What does the real name of dharms sound like. Literary and historical notes of a young technician

Daniil Ivanovich Kharms, real name Yuvachev, was born on December 30 (December 17 according to the old style), 1905 in St. Petersburg. His father was a naval officer. In 1883, for complicity in the People's Will terror, he was brought to trial, spent four years in solitary confinement and more than ten years in hard labor, where he experienced a religious conversion: along with the memoirs Eight Years on Sakhalin (1901) and Shlisselburg Fortress (1907) he published mystical treatises "Between the World and the Monastery" (1903), "Secrets of the Kingdom of Heaven" (1910).

Kharms' mother had noble origin, in the 1900s she was in charge of a shelter for former convicts in St. Petersburg.

After the revolution, she became a housekeeper at the Barachnaya Hospital named after S.P. Botkin, his father worked as a senior auditor of the State Savings Banks, and later as head of the accounting department of the working committee at the construction of the Volkhovskaya hydroelectric power station.

In 1915-1918, Daniel studied at the privileged Main German School of St. Peter in Petrograd (Petrishul).

In 1922-1924 - at the 2nd Detskoselskaya unified labor school, the former gymnasium in Tsarskoye Selo, where his aunt Natalya Kolyubakina was the director and teacher of Russian literature.

In 1924-1926 he studied at the First Leningrad Electrotechnical School, from where he was expelled for "weak attendance and inactivity in public works."

In the early 1920s, Daniil Yuvachev chose the pseudonym "Kharms" for himself, which gradually "grown" to him so much that it became part of the family name.

In the 1930s, when all Soviet citizens were given passports, he added the second part to his last name through a hyphen, so it turned out "Yuvachev-Kharms".

The pseudonym "Kharms" is interpreted by researchers as "charm", "charm" (from the French charm), as "harm" and "unhappiness" (from the English harm) and as a "sorcerer". In addition to the main pseudonym, Daniil used about 30 more pseudonyms - Charms, Harmonius, Shardam, Dandan, as well as Ivan Toporyshkin, Karl Ivanovich Shusterling and others.

He began to write poetry while studying at school, later he chose poetry as his main profession.

The earliest surviving poem by Kharms, "In July, somehow our summer ..." refers to 1922.

The early Kharms was greatly influenced by the poet Alexander Tufanov, the successor of Velimir Khlebnikov, the author of the book "To Zaumi", who founded the Order of Zaumnikov in March 1925, the core of which included Kharms himself, who took the title "Look Zaumi".

The departure from Tufanov was predetermined by friendship with the poet Alexander Vvedensky, with whom in 1926 Kharms created the "School of plane trees" - a chamber community, which, in addition to two poets, included the philosophers Yakov Druskin, Leonid Lipavsky and the poet, later editor of the children's magazine "Hedgehog" Nikolai Oleinikov. The main form of activity of the "plane trees" was performances with the reading of their poems.

In 1926, Kharms's poem "The Case of railway"was published in a collection of poems, in 1927" Pyotr Yashkin's Verse "was published in the collection" Bonfire ".

In 1928, Kharms became a member of the literary group of the Association of Real Art (OBERIU), which included the poets Alexander Vvedensky, Nikolai Zabolotsky and others, who used the techniques of alogism, absurdity, and the grotesque. At the evening "Three Left Hours" organized by the association, the highlight of the program was the staging of Kharms's play "Elizaveta Bam".

In the same year, the writer Samuil Marshak attracted Kharms to work in the Leningrad department of the Detgiz children's literature publishing house. The press published "Ivan Ivanovich Samovar" (1928), "Ivan Toporyshkin" (1928), "How Dad Shot My Ferret" (1929), "Merry Siskins" (co-authored with Marshak, 1929), "Million "(1930)," Liar "(1930) and others. Kharms' poems were published in 11 separate editions.

In December 1931, Kharms, along with other employees of the Leningrad children's sector of the publishing house, was arrested on suspicion of anti-Soviet activities, was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, which was replaced in 1932 by exile to Kursk, where he was escorted along with Vvedensky. In 1932, he managed to return to Leningrad, where he continued to collaborate in the journals "Hedgehog" and "Chizh", published a free translation of the story of the German poet Wilhelm Bush "Plikh and Plyukh".

