The state of alcoholic intoxication is characterized by severe intoxication of the body. It is most pronounced after drinking a large amount of alcoholic beverages. This is a temporary condition, which is accompanied by a violation of the psychological and physiological functions of the body. Changes in human behavior and reactions. Signs of alcohol intoxication are subjective, but some of them are common to all drinkers.
About the pathological condition
The condition in which vegetative, mental and neurological disorders occur due to the use of alcohol is called alcohol intoxication. It is the result of the influence of the decay products of ethyl alcohol on the human body. These toxic substances adversely affect the entire human body as a whole and the central nervous system in particular. A drunk person is no longer able to control himself. The severity of this condition depends on the individual tolerance of alcohol and the amount of alcohol consumed.
Alcohol is absorbed in all parts of the gastrointestinal tract from the moment it enters the oral cavity and ending with the small intestine. The highest concentration of ethanol in the blood is observed an hour after drinking an alcoholic beverage. With the blood flow, it spreads throughout the body and penetrates into all its tissues. It is broken down in the liver by various enzymes. Ethyl alcohol is excreted in urine, sweat and exhaled air.
Pathological behavioral reactions and other negative manifestations are the result of ethanol exposure to the cerebral cortex. Since the vasomotor and respiratory center is affected, after drinking alcohol, reflexes are weakened, the heartbeat quickens, and breathing changes. In most cases, alcohol intoxication is indicated by three signs: a staggering gait, bad breath, and slurred speech.
Alcohol has a detrimental effect:
- on the heart and blood vessels. Alcohol abuse increases the risk of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, vascular blockage and other pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
- organs of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Toxic decomposition products of alcohol irritate the mucous membrane of the digestive organs, disrupting this process. Patients with alcoholism often suffer from gastritis and ulcers.
- liver. Alcohol causes necrosis of the liver tissue. The destructive process also occurs after a person has stopped drinking alcohol. With alcoholism, patients may suffer from fatty hepatosis and cirrhosis of the liver.
- urinary system. Ethyl alcohol partially settles in the kidneys, accumulates in sperm and testicles, which reduces reproductive ability and potency.
The negative effect of alcohol on the central nervous system is manifested in a violation of behavioral reactions.
Degrees of severity and their signs
External signs of alcohol intoxication depend on the amount of alcohol consumed and the strength of the alcoholic beverage. The general condition of the human body and the individual characteristics of the perception of alcohol also play an important role in what manifestations can be with alcohol intoxication. Elderly people and teenagers are more likely to get drunk from strong drinks.
All signs of intoxication from alcohol are grouped according to the severity of this condition, there are three of them - light, moderate and severe. In addition, severe poisoning and alcoholic coma stand out separately. This classification is based on the amount of ethanol in the blood. With a mild degree, it ranges from 20 to 100 mmol / l. To achieve a state of mild intoxication, 2-3 glasses of alcohol are enough.
The following features are distinguished:
- redness of the skin of the face from a rush of blood;
- increased excitability;
- cardiopalmus;
- distracted attention;
- uncharacteristic liveliness and wit;
- elation and slight euphoria;
- glitter in the eyes;
- blurry vision.
With mild intoxication, sexual desire and appetite increase. The duration of this state is 3-5 hours, after which the person becomes sleepy and falls asleep deeply. After waking up, there is no hangover and headache. This is due to the fact that a mild degree of intoxication differs more in the psychotropic effect of alcohol than in toxic ones. All memories of a person about what happened are preserved in full.
The average severity of alcohol intoxication is characterized by a combination of toxic and intoxication manifestations. Among the signs, symptoms of a violation of the central nervous system predominate. The average degree is determined by the presence in the blood of 100 to 250 mmol / l of ethyl alcohol. The following manifestations are observed:
- slurred and slow speech;
- difficulty in choosing words;
- inappropriate and impulsive behavior;
- violations of coordination of movements;
- inability to accurately perform small movements;
- shaky and unsteady gait;
- sweeping and intermittent movements;
- difficulty in external perception;
- broken orientation.
