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§ 84. General remarks about them. since the coat of arms, the family distinction of nobility, belongs to the descendants of Rurik and Vladimir Monomakh due to independent ownership of their patrimony, hereditary inheritances, then all the external attributes of the ordinary coats of arms of the nobility that exist in order to show the history of the feat, namely: a helmet, a name, a motto and etc. - are alien to the coats of arms of this kind. The princely closed hat, crowned with a ball, above which a cross rises, and trimmed with ermine, together with the princely velvet mantle, also lined with ermine, with fringe and cords, testify to the noble origin of these families. The helmets crowned with princely caps, together with crests and shield holders, placed on the shield in the coats of arms of some princely families of the Monomakh family, also testify that the princely family of this category merged with another noble family and that their coats of arms are also inseparable. And in this case, of course, the entire coat of arms is covered with a princely mantle and crown.
Identical differences also belong to such clans, which, although descended from sovereign princes, do not, however, bear the princely title that belonged to their ancestors, because when the clan inheritance was split up, the last generations did not have an independent princely possession. Nevertheless, the origin of these surnames is also marked by princely attributes in their coats of arms.
As for the emblems in the coats of arms of this kind, they are nothing more than the banners that we have already seen on the seals of the destinies that were in the possession of the descendants of Rurik and Monomakh. Therefore, initially the coats of arms of the princely families consisted almost exclusively of the tribal emblem alone. She is important to us; and since its original place was on city seals, where there could be no question of the color of the field, no attention was paid to this sign in the coats of arms. Therefore, in the coats of arms of different princely families, which have adopted the same city emblems, they, in essence, without changing, appear in different fields. We consider it not superfluous to pay special attention to this remark, because the difference in color, which marks the figures in the coat of arms and the field of the shield, may seem so important to someone that, despite the identity of the image, we will consider them different figures only because the color the fields are not the same in different coats of arms with the same emblems. Such a conclusion would be contrary to the basic rule of our princely heraldry, on the basis of which the unity of the origin of princely surnames and possession of one family patrimony is marked by the same emblems in the emblems.
Just as princely generations, coming from one ancestor and owning one lot, retain one common nickname, for example. princes of Rostov, Belozersky, etc., and special nicknames are added to this common name, so in the coats of arms of these families, regional and city banners are compared with other signs of valor, with other emblems, which either mean the possession of some special city, a separate volost, or more often, that the ancestor of the surname sat on the throne of Kiev, Novgorod, or, finally, some kind of feat. With such a combination of emblems, the place given to the family banner deserves special attention; namely: in older generations, it occupies either the entire field of the shield or the middle shield in the coat of arms; then, in subsequent generations, it is placed in the first, second quarter and is often repeated crosswise, so that with the help of the genealogical table of the Rurik house and the clans descended from it, it becomes clear why this or that place in the coat of arms was given to the main emblem. To this, however, it must be added that exceptions were sometimes made to this rule.
Speaking about the history of city emblems, we have already shown how the figures depicted in them are ancient and historically correct. What has been said above should serve as an answer to the question that can be proposed by someone: do the princely coats of arms owe their emblems to the banners of the city seals or, on the contrary, were they adopted by the princes of the cities? It is difficult to give a general answer to this question, since the history of not all city coats of arms is known. We consider it sufficient to give only a few examples to resolve this issue.
The coat of arms of Moscow was originally a faithful and graphic image of the Grand Duke, striking external and internal enemies, a portrait of the Tsar and later his heir. Later, when the Grand Duke of Moscow became the Sovereign of All Russia, his private, personal coat of arms, his seal and banner acquired the meaning of the coat of arms of the city. Further, the coat of arms of Novgorod, so often found in the coats of arms of our princely families, was originally the seal of the vech, then the governor of Novgorod, and finally, the city itself. The seal of Kyiv - Archangel Michael - was first used on the seals of the Grand Dukes of Kyiv and later became the banner of the city.
From these examples, we can, in our opinion, conclude that the banners for seals were originally given to the cities by their princes; then, when the emblems, along with possessions, passed to subsequent generations, the tribal figures were given the meaning of a personal coat of arms, and now they remain indisputable evidence that the ancestors of a well-known family belonged to one or another principality, and at the same time that families that use the same banner are descended from a common ancestor. This basic idea determines the system in which the coats of arms of Russian princely and noble families of Rurik's offspring should be presented.
Following the beginning of seniority, we will set out: 1) coats of arms of surnames, from Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Grand Duke of Chernigov, and his son, Oleg, who happened - the princes of Chernigov; 2) childbirth coming from Rostislav Mstislavich Smolensky, i.e. princes of Smolensk and Yaroslavl; 3) descended from the Grand Duke Vsevolod Yuryevich the Big Nest: a) the princes of Rostov, b) the princes of Belozersky, c) the princes of Galicia, and d) the princes of Starodub, and 4) the princes of Lithuania, coming from Gediminas and who were on the inheritance of Izyaslav Vladimirovich Polotsky and son his Bryacheslav.
§ 85.I. Princely and noble families of the offspring of the Grand Duke Svyatoslav Yaroslavich of Chernigov. Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, from the vast possessions of his father Yaroslav Vladimirovich, inherited Chernigov, and for all the numerous offspring of this prince, the emblem prevailing in the coat of arms is the coat of arms of Chernigov: in a golden field a black eagle, with a gold crown on its head, with outstretched wings, holding a gilded cross in its paw . Svyatoslav had five sons, of whom Oleg received the Principality of Chernigov; after his name, the Chernigov princes, who had been at enmity with the Kyiv grand dukes for so long, are called Olgovichi. The successor of Oleg of Chernigov was Vsevolod II, followed by his son Svyatoslav, and the latter's son Vsevolod Chermny (i.e. Red) reigned first in Chernigov, later in 1206 and 1209. in Kyiv and died in 1214, leaving behind three sons: 1) Prince Vladimir, 2) Prince. Oleg and 3) Prince. Michael. The last of them received from his parent in 1207 Pereyaslavl on the Dnieper, then reigned in Chernigov, in 1225 and 1228. - in Veliky Novgorod, where, leaving the prince of his eldest son Rostislav, he returned to Chernigov. Like other Russian princes, Prince Mikhail had to go to the Horde, and for refusing to bow to idols, he was martyred in the Horde, at the behest of Batu in 1246; from the offspring of Michael, we will focus on his three sons, the ancestors of the following princely and noble families, namely:
1) His third son Simeon Mikhailovich, Prince Glukhovsky and Novosilsky, is the ancestor of the princes Odoevsky, Belevsky and Vorotynsky. Of these, the last two generations faded away, only the princes Odoevsky remained, who received their name from the fact that the son of Prince Simeon Glukhovsky - Roman moved, due to the violence of the Tatars, to live from Novosil to Odoev, where his descendants also remained: the son of Roman, Prince Yuri and the son of this latter Prince Semyon Odoevsky, the immediate ancestor of one of the most glorious Russian families ( Genealogical book ... T. 1. S. 182-184).
2) The fourth son of Prince Mikhail of Chernigov, Prince. Mstislav Karachevsky is also the ancestor of many princely families, but of them are still continuing: 1) Prince. Koltsov-Masalsky and 2) the princes Gorchakovs. - The princes of Masalsky are descended from Mstislav Karachevsky, through his son Titus and grandson of Prince Svyatoslav; the son of the latter, Yuri, already called Masalsky, had a son, Vasily, the great-grandfather of Prince Vasily, who took the nickname Koltso-Masalsky, in contrast to other, now non-existent generations of the Masalsky princes, such as Litvinov-Masalsky and Klubkov-Masalsky ( Ancient Russian vivliofika. T. 9. S. 246); from another son of Prince Tit Mstislavovich, Prince. Ivan Kozelsky, the princes Gorchakovs led their family, by the nickname of their ancestor Ivan Gorchak ( Genealogical book ... T. 1. S. 193).
Finally, follows the third branch of the house of Prince. Mikhail Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky:
3) The offspring of Yuri Mikhailovich, Prince of Toru and Obolensky. His son, Prince Vsevolod Yuryevich, had a son, Prince Andrei Shutikha-Mezetsky, and from this latter was born Prince Alexander Baryatinsky, the ancestor of the Baryatinsky princes ( There. S. 202). Another son of Yuri, Prince Konstantin Obolensky, the closest ancestor of the princes Obolensky, had two great-grandchildren, princes Ivan and Andrei, from the first, through the grandsons of his princes Ivan, nicknamed Repnya, and Vasily Telepnya, as well as through the great-grandson of Vasily, nicknamed Tyufyak, they lead their own family (not counting the extinct generations) the princes Repnin, Tyufyakin and the nobles Telepnev ( Genealogical book... T. 1. S. 218-222; Ancient Russian vivliofika. T. 9. S. 190). And from Prince Andrei Konstantinovich, through his two sons: the first prince Ivan Dolgoruky and the second prince Vasily Shcherbatov, the princes Dolgorukov and Shcherbatov led their family ( Ancient Russian vivliofika. T. 9. P. 6. See: Dolgorukov P.V. The legend of the family of princes Dolgorukov. Ed. correct and additional SPb., 1842. S. XIV-XIX; Vremnik Mosk. islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 10. S. 46-50, 70, 72 (Department of materials)). From the same root, i.e. princes of Chernigov, there were princes Volkonsky, who got their name from the fact that the son of Prince Yuri Mikhailovich Tarussky, Ivan, nicknamed Thick Head, received the estate of Saprygin, in the Aleksinsky district (in the present Tula province) on the Volkonka river.