In 1934 Kharms was admitted to the Writers' Union of the USSR. In the same year, he began work on the philosophical treatise "Existence", which was not completed.

In March 1937, the magazine "Chizh" published the poem "A Man Came Out of the House", which tells how a man left his house in the USSR and disappeared without a trace. After that, Kharms was no longer printed in children's publications. In the same year, he began to create the prose cycle "Cases".

In late May - early June 1939, Kharms wrote the story "The Old Woman", which many researchers consider the main thing in the writer's work.

In the fall of 1939, Harms feigned a mental illness, in September-October he was in the neuro-psychiatric dispensary of the Vasileostrovsky district, where he was diagnosed with schizophrenia.

In the summer of 1940, he wrote the stories "Knights", "Mishin's Victory", "Lecture", "Pashkvil", "Interference", "Fall", in September - the story "Power", later - the story "A translucent young man rushed about on the bed ...".

In 1941, for the first time since 1937, two children's books featuring Kharms were published.

The last of the surviving works of Kharms was the story "Rehabilitation", written in June 1941.

August 23, 1941 Kharms was arrested and charged with anti-Soviet activities. In mid-December, he was transferred to the psychiatric department of the prison hospital at Kresty.

On February 2, 1942, Daniil Kharms died in prison in besieged Leningrad from exhaustion. His name was deleted from Soviet literature.

In 1960, Kharms' sister Elizaveta Gritsyna turned to the USSR Prosecutor General with a request to reconsider her brother's case. On July 25, 1960, by a decision of the Leningrad prosecutor's office, Kharms was found not guilty, his case was closed for lack of corpus delicti, and he himself was rehabilitated.

A collection of his children's poems "Game" (1962) was published in the USSR. Since 1978, his collected works have been published in Germany. By the mid-1990s, Kharms had taken the place of one of the main representatives of Russian fiction in the 1920s and 1930s, opposed to Soviet literature.

The first complete three-volume collection of works by Daniil Kharms was published in Russia in the 2010s.

Daniil Kharms was married twice. The first wife, Esther Rusakova, the daughter of a former political emigrant, after a divorce from the writer in 1937, together with her family was arrested, sentenced to five years in the camps, and soon died in Magadan.

The second wife of Kharms, Marina Malich, came from the Golitsyn family, after the death of her husband, she was evacuated from besieged Leningrad to Pyatigorsk, from where she was driven away by the Germans for forced labor in Germany. She managed to get to France, later Marina emigrated to Venezuela. According to her memoirs, literary critic Vladimir Glotser wrote the book "Marina Durnovo: My husband Daniil Kharms".

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

1928 The Leningrad House of Press is excited by the performance of young outrageous writers who call themselves Oberiuts. They recited verses written in absurdity, staged the absurdist "Elizaveta Bam", and to top it all off, they showed the world a montage film with the promising title "Meat Grinder". Chief among the Oberiuts was Daniil Kharms, whose biography became the subject of this article.

early years

The future poet was born on December 30, 1905. The propensity for writing was passed on to Daniil genetically: his father, who corresponded with Chekhov and Tolstoy, was known not only for revolutionary activity, but also for his pen, and his mother was a noblewoman by birth and was in charge of an orphanage. short biography Daniil Kharms includes a mention of his brilliant education at a privileged German school. After the revolution, he was enrolled in the Leningrad Electrotechnical School, from where he was expelled with the wording "poor attendance, inactivity in public works."

Origins of literary activity

When did Kharms Daniil Ivanovich, whose biography became the subject of many studies, change his surname Yuvachev and finally believe in his writing talent? The first use of the pseudonym is in the early 1920s. They tried to find the clue to the name "Kharms" (as well as its many variants, among which are Khharms, Khaarms and Karl Ivanovich, who had come from nowhere) in numerous dialects. The analogies with English and French should be recognized as the most plausible. If in the first harm is “harm”, then in the second a similar word means charm, attractiveness.

Around that time, Harms wrote his first poetic works. As a guide, he chooses Khlebnikov, or rather, his close admirer A. Tufanov. Subsequently, the "Order of the wise men" will be replenished with such a talented poet as Daniil Kharms. His biography also testifies that in 1926 he joined the All-Russian Union of Poets, from which he was expelled due to non-payment of dues.