With such a degree of intoxication, a person unreasonably increases self-esteem with a sharp decrease in a critical attitude towards oneself. Mood swings are observed, a person can be in a state of euphoria and at the same time sharply show irritability, discontent and resentment. Depressive experiences are again replaced by a feeling of euphoria. After intoxication, a person falls asleep and after waking up, some episodes that occurred while intoxicated fall out of memory and are forgotten. In the morning, pronounced intoxication is manifested, while performance is reduced.
A severe degree of alcohol intoxication is diagnosed when the content of ethyl alcohol in the amount of 250 to 400 mol / l is detected in the blood. In this state, the ability to orientate is almost completely lost and numerous violations of the vital systems of the body are observed. A person is not able to respond to people, he is very slow and does not understand what they are talking about, and he himself cannot explain anything.
The intoxication effect is long and lasts for several days.
The characteristic features of this degree are as follows:
- inability to stand on their own feet;
- significant difficulties in speech and facial expressions;
- dizziness;
- complete lack of appetite;
- nausea and vomiting;
- disturbances of consciousness;
- incontinence of urine and feces;
- decrease in body temperature below normal;
- amnesia.
The physical manifestations of this degree of alcohol intoxication include: a very rapid heartbeat, lowering blood pressure, increased sweating. With such symptoms, formidable complications can develop. A severe degree of intoxication is dangerous because a person can fall into a coma. This is especially true for those who drank a very large dose of alcohol for the first time.
The degree of intoxication is determined by the amount of alcohol in the blood
Signs of pathological intoxication
According to the form of manifestation, alcohol intoxication is divided into:
- to depression. An intoxicated person develops an obsession with suicide. In this case, the help of a specialist is required;
- dysphoric. A person in a state of intoxication has an inexplicable fear and panic, he is suddenly overcome by an insurmountable longing;
- hysterical. It is more common in women and is characterized by increased conflict;
- hebephrenic. An adult in a state of intoxication begins to behave like a child. At the same time, he shows aggression if you point out this fact to him.
Pathological forms include epileptoid and paranoid alcohol intoxication. The first is characterized by sharp changes in prostration and excitation. Its main features are anger and aggression, inappropriate behavior. The consciousness of the intoxicated person is not disturbed. The paranoid form of intoxication is different in that a person develops paranoia, he sees a danger to himself in everything. Gradually, uncontrollable horror seizes him, hallucinations appear.
An alcoholic coma is also a severe form of intoxication. It is accompanied by such manifestations as: loss of consciousness, increased heart rate, constriction of the pupils, severe vomiting. Against the background of low temperature, sweat appears on the patient's forehead, the skin of the face turns blue. With a deep coma, the pulse and pressure drop to a critical level, all life processes slow down, a person may die.
Alcoholic coma - an extreme degree of intoxication
Necessary for drawing up the act of manifestation
Alcohol lovers often face difficulties both in everyday life and at work. So, if an employee has confirmed alcohol intoxication at the workplace, then this threatens him with a disciplinary sanction or even dismissal. Drunk drivers driving vehicles are a danger to others. Therefore, traffic police officers have the right to stop suspicious drivers and check them for the fact of intoxication.
This right is clearly defined in the law. It is also indicated that when such violators are identified, an act of examination of the state of alcoholic intoxication is drawn up. Identification and verification is carried out on the following points: external symptoms, analysis of exhaled air and a blood test for the presence of alcohol. In some cases, to identify residual metabolites of alcohol in the body, it is necessary to take a urine sample.
Examination of alcohol intoxication is fixed by law
The main signs of intoxication are: slurred speech, inappropriate behavior, the smell of alcohol on the breath, a wobbly gait. Therefore, the identification is carried out precisely on these indicators. The following columns are filled in the inspection report:
- Date and place of examination.
- Full name, position and type of subdivision of the person drawing up the act.
- Information about the person being examined (full name, place of work, date of birth and place of residence, telephone number).
- Signs of intoxication.
- The exact time of the start of the examination.
- The device used for the procedure.
- The percentage of detection of ethyl alcohol in the air exhaled by a person.
- Confirmation or refutation of the fact of intoxication.
The examination process must take place in the presence of 2 strangers - witnesses. A copy of the act with the results is given to the person in respect of whom the procedure was carried out. At the same time, he must indicate whether he agrees or not with the presented results and sign the document.
