the population does not know the toponyms of the village, it is mainly the youth of the village and schoolchildren. The teacher of the Russian language and literature Masnavieva Irina Mullakhanovna provided information about the creation of the village of Bilgish. She studied the history of the village for many years. The head teacher of the school, Aglyamova Firzalia Khusainovna, provided a document about Usmanov Mudaris Usmanovich. We met and interviewed a retired veteran of the Great Patriotic War Galiaskarov Shamselbayan Galiaskrovich. We visited the library. Librarian Shamsutdinova Fanil Khalimovna provided the necessary literature. The administration of the Kashkinsky rural settlement found out data on the population of the village of Bilgish. We went to Mullah Shamsutdinov Rafkat Lutfillovich, who lives on Askinskaya Street. He told us about the origin of some toponyms, about the history of the construction of mosques, about holding religious holidays. Went to the honored worker Agriculture RB Gaisin Khamza Shaibakovich and his wife

Tutia Muksinovna and found out the meaning of toponyms. We were also helped by the materials obtained during the interviews with Ayupov Yaguda Kavievich, Sufiyarov Makhiyan Akhmatzakirovich, Sufiyarova Anfiza Akhmatzievna, Aglyamova Amina Yalaltdinovna, Shaykhlislamov Akhmatziya Shaykhlislamovich, Hilyaztdinov Massar Khazhziakberovich, Aglyamov Flyur Aslyamovich and others. Meetings with interesting people helped us learn the history of our native land.

3. Comparative - descriptive.

4. Cartographic.

5. Method of scientific literature analysis.

6. Derivational.

Novelty. This work is one of the first attempts to study the toponymy of the Bilgish village. In this regard, the results of the study are a certain increment of knowledge in the field of ideas about the toponymy of the Askinsky district.

The applied and educational significance of the work lies in the possibility of using its results in the process of teaching the course of history and geography.

The result of this study was the compilation of dictionaries: the Alphabetical Dictionary and the Dictionary of Toponyms of the village of Bilgish according to their classification.

1. 1. Literature review on the research topic

Russian ethnographer N. I. Nadezhdin wrote in 1837: >, and academician D. S. Likhachev in his address > claims: >. In the twentieth century, toponymy in our country developed very rapidly through the efforts of such scientists as V. A. Nikonov, A. V. Superanskaya, E. M. Pospelov and others.

Unfortunately, research literature on the subject that interests me in Askinsky district is extremely scarce.

Many scientific monographs and articles are devoted to various issues of toponymy, but not all names can be explained.

Unfortunately, school textbooks contain isolated information about toponymy, so the appearance of this work is due to today's requirements for the study of one's homeland.

1. 2. Definition of the content of concepts on the topic of research

Toponymy (from the Greek topos - place and onyma - name, name), component onomastics, which studies geographical names (toponyms), their meaning, structure, origin and distribution area. The totality of toponyms in any territory constitutes its toponymy. Very small objects also have their own names: forests, meadows, fields, swamps, bends and backwaters of rivers, ravines, hills and pits, parts of villages and villages. Such names, as a rule, are not recorded in gazetteers and are rarely found in written documents; only local residents know them well. In each village, you can usually write down dozens of such names. The study of the names of small objects is the subject of microtoponymy - a special section of toponymy, which is still taking its first steps. Microtoponymy includes the names of small geographical features. Toponymy develops in close interaction with geography, history, and ethnography. Toponymy helps to restore the features of the historical past of peoples, determine the boundaries of their settlement, outline the areas of the former distribution of languages, the geography of cultural and economic centers, trade routes, etc. Among toponyms, various classes are distinguished, such as:

Oikonyms are the names of inhabited places (from the Greek oikos - dwelling, dwelling).

Hydronyms are the names of rivers (from the Greek hydros - water).

Oronyms - the names of the mountains (from the Greek oros - mountain).

Godonyms - street names (from the Greek hodos - path, road, street, channel). Agoronyms are the names of areas (from the Greek agora - area).

Dromonyms are the names of communication routes (from the Greek dromos - running, movement, path).

Macrotoponyms are the names of large uninhabited objects (from the Greek makros - large).

Microtoponyms are the names of small uninhabited objects (from the Greek mikros - small).

Anthroponyms are the names of geographical objects derived from a personal name (from the Greek antropos - a person).