OBERIU

In the first half of the 1920s, Kharms met Vvedensky and Druskin, who were the founders of the "plane trees" circle. Subsequently, Daniil will also enter there, deciding to rally all the "left" writers under one name, one group - OBERIU. This complex abbreviation stands for "Unification of Real Art". Interestingly, in the group's manifesto, published in 1928, the Oberiuts declared the Zaumi school to be the most hostile to themselves. Kharms renounced the destruction of the word, the usual game of nonsense. The goal of their group was global in nature and projected onto the world. The Oberiuts sought to clear the subject from the "literary husk", to make its perception more real. This applies both to his obviously avant-garde experiments (poems "Evil collection of infidels", "I sang ..."), and works that are of a humorous nature.

Kharms also explains the phenomenon of absurdity in prose miniatures like Blue Notebook No. 10, Sonnet, Falling Out Old Women. In his opinion, the logic of art should be different from that of everyday life. As an example, Kharms cites the case when the artist, contrary to anatomical laws, somewhat twisted the shoulder blade main character, which, however, does not prevent us, the audience, from admiring the beauty of the depicted nature. Daniil also created dramatic works (for example, the above-mentioned "Elizaveta Bam"), which easily fit into the context of the experiences of other Oberiuts.

Artwork for children

How did the biography of Daniil Kharms develop further? He began writing for children in the late 1920s, collaborating with a number of magazines. Other members of OBERIU also worked there, however, unlike them, Kharms took his current job responsibly, which, by the will of fate, became his only source of income. Poems, puzzles of the poet were published in magazines, he published a number of books (“First and Second”, “Game”, etc.). Some of them were banned or not recommended for mass libraries, others were especially loved among young readers.

Kharms in the 1930s

This period became especially difficult for writers who did not want to put their talent on the conveyor. Daniil Kharms also belonged to them. The biography (autobiography, more precisely) of those times is captured in the sad lines of the poem "On visits to the writer's house ...". The poet, with surprise and indignation, discovers that his acquaintances have turned away from him, who fell into disgrace as a writer. Kharms' first arrest took place in December 1931. Formally, the verdict concerned the poet's activities in the field, although the true reason for the arrest was connected with OBERIU. Apparently, the Soviet government could not forgive him for shocking, several scandalous antics that characterize avant-garde art - as Daniil Kharms understood it. The biography of the poet in the 30s is distinguished by an ideological crisis and constant material deprivation. However, his second wife helped him to cope with them - Marina Malich, who remained with the poet until the end of his life.

Death

The war has begun. Kharms met her with defeatist moods and unwillingness to participate in it, for which he was arrested a second time. In order to avoid being shot, Kharms feigned insanity. He was placed in a psychiatric hospital, where he died during the terrible events of the siege of Leningrad. So ended his Daniil Kharms, whose biography and creative heritage are now of considerable interest.

Daniil Kharms was born in St. Petersburg on December 30, 1905. His father was Ivan Yuvachev, a populist revolutionary who survived exile on Sakhalin, was familiar with Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and other famous Russian writers of his time.

early years

Thanks to his father, a writer, Daniel early became interested in literature. He studied at several schools, including Petrishule - the oldest school St. Petersburg. In 1925, the young man joined the All-Russian Union of Poets. Even before that, he began to use the pseudonym Kharms, with which he became widely known. Biggest Influence At that time, Velimir Khlebnikov, Kazimir Malevich, Alexei Kruchenykh provided support for his work.

The novice writer Daniil Kharms joined a variety of literary circles, which flourished just in the 1920s. One of them was the community of "plane trees" - young philosophers and writers of Leningrad. It also included Leonid Lipavsky, Alexander Vvedensky and Yakov Druskin.

The main occupation of "Pinari" were performances with the reading of their own poems. Sometimes dances were arranged at such meetings, especially the then extremely popular foxtrot. The Union of Poets, the location of the regiments where his friends served - these are just some of the places where Daniil Kharms himself performed. A biography for children can do without these facts, but for the future children's writer, the events of that period of life were extremely important for the formation of his creative style. Gradually, public recitations of avant-garde poetry became more and more difficult. Every year the Soviet state became more and more picky about what the intelligentsia offered to society.