From the previous presentation of the history of princely and noble families descended from the Chernigov princes, it turns out that (apart from private family emblems) the families descended from this root have the right: the older ones - to the Chernigov coat of arms without any addition, and the younger ones in combination with the Kyiv coat of arms in a sign that their ancestors sat in the Kievan great reign. That's why:
1) The princes Odoevsky, Koltsov-Masalsky and Gorchakov have one image of the Chernigov seal in the gold field ( In the coat of arms of the nobles Gorchakovs (Grb. IV, 85), the Chernihiv banner was also preserved, but in a field, with a red band to the left, divided into two halves of colors of blue and gold) so only for the book. Koltsovo-Masalsky with the distinction that the eagle holds in its right paw a small red shield covered with a princely cap; on this shield is the letter M with a cross, and under it are three stripes marked in gold ( Armorial, I, 4; II, 2; V, 1. (In the text, abbreviated Grb.)). This is still the coat of arms of the city of Masalsk, despite the fact that it now belongs to the Kaluga (and not Chernigov) province. As proof of the significance of our coats of arms, we allow ourselves to quote the following lines from the decree on granting Masalsk the described coat of arms: "This city was part of the possessions of Chernigov and belonged to one of the tribe of the princes of Chernigov, who during their time under the Lithuanian state, from where under They returned to Russia in the reign of Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich, they had this coat of arms "( Decree 1777 March 10 (No. 14596). Since ancient times, the coat of arms of the Masalsky family was a white capital letter M, with a golden cross hoisted in the middle of it, in an azure-colored shield (Okolski S. Op. cit. Vol. 2. P. 218). Under this banner is placed the coat of arms of Korczak). And about the coat of arms of the city of Odoev it is said that only the coat of arms of Chernigov was assigned to it, "as the inheritance of the eldest tribe of the princes of Chernigov" ( Decree 1777 March 10 (No. 14596)). These testimonies, in our opinion, are of extreme importance, firstly, because they show how the banner of the city was constantly and invariably preserved through whole centuries and, despite any accidents, remained the same, and on the other hand, as to the eldest in the family the generation passed without any addition the coat of arms of the main city in the lot of his city.
2) At the book. Baryatinsky and Volkonsky in the coat of arms is a shield, cut into two halves, of which the coat of arms of Kyiv is depicted on the right: Archangel Michael in the blue field, and Chernigov in the left ( Armorial. I.5; III, 1).
3) At the book. Obolensky and Repnin The clan of the princes Repnin in the male tribe died out in 1801 and continues along the female tribe in the family of the princes Repnin-Volkonsky, due to the marriage of the daughter of Field Marshal Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin with Prince Grigory Semenovich Volkonsky. (See: Biographies of Russian Generalissimos and Field Marshals. St. Petersburg, 1840. Vol. 2. S. 230.)) the same coat of arms, namely: the shield is divided into two unequal parts, the upper one is spacious and the lower one is smaller. In the upper part, cut into two halves, in the right red field - the Kyiv coat of arms, and in the left gold - Chernigov; in the lower small part of the shield, two birds are visible, holding an arrow in their mouths, and golden balls in their paws (the coat of arms of the city of Obolensk) ( Armorial. I, 6; II, 3).
4) Princes Dolgoruky, in addition to the coat of arms of Chernigov in the 1st quarter and Kyiv in the red field in the 2nd part, have in the 3rd quarter of their four-part divided coat of arms in a black field a hand emerging from the clouds, dressed in armor and holding an arrow, and in the last quarter - a silver fortress in a blue field ( There. I, 7).
5) In the coat of arms of the princes Shcherbatov, the Chernihiv seal is placed on the middle small shield; the first and fourth parts of the large shield are occupied by the Kyiv coat of arms in a blue field, and the second and third - by the image of a silver fortress in a black field ( There. I, 8). The fortress can mean here nothing more than the possession of mountains or, according to the explanation of the historian Prince. Shcherbatov, who wrote the genealogy of his ancestors, their resettlement in Tarusa ( Ancient Russian vivliofika. T. 9. S. 73).
6) The coat of arms of the princes Tyufyakins has a Chernihiv banner in the second quarter of its four-part coat of arms; its other emblems are as follows: in the first quarter, in a red field, a warrior, in silver armor, with a sword raised up, in the third part, in a silver field, a gray bird with an arrow pierced through the neck, and in the fourth part, in a blue field, a tent, marked silver ( Armorial. II, 4),
and 7) in the coat of arms of the Telepnevs, the Chernigov banner occupies the first place, the second quarter - in a blue field, a golden star, the third - in a red field, a hand with a sword emerging from the clouds, and the last - in a silver field, a deer ( There. V, 11).
§ 86. II Coats of arms of princely and noble families of the offspring of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich. This branch of Monomakh's offspring is divided into two generations by two sons of the Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich of Smolensk: Rurik, who inherited the city of Vyazma, the ancestor of the Vyazemsky princes, and his brother, Davyd Rostislavich, whose descendants, owning Yaroslavl and Smolensk, gave rise to the princes of Yaroslavl and Smolensk. This division happened as follows: Davyd Rostislavich had a son, Mstislav, and a grandson, Rostislav; this latter had two sons: Prince. Fyodor the Wonderworker, Yaroslavsky, and Gleb Rostislavich, Smolensky. The offspring of both were numerous, but to this day there remain few genera descended from this root; namely: from Yaroslavl - Prince. Shakhovsky, Shchetinin ( Although the kind of book. Shchetinins still continues, their coat of arms is not placed in the Armorial. This and similar omissions are explained by the fact that when the nobles were required to submit their coats of arms for inclusion in the Armorial, not all noble families managed to fulfill such a requirement of the government. This also explains why the coats of arms of the ancient princely families, which should have found a place in the first part of the Armorial, are placed in its other volumes. See: Armorial. X.27), Zasekins, Solntsev-Zasekins, Lvovs and Prozorovskys, and from the princes of Smolensk they went: Prince. Dashkovs and Kropotkins, as well as noble families, without a princely title: Vsevolozhsky, Tatishchev, Eropkin and Rzhevsky.
From what has been said, it follows that the designated families are entitled to the following emblems: 1) the banner of c. principality of Smolensk; 2) the banner of Yaroslavl and 3) the coat of arms of Kyiv, since their ancestor was in the great reign of Kiev. These banners are located in the coats of arms of individual families in the following order:
1) The senior line of the princes of Smolensk - Prince. The Vyazemskys kept in their coat of arms one Smolensk banner, which is also the Vyazma banner ( Decree 1780 Oct. 10 (#15072)): in a silver field, a black cannon on a golden carriage and a bird of paradise on the cannon ( Armorial. I, 9). The book has exactly the same coat of arms. Kropotkins ( There. V, 2) and the Rzhevskys ( There. I, 37).
2) Book. The Shakhovskys, Lvovs and Zasekins have a Yaroslavl banner in a small shield that occupies the heart of the coat of arms: in a golden field, a black bear to the left with a golden ax on his shoulder. Then, in the first and fourth parts of their four-part shield, the Kyiv coat of arms is placed in a blue field, and in the second and third - the Smolensk coat of arms ( Armorial. II, 5-6; V, 2).
3) Book. The Sontsovs and Sontsov-Zasekins have one with the book. Shakhov's coat of arms with the only difference that the bear depicted on the middle shield is black in a golden field with gold on the right shoulder with an ax turned to the right ( There. II, 6; VIII, 1; IX, 1. Compare: Armorial. V, 14).
4) Book. The Prozorovskys, having retained the Yaroslavl banner on a small shield in the heart of the emblem, have the Kyiv coat of arms in the first quarter, the Smolensk coat of arms in the fourth, and in the second part: in the silver field of a black dragon with a crown on its head and red wings, and, finally, in the third part: silver bear walking to the left ( There. I.11).
5) The princes Dashkovs in the middle shield depict a golden cross and a hexagonal star in a silver field, and between them a crescent, with horns facing down ( In Polish Heraldry, this emblem is called Koribut (Koributh); it was placed in the coats of arms of many Lithuanian princes, and in the coat of arms of Prince. Dashkovs can be explained by the fact that the Principality of Smolensk was under the rule of Poland for a long time. Compare: Okolski S. Op. cit. Vol. 2. P. 524-5 25 and below under the arms of Koributh); then other emblems common with the coats of arms of other surnames of the same root, namely: in the first and fourth fields of the four-part coat of arms, the Kyiv coat of arms in a blue field, and in the second and third - Smolensk in a red field ( Armorial. I, 10).
6) In the coat of arms of the Vsevolozhsk, the shield is divided into two parts: in the upper, blue, the coat of arms of Kyiv is depicted, and in the lower, in a silver field, the coat of arms of Smolensk ( There. II, 19).
7) In the coat of arms of the Tatishchevs, the field of the shield is divided into two parts, and of them in the upper in the red field: a white banner with a golden staff (perhaps the former Smolensk coat of arms, cf. p. 180), and in the lower Smolensk banner, i.e. e. bird of paradise on a gun carriage. Among the Counts Tatishchevs, granted this dignity in 1801, the field of the shield is divided into three parts: of them, the indicated emblems are placed in the lower two, in the heart and legs, and at the top, a two-headed black eagle, crowned with three crowns, extending up to half, is added ( Armorial. II, 17; VII, 5).
8) The coat of arms of the Yeropkins consists of the Smolensk banner only, with the fact that at the top, above the cannon, a sword is depicted, pointed to the right side ( There. II, 18).
To the same category of noble families, i.e. descending from Rostislav Smolensky ( The genera of the Dmitriev-Mamonovs and Aladins are missed by the Velvet Book among those originating from the book. Rostislav Mstislavich Smolensky. Placing here a description of the coats of arms of the indicated surnames, we consider it our duty to explain that, on the basis of the evidence presented by them, and some editions of the genealogical books, the ancestors of the indicated families descend from Prince Rostislav Mstislavich through his great-grandson Alexander Netshu. Lacking, however, sufficient data to show exactly which generation they come from and how they are connected with a common ancestor, we did not place them in the genealogy of Rurik's house. (Armorial. II, 21; V, 13); Vremnik Mosk. islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 10. S. 123. (The Monastyrev family.)), belong to: 1) Dmitriev-Mamonov, descended from a descendant of Prince. Rostislav Mstislavich Alexander Netsha. Therefore, they have in their coat of arms, divided into two parts, of which the upper one is dissected, in the first part - the coat of arms of Kyiv, and in the second - Smolensk; in the lower part, surrounded on three sides by silver clouds, a silver arrow is indicated in a red field perpendicularly, flying upwards through a silver crescent, turned with horns upwards; above each of them you can see an octagonal star of silver color and between them a golden crown with four peacock feathers (is this the coat of arms of Sas with a crest?). The same feathers rise above the helmet ( Armorial. II, 21. Compare: Armorial. IV, 17); and 2) Aladins, which in the upper half of the broken shield have the coat of arms of Smolensk, and in the lower half - two crosswise floating silver fish ( There. V, 13).
