Literary arguments about language. Bank of arguments for composing the exam

References and bank of arguments

Attention! Before you familiarize yourself with the arguments for composing the exam from the bank of arguments, first read
works in their entirety. Remember that only the complete content gives the complete
reading comprehension. This is important to avoid factual errors. In addition, the arguments
contain spoilers. Accordingly, read the full content after reading the arguments
won't be as interesting. Arguments for writing the exam will help you have your own understanding of which arguments are best to use.

About the bank of arguments for writing the exam

The bank contains 17 works that cover most of the problems encountered
in the texts of the exam. For every problem in the bank, you can find at least 2 arguments!
Estimated reading time for all works: 50 hours. Reading an hour a day
you will read the entire list in less than 2 months.
The Argument Bank does not contain very large works like "War and Peace"
and Quiet Don. They are worth reading, but it is not necessary to do this specifically for the exam in Russian.
Having mastered the method of speed reading, detailed information about which is at the end of the book, you
you can read the entire list in just 20-25 hours.

Secret 7 on the arguments for writing the exam. Large product ≠ large number of arguments. You will be convinced of this by reading the list of references below, which includes many small but capacious works.

Arguments for writing the exam (17 options)

1) Jack London "Martin Eden"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 8 hours.

Problems of the work Jack Londoan "Martin Eden"

The problem of talent
The role of the book (reading)
The role of music in human life



The problem of loneliness
The Problem of Honesty
moral issues
The role of dreams (goals) in human life
The problem of envy
Attitude towards parents

Argumentation of the work of Jack Londoan "Martin Eden"

The protagonist of the work is Martin Eden, a young sailor who falls in love with Ruth, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. To achieve her love, a man sets himself a goal: to become a famous writer. Martin begins to read books of great philosophers, writes his own works. However, relatives of the hero do not believe in his writing talent. Ruth's parents also do not believe that an uneducated sailor can change and take a worthy position in society. But the books change Martin's thinking. He realizes that life is much wider than he thought before. Thanks to hard work, Martin Eden achieves his goal. Now even those who once laughed at him admire the work of the hero. Having become famous, Martin does not forget his loved ones. He buys Maria the promised dairy ranch, helps her sister's husband. However, success does not bring him happiness. The protagonist feels lonely as never before, he is disappointed in his love.

Jack London demonstrated that

1) books can radically change a person's life

2) for the sake of love, a person can achieve unprecedented heights

3) success doesn't always bring happiness

4) even a famous person can be lonely

5) how important it is to have a goal in life and go towards it, regardless of the opinions of others

6) public opinion is changeable, so you should not rely on it

2) Theodore Dreiser "The Financier"

Genre: novel
Reading time: 10 hours.

The problems of Theodore Dreiser's work "The Financier"

The problem of talent

The value of work in human life

The problem of loneliness

The role of childhood memories

The problem of envy
The problem of greed
The problem of hate

The problem of spiritual degradation

Argumentation on the work of Theodor Dreiser "The Financier"

The main character of the work is Frank Cowperwood, a successful businessman from Philadelphia. Thanks to his outstanding abilities, the character quickly reaches career heights. He is predicted a great future. Meanwhile, Frank falls in love with the beautiful young Eileen, the daughter of the well-known Philadelphia financier Edward Butler. For her sake, the hero even divorces his first wife. The sympathy is mutual, and soon the girl's father finds out about her. He becomes so furious that he decides to take revenge on the protagonist at all costs. Frank is involved in financial fraud, helping the city treasurer. Butler finds out about this and, using his connections, brings Cowperwood to trial. The main character is sentenced to prison. We see how money can destroy a person's destiny, and love, on the contrary, can save him. Frank endures all the hardships of being in prison, because he knows that Eileen is waiting for him. Cowperwood cannot be unequivocally called a bad or a good person. He is a genius who is envied. In his actions, the hero sees one goal: the desire for beauty.

Theodore Dreiser demonstrated:

2) a talented but lonely person who, thanks to his determination, achieves success

3) social problems: corruption, inequality, lies.

4) Frank's abilities were laid in childhood. He actively developed them and therefore reached such heights.

Secret 7. The works of foreign authors have a significant plus:
not all experts have read them. Therefore, the risk of a factual error
is significantly reduced, the task of choosing arguments for composing the exam is simplified.

3) A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

The problems of Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter"

The problem of love in human life

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

The problem of honor and dishonor

moral issues

The Problem of Betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Argumentation of the essay based on Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter"

The main character of the work is Peter Grinev. From the age of five, Petrusha has been looked after by the stirrup Savelich. In the seventeenth year, the father decides to send his son to the service, but not to St. Petersburg, but to the army. On the way, Grinev and Savelyich fall into a snowstorm. A random person helps them out. Peter is a grateful person, he gives the “counselor” a hare sheepskin coat. Grinev ends up in the Belogorsk fortress, where he meets Shvabrin, a man close to him in education, age and occupation. There, the man also meets Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant, with whom he soon falls in love. Because of her, there is a quarrel between Grinev and Shvabrin, which ends in a duel and the wounding of the protagonist. Detachments of Yemelyan Pugachev attack the Belogorsk fortress and, despite the heroic resistance of the defenders, capture it. Pugachev recognizes Grinev, who once did not spare a sheepskin coat for him, and saves his life. Despite this, main character sincerely tells the peasant ataman that he does not promise not to serve against him. Amazed Pugachev releases Grinev. The hero goes to Orenburg, where he asks for help. He is refused, so Peter and Savelich decide to return to the fortress on their own in order to free Masha. And again, fate brings Grinev and Pugachev together, giving the officer a chance to fulfill his intention: having learned from Grinev the essence of the matter on which he is going to the Belogorsk fortress, Pugachev himself decides to help the orphan and punish the offender.