OBERIU

Gradually, Daniil Kharms, whose biography at that time was most connected with life inside the Leningrad bohemia, gathered around him a circle of devoted supporters. This group was called either the "Left Flank" or the "Academy of the Left Classics". In 1927, it was renamed the Association of Real Art - OBERIU. The group broke up in the early 1930s. The greatest success of her activity can be considered "Three Left Hours" - a creative evening, at which the premiere of Kharms's play "Elizaveta Bam" took place.

According to the creator's idea, OBERIU was supposed to unite all the forces of the leftist art of Leningrad. Therefore, initially the group was divided into five sections: literary, visual, musical, theatrical and cinematographic. Daniil Ivanovich Kharms had a hand in all this. A biography for children published in the USSR, of course, did not mention these, at times, radical experiments of the writer.

Collaboration with children's magazines

What else was young Daniil Kharms famous for? The biography of the writer is often associated with the mass reader with his works in the genre of children's literature. Harms began to write for children at the instigation of Samuil Marshak, Boris Zhitkov and Nikolai Oleinikov. In the 1930s he worked in the children's magazines "Chizh", "Hedgehog" and "Cricket". Daniil Kharms left many stories and puzzles in them. Biography (2nd grade presentation) cannot do without mentioning this part of his work.

Children's literature for a long time remained almost the only permanent income of the author. It is interesting that even innocent works for the smallest audience were banned by censorship for some time. This happened, for example, with the "Naughty Book" - a collection of stories and poems. She was on the censorship lists in 1951-1961.

Daniil Kharms, whose biography is also the biography of a translator, translated some children's works. Thanks to him, Wilhelm Bush and his book of humorous poems Plikh and Plyukh were read in the USSR. The writer also published works composed in collaboration with colleagues in the creative workshop. So in 1937, "Stories in Pictures" came out. The illustrations were drawn by Nikolai Radlov, while the text itself was written by Nina Gernet, Natalya Dilaktorskaya and Daniil Kharms. The biography of the author for a long time was known mainly from this book.

Personal life

The first time the writer married in 1928. Esther Rusakova became his wife. Most of the works written by Kharms in the second half of the 20s - early 30s were dedicated to this girl. The couple divorced in 1932. Rusakova was later repressed.

Then Harms lived short novels. Such was the relationship with the artist Alisa Poret. The second time the writer married in 1934 - this time to Marina Malich. The couple were together until the disastrous arrest of Kharms in 1941.

Link to Kursk

Kharms was first arrested in 1931. Then, allegedly, an "anti-Soviet group of writers" was uncovered, to which 26-year-old Yuvachev was included. At first he was sentenced to three years in the camps. Then the punishment for the convict was changed to exile in Kursk.

Kharms' comrade Alexander Vvedensky was also there. Besides him, the writer communicated only with the artists Erbstein, Safonova and Gershov. This company was much smaller than the one with which the exile maintained contact in Leningrad. And yet, the writer was lucky. He himself accepted the news of his deportation to Kursk instead of prison with joy, and treated it only as a creative business trip.

In exile, the main problem was the lack of money and problems with housing. Daniil Kharms experienced all this with great difficulty. The biography, briefly known from letters of that time, says that the only consolation for the convict was these same letters from friends and relatives. Kharms' main correspondents were his sister, father, aunt, Boris Zhitkov and Tamara Meyer. In Kursk, the writer had his first health problems. They were caused by poor nutrition and a lack of good doctors. But even in provincial outpatient clinics, the writer was given disappointing diagnoses - pleurisy and nervous breakdown.

Changes in style

In the autumn of 1932 the writer returned to Leningrad. After the first trial, Kharms' life changed a lot. His group OBERIU was under a virtual ban - its active public activities ceased. Decreased circulation of Yuvachev's children's books. He began to live in poverty - there was a clear lack of money. In this regard, the entire creative style of the author has changed.

Before the case against the “anti-Soviet group”, the writer Daniil Kharms, whose biography in this sense repeated the fate of many other colleagues, paid much attention to utopian projects and themes. After 1932, he gradually abandoned the previous concept. In addition, the writer pays more and more attention to prose and less and less to poetry.

Problems with book publishing

The inability to publish his adult works - that's what Daniil Kharms suffered the most from. Biography, poems and stories of the author in the modern sense are an important part of Russian culture of the XX century. However, during his lifetime, Kharms did not have such an honorary status at all. Desperation led him to the fact that he began to build fantastic plans for the publication of the samizdat magazine Tapir. This plan never came to fruition.