Section 87 III. Coats of arms of princely and noble families of the offspring of Grand Duke Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest. The very name of the ancestor of this generation of Russian noble families, Vsevolod the Big Nest, shows that his offspring were numerous; now there are few families left from this root. They fall into the following four categories: 1) The eldest son of Vsevolod Yuryevich (grandson of Vladimir Monomakh) Konstantin, through his grandson Vasilko of Rostov and two sons of this last Boris and Gleb, was the ancestor of the princes of Rostov and Belozersky. Of the former, the princes of Kasatkin and Lobanov-Rostovsky still exist, and of the latter, the princes of Beloselsky, Vadbolsky, Sheleshpansky and Ukhtomsky. 2) The second son of Vsevolod Yurievich Yaroslav was in Galich and is the ancestor of the princes of Galicia: Lyapunovs, Berezins, Osinnins and Ivins; and finally 3) from the last son of the Grand Duke Vsevolod Ivan Starodubsky went the princes of Starodubsky: Gagarins, Romodanovskys, Khilkovs and Gundurovs.
What emblems in the coats of arms are the indicated surnames entitled to?
1) The princes of Rostov, by origin from Vladimir Monomakh, who sat on the Kievan great reign, and by the possession of their inheritance of Rostov, have Kiev banners in their coats of arms, i.e. Archangel Michael, and Rostov - in a red field a silver deer running to the right ( Decree 1778 June 2 (No. 14765)). In the broken shield of the coats of arms of the book. Kasatkins and Lobanov-Rostovskys, the upper part is occupied by the coat of arms of Kyiv, and the lower part is occupied by Rostov ( Armorial. I, 12; II, 7).
Of the princes of Belozersky, the banner of the principality, which was in the original possession of their ancestors, i.e. in a blue field there is an image of a cross and a moon (see the coat of arms of Leliv), and below them are two fish, like the St. Andrew's cross floating ( Decree 1781 Aug. 16 (No. 15209)), remained without the addition in the coats of arms of the princes of Beloselsky, Vadbolsky and Ukhtomsky. The coat of arms of the Sheleshpansky princes, in essence, retaining the same emblem, differs from those indicated only by the fact that the fish are placed at the feet of the shield (i.e. occupy a third of it below); the heart and the top of the shield are divided into four fields, differing: the first quarter is red, the second is blue, the third is gold and the fourth is green. In the middle is a golden cross, and under it is placed a silver moon, with its horns facing upwards ( Armorial. I, 13; IV, 1-3).
2) There are no princely surnames left from the family of the princes of Galicia ( From the Galician princes of the offspring, also Vladimir Monomakh, through his great-great-grandson Roman Mstislavich and the latter’s son Daniil Romanovich, was granted the princely title of Babichev and Drutsky-Sokolinsky, whose ancestors were in the Ostrog principality. (Russian genealogical collection, published by Prince Peter Dolgorukov, St. Petersburg, 1841. Book 4. S. 7-9, 16; Encyclopedic Lexicon. T. 4. S. 28.) Coats of arms of these surnames, with an explanation of their genealogy, placed in 5 vols of the Armorial under Nos. 4 and 5. The emblems in them are Polish, and will be explained below), and the noble generations that continue to this day, as a sign of their noble origin from Vladimir Monomakh, distinguish their coats of arms with princely robes and a crown. As for the emblems, the coat of arms of the Lyapunovs depicts a black single-headed eagle holding a sword in its right paw, and a golden bar in its left paw, a crown is visible above the sword ( Armorial. IV, 16. Compare: below, in the section on the coats of arms of the nobles leaving Poland, the emblem of Soltyk), while the Berezins' shield with a red field depicts a silver wall ( Armorial. II, 20).
3) The Starodub banner is, as mentioned above, an old oak. This emblem is repeated in the coats of arms of all genera, originating from this root; namely:
a) Coats of arms The Gagarins and Khilkovs, who are completely similar to each other, have in the heart of the shield a golden shield with an image of an oak on it, on the surface of which a princely crown is visible with an outstretched hand in armor and with a sword raised up, and a bear at the root of the oak. Then, in a four-part shield, the first and fourth parts are blue and have: the first image of a hand clad in armor with a sword raised up, and the last - a tree and a black bear walking from it to the right; and the second and third parts in a silver field: the right one is an old oak, and the second one is a fortress of red color ( Armorial. I, 4, 14).
b) In the coat of arms of the princes Gundorov, the shield is cut into three and divided into two parts. On the middle, silver shield, an irritated black bear is seen destroying an ant's nest at the root of an oak tree; then in the first and sixth parts an old oak is depicted in a blue field, in the second and fifth in a golden field: in the first - an eagle, and in the second - the Kyiv coat of arms, and, finally, in the third and fourth in a red field, dressed in armor and from clouds outgoing hand with a sword; the shield is surmounted by three helmets, each with a princely cap; the crests consist: on the left helmet of a coming out black bear, on the middle one - from a hand armed with a sword, and on the right - from an old oak. Shield holders two bears ( There. VII, 1).
c) The family of the Romodanovsky princes died out at the end of the last century, and by decree of April 8, 1798, their surname and coat of arms were adopted by Ladyzhensky. Therefore, the coat of arms of the prince is placed in the Heraldry. Romodanovsky-Ladyzhensky; but, separating the coat of arms of the Ladyzhenskys ( There. II, 49), the Romodanovskys will have a coat of arms similar, with some changes, to the coat of arms of the princes Gundarevs. And their shield is cut into three and broken into two parts; on the middle, silver, shield, a bear is visible at the root of an oak. Then, in the first and sixth parts, an oak is depicted in a silver field, in the second and fifth in gold fields: in the first, a black bear walking to the left, in the last, the Starodub prince holding a staff in his left hand, and, finally, the third and fourth parts are occupied by the image sword-wielding hand. Helmets, crests and shield holders are the same as in the book. Gundorovs ( Armorial. IV, 5).
Section 88 IV. Princely families of the offspring of Gediminas. After what has already been said above about why we consider it necessary to place the princes of Lithuania in a series of princely families descended from Vladimir Monomakh, we consider it superfluous to recall that even if the offspring of Izyaslav Vladimirovich, who received Polotsk as an inheritance, and stopped, nevertheless, the land, which Gediminas and his descendants possessed was originally Russian. And since the emblem of the estate and grandfather of the prince is important in princely coats of arms, the coats of arms of the descendants of Gediminas, of which many families marked themselves with feats for the benefit of Russia, should close the category of coats of arms of Russian noble families, whose ancestors were the owners of the estates of St. Vladimir and Yaroslav. However, we would consider our review incomplete if we did not mention here the evidence of some of our chronicles, as well as genealogies, that Gediminas not only owned a Russian estate, but also descended from the offspring of Prince Izyaslav Vladimirovich of Polotsk and, therefore, , is in consanguinity with Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. It is hardly possible to positively reject this legend until all the branches and generations of the Rurik house are disassembled and restored with the help of criticism, until the inscriptions on the tombs of the specific princes are brought into the system and checked with chronicles and other sources. In any case, the evidence of Polish and Lithuanian chronicles and stories (Stryikovsky and others), telling that some famous Roman Palemon-Publius-Libo, at the time of either Augustus Caesar, or Nero, or Attila, sailed to Lithuania, formed its wild inhabitants and that the Palemonov grandchildren dominated Lithuania as early as the 11th (?) century ( Karamzin. T. 2. Note. 35), are not at all trustworthy and reveal only a desire to intermarry with the Romans at all costs. The glory of Rome and the tradition of her strength and power easily explain such a desire.
Our chronicles and genealogies say that in 1128 the princes of Polotsk Rogvoldovich were ousted from their possessions by the Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich, who took possession of Polotsk, and the princes of Polotsk fled to Constantinople. At that time, the Lithuanians were tributaries of the princes, partly of Kyiv and Chernigov, partly of Smolensk and Krivsky, and were under the control of their own hetmans. Vilna, fearing Mstislav the Great, succumbed to the King of Hungary and called for reigning from Greece two sons of the former Polotsk prince Rostislav Rogvoldovich. One of these princes was called David, the other Movkold. The first became the prince of Vilna and was the father of Vita (Vitenes), nicknamed the Wolf, and Erden; from Movkold was born Mindovg, who had sons Vyshleg and Damont (Dovmont). The latter was at one time the Grand Duke of Pskov and, according to St. His baptismal name was Timothy. After Vitus on the Lithuanian throne was his son, Prince Proyden, followed by Vityan and, finally, Gediminas ( There. T. 4. Note. 103; Vremnik Mosk. islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 10. (Department of materials.) S. 74). Since his time, together with the increase in the strength of Lithuania, its very history has become clearer and more reliable. From the sons of Gediminas descended the Lithuanian princely families, the genealogy of which was compiled by us according to the testimony of the Velvet Book and some other Russian sources; but respect for the subject makes us express the conviction that this information requires a strict and conscientious verification with the acts that have come down to us from ancient Poland and Lithuania. Many of the documents stored in the Lithuanian Metrica could facilitate the execution of such work for a person familiar with the history of Poland and its heraldry. This review will be supplemented by information reported on the basis of Polish sources when presenting the coats of arms of the families of people leaving Lithuania and Poland (see § 90).
In any case, there is no doubt that the possession of Prince Izyaslav Vladimirovich - Polotsk merged with Lithuania in the proper sense, which was within the current Vilna province. Gradually, this principality grew, and the power of Gediminas was already so great that in the west of Russia he was a counterbalance to the Grand Duke of Moscow in the East, and since the regions of this latter were subject to the Tatars, the Russians looked at Gediminas as a purely Russian Grand Duke. It is clear why the son of Gediminas Narimunt was called to reign in Novgorod, where, however, he was not for long.