People who take alcohol in small quantities are often mistaken about the weathering of alcohol. It seems that you should sleep well at night, have a hearty breakfast the next morning - and no problems. But everything is not so simple. In some cases, ethyl stays in the blood for a long time. And those people who plan to get behind the wheel in the near future after drinking should remember this.
It is interesting that a person can feel completely sober, the signs of a hangover do not bother him, the condition is stable, and alcohol in the blood still keeps.
The exact concentration of alcohol in the blood can be determined in the course of laboratory tests, but even standard testers are able to detect residual derivatives of alcohol-containing products. The concentration of ethyl in the blood in the range of 0.3-0.6 ppm is completely imperceptible by a person. But this is enough to lose your driver's license. Therefore, you should not take risks by driving the next morning after a party. It is better to purchase an autonomous breathalyzer for private use, which will allow you to track changes in intoxication if there are no external manifestations.
Interestingly, the effect of alcohol-containing products on the human body is not unambiguous. Clarity of thought comes faster than alcohol vapors disappear. In the lungs and Moreover, at first glance, harmless products can lead to an increase in the concentration of alcohol: kvass, non-alcoholic beer, kefir. Everything is determined by the dosage of these drinks, the individual characteristics of the body and the interval between the intake of alcoholic products and substances that increase the level of ethanol in the blood.
If a person needs to take tests or drive, then it is better not to drink at all 24 hours before the planned event. The accuracy of laboratory tests is higher than the results of mobile testers, so the remains of alcohol-containing products with a high degree of probability will be detected in the blood if not enough time passes. The rate of utilization of alcohol depends on the strength of the drink and its sweetness. Wines make you drunk faster, but they also linger in the body less. Vodka and cognac can be processed for a long period.
How quickly the symptoms of intoxication disappear
It is clear that the more drunk the day before, the longer the intoxication lasts. Excessively strong alcohol has a negative effect on the digestive system, as a result of which the process of assimilation of the drunk is inhibited. If you eat fat before drinking, then you can delay the processing of ethyl for several hours. On the one hand, this plays into the hands of those who plan to spend longer in a friendly company without getting drunk. On the other hand, the process of utilization of ethyl derivatives will be delayed for a longer time.
In women, alcohol in the blood lasts longer than in men. The fair sex gets drunk faster, they go longer after drinking, and their hangover is more difficult. In thin people, there is a stronger intoxication than in overweight people. Mature people process alcohol faster than the elderly or teenagers.
A person, even feeling completely sober, may experience discomfort associated with the previous drinking of alcoholic products. This is expressed in an unpleasant odor from the body, general weakness, and a decrease in concentration. All these symptoms indicate that the body did not have time to completely get rid of alcohol.
That is why it is important to get out of a hangover in a natural way. Getting drunk with alcohol, even in minimal doses, is contraindicated.
The duration of the removal of alcohol from the blood can be increased if a person periodically drinks alcohol. Then the body does not have time to completely get rid of ethanol derivatives and accumulates toxins. This phenomenon is often observed in chronic alcoholics. If alcohol dependence is suspected, it is necessary to start taking drugs that contribute to the formation of alcohol resistance. You can order a drug of this kind without publicity on the Internet.
Beer, wine and weak cocktails really quickly disappear, and after a long sleep and a good snack, there is not a trace of them left. If strong drinks appeared in the diet, then it is better to play it safe and not get behind the wheel earlier than a day after the alcohol party.
How to speed up the elimination of alcohol from the body
Suppose a person urgently needs to put himself in order. Of course, it will not be possible to quickly remove alcohol from the body, but it is quite possible to reduce its concentration or remove the residual effect of alcohol intoxication.