Drymonims are the names of forests.

Conclusion on Chapter 1: In our opinion, at the moment, the features of the toponymy of the village of Bilgish, the toponymy of the Askinsky district at the present stage are poorly developed. We hope that this study will contribute in part to this work.

CHAPTER 2. ANALYSIS OF TOPONYMS OF BILGISH VILLAGE

2. 1. Research methodology

The object of our study was the toponyms of the village of Bilgish.

We identified groups of toponyms, described the features of their word formation, conducted a survey among students and residents of the Bilgish village.

The purpose of the survey is to reveal the knowledge of students and residents on the toponymy of the Bilgish village.

The object of the study were schoolchildren of MBOU secondary school in the village of Bilgish, students of grades 5-9 (27 students in total) and 52 residents of the village.

The study involved 79 people. The average age of the respondents is 36 years.

The subject of the study was the knowledge of students and villagers in the toponymy of the village of Bilgish.

A survey of students in grades 5-9, residents of the population was conducted during February 2010. An analysis of student questionnaires showed that 11.11% of the respondents could not explain the names of a single street, 7.4% - explained the name of one street; 22.22% - names of two streets, 22.22% - names of 3 streets, 22.22% - names of 4 streets.

Do you know what toponymy is? 37% - gave the correct or close to the correct answer, 63% - answered - >;

Do you know the history of the origin of the geographical names of our village? 44.44% of the respondents answered > (the majority explained the origin of the name of the village, this was the celebration of > and >), 55.56% answered >.

Conclusion: most students and residents do not know what toponymy is and where the geographical names of our village came from. Meanwhile geographic Maps without inscriptions are dumb. Names of geographical objects adorn maps. They, as a rule, were not given by chance and therefore, like a kind of guides, they tell us about the natural conditions, the features of the relief, the nature of the flora and fauna, rivers and lakes, the history of the peoples of various parts of the world. Therefore, it is worth saying how important and necessary geographical names are.

2. 2. The origin of the toponyms of the village of Bilgish, Askinsky district.

To find out the origin of these toponyms, I used various dictionaries, reference books and books (List of used sources).

I was given invaluable help by the inhabitants of the village of Bilgish, who helped put forward some assumptions about the origin of a number of toponyms.

During the study, we made the following conclusions:

1. Classification of toponyms of the village Bilgish.

Toponymic classifications have their own history. The first attempts to divide geographical names date back to the 19th century, when their belonging to morphological groups was shown. There are several schemes for dividing geographical names into categories, depending on the principle that underlies this or that classification.

We have chosen the most appropriate classification for the toponyms of our village: the division of geographical names according to the objects of the nomination.

1. Oikonyms - names of populated places.

2. Oronyms - names of relief elements, its forms: mountains, hills, mounds, depressions.

3. Hydronyms - names of rivers, streams, springs.

4. Godonyms - names of streets, lanes.

5. Dromonyms - the names of communication routes.

6. Drymonims - names of forests, named after plant communities.

7. Agoronyms - names of squares.

8. Anthroponyms - the names of geographical objects produced from a personal name ..

2. Word formation of toponyms in the village of Bilgish.

The toponyms of the Bilgish village are formed in different ways: most often by the way of forming phrases, laying down the foundations, the following forms are also characteristic of toponymy: common terms: river (Bilgish River), lake (Lake>), mountain (Bayki Tau); adjectives: ҡara-"black", tүңәrәk-"round", nәҙek - "narrow", olo - "high>>; suffixes - sk-, -n-. The most numerous groups of toponyms are associated with natural and geographical conditions. Many geographical names indicate the characteristic features of the nature of the area.

There is a street name associated with the name of a historical figure.

The river played an important role in the life of our ancestors, so they tried to settle near the river.

Names of springs and springs. Now the villagers use only a few of them. These springs have life-giving power. The spring names mainly originated:

1) on behalf of people who lived close to this spring;

2) from the name of the locality;

H) From the form of the spring.

The division of streets by location is natural. Currently, the streets of cities and villages are named mainly according to four principles: by the names (surnames) of prominent people; on objects located on the street or near it; on external features and on the historical past. And how and in connection with what did our ancestors call their streets? It turned out that these principles are not much different from modern ones. The village is named after its founder, the streets are named after the location and after the name of some special inhabitants of the village.

There are only 7 streets in our village.