Even during his lifetime, Gediminas divided the hereditary fiefdom between his children, of which Karachev and Slonim gave Mondovit, Pinsk to Narimunt, Vilna to Evnuty, Olgerd to Kreva and Ktom, Keystutiy to Troki, Koryada to Novgorodok, and Lubart was accepted into his land by the Volyn prince , whose daughter he married, because Lubart was bypassed during the division of his father's heritage ( Johannis Dlugossi seu Longini canonici quondam Cracoviensis historiae Polonicae libri XII. Lipsiae. 1711. Lib. X. P. 60; paprocki. Herbi Rycerstwa Polskiego. W Krakowie. 1584. P. 589; Vremnik Mosk. islands of Russian history and antiquities. S. 76). Soon after, the son of Olgerd and the grandson of Gediminas Jagiello married the Polish queen Jadwiga and, together with her hand, received the Piast crown, united the Lithuanian principality with Poland ( Ustryalov N. G. Study of the question, what place in Russian history should the Grand Duchy of Lithuania occupy? SPb., 1839; Borichevsky I.P. Orthodoxy and Russian nationality in Lithuania. SPb., 1851; Serchevsky E.N. Notes on the family of the princes Golitsyn ... St. Petersburg, 1853. S. 1-12).
The princely Lithuanian families originate from the three sons of Gediminas: Narimunt, Olgerd and Lubart. The former had a son, Alexander, and the latter, Patricius Zvenigorodsky. From the eldest son of Patricius, the great-grandson of Narimuntov, Fedor, the princes of Khovansky descended. The second son, Yuri, was the daughter of Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich, Princess Anna, in monasticism Anastasia. Yuri Patrikeevich had a son, Prince Vasily, from whom Prince Ivan Bulgak descended, and from him, through his two sons, Prince Mikhail Golitsa and Prince Andrei Kuraku, the princes Bulgakov-Golitsyn, who later retained one nickname Golitsyn, and Kurakins, lead their family. From another son of Vasily Yuryevich, Danil Shchenya, the Shchenyatevs descended, whose lineage was cut short. Finally, the princes Koretsky descended from the third son of Patrikeyev Alexander, who, as the genealogy says, “were exhausted in Moscow,” but remained in Poland.
From Olgerd, another son of Gediminov, they lead their family (without mentioning the generations of extinct ones), through the second son of Olgerdov Dmitry - the princes Trubetskoy, and through the third son, Konstantin, the princes Czartorysky.
Finally, from Lubart, through his son Theodore, went, by the way, the princes Sangushko.
The coat of arms of Lithuania has long been a chase (pogonia). Our history ( Addition to the Ipatiev Chronicle // PSRL. T. 2. S. 246. Okolsky has a detailed explanation of the meaning and history of the chase. (See: Okolski S.Op.cit. Vol. 2, p. 442-446)) retained the following news about its introduction: "Prince Viten began to reign over Lithuania (in 1278), invent a coat of arms for himself and a seal for the entire Principality of Lithuania: a knight on horseback with a sword, now they call the chase." It was this emblem - chases - that was preserved in the coats of arms of most of the Lithuanian princes; but for distinction in different surnames, it was not the same either in the position of the rider, or in the figure that was depicted on the shield that protected his shoulder, or, finally, because only one armed hand was represented in the coat of arms. Thus, there are five types of chases in Polish heraldry; namely: 1) in a red field, a knight covered with armor and a cone on a white horse. With his right hand he holds a naked sword, and on his left is a shield with a double, six-pointed cross, on a horse a saddle with three ends; 2) the same rider, but with a spear that he holds, as if intending to throw it at the enemy; 3) a naked rider on a horse without a saddle and a bridle holds a naked sword in the air, above his head; 4) in a golden field, a hand in armor with a drawn sword emerging from the clouds, this figure is repeated in a crest; Okolski S. Op. cit. Vol. 1. P. 542-543; Vol. 2. P. 442-451). Below will be the coats of arms of the families of Russians and those leaving Poland and Lithuania, using different types chase.
Initially, in the coats of arms of many Gediminas' descendants, chases were used alone, and later other emblems were added to distinguish one noble family from others of the same root, and for many of them the basis should be sought in Polish heraldry. That the banner of pursuit passed to these princes by inheritance along with possession is proved by the fact that in the most ancient acts, which had the goal of approving this emblem for a certain generation, it is mentioned that a sign that already belonged to it is left behind. As evidence, we cite the following excerpt from the charter given to the princes of Czartorysky in 1442 by King Vladislav of Poland: by their kinship with the royal house, forever grants to their entire family in general and to each of its members individually the right to use the princely seal, which was used by their grandfather and father, i.e. a horse on which an armed man sits, holding a naked sword in his hand. This privilege was confirmed more than once, among other things, by King August I at the Lubel Sejm in 1569 ( Here are the original words of the letter: "Significamus tenore praesentium, quomodo cupientes fratrum nostrorum illustrium Ivonis, Alexandri et Michaelis ducum de Czartorejska honori intendere qui singulari affectione et fidelitate erga nostram Majestatem et inclitam coronam regni nostri Poloniae se exhibent et exercent, pro eorum duce promotion status , praefatos duces et consanguineos nostros, communiter et divisim sigillo eorum ducali frui, quo ex avo et patre ipsorum uti consueverunt, sculicet equo, cui subsidet vir armatus, gladium evaginatum manu tenens, volumus et decernimus, approbamus et concedimus perpetue ac in aevum." herb. Polish. Nieseck. (ed. Bobrowicz) Vol. 3. P. 224. Paprocki. Gniazdo Gnoty. P. 644)
Except Czartoryski ( Bobrovicz. herb. Pols. Vol. 3. P. 222) one chase without any other attributes remained with the Koretsky princes ( Ibid. Vol. 5. P. 228) and Sangushkov ( Okolski S. Op. cit. Vol. 3. P. 78). The princes Golitsyn had the same coat of arms, as evidenced by the sign on the family dishes of Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, stored in the Armory, and the coat of arms on the portrait of the same prince ( Tr. Moscow islands of Russian history and antiquities. T. 7. S. 83; Application). But later (when exactly it is difficult to determine), out of necessity to distinguish the coats of arms of surnames, originating from the same root, attributes were added that were also not devoid of heraldic significance, and Pursuit was given a place in one or another part of the coat of arms according to the seniority of the origin of the surname from the common ancestor .
Since Narimunt reigned in Novgorod, and the descendants of Gediminas sat on the Polish royal throne, only princes descended from Narimunt have the right to the Novgorod coat of arms (hence, Prince Trubetskoy cannot have it); the Polish coat of arms could enter the coats of arms of all Lithuanian princes ( The following presentation will prove that emblems in coats of arms were adopted by different generations of the Gediminas' house according to the guidance of the genealogy of the Lithuanian clans, which was preserved in the Velvet Book. Therefore, we, when explaining these coats of arms, must adhere to the same source.).
Accordingly: 1) in the book. The Khovansky coat of arms is depicted as follows: in the heart of a four-part shield, a red shield covered with a princely cap is occupied by the Lithuanian coat of arms; in the first and fourth parts of the large shield there is a Polish coat of arms - a white single-headed eagle in a red field, and in the second and third parts the Novgorod coat of arms: in a raspberry-colored silver field, a throne, on which a cruciform sovereign rod and a long cross are depicted; above the chair there is a triple candlestick with burning candles, on the sides of the throne are two black bears, standing with their hind legs on a golden lattice, under which fish swimming in the river are visible ( Armorial. I, 1).
2) The coat of arms of the princes Kurakins is the same ( Armorial. I, 2), but in the arrangement of the figures, the only difference is that the Novgorod coat of arms (without the image of the river) is placed in the second quarter only, and in the third part, in a blue field, a silver cross, a hexagonal star and between them a golden crescent, turned horns down (coat of arms Koribut). This emblem could be the banner of one of the cities that were in the possession of the ancestors of this family, and, indeed, it resembles the emblems of the cities of Borozna and Zenkov; but, being afraid of any conjectures not based on positive data, and thinking that the explanation of the coats of arms should be the concern of their owners themselves, we confine ourselves to one description, all the more so, we repeat, the coat of arms of the hereditary patrimony remains, the coat of arms of the relative from whom it comes generation. Other attributes are less significant, although they are not accidental or arbitrary.
3) The coat of arms of the princes Golitsyn changed, as far as is known, three times, until it reached modern form. Initially, it contained only the image of the Lithuanian chase. Then in the coat of arms of the book. The Golitsyns included the following attributes: the Lithuanian chase was placed in a special shield in the heart of the large shield, the Polish coat of arms was depicted in the first quarter, the Novgorod coat of arms was depicted in the second, then the last two quarters were left for emblems, so to speak, special, private: in the lower right part they were visible in a blue field, a silver cross and a hexagonal star, and between them a golden crescent, turned horns down (like the princes Kurakins); and finally, in the last quarter, in a blue field, a silver cross with a black double-headed eagle in the middle ( Serchevsky, in Notes on the Family of the Princes Golitsyns (St. Petersburg, 1853, p. VI), believes that the silver cross means the victory of the Lithuanians over the Teutonic Order. The same coat of arms was previously in the Volyn province. Korona Polska. Vol. 1. P. 154). At present, the shield in the coat of arms of the princes Golitsyns is divided into two parts and its lower half is cut. The upper part is occupied by the image of the Lithuanian chase, in the lower right part the coat of arms of Novgorod is visible, and finally in the left - the same white cross with a double-headed eagle in the middle, which is described above ( Armorial. I, 2).
And 4) at the princes Trubetskoy ( There. II, 1) The chase occupies (as it should by seniority) the third quarter of the four-part shield, then in the first part two vultures are depicted in a golden field, holding the princely crown with their front paws, in the second part - the Polish coat of arms (in a blue field) and, finally, in the fourth - bull's head in a silver field.