In 1933 Harms was ill with paratyphoid. Even after his recovery, he was in a creative crisis. For example, in the first half of 1933, the writer completed only a dozen poems and two miniatures, which later became part of the Cases cycle. But it was these sketches, including “The Mathematician and Andrei Semenovich,” that became the new starting point, from which Harms Daniil Ivanovich later repelled. The biography of the writer was like an attraction - after a long period of stagnation, he finally began to work fruitfully with a new form.

Life in Leningrad

While in Leningrad, Harms sometimes spent whole weeks with his aunt in Tsarskoe Selo. Such was the summer of 1933, when he became interested in chess problems and plunged headlong into Indian themes. It is interesting that the writer was engaged in hatha yoga back in the 20s.

1933 - 1934 were a period of numerous meetings of plane trees on Gatchinskaya street in the house of Leonid Lipavsky. This philosopher and writer remained Kharms' best friend for a long time. At the same time, a specialist in German Dmitry Mikhailov. His hobbies were close to Kharms, since he himself passionately loved everything connected with Germany.

New events

At this time, the writer earned mainly by his performances in Leningrad schools. He also traveled to pioneer camps. He knew how to get along with children, who each time remained delighted with the visits of a famous children's writer. This period of relative financial prosperity was interrupted in 1935. Then Malevich died, with whom Kharms had long-standing warm creative and human relations. The writer spoke with his poem at a civil memorial service for the artist.

In the summer of 1935, Daniil Ivanovich Kharms, whose biography was still firmly connected with children's magazines, wrote the play "Circus Shardam". Its premiere took place in October at the Shaporina Marionette Theatre. In the future, financial problems pestered Kharms more and more often. He repeatedly applied to the Literary Fund for loans.

The heyday of creativity

In the 1930s Harms wrote his main works. These were “Cases” (a cycle of stories), “The Old Woman” (a story) and many stories within the framework of small prose. The author failed to publish them. During his lifetime, Harms was, first of all, known precisely as a writer in the genre of children's literature. His "underground" work became known much later.

It is believed that in 1936 a new type of Kharms prose appeared. Vivid examples of such works were "The Fate of the Professor's Wife", "Cashier", "Father and Daughter". These stories were mostly devoted to the theme of death. It is also indicative that in that year Kharms wrote only two poems “The Dream of Two Black Ladies” and “Variations”.

At the end of 1936, the Soviet press began to prepare for the centenary of Pushkin's death. "Our everything" Kharms dedicated two works. The first is the story "Pushkin is for children", the second is an anonymous essay about Pushkin, published in Chizh.

Second arrest and death

In 1937, Kharms' children's publishing house was destroyed. Many of his friends and comrades were repressed (Nikolai Zabolotsky, Nikolai Oleinikov, Tamara Gabbe, etc.). Kharms himself was arrested for the second time in August 1941 - in the third month of the war with Germany. He was accused of spreading defeatist sentiments.

At the height of the famine during the blockade of the city, the writer was sent to a psychiatric hospital located in the famous "Crosses". There he died on February 2, 1942. Kharms was rehabilitated only 18 years later.

The writer's archive was saved by the writer Yakov Druskin. The author's manuscripts in a suitcase were taken out of the author's house, which was badly damaged by the bombing. The publication of these "adult" works began in the 1960s. However, even during the thaw, their circulation remained low. Kharms' legacy was much more popular in samizdat. In 1974, his selected writings were published in the United States. The most complete four-volume edition appeared in Bremen in the 1980s. In the USSR, the cupping of Kharms' works ceased only during perestroika. It was then that domestic readers for the first time were able to fully get acquainted with the work of the poet and prose writer.