2. 3. Analysis of the results of the study

1. Place names are an invaluable source on various areas: the history and culture of the area, nature, relief, and everyday life. Bilgishevsky toponyms are a vivid confirmation of this. In order to obtain this information, it was necessary to identify the main groups of thematically close toponyms, which was done (Appendix 5).

2. Villages often appeared near rivers or lakes; this circumstance was often reproduced in their names. This was reflected in the name of the river Bilgish, derived from the name of the village.

3. Analyzing toponyms from the point of view of word formation, it was revealed that most often Bashkir words are the source of the formation of toponyms in the village of Bilgish, which means that Bashkirs have lived in this area since ancient times.

5. With the help of the analysis of toponyms associated with relief forms, it was possible to identify some regularities in their location. Names associated with mountains, gullies (Ғalim soҡoro, Ҡyya tau, Ҡashҡauyl tauy, Baiҡy tau, Musa ҡul, Tuҡmaҡ ҡul, Әbҡәҙ ҡul, Karim tүbә, Kastүbә, Safetdin tүba, Taymaү tүb) turned out to be common. Thus, this suggests that the main relief of our settlement is hilly, the names are more often associated with hills.

6. The study of drimonims, including the names of vegetation, helped to identify the most common plants in our territory. There are also names associated with the spread of shrubs (Imanlek, Kara tal (chernotalnik)).

7. There are toponyms that have religious significance: Mulla kule, Sultansha mulla shishmaһe.

8. Both on the territory of the village and in its environs, there are numerous hydronyms: streams, springs, springs. There are hydronyms that received the name from the names of people: Ғәllәm shishmәһе, Yakhya shishmәһе, Mәrdәn shishmәһе, Safiy shishmәһе.

9. When analyzing agoronims, it is clear that the name was often given to some significant object associated with production activities, for example: Tiktormas, Brigadstan, Tukmak kul).

10. During the study, it was revealed that the names were given in relation to the mountain (Nagornaya), according to the location (Askinskaya, Panovskaya, Askinskaya). The name of one street has historical roots, associated with the historical figure Usmanov Mudaris Usmanovich.

11. In the toponymy of the village, there are names, the meaning of which could not be fully established (Sakai, Baygәnәy).

CONCLUSION

Exploring toponyms, we can conclude that toponyms are a bridge between the past and the present. How much, it turns out, toponyms can tell about the life of our ancestors. Toponymy allows you to create a picture of the past.

The origin of some toponyms is transparent. But it is far from always possible to immediately say: where did the name come from and why was it given to the place? The history of the emergence of some toponyms keeps a secret (Sakai, the history of Baygәnәy is not fully disclosed).

Toponyms by origin can be divided into two groups.

The first is built on human names, sometimes personal, sometimes generic, family. There are only 31 of them. The percentage of aliased names is 25.83%.

The second group consists of those within which a person, as it were, lays a concise, sometimes very vivid description of the signs of the place that he names. There are only 89 such toponyms, which is 74.16% of the total number of toponyms.

These names must not be allowed to disappear. Therefore, toponyms must be preserved, since they contain information about the life of our ancestors. And in order to preserve toponyms, we must first research them.

In the course of this study, the meaning of a number of toponyms in the village of Bilgish was established, and legends associated with some of them were collected.

We have obtained the following conclusions:

1) the toponyms of the Bilgish village carry rich information from various fields of science (history, geography, etc.) and the life of our ancestors.

2) The toponyms of the Bilgish village are formed in different ways: most often by the way of forming phrases, laying down the foundations, the following forms are also characteristic of toponyms: common terms (river (Bilgish river), lake (lake>), mountain (Bayki Tau)); adjectives (ҡara- "black", tүңәrәk- "round", үҙҙек - "narrow", olo - "high>>), suffixes. The most numerous groups of toponyms are associated with natural and geographical conditions. Many geographical names indicate the characteristic features of the nature of this terrain.

3) In the course of the work, the meaning of 118 toponyms was revealed (only 120 were considered, it was not possible to establish the meaning of the toponym Sakai, the history of Baygәnәy was not fully disclosed).

4) All names are classified and collected in the Alphabetical Dictionary and Dictionary of Toponyms according to their classification.

5) The research material is designed in the form of a report and a computer version on CD for submission to the school museum and the local history department of the district library.



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