There are several recipes for quick sobering up:
- replenishment of water deficiency - the more fluid enters the body, the lower the concentration of ethyl in the blood. True, we should not forget about diuretics. If they are not taken, edema will quickly develop. Help out herbal preparations that stimulate the kidneys and do not harm health;
- vitaminization - ascorbic and succinic acid help to accelerate the utilization of acetaldehyde, a derivative of alcohol. The next morning after drinking alcohol, it is worth drinking citrus juices, rosehip broth, as well as complex vitamins;
- contrast shower - refreshes, tones, improves vascular function and washes away toxins and slags on the surface of the skin. If a contrast shower is unacceptable, then you can simply wash yourself in cool water, but you should not bathe after drinking alcohol. This can be harmful to health;
- walks in the fresh air - saturate the blood with oxygen, boost metabolic processes. Light exercise in the form of walking is an excellent aerobic workout that will help you recover faster after a hangover;
- sound sleep is the best remedy for busting with alcohol. If there is nowhere to hurry in the morning, then it is better to sleep a little longer in order to eliminate alcohol intoxication and the consequences of intoxication.
It is highly undesirable to drink tonic drinks, which include coffee, energy drinks, strong tea. Anti-hangover drugs work well, but Antipolizei drugs do not relieve hangover syndrome, but mask its symptoms. They do not affect the level of ethanol in the blood and do not relieve the effects of previous alcohol intoxication.
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Content
Drinking alcohol entails a disorder of behavior, mental, vegetative reactions. Understanding what the external and clinical signs of alcohol intoxication are, what are the main stages of this condition, can help to act correctly in a situation of inadequate manifestations of a drunk person. When drawing up an act of medical examination, the symptoms of drunkenness are noted without fail.
What is alcohol intoxication
The totality of neurological, vegetative, mental disorders that occur to a person after drinking alcohol is called alcohol intoxication. The degree of influence that the consumed alcohol has on the physical condition and behavior of the individual depends on a number of factors: age, physiological characteristics, and the state of the body. A number of behavioral or clinical signs can determine the degree of drunkenness.
stages
Medical science defines three stages of alcohol intoxication and their signs. They depend on the amount of alcohol consumed, are assigned to a certain percentage of the concentration of ethanol breakdown products in the blood. Each stage has its own clinical and behavioral features. Allocate light, medium, severe stage. From stage to stage, behavioral disorders increase, health deteriorates, the adequacy of perception is disturbed, the drunk person loses control over himself, his actions.
Clinical signs of intoxication
Symptoms of alcohol intoxication at each stage are different from each other. As the concentration of alcohol in the blood increases, the mental state of the drunk person changes, his ability to concentrate, control his emotions and his body. There are the following stages of drunkenness:
- Lung (ethanol concentration 0.5-1.5%). It is characterized by a surge of strength, a rise in mood, the onset of mild euphoria. The person is sociable, emotionally excited. However, even at such small doses, there is a violation of concentration, which can lead to serious negative consequences when performing complex work, driving vehicles or mechanisms.
- Moderate (1.5-2.5%). With an increase in intoxication, irritability, anger appear, manifestations of aggression are possible. This effect is called dysphoric intoxication. Coordination of movements changes, motor disturbances are possible. Mental excitement is replaced by lethargy, drowsiness. This stage ends with falling into a deep sleep.
- Heavy (2.5-3%). A neurological disorder characterized by a disorder of orientation in space and time. Disturbances in the activity of the vestibular apparatus begin, consciousness is depressed (later this manifests itself in the form of amnesia), the pulse slows down, and respiratory disorders occur. The person may fall into an unconscious state.
External signs
As the degree of drunkenness increases, the external signs of a drunk person become more and more pronounced. It is possible to recognize an individual who has consumed alcohol not only by the smell of alcohol. The condition of the drunk is characterized by mental excitement, expressed in non-standard behavior. Motor activity, as a rule, increases, while the ability to coordinate movements deteriorates with each subsequent serving of alcohol. Each sign is modified as the concentration of ethanol increases.
pupil change
After the first doses of alcohol, the effect of "brilliant eyes" appears. As the concentration of ethanol increases, the pupils expand, because the speed of reaction to light decreases, convergence is disturbed - the ability of the pupil to narrow, focus in a certain direction of gaze. In a severe stage of drunkenness - with an alcoholic coma - anisocoria is possible (the pupils of the right and left eyes become different sizes).
