1) Big Chinese-Russian dictionary (printed version)
You can buy it, for example, on Ozone. There are BCRS authors Z. I. Baranova, V. E. Gladtskov, V. A. Zhavoronkov, B. G. Mudrov for 150,000 words:
and BKRS for 450,000 words (this dictionary is not only Chinese-Russian, but also Russian-Chinese):
In the dictionary, we start searching by keys. Everything is quite simple: we look at the hieroglyph, determine the key, count the number of strokes in the key, open the list of keys and now you are sent to a page, say 765, where all the hieroglyphs with these keys are located.
Now we count the number of strokes in the second part of the hieroglyph, let's say 7. On page 765 we find our key plus 7 strokes of the second part and here we are again sent to the page for translation, say 1465.
This is, of course, a very long option. There are other dictionaries that work according to other principles, although this mostly comes down to counting traits. There are also dictionaries in which hieroglyphs are arranged according to the Latin alphabet of their sound. In fact, this is useful if you know pinyin, but do not know the value, which solves half the problem.
2) computer program Lingvo
Download Lingvo, purchase a license, install the Chinese language, not forgetting to set the permission for the visibility of hieroglyphs in Windows (start-control panel-language and regional standards - languages-install support for languages with hieroglyphs, insert the Windows installation disk. After copying the files, restart the computer) .
The latest version of Lingvo has not only Chinese-Russian dictionaries, but also Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries, as well as Chinese-Russian and Russian-Chinese phrasebooks. If Russian Chinese dictionaries you don't have, recruit Russian word in the Chinese-Russian dictionary, and a search for all articles will begin, which can be quite effective.
There is a strong opinion that learning Chinese is extremely difficult or almost impossible. Nevertheless, most linguists and experts specializing in China agree that for full communication, reading major newspapers and even many books, knowing just 3,000 characters is enough.
Each Chinese character is a separate syllable that can be pronounced in one of five keys. It is the tones of the Chinese language that are the most difficult to learn, because, as a rule, there are no analogues in the native language. Nevertheless, after a certain, sometimes short, practice, depending on the hearing of the student, there comes a moment when the tones begin to differ by ear. To write Chinese syllables taking into account tones, there is a Pinyin system based on the Latin alphabet.
First tone- pronounced high and even, like the squeak of a Morse code. Denoted by a straight line above the letter mā or simply ma1.
Second tone- ascending from medium to high, sounds like a peculiar question. Denoted má or ma2.
Third tone- low falling, and then rising to the average level. The tone is more like the Russian interjection "Well!?". Denoted mă or ma3.
fourth tone- falling from high level to low, sounds like a kind of statement. Denoted mà or ma4.
A syllable without a tone- is not indicated in any way and is pronounced without tonality.
But the specificity of China and its inhabitants is such that the reference pronunciation of syllables is not widespread everywhere, and even after driving 500 kilometers to another point in the country or talking with a representative of Chinese nationality anywhere else in the world, you risk being misunderstood. That is why the hieroglyphic record for the Chinese is as important, both within the country and abroad, as any common language of international communication in the world plays for people from other countries.
To learn Chinese, you need to know 214 key characters, according to which Chinese and Japanese characters are most often located in dictionaries. These 214 keys will help you easily navigate new and still unfamiliar hieroglyphs, quickly find their meaning in dictionaries and reference books, and even approximately guess the meaning and pronunciation of hieroglyphs.
Key signs refer to the following areas of knowledge:
Several key hieroglyphs.
I recently found sites Chinese-Russian dictionary online. They have a wonderful convenient function - manual input of hieroglyphs. So I decided to talk about these sites.
One of the biggest difficulties in learning Chinese is the characters. And many will agree with this. And in recent times hieroglyphs are interesting not only for those who study Chinese.
In general, find a good Chinese-Russian dictionary-online turned out to be not easy. At one time I used one such dictionary, in general, complete, good. But if you don’t know how to pronounce a hieroglyph, and this hieroglyph is not written in in electronic format, but, for example, on paper, on clothes or even on wallpaper, then finding this hieroglyph in such a dictionary was as difficult as in a paper dictionary.
Now I use for such purposes - a translator program that is installed on a computer and can work without an Internet connection.
What sites do I mean?
Sites with manual input of hieroglyphs
First Online Dictionary
With his help, I quickly found some hieroglyphs.
Second online dictionary
When you place the cursor in the input field, a window for writing a hieroglyph appears. True, Google Chrome does not work in my browser, but it works fine in Internet Explorer.