In the same section, we must place the coat of arms of the most serene princes Menshikov. Their family, as stated in the letter to Alexander Danilovich Menshikov for princely dignity, granted in 1707, comes from a noble Lithuanian family. In addition to other attributes testifying to the award of princely dignity (a two-headed eagle crowned with three crowns) and the military prowess rendered by Menshikov on land and at sea (a cannon surrounded by cannonballs and banners, as well as a equipped ship), the Lithuanian chase is visible in his coat of arms (but instead of red in blue field). We meet this coat of arms on the papers of Prince Menshikov soon after he was awarded the princely dignity ( Among the manuscripts of the Imperial Public Library, Prince Menshikov's announcement of April 20, 1712 to the Russian and auxiliary troops about the passage of the ships of the Grand Chancellor Prince Radziwill, which will go along the Vistula to Danzig, has been preserved. We write out the title of Prince Menshikov: "We are Alexander Menshikov of the Roman and Russian state, Prince and Duke of Izhersky, hereditary lord of Oraniburh and others of His Royal Majesty of All Russia, the first real privy councilor, commander of the field marshal of the troops and governor general of the provinces of St. Petersburg and many provinces, gentleman St. Andrew and the Elephant and the Black and White Eagle, etc.") in exactly the same form in which it is depicted in the Armorial ( Armorial. I, 15).
(in the old days Oksakovs) - come, judging by the genealogical books, from the noble Varangian Shimon (in the holy baptism of Simon) Afrikovich or Ofrikovich - the nephew of the Norwegian king Gakon (or Yakun) the Blind, who arrived in Kyiv in 1027 with 3 tons of squad and built in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra at his own expense the Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God, where he was buried. His son, Yuri Simonovich, was a boyar under c. Vsevolod Yaroslavich. The great-grandson of Yuri Simonovich, Protasya Fedorovich, had a son, Veniamin. Benjamin has Vasily (nickname Vzolmen), a Moscow thousand. Vasily has sons: Yuri (Grunka), Theodore (Voronets) and others. Yuri Vasilyevich had a son Andrei-Feodor (Koloma), who had 4 sons: Benjamin, Theodore (Drunkard), Alexander (Taurus) and Daniel (Solovets). Veniamin Andreevich or Feodorovich had 2 sons: Theodore and Alexei (Great) Veniaminovichi. The first, Theodore, had a son Ivan, nicknamed. Oksak, from whom the Oksakovs "were led" (in the old days), and now the Aksakovs. Members of this family in pre-Petrine times served as governors, solicitors, stewards, were in Moscow. nobles and were rewarded for their service by estates from the Moscow sovereigns. In the 18th century one of the Oksakovs, Nikolai Ivanovich (b. 1730, † 1802), served under Catherine II as a major general, governor in Smolensk and Yaroslavl. With imp. Pavle was a lieutenant general; Oct 28 1800 granted in action. secrets. owls., but, wanting to keep the military uniform, worn by him for more than half a century, at his own request he was renamed lieutenant general and appointed a member of the Military Collegium. His son, Mikhail Nikolaevich, was with the imp. Alexander I as a lieutenant general, a member of the Military Collegium and a senator. In the current century, the Aksakov family has produced prominent Russian writers who have gained wide popularity.
Bashmakovs. A descendant in the 8th knee of the boyar Protasy Fedorovich, Danilo Vasilyevich, had the nickname Shoe. It was from him that the noble Bashmakovs descended. Vasily Andreevich Bashmakov was the siege governor in Velizh in 1580 and 1581, and Afanasy Grigorievich was the clerk of the zemstvo order under Ivan the Terrible. This name is included in the Velvet Book. It is unknown if it currently exists. There is another named after her, the beginning of which became known in the 17th century, her representatives served in clerks, solicitors, stewards, Moscow nobles, and one of them, Dementy Minich, was a printer under Tsar Fedor. Ivan Bashmakov was a lieutenant colonel of regular troops during the siege of Azov, in 1696 Ivan Pimenovich, Ivan Leontievich and Lukyan Ivanovich were stewards under Peter I. Dmitry Evlampievich, colonel of the cavalry guard regiment, then acting. stat. adviser, was married to Varvara Arkadyevna of Italy, Countess Suvorova-Rymnikskaya. From this marriage there are several children.
Godunovs- Russian extinct noble family originating, according to the legends of ancient genealogists, from Murza Chet, who left the Horde for Moscow, was baptized with the name Zakharia and built the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. For the first time, the surname G. comes across in the Discharges in 1515, in the person of the voivode Vasily Grigorievich G. - From the family of G. there were 2 kings, 1 boyar and butler, 2 grooms, 4 boyars, 7 roundabouts, 2 duma clerks and 1 kravchiy. After the accession of the Romanov dynasty, G. served as stolniks and Moscow nobles. The family of G. ceased at the beginning of the 18th century, with the death of the steward Grigory Petrovich G. The genealogy of G., compiled by G. I. Studenkin, is placed in the II volume of the Russian Genealogy Book (ed. "Russian Antiquity").
grains- Russian. nobles. a clan descended from Prince Chet (in baptism Zacharias) - a Horde Murza who left for Russia under Grand Duke Ivan Danilovich Kalita in 1330 and received St. baptism with the name Zechariah. He built the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma, for the decoration of which the Godunovs did a lot. Chet was the ancestor of several noble Russian noble families:,, Zernovs, Sheins, etc. His grandson, Dmitry Zerno, had children of Ivan Godun (where the Godunovs come from), Fyodor Sabur (where the Saburovs come from) and Dmitry, whose grandson, Veniamin, is the ancestors of the Velyaminovs - Grain (Coat of arms IV, 26).
Islenevs- Russian noble family of the same origin with the Aksakovs, Vorontsovs, Velyaminovs; their ancestor, the legendary Prince Shimon Afrikanovich, allegedly the nephew of Gakon the Blind, King of Norway, went with led. book. Yaroslav Vladimirovich "from the Varangians" to Kyiv. His descendant Goryain Vasilyevich Velyaminov, nicknamed Istlenye, was the ancestor of I. Stepan Ivanovich I., a steward, and his son Ivan were in the 17th century. governors. Pyotr Alekseevich Islenyev, lieutenant general, known as an associate of Suvorov (1794). The genus I. is included in the VI part of the genealogy book of the Moscow province. (Armorial, IV, 20). Another kind of I., which died out at the end of the 18th century, descended from Illarion I., who was a solicitor at the fodder palace under Fyodor Alekseevich.
Kozlovs- Russian noble family. Comes from the legendary native "from Prus" Mikhail Prushanin - the ancestor of the Morozovs and Saltykovs. A descendant of Mikhail, Grigory Ignatievich Morozov, nicknamed "The Goat", was the ancestor of K. His son, Ivan, accompanied, in 1495, Grand Duchess Elena Ioannovna, the bride of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander, to Lithuania, and one of his grandsons, Fedor Ivanovich, was killed in 1547 by Kazan on Sviyaga. This genus K. is included in the VI part of the genealogical book of the Tver and Pskov provinces (Armorial, III, 73). Another kind of K. dates back to the end of the 15th century, and the other to the middle of the 16th century. - Ivan Posnikov, son of K., Nizhny Novgorod († in 1625), was granted a fiefdom for the Moscow siege seat. From his descendants: Alexander Alexandrovich (born in 1837) was the Moscow Chief of Police, St. Petersburg. mayor, then lieutenant general and honorary guardian, and Pavel Alekseevich Byron's translator. This genus K. is included in the VI and II parts of the genealogical book of the Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow provinces.
Kutuzovs- Russian noble family. His ancestor Gabriel left, as if, from Germany to Novgorod to lead. book. Alexander Nevsky. His great-grandson Alexander Prokopich, nicknamed Kutuz, was the ancestor of K. and Golenishchev-K. Of his descendants, Vasily Fedorovich K. was a boyar led. book. Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark (1447). Mikhail Vasilyevich K. was an ambassador to Moldova (1490). The genus K. is included in the VI, I, III and II parts of the genus. book. Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan and Tver provinces. (Armorial, V, 17).
Morozov- a noble family descended from the Novgorodian Mikhail Prushanin, whose descendant in the VI generation, Ivan Semenovich, nicknamed Moroz, was the ancestor of M. One of his sons, Lev Ivanovich, was a boyar; on the day of the Battle of Kulikovo, he commanded the advanced regiment and was killed by the Tatars. In the XV century. separated from this genus, Sheins,, Bryukhovo-Morozovs and. From the 14th century until the end of the 17th century. fourteen M. were boyars, two were courtiers and one was bed-keeper. Rod M. died out in 1689.
Novosiltsevs- the noble family comes, according to the legends of ancient genealogists, from the Lithuanian native of Yuri Shaly, or Shel, who arrived in Moscow in the middle of the 14th century. His son Yakov Yuryevich, nicknamed Novosilets, the ancestor of N., was the roundabout of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave and built the city of Serpukhov in 1372. His son Ivan Yakovlevich was the boyar of Vasily the Dark, his grandson Vasily Ivanovich, nicknamed China, was the governor in Torzhok (1477) and Novgorod (1478), and his great-grandson Dmitry Vasilyevich (d. 1520) was a roundabout under Grand Duke Vasily Ioannovich. Ivan Petrovich, nicknamed Saltyk, was the ambassador to Turkey (1571), and then managed the printed order. Vasily Yakovlevich H. (d. 1743) N. was the president of the college of manufactories, then the college of commerce and a senator; friend of Biron, at the fall of which he was exiled to his villages. This genus N. is included in the VI part of the genus. book. lips. Ryazan, Moscow, Tambov and Tula (Armorial, VIII, II).