Signs of arousal
At different stages, emotional, motor excitement manifests itself in different ways. At first, the excitation is pleasant, expressed as an increase in sociability, motor activity. As the concentration of ethanol increases, coordination of movements is disturbed, emotional manifestations also get out of control. In a severe stage, pathological intoxication may occur, accompanied by paranoid or hysterical psychosis.
Disorder of coordination
The ability to control your body becomes progressively worse from mild to severe. Disorder of coordination is characterized by the inability to walk or stand straight, the movements of the arms and legs become spontaneous, the work of the vestibular apparatus is disturbed. With a severe degree of drunkenness, a person falls into a semi-conscious or unconscious state, loses the ability to motor activity.
Disorder of consciousness
From an easy stage to a severe one, a person who has consumed alcohol loses the ability to control the movements of his body, ceases to be adequately aware and evaluate what is happening to him. There is a reassessment of one's own capabilities, which, with atypical intoxication, is replaced by a deterioration in mood, the adequacy of self-perception and perception of the surrounding reality is violated. In severe stages, there is a complete loss of control over one's thoughts, which may be accompanied by hallucinations and delusions.
Conduct violations
Signs of inappropriate behavior when drinking alcohol can manifest themselves individually. When falling into aggression, a person may begin to provoke conflicts or fights. Moderate and severe states are characterized by behavior that is radically different from behavior in a sober state. Physically weak men demonstrate manifestations of strength, cowardly - recklessness and courage, timid - determination. An individual who has taken alcohol can, in a state of passion, perform actions dictated by desires and needs suppressed by a sober consciousness.
Residual signs
The residual sign of drunkenness is the intoxication of the body, which comes and worsens as the decay products of ethanol are removed from the body. Headaches, nausea and vomiting, dry mouth, dehydration, dizziness, severe weakness, bone and muscle pain, joint aches and other symptoms of ethyl alcohol poisoning can last from 2 to 20 hours depending on the state of the body and the amount of alcohol consumed.
drunkenness in teenagers
Teenagers do not differ in specific signs of alcohol intoxication, all the symptoms have a strong expression, they make themselves felt difficulties and problems that a young man or girl experiences in society. Due to the lack of habit to alcohol, vegetative disorders and coordination disorders are more pronounced. Alcohol withdrawal is also more pronounced. In the case of regular use, dependence on a chemical and emotional level is formed quickly, within a year and a half.
The problem of alcohol addiction in our country does not lose its acute relevance. The reasons for the widespread addiction include the availability of alcohol, the unreasonableness of the consumption of alcoholic beverages and the mentality of Russians. Alcohol lovers have to constantly face difficulties in the service and in ordinary social life.
The procedure for examining a person for the degree of intoxication is indicated in the legislation of the Russian Federation. And this decision, in particular, signs of intoxication for the act, should be known to everyone. To protect yourself from illegal actions of law enforcement officers and shortcomings of checks, noticing possible errors and errors in time.
You need to know the rules for conducting a sobriety test and drawing up an act
A lover of drinking at work will sooner or later have to deal with the preparation of an official act. After issuing this paper in the service, the drunk is threatened with job loss or (as a minimum punishment) disciplinary action. A drunk person who was caught driving a vehicle will also have to face problems.
Under the law, persons who were driving while intoxicated face penalties ranging from large fines to administrative arrest. The penalties in this case are tougher, since the person driving the car, being drunk, endangers the lives of other road users and pedestrians.
Alcohol and dismissal
A person who is in a state of intoxication loses the ability to control himself and be responsible for his actions. This is what deserves the application of various educational measures by the administration. The protocol drawn up in this case can play a decisive role in punishment and become the basis for the dismissal of a person.
But it happens that a person becomes a victim of unverified accusations and a biased assessment. Therefore, each person should know the exact order of legal relations that exist between him and the person holding a managerial position.
Degrees of intoxication
The first thing you should know is that the act (protocol) itself, which speaks of a person being drunk at work, is drawn up only in cases where the employee was seen drinking alcohol in the following places:
- At various branches of the company.
- Directly at your workplace.
- In the territory that belongs to the working area.
But you should also be aware that not in all cases the execution of the relevant act causes further dismissal. In this case, the time when the employee was seen drunk or drinking alcohol becomes decisive. If this happened during off-hours, then the maximum that could threaten the violator is a warning from the authorities.