P.S. Unfortunately, on this moment(04/02/2014) there is no possibility of manual input on this site... but there are other useful things. Maybe later this function will be returned.
/new! dated 04/02/2014 / Fourth online dictionary
The principle is the same.
This online dictionary contains many entries. You can type in the search and pinyin. When you enter a search word, offers options.
Maybe it will come in handy for you - decipher the inscription on your favorite T-shirt
The origin and development of Chinese dictionaries.
The continuous development of Chinese lexicographic thought, starting roughly from the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. e., created a tradition and continuity between the dictionaries of different eras.
Sustainability of writing literary language Wenyan allowed for many centuries to maintain the stability of the hieroglyphic set and the uniformity of the interpretation of hieroglyphic signs.
The fundamental dictionaries of ancient and modern Chinese are considered by linguists to be dictionaries of three periods:
Vocabulary Er "I 尔雅 "Approximation to the classics" (III-II century BC).
Fang yang 方言 "Local words" (the first dictionary of dialect vocabulary). Western Han ( 西漢 ) (206-9 BC). Over 9000 hieroglyphs.
shouwen jiezi 说文解字 (Xu Shen, ding. Han). The dictionary describes the meaning of 9353 hieroglyphs, as well as 1163 graphic variants of their spelling.
Zihui 字彙 /字汇 ( , published in 1627. Based on it, the dictionary "Kangxi Zidian" is created.
kangxi zidian 康熙字典 (1716) Contains 47,021 hieroglyphs.
3. Modern Chinese dictionaries of hieroglyphs (zidian字典 )
Qiyuan 辞源 "Source of Words". (First edition: 1915)
Tsyhai 辞海 "Sea of words". (First edition: 1936)
xinhua zidian 新华字典 (published since 1953. In 2004 - the tenth edition)
zhonghua dajidian 中华大字典
Hanyu dajidian 漢語大字典 (1986-1989, contains 54,678 characters)
Guoyu Qidian 国语词典
xiandai hanyu qidian 现代汉语词典
Hanyu daqidian 汉语大词典 (Big Dictionary Chinese language) / Ch. ed. Luo Zhufeng ( 罗竹风 ). T. 1-12. Shanghai, (1986-1993).
Zhongwen Da Qidian 中文大辭典 (Great Dictionary of the Chinese Language in 38 volumes. Taipei, 1962-1968).
1. Dictionaries of Ancient China. The era of the beginning of our era.
Er'ya Dictionary ( Erya 爾雅 "Approximation to the Classics".
The origin of explanatory Chinese dictionaries is attributed by historians to the period of creation of the first ancient Chinese lexicon, which has come down to the 21st century.
Dictionary "Erya" (Erya) is considered by researchers as the oldest dictionary Chinese characters, Chinese encyclopedia, manuscript-ancestor of vocabulary in China.
Manuscript dating: III-II century. BC.
The original version of the dictionary dates from the end of the Zhangguo era (3rd century BC).
Subsequently, throughout the Han era and later, the dictionary was edited and replenished.
Dictionary sources: ancient Chinese written monuments of the pre-Qin period, belonging to various genres. Additional sources are considered spoken language and professional jargons of ancient China.
Literal translation of the dictionary name:
Ĕr: "You, you, ours, yours",
Yǎ: "elegant, correct, correct, sensible".
Hypothesis 1: the collective work of scientists of ancient China, created in the III-II centuries BC. e.
Dictionary classification:"Er'ya" is defined as a complex dictionary that combines the properties of linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries.
The meanings of ancient Chinese words are explained or translated by means of the commonly understood language of that time.
Contains interpretations of hieroglyphs, information on spelling and grammar, encyclopedic data.
The dictionary reflects the lexical composition of the ancient Chinese language of the pre-Qin period.
The subject of the lexicographic description in the dictionary are monosyllabic and two-syllable units written using hieroglyphic writing.
Explanation of vocabulary (interpretation of the meaning of hieroglyphs found in ancient texts)
Clarification of words (interpretation of adjectives and verbs found in ancient texts)
Explanation of gloss (interpretation of stable words and phrases)
Clarification of kinship (interpretation of kinship terms)
Explanation of dwellings (buildings and their elements)
Explanation of utensils (dishes, food, clothes)
Explaining Musical Instruments
Explanation of celestial bodies (astronomical objects and phenomena)
Clarification of territories (administrative division)
Clarification of hills (hills and uplands)
Clarification of the mountains
Clarification of the waters
Clarification of herbs
Clarifying Trees
Clarification of insects
Fish clarification
Clarification of the birds
Explaining Wild Animals
Clarification of pets
The dictionary consists of nineteen parts, each of which contains headings and subsections. Parts (4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18 and 19 thematic).