Pleshcheevs- a noble family descended from Fedor Akinfievich Byakont, who left Chernigov for Moscow in the 14th century and was a boyar at the led. Prince Simeon the Proud. His eldest son Eleutherius-Semyon - later St. Alexei, Metropolitan of All Russia; Alexander, nicknamed Pleshchey, was governor in Kostroma (1375), then a boyar; his descendants bore the surname P., and some branches of the offspring of his brothers adopted the same surname. Mikhailo Borisovich P. († in 1468) was a boyar under Vasily the Dark and John III. He has a son Andrey and a grandson Mikhail Andreevich. Timothy-Yurlo P. († in 1504) was a roundabout of John III, Fedor († in 1546) and Dmitry († in 1561) Mikhailovichi were roundabouts. Alexei Romanovich P. († in 1607) was a roundabout under False Dmitry and Vasily Shuisky. Ivan Afanasyevich was the cup-maker of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, and his nephew Mikhail Lvovich was a boyar under the ruler Sophia and under Peter the Great; he controlled the order of the great treasury. Leonty Stepanovich, a judge of the zemstvo order, was killed during a mutiny on May 25, 1648. The poet Alexei Nikolayevich P. belongs to the same family. .
Protasyevichi or the Vorontsov-Velyaminovs - a noble family, descending, according to ancient genealogists, from the fabulous prince Shimon, the son of the Varangian prince African, after whose death he was expelled from the fatherland by his uncle Yakun the Blind; in 1027 he came to Russia to Yaroslav the Great and converted to Orthodoxy. Participated in the battle with the Polovtsians on Alta (1060). In 1073, Shimon made the largest donation for the construction of the Caves church in honor of the Assumption of the Most Holy Theotokos: he gave the Monk Anthony a precious belt of 50 pounds of gold and the legacy of his father - a golden crown. He had only one son, Yuri. The undoubted ancestor of this family is Protasy Fedorovich, who was a boyar under Grand Duke John Danilovich Kalita. From him came the Venyaminovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsov-Velyaminovs,,, and. His descendant in the sixth generation, Veniamin Andreevich, was the immediate ancestor of V.-V. Ivan Vasilyevich, nicknamed Shchadra († in 1522), and his brother Ivan, nicknamed Oblyaz († in 1524), were roundabouts. Vasily Ivanovich in 1517 was an ambassador to the Crimea. The current branch of V.-V. descends from Vasily Ivanovich, who was (1686-92) the steward of Empress Praskovya Feodorovna. Of his descendants, Nikolai Pavlovich (born in 1823) is a trustee of the Kharkov educational district. Genus V.-V. included in the VI part of the genealogical book of the Tula province. Coat of arms. V, 6. See "Velvet. book." (II, 14-24, 295); Roman diploma. emperor to count dignity, given in 1760 to Roman and Ivan Ilar. Vorontsov, in "Ross. Magaz." Tumansky (I, 271); "Russian Genealogy. Book. Dolgorukov" (IV, 71), etc.
Saburovs- a noble family, of the same origin with the Godunovs. The great-great-grandson of Murza Chet, Fyodor Ivanovich Zernov, nicknamed Sabur, was the ancestor of S. His eldest son, Mikhail († 1464), served Dmitry Shemyaka, and then Vasily the Dark and John III. His brothers, Vasily († 1485) and Semyon Peshko († 1484), were also boyars; from the last of them came extinct at the end of the 16th century. branch of Peshkov-S. From their younger brother, Konstantin Sverchka, came the Sverchkov-S. branch, which died out in the 17th century; the eldest of his sons, Yuri Konstantinovich († 1512), boyar, was the father of Solomonia, the 1st wife of Vasily III; her brother, Ivan-Vasily Konstantinovich, was a master. Vasily Borisovich († 1578) and Bogdan Yurievich S. († 1598) were boyars. The daughter of Bogdan Yuryevich Evdokia († 1619), monastic Alexander, was the first wife of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, son of the Terrible. Andrei Ivanovich S. (1797-1866) was chief chamberlain and director of the Imp. theaters. His nephew Pyotr Alexandrovich (born in 1835) was envoy to Athens (1870-1879), ambassador to Berlin (1879-1884), now a senator; famous archaeologist and collector of antiquities. The genus S. is included in the VI and IV parts of the genus. book. Saratov, Tambov, Penza, Smolensk, Moscow and Vladimir provinces. (Armorial. I, 43).
Saltykovs or Soltykovs - princely, count and noble families. The ancestor of S. Mikhail Prushanin, or Prashinich, "an honest man from Prussia", who lived at the beginning of the 13th century. His son Terenty was a boyar at Prince. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and distinguished himself in the Battle of the Neva (1240). His great-grandson Ivan Semyonovich Moroz had five sons, called Morozovs. Descended from one of them, Mikhail Ignatievich, nicknamed Saltyk or Soltyk, was the ancestor of the surname S. Under Anna Ioannovna, Vasily Fedorovich S. († 1730), the uncle of the Empress, and Semyon Andreevich S. († 1742), were elevated to count dignity, general-in-chief, former Moscow. gene. governor. In 1814, Nikolai Ivanovich S. was elevated to the princes of the Russian Empire with the title of lordship. From his second son Alexander († 1837), a former member of the state council, a branch of the princes Saltykov-Golovkin began. The count branch of S. went from the son of Count Semyon Andreevich S. - Vladimir († 1751). Genus. S. is recorded in the VI and V hours of the genus. book. lips. Moscow, Tula, Yaroslavl, Penza, St. Petersburg and Mogilev. See the coat of arms of the nobles of S. in Ross. Gorbovnik, part VII, 28, and the counts and princes of S. - part IX, 2. The most famous of S.: 1) Alexander Nikolayevich, the son of Nikolai Ivanovich, was a comrade of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and for some time after the Peace of Tilsit corrected the post of minister; subsequently was a member of the Council of State; 2) Andrei Mikhailovich († 1522), gunsmith led. book. Vasily Ioannovich; 3) Vasily Mikhailovich, brother of the previous one, famous for his brave defense of the mountains. Opochki against Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky in 1518. 4) Vasily Fedorovich († 1755) under Anna Ioannovna was adjutant general, police chief general in St. Petersburg and a senator; 5) Mikhail Alexandrovich († 1851) was adjutant of Prince. Potemkin, trustee of Kazan University, senator and honorary guardian.
Solovtsovs- a noble family, the ancestor of which is Danilo Andreevich Solovets, the great-grandson of the Moscow thousand Vasily Veniaminovich, the ancestor of the Aksakovs, Velyaminovs, Vorontsovs, Vorontsovs-Velyaminovs and Islenyevs. Fyodor Leontyevich S. was granted estates in 1558. Yakov Pavlovich S. (d. 1674) was a duma nobleman. The genus S., divided into two branches, is included in the VI part of the genus. book. Nizhny Novgorod and Simbirsk provinces. (Armorial, VIII, 23 and 51).
Tuchkovs- a noble family descended from the boyar Vasily Borisovich Morozov, nicknamed Tuchko († 1481); his son Mikhail Vasilievich († 1534) was a boyar and butler, his grandson Mikhail Mikhailovich († 15b7) was a roundabout. Alexei Vasilyevich († 1799) was a senator, he has sons Nikolai, Pavel and Alexander. Their brother Sergei († 1839) was a senator. Pavel Alekseevich T. (1803-1864) was an adjutant general, a member of the State Council and the Moscow governor general. The genus T. is included in the VI part of the genus. book. St. Petersburg, Moscow and Yaroslavl provinces. (Armorial, III, 63).
The region, which today is called the Kaliningrad region, had extensive ties with the Russian lands in ancient times. This fact is confirmed not only in archeology, for example, in the discovery of a number of Russian princely helmets of the 10th-12th centuries during excavations, but also in the genealogies of many boyar families of Ancient Russia. According to ancient genealogical legends, more than 70 noble Russian families trace their origins to people from Ancient Prussia. You can understand the reasons for this phenomenon by considering the events of the distant 13th century.
The exodus of the Prussians to the East Slavic lands occurred primarily under the influence of the Teutonic invasion of Prussia. The German penetration took place in three stages. First, German merchants and merchants appeared in the eastern part of the Baltic States, who by 1158 organized the first trading posts here. Then Catholic missionaries, under the pretext of Christianizing the pagans, founded bishoprics in these places from 1186 and, in addition to economic penetration, planted their own ideology. 1200 was a turning point in the fate of the Eastern Baltic, serving as the starting point for the start of direct armed aggression by the West. The new "Bishop of Livonia" appointed by Pope Innocent III, the former canon of Bremen Albert Buksgevden von Apeldern, went to the island of Gotland, and, having created a strong base there, with a detachment of 500 soldiers set off to conquer Livonia (part of modern Latvia).
This detachment became the core of the "Order of God's Knights" (otherwise - the "Order of the Sword"), which took an active part in the aggressive campaigns on the lands of the historical tributaries of Russia - Estonians ("Chuds"), Livs (annalistic "Lib"), Letts (Latvians) , Curonians (“Kors”), Latgalians (“Lotygol”), as well as Russians proper (Novgorodians, Pskovians and Polochans).
After 1226, Teutonic knights also joined the fighting of the Sword, invited to the Baltic states by the Mazovian prince Konrad (in Russian chronicles referred to as "Prince Kondrat Kazimirovich") (1187 -1247), whose wife was the Vladimir-Volyn princess Agafya Svyatoslavovna - the granddaughter of the famous Prince Igor Novgorod-Seversky. If the sword-bearers, together with the Danes from the Dannebrog Order (founded by the Danish king Voldemar II in 1219), moved from the mouth of the Western Dvina and the coastal regions of Estonia, then the Teutons and the Poles advanced from behind the Vistula and its tributaries - to the north and east - through the territory of the Prussians tribes. At the disposal of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Hermann von Saltz at the first stage of the conquest of Prussia, there were only ten full-fledged Teutonic knights, but soon hundreds of militant adventurers from different European countries (primarily from some German principalities) rushed to his aid - the so-called. "pilgrims" - wandering mercenaries, ready for payment and the right to plunder to provide any services in the conquest of new territories. This powerful military pressure of the new conquerors on the resisting Prussians led to the migration of many of them from their native possessions, covered by the war, to the East Slavic lands.