An act in which the employee was drunk at work is recorded in some cases is not drawn up. These are the following situations:
- If the employee was at work after hours.
- When an employee took a dose of alcohol before starting work and was admitted to work.
- The drunk turned out to be a pregnant employee or the mother of a young child (under 6 years old), the mother of a disabled child or having the status of a loner.
- A minor employee of the organization is in a state of intoxication. In this case, he can be dismissed only with the permission of the State Labor Inspectorate (GTI).
A paradoxical situation arises. Indeed, instead of receiving a well-deserved punishment, these categories of citizens calmly avoid censure. But the rest of the employees in the same case have to answer to the fullest extent of the law.
How is intoxication determined by law?
Verification by representatives of the authorities and the law of the fact of detection of intoxication is carried out in strict accordance with the procedure established by law. It is carried out in accordance with the following points:
- External symptoms of intoxication.
- Analysis of the air exhaled by a person.
- A blood test for the presence of alcohol in it.
- Urine sample for the detection of residues of alcohol metabolites.
How alcohol intoxication manifests itself
The initial examination is carried out directly at the service or when the driver stops. Police officers or representatives of the administrative leadership check and record the external symptoms of alcohol intoxication in a person.
visual signs
All visible symptoms, the detection of which will indicate intoxication, are prescribed in the current Code of Administrative Offenses. All external signs of alcohol intoxication, clearly stated in the law, are as follows:
- unsteadiness and instability of gait, posture;
- a distinct alcoholic smell from a person;
- inappropriate behavior that does not correspond to the situation;
- difficulties in speech functions (meaningless, incomprehensible speech);
- dilated pupils of the eyes (this sign is also evidence of drug intoxication);
- change in skin color (ethanol increases venous blood flow, as a result of which the skin turns red sharply).
Air vapor research
After an analysis of the external symptoms of intoxication has been carried out, the next point is to measure the concentration of alcoholic vapors in the air exhaled by a person. A special device is used - alcometer.
What can be evidence of intoxication in a person
The maximum allowable rate of the volume of ethyl alcohol in air masses during exhalation is also spelled out in the Law of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. It is 0.16 mg / l.
If this level is exceeded, a person is considered drunk, which, in certain situations, leads to administrative fines, withdrawal of rights or service problems, up to and including dismissal under the article. If the driver is detained, the traffic police seize the car, and the owner of the car is sent to a narcologist for a medical examination.
But in this case, a visit to the doctor is not always made. But only in the following situations:
- when a drunk driver (according to external signs) refuses to voluntarily be tested on a breathalyzer;
- the driver claims to be sober and categorically disagrees with the final data of the device after measuring the air.
Before accompanying the violator to a narcologist, the traffic police officers must issue a protocol-direction for a medical check. The following points are written in the official document:
- information about witnesses present;
- the time of the test on the breathalyzer;
- external symptoms that speak of intoxication;
- complete information about the device used.
Table ppm, which determines the degree of intoxication
Also, an official document is attached to the protocol, in which all instrument readings obtained during the test are recorded. And only then the traffic police officer accompanies the violator to a narcologist for a medical examination.
How is the medical examination
A medical examination carried out by a narcologist is regulated by an officially established instruction with the obligatory filling out of a certificate in the form 307 / y-05 (“Act of medical examination for the detection of intoxication”). In this document, the narcologist fills in all the information about the person being checked and marks the identified external signs of the presence of ethanol in the body, in particular:
- features and nuances of speech;
- visual appearance of the skin cover;
- description of the offender's behavior;
- is there a smell of alcohol from a person;
- type of pupils (dilated, normal, constricted).
When drawing up an official act-conclusion, the use of ordinary colloquial speech is unacceptable. All signs, descriptions must have clear wording, not deviate from those indicated in the legislation, and have clear, legible official definitions.
Before conducting direct clinical analyzes, a repeated measurement of exhaled air is taken from a person on devices that have the appropriate certificate. The evidence obtained is recorded in an official act.
Then the biomaterial is taken from the violator and a medical check is made. What kind of research will be organized is determined by the narcologist himself. The main goal of this procedure is to identify ethanol and confirm the fact of drunkenness..