Part 4 explains the vocabulary in the semantic field "family, marriage".
Parts 1-3 reveal the meaning of abstract concepts.
Parts 4-19 clarify specific words and terms.
The entire vocabulary of the dictionary is divided into two groups:
Usual (abstract, non-terminological);
Terminological vocabulary.
Structure and composition of the dictionary entry:
The minimum unit for presenting information in the "Er'ya" dictionary is a gloss, written in the form of a particular formula.
Standard full-length gloss "Er'ya": includes:
Unit of description "unknown" (explained / interpreted part);
Interpretation (explaining / interpreting part).
Number of entries: 2094
In total, the dictionary explains 13,113 hieroglyphs written on 19 pins - bundles of 20-30 bamboo planks. Planks size: 1x 20-40 cm.
Modern most complete dictionaries of the Chinese language contain interpretations of about 60,000 characters. Educated Chinese speakers master about 10,000 characters in their lifetime.
The absence of an alphabet in the Chinese language created a structure for the distribution of dictionary entries by topic: terms of kinship, dwellings, utensils, musical instruments, celestial bodies, territories, hills, mountains, waters, grasses, trees, insects, fish, birds, wild animals, domestic animals.
Dictionary value:
The creation of the Er'ya dictionary symbolizes the beginning of the Chinese linguistic tradition. Subsequently, lexicography becomes a popular area of Chinese linguistics.
Dictionary of Showenjiezi 说文解字 ( Pinyin: Shuōwén Jĕzì ).
Dictionary value: sample of the explanatory dictionary of ancient China.
The first dictionary containing all the characters of the Han time.
In the Han era, there was a need for dictionaries with a more extended semantic field. At that time, the most common lexicographic source was canonical compositions.
The author of the dictionary laid the foundations for the theory of word formation and linguistics, which later developed into the doctrine of the "six categories of hieroglyphs." The dictionary "Showen jiezi" is a valuable source of information about the language of ancient China.
Dictionary name translation:"Explanation of simple characters and interpretation of complex ones", "Explanation of simple characters and analysis of complex characters".
Dictionary author: presumably the Chinese scholar Xu Shen (1st century CE) who produced most of the book. Due to the persecution of science and Confucianism, the creation of the dictionary was suspended. Compilation of the dictionary was resumed during the reign of the next emperor, when the dictionary was published, presented to the imperial court by the scholar's son Xu Chong in 121 AD.
Manuscript dating: around 100 AD (the afterword to the dictionary testifies to the fact that the dictionary was provided to the emperor in 121).
By the beginning of our era, the number of written characters was significantly increased.
The list of Li Si (III century BC) covered 3300 characters.
The dictionary "Sho wen" contained about 10,500 characters.
Dictionary "Guyang Ya" (beginning of the 3rd century AD) described more than 18,000 characters.
One of the characteristics of the character of Chinese writing is the absence of an alphabet. Dictionary compilers used the method of arranging hieroglyphs in a certain order, which makes it possible to quickly find the desired hieroglyph.
"Showen jiezi" is the first dictionary with the applied method of distributing hieroglyphs by keys, the basic graphic elements of hieroglyphs, which optimizes the search for interpretations of hieroglyphs in cases where even the approximate meaning of a word is unknown.
To search for words, a rubricator has been created with 540 basic categories in which hieroglyphs are combined into categories.
Simple (consisting of one graphic element, formed from an ideogram or a pictogram, an ancient image).
Complex (formed by merging two or more simple graphic elements).
The difference between this dictionary and the "Er'ya" dictionary is the representation of the etymological meaning of the word.
Number of entries: 9353
Dictionary entry:
The dictionary entry "Showen jiezi" consisted of:
Hieroglyph,
Explanations of its meaning
Graphic structure explanations.
The meaning of the hieroglyph was determined by means of synonyms.
Less common words were interpreted with the help of more common ones, ancient words - with the help of modern ones.
In the absence of a synonym, a description was used: for example, "leopard" (bao) - "looks like a tiger, but with round spots."
In some cases, the interpretation of the meanings was encyclopedic in nature.