Although Ancient Prussia was not part of Kievan Rus However, close ties between the inhabitants of both countries have been noted since ancient times. According to some Russian chronicles, back in the middle of the ninth century. Novgorodians (i.e. Ilmen Slovenes) "called from the Prussian land, from the Varangians, the prince and autocrat, that is, Rurik, but he owns them as he wants" . The areas of the Prussians in those days directly bordered on Russia, and some areas inhabited by the closely related Yatving ships, from 983, after the successful campaign of Prince Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko, were among the Russian possessions.
In the thirteenth century immigrants from Prussia (the so-called "Prussians") are actively moving to the Novgorod lands. This was explained by the close and well-established political and commercial contacts of the Prussians with Novgorod. Their first mass migration began shortly before the invasion of the “Kryzhaks”-Teutons into the West Prussian lands and, possibly, was caused by an acute conflict between professional Prussian warriors and the pagan priestly elite.
According to the ancient Russian chronicle, as early as 1215, the combat detachment of the Prussians was acting on the side of the freedom-loving Novgorod boyars in their struggle with the prince as a shock military force. Gradually, the number of Prussian settlers increased so much that they formed a separate colony in the city, mentioned since 1215. as "Prussian street" (now - Zhelyabova street). Recognizing the fact of the service of Prussian warriors in Russian squads, the famous historian S.V. Veselovsky pointed out that some of them took root in their new homeland, were subjected to Russification and became the founders of service dynasties.
One of these migrants was Misha Prushanin, who arrived in Russia with a large retinue and laid the foundation for the families of the Morozovs, Saltykovs, Burtsevs, Sheins, Rusalkins, Kozlovs, Tuchkovs and Cheglokovs. "Their ancestor - Misha Prushanin - is narrated in the genealogy of the Saltykovs - left Prussia for Novgorod at the beginning of the 13th century." Having converted to Orthodoxy with the name of Mikhail Prokshinich and settled on Prusskaya Street, he, as a wealthy man, built and rebuilt the Church of St. Michael in 1231, in which he was subsequently buried. In battles with the Swedes and Livonians (as the sword-bearers began to call themselves after 1237), Misha Prushanin, who became the founder of the noble boyar family of the Mishinichi-Ontsiferovichi, showed himself to be an outstanding military leader.
So, in the battle on the Neva in 1240, commanding a squad, he destroyed three Swedish ships. Unlike Alexander Nevsky and his court, who fought on horseback, Misha Prushanin's squad was on foot and included not princely servants, but free Novgorodians, the backbone of which, apparently, was the very detachment of professional Prussian soldiers who arrived in Novgorod in 1215, although its composition was significantly updated. There is evidence that another hero of the Nevsky battle, Sbyslav Yakunovich, who became a Novgorod posadnik in 1243, also belonged to the boyars of the Prussian street of Novgorod the Great.
The descendants of Misha Prushanin also played a prominent role in the socio-political life of Novgorod, his grandson Mikhail Terentyevich Krivets was at one time a Novgorod mayor. The family coat of arms of the princes Saltykovs descended from this surname retained the ancient Prussian symbols: a black eagle in a golden field with a crown on its head and a hand in armor with a sword extending to the right. The great Russian writer M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, who left interesting descriptions of Prussia in the 19th century in the story Abroad, also belonged to this illustrious family. It is believed that the boyar family Morozov also originates from Misha Prushanin.
The departure of the "Prussians" and "Sudovins" to Russia is not limited only to Misha Prushanin. Other settlers from the South-Eastern Baltic also gained considerable fame here. Ancient chronicles tell that in the middle of the XIII century. to the Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich "an honest and kind man left the Prussian land", who, having received holy baptism in Novgorod, was named Gabriel and was a brave governor of the Neva winner. Gabriel's great-grandson was Fyodor Alexandrovich Kutuz, and the son of his other great-great-grandson Anany Alexandrovich was Vasily Ananievich Golenishche, a posadnik in Novgorod in 1471. From them came the famous family of Golenishchev-Kutuzov, who gave us a wonderful commander who smashed to smithereens the "invincible" army of the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. The coat of arms of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs also bears the stamp of Prussian origin: it consists of an image in a blue field of a black single-headed eagle with a crown on its head, holding a silver sword in its right paw. In addition to the Kutuzovs, the noble families of the Korovins, Kudrevatykh, Shestakovs, Kleopins, Shchukins, Zverevs and Lapenkovs originated from Fyodor Kutuz.
After the conquest of Prussia by the Teutonic Order, the emigration of the Prussians to the Russian lands intensified even more.
One of its directions was the Galicia-Volyn principality and the so-called "Black Russia" (the western part of modern Belarus), which was then under the rule of the Russian-Lithuanian prince Troiden. In the Volyn Chronicle under 1276 we read: “Prousi came to Troydenov and from his land in captivity before the Germans. He took them to himself and plant some of them in Gorodnya (Grodno), and plant some of them in Slonim. In turn, the Ipatiev Chronicle announced under 1281 that an entourage from Prince Vladimir Volynsky died on a campaign, “Byashet Prusin by birth”.
In the middle of the XIII century. Another direction of Prussian emigration, Novogorodsk-Pskov, also developed, which was extremely important for the future fate of the Russian state.
According to one of the ancient testimonies, the Prussian noble, i.e. the prince, “Glanda Kambila Divonovich, tired of fighting with the Order (i.e., with the crusaders), and having been defeated by them, left with his young son and many subjects” to Russia - to Novgorod the Great and was soon baptized, receiving the name John.
The exodus of a significant part of the Prussians to the East is confirmed by many documents. In 1283, the last independent Prussian noble, the Yatvyazh (Sudavian) leader Skurdo from Krasima, left for the Neman - to the "Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Samogitian", and from there part of the Prussians went to Russian lands. Among them was Glanda-Kambila, the son of Divonis, the prince of one of the Prussian lands. The prototype of the legendary Divonis may have been a real historical character - Diwane Klekine, one of the leaders of the Great Prussian Uprising in 1260-1275, known for defeating the Crusaders in the Battle of Sirgun in 1271, but later died during the storming of Sheneze Castle. The sons of Divonis - Russigen and Kambila continued stubborn resistance to the invaders. But, having been defeated in this war, Glanda Kambila Divonovich left the Prussian lands for Novgorod Russia, where he was baptized and found a new homeland. The son of Glanda - Andrey Ivanovich Kobyla, at the beginning of the fourteenth century. having moved to Moscow, he became a boyar with the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Kalita and his successor Simeon the Proud. According to the pedigree, he had five sons, from whom 17 ancient families descended, including the Romanovs, Sheremetyevs, Kolychevs, Vereshchagins, Boborykins, Zherebtsovs, Koshkins, Ladygins, Konovnitsyns, Khludenovs, Kokorevs, Obraztsovs, Neplyuevs, Sukhovo-Kobylinskys, and also extinct genus Bezzubtsev. .
Note that their family coats of arms have the corresponding symbols: a crown - as a sign of origin from the legendary Prussian kings, two crosses, meaning the conversion of Glanda-Kambila and his descendants to Orthodoxy, and a pagan oak. In some coats of arms there is a generic symbol of the most ancient Prussian rulers - a black single-headed eagle with outstretched wings, clawed paws, sometimes with a crown around its neck ...
From Feodor Andreevich Koshkin - one of the five sons of A.I. Mares - the pedigree line leads to the Russian tsars. His grandson was nicknamed Koshkin-Zakharyin, his great-grandchildren were called Zakharyins-Yuryevs, and from Roman Yurevich Zakharyin came Zakharyins-Romanovs and simply Romanovs. The daughter of Roman Yurievich - Anastasia - in 1547 became the wife of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, and from that time the rise of the Zakharyin-Romanov family began. The nephew of Empress Anastasia, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (1554-1633), after the death of his cousin Fyodor Ioannovich, was considered the closest legitimate contender to the throne. However, Boris Godunov came to power, who hastened to deal with his rivals. In 1601, using a false denunciation, Godunov ordered the arrest of all the Romanovs, and Fyodor Nikitich to be tonsured a monk. Under the name Filaret, he was exiled to the North - to the Holy Trinity Anthony-Siya Monastery, but after Godunov's death he was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan of Rostov. In September 1610, Metropolitan Philaret was again arrested - by the Polish King Sigismund III, and only in July 1619 he returned from captivity, after which he was appointed Patriarch of All Russia. During Filaret's stay in Polish captivity, the Zemsky Sobor was convened in Moscow, which on February 21, 1613 elected his 16-year-old son Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to reign, who gave rise to a new royal dynasty that ruled Russia for the next 300 years.
The article was prepared on the basis of the author's speech at the round table "Kaliningrad region in historical destinies Russia” on March 14, 2015 within the framework of the 1st Kaliningrad Forum of the World Russian People’s Council “Frontiers of Russian statehood: global challenges, regional responses”.
List of sources and literature
- Belyakov V. Kutuzov's sword // True. 1991. November 11.
- Bochkarev V.N. The struggle of the Russian people against the German-Swedish aggression. Alexander Nevskiy. M. 1946.
- Burov V.A. On the genealogy of the Novgorod boyars Mishinichi - Ontsiferovich // Antiquities of the Slavs and Russia. M., 1988.
- Zimin A.A. Formation of the boyar aristocracy in Russia in the second half of the 15th - the first third of the 16th century. M., 1988.
- Kosmolinsky P.F. Coat of arms from the carriage door // Heraldry. 1992. No. 2.
- Kulakov V.I. Social stratification of the Irzekapinis burial ground // Social differentiation of society. M., 1993.
- Lakier A.B. Russian heraldry. M., 1990.
- Novgorod the first chronicle of the older and younger editions. M.-L., 1950.
- Monuments Literature of Ancient Russia. M, 1985.
- Pashuto V.T. anointing. "Pomesan truth". M., 1955
- Petrov P.N. History of the genera of the Russian nobility. In two books. M., 1991, Prince. 2.
- Shaskolsky I.P. Russia's struggle against crusader aggression on the shores of the Baltic in the XII-XIII centuries. L., 1978.