External signs of intoxication depending on the stage
Based on the results of the audit, an official conclusion is made. This paper is also drawn up in accordance with all established rules and should not be described by a physician in an arbitrary form. There are only two final conclusions:
- The state of intoxication is established.
- The state of intoxication has not been established.
In the case when there are external signs of intoxication, and the measurement of exhaled air does not show intoxication, a second measurement is carried out after 15-20 minutes. This can happen if a person has recently taken alcohol and alcohol has not yet been absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and has not reached the bronchopulmonary system.
If the repeated check does not show the presence of alcohol, but there are obvious external signs of intoxication, a biomaterial (blood or urine) is taken. Based on the results of these checks, an official conclusion is made about the presence of drunkenness. But sometimes the stages of alcohol intoxication and their signs can give ambiguous results, if you rely only on one blood test.
Therefore, it is impossible to draw a conclusion about the state of a person, based on the indicators of one analysis only. The final result is based on two measurements (urine and blood):
It is the combination of these indicators and the description of all external, visible signs that becomes the basis for determining the intoxication / sobriety of a person. At the same time, the absence of one of the necessary indicators indicates a gross violation of the rules for conducting a medical examination. In this case, a person can safely challenge the findings in court.
All violators, and especially drivers, should be aware that they do not have the right to refuse to undergo a medical examination. In this case, such a refusal entails the withdrawal of rights and the imposition of an administrative fine on the violator.
In case of passing all checks according to the issued referral and disagreeing with the results obtained, the person can be re-examined in an independent clinic (but not more than 4-5 hours later).
This procedure will be paid, but it will become a fundamental fact for confirming the innocence of a person in court. It is also necessary to understand that it is the presence of external signs of intoxication that serves as a reason for traffic police officers and management representatives (if it happens at work) to send a person for a medical examination. And you can't refuse it.
You can not refuse to undergo any of the examination methods (blood sampling, urine sampling, breathalyzer testing). In this case, this will be regarded as a refusal to undergo a medical examination, and the person himself will be subjected to administrative punishment.
In contact with
Drivers arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol most often disagree with the results of a medical examination. In the practice of administrative courts, such facts are recorded almost daily. Both at the examination and in the courtroom, people swear that they did not drink alcohol, and the breathalyzer reacted to quite familiar foods, or rather, drinks.
Let's not guess
“There are many foods and drinks, after which the breathalyzer can show the presence of alcohol in the body,” doctors say. - But, firstly, these indicators are negligible, and secondly, they disappear very quickly if the subject really did not drink alcoholic beverages. In addition, within two hours after the survey, a driver who disagrees with the results can take a second sample. If it shows less than 0.2 ppm, and there are no obvious signs of inappropriate behavior characteristic of drunk people, we write: “Sober”. In general, in order not to take risks once again, before getting behind the wheel, a person should think that he is drinking. It's in his own interest.
In order not to be unfounded, we conducted an experiment in the medical examination room. For the test, the most frequently used drinks were chosen to justify drivers: non-alcoholic beer, homemade kvass, koumiss and an energy drink. Before the start of the experiment, all four subjects underwent a trial test, which showed the complete absence of alcohol in their bodies. Here, in the examination room, the subjects drank the brought drinks.
Half an hour later, they re-examined. The first to pass the test was the one who had previously “persuaded” a whole liter of real homemade koumiss. Against the background of the stories of acquaintances and party-goers of various Internet forums about the alcoholic effect of koumiss, the result was even a little disappointing. Three zeros on the breathalyzer destroyed such a popular legend. The same three zeros were shown by the device to the next subject, who drank two bottles of a non-alcoholic energy drink. There were only two options ahead - non-alcoholic beer and homemade kvass. A liter of non-alcoholic beer also did not give any results, and only those who drank a liter of homemade kvass felt slightly dizzy and weak. The breathalyzer confirmed the sensations - - 0.17 ppm of alcohol in the body.
“Yes, there is alcohol,” the doctor remarked dispassionately. “But it won't be for long. Sit for another 15 minutes. Imagine that you were stopped by inspectors, suspected of drinking alcohol and being taken for examination. And then we'll take the test again.