Occasionally there are several meanings of the interpreted word. Sometimes the borrowed rather than the main meaning acts as the main interpretation.
In most cases, there is no indication of reading hieroglyphs in the "Sho wen" dictionary. In some cases, if it was necessary for understanding, reading with the help of another famous sign("read the same as...").
2. Dictionaries of the late imperial period.
Dictionary "Kangxi Zidian" 康熙字典 (Pinyin: Kāngxī Zìdiǎn).
Dictionary value: sample of historically valuable dictionaries. Dictionary of the Chinese language, considered the standard manual throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
Dictionary dating: compiled in 1710-1716. by order of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.
The history of the creation of the dictionary: by order of the emperor, the compilation of the dictionary was designed for 5 years, which made the presence of errors in the compilation of texts inevitable.
After the publication of the dictionary, Emperor Daoguang founded a collegium, which in the "Study of the Text of the Dictionary of Hieroglyphs" (1831) corrected 2588 errors, mainly in quotations and statements.
The supplemented dictionary contained 47,035 hieroglyphs and an additional 1,995 graphic variants, totaling 49,030 characters. The hieroglyphs were grouped into 214 keys and distributed in order according to the number of additional lines in the hieroglyph.
Dictionary sources: the foundation of the Kangxi dictionary are two known examples of dictionaries dating back to the previous Ming Dynasty (1386-1644):
Dictionary Zihui (Zihui "Hieroglyphic Glossary"). Published in 1615.
Dictionary Zhengzi tong (Zhengzi tong "Fundamentals of Spelling"). Published 1625
Number of entries: about 49,000.
Dictionary features: the dictionary also provides explanations of obsolete characters, explains etymology, semantics and phonetics, and is one of the main sources for the study of wenyan (wēnyán "classical Chinese written language").
Dictionary entry: the article of hieroglyphs gives their spellings, pronunciations, variations, meanings and examples of use in the form of quotations from Chinese classics. The dictionary also contains rhyme tables with hieroglyphs.
3. Modern dictionaries.
Xinhua 新华字典 "New Chinese Character Dictionary" (Xīnhuá zìdiǎn).
Meaning: the most famous modern explanatory dictionary of the Chinese language. The best selling Chinese dictionary.
Vocabulary Popularity Scale: world.
Dictionary dating: 1953 edited by renowned linguist lexiographer Wei Jian Gong (1901-1980).
Dictionary history:
1957 - reissue of the dictionary with headings according to the phonetic principle. The original version received significant changes. The Commercial Publishing House released the Xinhua Character Dictionary, sorted alphabetically by pinyin. It has long been popular among Chinese students.
The dictionary was reprinted about ten times.
2000 - the latest edition of the dictionary is equipped with English translation words.
The total circulation of the publication at the beginning of 2006 amounted to 500 million copies.
2004 - publication of the 10th edition of the dictionary (11200 hieroglyphs).
The dictionary uses simplified characters and phonetic pinyin transcription.
Structure:
Index of hieroglyphs by phonetic transcription,
key pointer,
Index by number of strokes,
Pointer to four corners.
Number of entries: 11 200.
Dictionary "Sea of Chinese characters".
Dictionary value: dictionary of hieroglyphs used in the countries of the Chinese cultural circle.
Dictionary editors: Leng Yu-long and Wei Yi-hsin 冷玉龙，韦一心著 . 中华字海 . 北京 : 中华书局，中国友谊出版公司 .
Dictionary dating: 1994 Second edition - 1996
Number of entries: 87 019
sources of increasing the vocabulary of the dictionary:
buddhist texts,
All types of abbreviations and variations,
Folk styles of different times (the so-called suzi), found in woodcut printed folk books and some novels, as well as used by illiterate merchants or waiters.
The dictionary reflects local characters for writing dialect words, such as Cantonese. The dictionary covers a wide range of characters used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Japan and Korea.
"Great Chinese Dictionary"
Dictionary value: at present, it is the largest and most complete dictionary of Chinese word combinations (it contains only 22,000 individual characters).
Dictionary editors: Lo Zhu-feng 罗竹风主编 . 汉语大词典 . 1-12册 . 附录 . 索引 . 上海 : 上海辞书出版社 .
Dictionary dating: 1986-1993
Number of volumes: 12
- ancient vocabulary;
Modern vocabulary indicating the readings of hieroglyphs;
Clarification of the meaning of words;
Accepted abbreviated forms of hieroglyphs.