Biography

HARMS, DANIL IVANOVICH (real surname Yuvachev) (1905−1942), Russian poet, prose writer, playwright. Born December 17 (30), 1905 in St. Petersburg. His father, when he was a naval officer, was brought to trial in 1883 for complicity in the Narodnaya Volya terror, spent four years in solitary confinement and more than ten years in hard labor, where, apparently, he experienced a religious conversion: along with memoirs Eight years on Sakhalin ( 1901) and Shlisselburg Fortress (1907), he published mystical treatises Between the World and the Monastery (1903), Secrets of the Kingdom of Heaven (1910) and others. Kharms's mother, a noblewoman, was in charge of a shelter for former convicts in St. Petersburg in the 1900s. Kharms studied at the St. Petersburg privileged German school (Petershule), where he acquired a thorough knowledge of German and English. In 1924 he entered the Leningrad Electrotechnical School, from where he was expelled a year later for "weak attendance" and "inactivity in public works." Since then, he devoted himself entirely to writing and lived exclusively by literary earnings. The versatile self-education accompanying writing, with a special focus on philosophy and psychology, as his diary testifies, proceeded extremely intensively.

Initially, he felt the “power of poetry” in himself and chose poetry as his field, the concept of which was determined by him under the influence of the poet A.V. Tufanov (1877−1941), admirer and successor of V.V. ) and the founder (in March 1925) of the Order of Zaumnikov, the core of which included Kharms, who took the title “Look Zaumi.” Through Tufanov, he became close to A. Vvedensky, a student of the more orthodox “Khlebnikov” poet and admirer of A. Kruchenykh I. G. Terentiev (1892−1937), the creator of a number of agitation plays, including the "actualizing" stage adaptation of the Inspector General, parodied in the Twelve Chairs by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. Harms had a strong friendship with Vvedensky, who, sometimes without any particular reason, took on the role of Harms' mentor. However, the direction of their work, which is related in terms of literary searches, is fundamentally different from beginning to end: Vvedensky develops and maintains a didactic orientation, while Kharms's is dominated by play. This is evidenced by his first well-known poetic texts: Kika with Koka, Vanka Vstanka, the grooms and the poem Mikhaila invented the earth.

Vvedensky provided Kharms with a new circle of constant communication, introducing him to his friends L. Lipavsky and Ya. to develop his ideas of self-value of personality and intuitive knowledge. Their views undoubtedly influenced Kharms's worldview, for more than 15 years they were the first listeners and connoisseurs of Kharms, during the blockade Druskin miraculously saved his compositions.

Back in 1922, Vvedensky, Lipavsky and Druskin founded a tripartite alliance and began to call themselves "plane trees"; in 1925 they were joined by Kharms, who from "gazing zaumi" became a "plane-gazer" and quickly gained scandalous fame in the circles of avant-garde writers under his newly invented pseudonym, which became plural English word"harm" - "adversity." Subsequently, he signed his works for children in other ways (Charms, Shardam, etc.), but he never used his own surname. The pseudonym was also fixed in the introductory questionnaire of the All-Russian Union of Poets, where Kharms was accepted in March 1926 on the basis of the submitted poetic works, two of which (The case on the railway and the Poem of Peter Yashkin, a communist) managed to be printed in small-circulation collections of the Union. In addition to them, until the end of the 1980s, only one “adult” work of Kharms was published in the USSR - the poem Mary comes out, having bowed (Sat. Poetry Day, 1965).