And the doctor was right. The next check, carried out after the indicated time, showed only 0.03 ppm.
“In another half an hour there will be nothing left at all,” the doctor smiles. - Kvass does not last long, and in any case, on the basis of such indicators of the device, we cannot make a diagnosis of "alcohol intoxication." You are completely sober.
“After conducting a medical examination, we prepare a conclusion, which we subsequently pass on to the inspector,” says the deputy chief physician of the Almaty City Narcological Center for Medical and Social Correction Ruslan Aliev. – But first, we familiarize the test person with it in detail. Only after that the person signs the document. Even if the device shows 0.1 ppm (this happens if a person has consumed a small amount of alcohol the day before), we conclude that yes - alcohol is present, but the person is sober. Another thing is that not all people know the laws. So it happens, probably, that the policeman just starts talking, frightening, and the completely frightened driver tries to somehow resolve the issue that has arisen on the spot.
Reference:
When performing a simple Romberg test, the subject stands with his feet together (heels and toes together), eyes closed, arms extended forward, fingers slightly apart. The time of stability in this position is determined. If equilibrium is lost, the test is stopped and the time of its execution is recorded. Swaying, and even more rapid loss of balance, indicate a lack of coordination. Trembling of the fingers and eyelids also indicates this, although to a much lesser extent. It is this test that is used to determine the state of the subject, or rather, whether he is in a state of intoxication or not.
Poppy seed buns or a heroin syringe?
Recently, drivers are increasingly complaining that during a medical examination, a positive conclusion about drug intoxication is issued for nothing. 
They explain the presence of opiates in the body by the fact that shortly before the unpleasant meeting with the inspectors, they ate buns or rolls with poppy seeds. Taking this opportunity, we decided to check whether the food poppy can "put a pig in".
“You will have to come to us about a day after eating poppy products to check this,” says the doctor on duty at the medical examination room. Vladimir Pilsky. - It takes time for the components and substances contained in the food poppy to enter the bloodstream and, accordingly, to the organs that are responsible for the processing of substances. I'll tell you from my own experience. I did the same experiment on myself. Yes, the opiate test came back positive. But, I emphasize once again, we do not diagnose only on the basis of one test. We conduct a number of other studies that make it possible to determine whether a person is a drug addict or not. We always talk with the patient, find out what he ate in the last day. And believe me, a person who has eaten buns or rolls with poppy seeds cannot be confused with a drug addict.
Residual effects or alcohol intoxication?
Often, traffic police officers bring drivers for examination in the morning. These drivers claim that they drank a couple of glasses at a family celebration the previous day, and leftovers in the morning. We also checked this explanation, which the subjects so often express in their own justification. The experiment was as follows. In the evening, at the celebration of a friend's birthday, for 4 hours (from 18.00 to 22.00) a 35-year-old man drank 0.5 liters of vodka. After that he slept for 9 hours. An examination was carried out an hour later. Breathalyzer showed 0.43 ppm. At the same time, the doctor on duty conducted several more mechanical tests, including the Romberg test. The subject did not pass the test.
Reference
Various alcoholic beverages with a small proportion of alcohol content are most quickly absorbed: beer, wine, gin and tonic, weak cocktails. Strong drinks - vodka, cognac, whiskey - can have a blocking effect on the stomach valve, and therefore the process of alcohol entering the bloodstream is delayed up to half an hour.
Fatty foods slow down the process of alcohol entering the bloodstream, since it has an enveloping effect on the walls of the stomach, so the period of distribution of ethanol through the circulatory system is extended in time. The food taken or the full stomach serve only as a temporary obstacle: after a maximum of an hour, the concentration of alcohol in the blood rises.
The most easily digested, and therefore excreted, beer, wine and cocktails. The longest - vodka and whiskey. It also matters how much you drink. For example, vapors of alcohol in the air exhaled by a person who has drunk 100 grams of vodka can be detected within an hour and a half. Further calculation is made by multiplication, that is, 200 grams are determined within 3 hours, 300 grams - 6–8, and so on.
But narcologists warn that much also depends on the body of the individual, that is, on his general state of health.