Dictionary "Source of hieroglyphs" 约斋编
Dictionary value: a hieroglyphic dictionary explaining the ancient pictographic styles, providing information about the graphic source, the prototype image that gave rise to the modern writing of the hieroglyph.
Dictionary editor: Yu Zhai.
Dictionary dating: 1953
Pictographic styles 1096 hieroglyphs;
The image of the gradual transformation of styles into modern signs.
Each sign is given:
Explanation;
Short description its transformation with the image.
All signs are divided into themes: man, nature, vessels and utensils, etc.
Moscow
Zemlyanoy Val, 50A
St. Petersburg
Joyfully ran to the computer to tell the world about her discovery. It turned out that I'm not the first Well) I promised myself not to read a single review from this thread until I write my own. So rest assured - this is not a rewrite or plagiarism. She came to everything herself. wow genius
Japanese, Korean and even Chinese cosmetics are loved, especially on Irecommend. However, when writing a review or choosing a product, the stumbling block may be the lack of a sticker with the translation of the composition. The authors usually shrug their shoulders dejectedly: they say, there is no description in English, call me. I used to be like that too. And then it dawned on me that for sure in the 21st century there will be a way to recognize hieroglyphs. And who will help us here, if not the almighty Google?
So, getting acquainted - Google Translate app for Android For iOS and Windows phone I'm sure there is a version too.
Where to find? In my case, of course, this is the Play Market. In the case of other OS - similar app stores.
Price: the application is completely free, but it shows us ads. There is no way to turn it off for money. (Correct me if I'm wrong)
Functional: The application can recognize and translate text:
- in printed form- a classic, everything works perfectly. The main thing is to remember that it is better to translate individual words, not whole sentences;
- handwritten- for my crooked paws is not the most convenient way. Personally, I find it easier to type;
- from the microphone: if Google still understands me in Russian, then in my clumsy English, the maximum you can say is “Hello! How are you? Even the phrase "I Recommend" I pronounce somehow wrong xD
You can simply take a picture of the text from the packaging of the product, you can download a photo or take a screenshot (this is what I do when only hieroglyphs are photographed in the reviews. Thanks to those who remove the composition without even intending to parse it).
There is also such a funny thing as instant transfer. You just point the camera at the box, and right before your eyes, Korean, for example, the language turns into English. Looks like some hell
I tell you step by step how to translate hieroglyphs from a picture into a language we understand. The role of hieroglyphs is the Korean language, in which, in fact, not hieroglyphs, but the alphabet. But you must admit that for us, ordinary people, everything that is far from the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets is hieroglyphs. So, we recognize the Korean text.
1. On the main screen of the application, you need to select a language. Since I am usually interested in the composition of the product, I am more accustomed to seeing it in English.
2. Click on the button in the form of a camera.
3. Focus on the desired area, shoot.
4. On the next screen, select the text. I usually use the Select All button.
5. A piece of translated text appears with an arrow. Click on it to view the full text. On this screen, you can copy text to the clipboard and do whatever you want with it.
So, for example, I found out that my hair dye, despite the dyeing technology that does not involve the use of an oxidizing agent, contains ammonium hydroxide o_O Text from the screen above:
Ingredients: purified water, ethanol, glycollic acid benzyl alcohol, methylpyrrolidone, glycerin, propylene glycol, hydroxycellulose cellulose, ammonium hydroxide, nonoxy 12, hydrolyzed collagen, (T), color no. 401(t), purple color No. 401(t), orange color No. 401(t) Yellow No. 403-1 (Red, No. 401, No. 227, Red No. 201, Yellow No. 4, Red No. 106, Blue No. 1, Purified water, ethanol, glycerin, glycol distearate pigment-12 dimethicone, benzyl alcohol , methylpyrrolidone settimonium chloride, polyquaternium-10, hydroxyethyl cellulose Acid, panthenol, wenna extract, Isothiazolinone / methyl isothiazolinone, fragrance.
Back to the application. It is useful, but what did I find minuses?
- Despite the extensive base of languages, there absent, for example, Tatar. It's a shame, you know! What if I came to Kazan and puzzled over what a badraf is? In this case, you will have to use a similar service from Yandex. Which, by the way, can't recognize Korean text.
- Also, not for all languages, the characters of which are not available on standard keyboards, there is a text recognition function from a photo. For example, you won't be able to "click" Georgian and Thai text.
The rest is great stuff. Who does not yet know what is poured in his Asian jars - I strongly recommend Google translator for mobile