- Ipatiev Chronicle // Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles. Volume 2. St. Petersburg, 1908. Sheet 294. Yakov Krotov Internet Library http://krotov.info/acts/12/pvl/ipat39.htm
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“Our nobility, not of feudal origin, but gathered in later times from different sides, as if in order to replenish the insufficient number of the first Varangian newcomers, from the Horde, from the Crimea, from Prussia, from Italy, from Lithuania ...” Historical and critical passages M. Pogodina. Moscow, 1846, p. 9
Before getting into the lists of nobility, the gentlemen of Russia belonged to the estate of the boyars. It is believed that at least a third of the boyar families came from immigrants from Poland and Lithuania. However, indications of the origin of this or that noble family sometimes border on falsification.
In the middle of the 17th century, there were approximately 40 thousand service people, including 2-3 thousand listed in Moscow genealogical books. There were 30 boyar families who had exclusive rights to the highest posts, including membership in the royal council, the highest administrative positions in the main orders, and important diplomatic appointments.
Discord between the boyar clans, interfered with the management of the state. Therefore, it was necessary to create, next to the ancient caste, another, more submissive and less obstinate service class.
Boyars and nobles. The main difference is that the boyars had their own estates, while the nobles did not.
The nobleman had to live on his estate, manage the household and wait for the tsar to call for war or court. Boyars and boyar children could come to the service at their discretion. But the nobles were required to serve the king.
Legally, the estate was royal property. The estate could be inherited, divided among the heirs, sold, but the estate could not.In the 16th century, the equalization of the rights of the nobles and the children of the boyars took place.During the XVI-XVII centuries. the position of the nobles approached the position of the boyars, in the 18th century both of these groups merged, and the nobility became the aristocracy of Russia.
However, in the Russian Empire there were two different categories of nobles.
Pillar nobles - this was the name in Russia for hereditary nobles of noble families, listed in columns - genealogical books before the reign of the Romanovs in the 16-17 centuries, in contrast to the nobles of a later origin.
In 1723, the Finnish “chivalry” became part of the Russian nobility.
The accession of the Baltic provinces was accompanied (since 1710) by the registration of the Baltic nobility.
By a decree of 1783, the rights of Russian nobles were extended to the gentry of three Ukrainian provinces, and in 1784 to princes and murzas of Tatar origin. In the last quarter of the 18th century the formation of the Don nobility began in the early 19th century. the rights of the Bessarabian nobility were formalized, and from the 40s. 19th century - Georgian.
By the middle of the 19th century. with the Russian nobility, the nobility of the Kingdom of Poland is equalized in personal rights.
However, there are only 877 real ancient Polish noble families, and the current gentry families are at least 80 thousand. These surnames, with tens of thousands of other similar noble Polish surnames, got their start in the 18th century, on the eve of the first partition of Poland, when the magnates of their lackeys, grooms, psars, etc. share of the current nobility of the Russian Empire.
How many nobles were there in Russia?
“In 1858, there were 609.973 hereditary nobles, personal and employees - 276.809; in 1870 there were 544.188 hereditary nobles, 316.994 personal and employees; noble landowners, according to official data for 1877-1878, it was considered 114.716 in European Russia. Brockhaus and Efron. Article nobility.
According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3rd ed.), in total in the Russian Empire (excluding) Finland) there were: in 1897 - 3.0 million people, in 1913 4 .1 million people. The proportion of the social group in 1897 - 2.4%, in 1913 - 2.5%. The increase in 1913 to 1897 is 36.7%. USSR article. capitalist system.
The number of nobility (male): in 1651 - 39 thousand people, 108 thousand in 1782, 4.464 thousand people in 1858, that is, in two hundred years it increased 110 times, while the country's population is only five times: from 12.6 to 68 million people. Korelin A.P. Russian nobility and its class organization (1861-1904). - History of the USSR, 1971, No. 4.
In the 19th century, there were about 250 princely families in Russia, more than half of them were Georgian princes, and 40 families traced their ancestry from Rurik (according to legend, in the 9th century called to "rule in Russia") and Gediminas, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who ruled in XIV century by present-day Western Belarus (“Cornet Obolensky” belonged to the Rurikoviches, and “Lieutenant Golitsyn” belonged to the Gediminoviches).
With the Georgians, situations arose even more amusing than with the Poles.
Since in St. Petersburg they were afraid that the princes would again not turn to oligarchic liberty, they began to consider the princes carefully, namely, they ordered everyone to prove their right to the principality. And they began to prove it - it turned out that almost none of the princes had documents. A large princely document factory was set up in Tiflis, and the seals of Heraclius, King Teimuraz and King Bakar, very similar, were attached to the documents. It was bad that they did not share: there were many hunters on the same possessions. Tynyanov Y. Death of Vazir-Mukhtar, M., Soviet Russia, 1981, p. 213.
In Russia, the title of count was introduced by Peter the Great. The first Russian count is Boris Petrovich Sheremetiev, who was elevated to this dignity in 1706 for pacifying the Astrakhan rebellion.
The barony was the smallest noble title in Russia. Most of the baronial families - there were more than 200 of them - came from Livonia.
Many ancient noble families originate from Mongolian roots. For example, Herzen's friend Ogarev was a descendant of Ogar-Murza, who went to the service of Alexander Nevsky from Batu.
The noble family of Yushkovs is descended from the Khan of the Horde Zeush, who transferred to the service of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, Zagoskina - from Shevkal Zagor, who left the Golden Horde in 1472 for Moscow and received estates in the Novgorod region from John III.
Khitrovo is an ancient noble family, descending from the one who left in the second half of the 14th century. from the Golden Horde to the Grand Duke of Ryazan Oleg Ioannovich Ed-Khan, nicknamed Strongly-Cunning, baptized Andrei. Simultaneously with him, his brother Salohmir-Murza, who had left, was baptized in 1371 under the name of John and married the sister of Prince Anastasia. He became the ancestor of the Apraksins, Verderevskys, Kryukovs, Khanykovs and others. The Garshin family is an old noble family, descending, according to legend, from Murza Gorsha or Garsha, a native of the Golden Horde under Ivan III.
V. Arseniev points out that the Dostoevskys descended from Aslan Murza Chelebey, who left the Golden Horde in 1389: he was the ancestor of the Arsenievs, Zhdanovs, Pavlovs, Somovs, Rtishchevs and many other Russian noble families.
The Begichevs originated, of course, from the Horde Begich, the Horde ancestors were in the noble families of the Tukhachevskys and Ushakovs. The Turgenevs, Mosolovs, Godunovs, Kudashevs, Arakcheevs, Kareevs (from Edigey-Karey, who moved from the Horde to Ryazan in the 13th century, was baptized and took the name Andrei) - all of them are of Horde origin.
In the era of Grozny, the Tatar elite strengthened even more.
For example, during the Kazan campaign (1552), which in history will be presented as the conquest and annexation of the Kazan Khanate to the Muscovite state, the army of Ivan the Terrible included more Tatars than the army of Yediger, the ruler of Kazan.
The Yusupovs came from Nogai Tatars. Naryshkins - from the Crimean Tatar Naryshka. Apraksins, Akhmatovs, Tenishevs, Kildishevs, Kugushevs, Ogarkovs, Rachmaninovs - noble families from the Volga Tatars.
The Moldavian boyars Matvey Kantakuzin and Scarlat Sturdza, who emigrated to Russia in the 18th century, met with the most cordial attitude towards themselves. The latter's daughter was a lady-in-waiting to the Empress Elizabeth and later became the Countess of Edling.The Panini counts traced their lineage back to the Italian Panini family, who arrived from Lucca as early as the 14th century. The Karazins came from the Greek family of Karadzhi. The Chicherins are descended from the Italian Chicheri, who arrived in Moscow in 1472 in the retinue of Sophia Paleolog.
The Korsakov family from Lithuania (Kors - the name of the Baltic tribe that lived in Kurzeme).
On the example of one of the central provinces of the empire, one can see that the families of foreign origin accounted for almost half of the pillar provincial nobility. An analysis of the genealogies of 87 aristocratic families of the Oryol province shows that 41 clans (47%) have foreign origin - traveling nobles baptized under Russian names, and 53% (46) of hereditary clans have local roots.
12 of the visiting Oryol families conduct genealogy from the Golden Horde (Ermolovs, Mansurovs, Bulgakovs, Uvarovs, Naryshkins, Khanykovs, Yelchins, Kartashovs, Khitrovo, Khripunovs, Davydovs, Yushkovs); 10 clans left Poland (Pokhvisnevs, Telepnevs, Lunins, Pashkovs, Karyakins, Martynovs, Karpovs, Lavrovs, Voronovs, Yurasovskys); 6 families of nobles from the "German" (Tolstoy, Orlov, Shepelev, Grigorov, Danilov, Chelishchev); 6 - with roots from Lithuania (Zinovievs, Sokovnins, Volkovs, Pavlovs, Maslovs, Shatilovs) and 7 - from other countries, incl. France, Prussia, Italy, Moldova (Abaza, Voeikovs, Elagins, Ofrosimovs, Khvostovs, Bezobrazovs, Apukhtins)
A historian who has studied the origin of 915 ancient service families gives the following data on their national composition: 229 were of Western European (including German) origin, 223 of Polish and Lithuanian, 156 of Tatar and other eastern, 168 belonged to the house of Rurik.
In other words, 18.3% were descendants of the Ruriks, that is, they had Varangian blood; 24.3% were of Polish or Lithuanian origin, 25% came from other Western European countries; 17% from Tatars and other Eastern peoples; the nationality of 10.5% was not established, only 4.6% were Great Russians. (N. Zagoskin. Essays on the organization and origin of the service class in pre-Petrine Russia).
Even if we count the descendants of the Ruriks and persons of unknown origin as pure Great Russians, it still follows from these calculations that more than two-thirds of the royal servants in the last decades of the Muscovite era were of foreign origin. In the eighteenth century, the proportion of foreigners in the service class increased even more. - R. Pipes. Russia under the old regime, p.240.
Our nobility was Russian only in name, but if someone decides that the situation was different in other countries, he will be greatly mistaken. Poland, the Baltic States, numerous Germanic peoples, France, England and Turkey were all ruled by aliens.
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