As a member of the literary association, Kharms got the opportunity to read his poems, but took advantage of it only once, in October 1926 - other attempts were futile. The playful beginning of his poems stimulated their dramatization and stage performance: in 1926, together with Vvedensky, he prepared a synthetic performance of the avant-garde theater "Radix" My mother is all in hours, but things did not go beyond rehearsals. Kharms met K. Malevich, and the head of Suprematism presented him with his book God will not throw off with the inscription "Go and stop progress." Kharms read his poem On the Death of Kazimir Malevich at a memorial service for the artist in 1936. Kharms' gravitation towards the dramatic form was expressed in the dialogization of many poems (Temptation, Paw, Revenge, etc.), as well as in the creation of the Comedy of the City of Petersburg and the first predominantly prose work - a play by Elizaveta Bam, presented on January 24, 1928 at the only evening of the "Association of Real Art" (OBERIU), which, in addition to Kharms and Vvedensky, included N. Zabolotsky, K. Vaginov and I. Bakhterev, and to which N. Oleinikov joined - with him Kharms developed a special intimacy. The association was unstable, lasted less than three years (1927−1930), and Kharms's active participation in it was rather external, not affecting his creative principles in any way. The characterization given to him by Zabolotsky, the compiler of the OBERIU manifesto, is vague: "a poet and playwright whose attention is focused not on a static figure, but on the collision of a number of objects, on their relationships." At the end of 1927, Oleinikov and B. Zhitkov organized the "Association of Writers of Children's Literature" and invited Kharms to join it; from 1928 to 1941 he constantly collaborated in the children's magazines "Hedgehog", "Chizh", "Cricket" and "October", during which time he published about 20 children's books. These works are a natural offshoot of Kharms' work and give a kind of outlet for his playful element, but, as his diaries and letters testify, they were written exclusively for earnings (more than meager since the mid-1930s) and the author did not attach much importance to them. They were printed through the efforts of S. Ya. Marshak, the attitude of leading criticism towards them, starting with an article in Pravda (1929) Against hack work in children's literature, was unequivocal. This is probably why it was necessary to constantly vary and change the pseudonym. His unpublished works were regarded by the Smena newspaper in April 1930 as "poetry of a class enemy", the article became a harbinger of Kharms's arrest at the end of 1931, the qualification of his literary pursuits as "subversive work" and "counter-revolutionary activity" and exile to Kursk. In 1932 he managed to return to Leningrad. The nature of his work is changing: poetry fades into the background and less and less poetry is written (the last completed poems date back to the beginning of 1938), while prose works (with the exception of the story of the Old Woman, creations of a small genre) multiply and cycle (Cases, Scenes, etc.). ). In place of the lyrical hero - an entertainer, a ringleader, a visionary and a miracle worker - a deliberately naive narrator-observer appears, impartial to the point of cynicism. Fantasy and everyday grotesque reveal the cruel and delusional absurdity of "unattractive reality" (from diaries), and the effect of terrifying authenticity is created due to the scrupulous accuracy of details, gestures, and speech mimicry. In unison with diary entries (“the days of my death have come”, etc.) latest stories(Knights, Fall, Interference, Rehabilitation) are imbued with a feeling of complete hopelessness, the omnipotence of crazy arbitrariness, cruelty and vulgarity. In August 1941 Harms was arrested for "defeatist remarks". Kharms' writings, even printed ones, remained in complete oblivion until the early 1960s, when a collection of his carefully selected children's poems, The Game (1962), was published. After that, for about 20 years, they tried to assign him the appearance of a cheerful eccentric, a mass entertainer in the children's part, which was completely inconsistent with his "adult" writings. Since 1978, his collected works have been published in Germany, prepared on the basis of saved manuscripts by M. Meilakh and V. Erl. By the mid-1990s, Kharms firmly occupies the place of one of the main representatives of Russian art literature of the 1920s and 1930s, in fact opposed to Soviet literature. Kharms died in Leningrad on February 2, 1942 - in custody, from exhaustion.

Daniil Ivanovich Kharms (Yuvachev), (December 30, 1905 - February 2, 1942) - a famous poet and prose writer, playwright and wonderful children's writer. He chose a pseudonym for himself very early and began to write early. He was an active participant in the Association of Real Art (OBERIU). R> Daniil Yuvachev was born in St. Petersburg in the family of Ivan Yuvachev, a revolutionary exiled to hard labor, and Nadezhda Yuvacheva. Parents were familiar with many famous writers of that time. p> 1915-1918 - secondary school the main German school; 1922-1924 - Children's rural unified labor school; 1924 - Leningrad Electrotechnical School; 1926 - expulsion; March 5, 1928 - married to Esther Rusakova, Kharms devoted many works and diary entries to her in the period from 1925 to 1932. The relationship was difficult, in 1932 they divorced by mutual agreement. 1928 - 1941 - actively collaborates with children's magazines, writes a lot of children's works, collaborates with Marshak; He has written more than 20 children's books. July 16, 1934 Harms marries Marina Malich and does not part with her until the very end; August 23, 1941 - arrest (false accusation of spreading "slanderous and defeatist sentiments") on the denunciation of Antonina Oranzhireeva (NKVD agent); Psychiatric clinic "Crosses" - so as not to be shot, the writer feigns madness. p>

He was arrested for the second time and again sent to a psychiatric hospital. p> He died on February 2, 1942 from exhaustion during the terrible blockade of Leningrad. p>

On July 25, 1960, at the request of Harms' sister, his case was reviewed, he himself was found not guilty and was rehabilitated, and his books were republished. p>

Today Harms is called one of the most avant-garde, extraordinary and paradoxical writers of the 20th century. p>