Soon the main character is arrested on suspicion of assisting the rebels, but Masha saves him.

Pushkin demonstrated:

1) the power of love, which helps to correct any life difficulties

2) the strength, spirit and honor of real Russian soldiers

3) what a big role the family and upbringing play in shaping personality

4) what is the danger of betrayal

Secret 9. The "Captain's Daughter" is almost equal to "War and Peace" in terms of the number of arguments and issues, which means that it is not difficult to find arguments for writing the exam.

4) A. S. Griboedov "Woe from Wit"

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

The problems of Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"

The role of the book (reading)

The Problem of Honesty

The role of education in human life

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation of the essay based on the work of Griboedov "Woe from Wit"

One of the central characters of the work is Alexander Chatsky. He sincerely loves Sophia, the daughter of the master Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov. Arriving to her, the hero is faced with not understanding both from the side of the girl and from the side of the "Famus society", conservative people who think that Chatsky has gone crazy. And all because Alexander Andreevich denounces their vices: veneration of rank, narrowness of thinking. The hero tries to explain to Sophia that Molchalin does not really love her, but only seeks personal gain and promotion, but she does not believe Chatsky and only at the end of the work understands the mistake.

Griboyedov demonstrated:

1) how erroneous sometimes public opinion is

2) love can be blind, so you need to be very careful and thoughtful in choosing a partner

3) such vices as veneration of rank, stupidity, hypocrisy

4) the role of education and upbringing in human life

5) Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov"

Genre: story

Reading time: 3 hours

The problems of Bykov's story "Sotnikov"

The problem of heroism

The problem of honor and dishonor

The Problem of Betrayal

Military issues

The problem of courage (heroism)

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation of the essay for the exam based on the novel by Bykov "Sotnikov"

The central characters of the work are Sotnikov and Rybak, Soviet intelligence officers who are captured by the Germans. Sotnikov refuses to tell the Nazis any information about the location of the Soviet troops. The fisherman is afraid of losing his life, so he agrees to cooperate with the enemy. At the end of the story, he is accepted into the ranks of the Nazis, and he, a Soviet soldier, kills his comrade.

Bykov shows us:

1) the heroism of the Soviet soldier in the image of Sotnikov

2) cowardice and betrayal in the image of Rybak

6) M. A. Sholokhov "The fate of man"

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

The problems of Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man"

The problem of heroism

The problem of moral choice

The Problem of Betrayal

The problem of courage (heroism)

Military issues

The problem of cowardice

The problem of cruelty

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Andrei Sokolov, a Soviet soldier. Once he voluntarily agreed to carry out a very difficult operation: to carry shells for an artillery unit through the front line. Sokolov's car was blown up, as a result of which the hero lost consciousness, and then was captured by the Germans. In the face of death, he does not lose heart. When he was offered a toast to the victory of German arms, he refused. Instead, he drinks to his death. Struck by the courage of the soldier, the Nazis save his life. Sokolov is transferred and appointed a German engineer as a driver. Andrei flees near Polotsk, taking a fascist with him. After meeting with the command, the hero writes a letter to his wife Irina, but receives an answer from a neighbor who reports that his wife and daughters were killed as a result of the bombing. Sokolov hopes to meet his son Anatoly, who, like his father, serves at the front. However, on the last day of the war, the young man is killed by a German sniper. Andrei returns to Russia. There he meets Vanya, whose mother died, and his father disappeared at the front. Sokolov says that he is the boy's father and adopts him.

Mikhail Sholokhov demonstrated

1) the heroism of the Russian soldier

2) how important it is not to lose the ability to empathize with your neighbor even in difficult life circumstances

Secret 10. You must have 2 works about the war in stock. In addition to “Sotnikov” and “The Fate of a Man”, one can cite arguments from the poem “Vasily Terkin” by Alexander Tvardovsky, the story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” by Boris Vasiliev, “The Tale of a Real Man” by Boris Polevoy and other works about the war

7. Arguments for writing the exam of the novel by Ray Bradbury "451 degrees Fahrenheit"

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

The problem of historical memory

Public problems (corruption, crime, public opinion)

The problem of envy

The problem of greed

The problem of hate

The problem of the destructive influence of money

The problem of spiritual degradation

The Importance of Science for Humanity

Argumentation

The main character of the work is Guy Montag, a fireman. The novel describes an American society of the future, in which books are banned and burned.

The author depicts people who have lost touch with each other, with nature, with the intellectual heritage of mankind. People rush to and from work, never talking about what they think or feel, admiring only material values. At home, they surround themselves with interactive television and fill their free time with watching shows and endless series. Montag meets Clarissa MacLellan, who loves nature and knows how to truly live. The man begins secretly taking the books he was supposed to burn. Guy realizes that he has been living the wrong life all this time and wants to change passionately.

Ray Bradbury demonstrated

1) the role of books in human life

2) the harmful effects of technology

3) fallacy of public opinion

Secret 11. Instead of the novel “451 degrees Fahrenheit”, you can use any other dystopian novels on this issue: George Orwell “1984”, E. I. Zamyatin “We”, O. Huxley “Oh Brave New World”

8) V. G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician"

Genre: story

Reading time: 2.5 hours

Issues

The problem of talent

The role of art in human life

The role of music in human life

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

Argumentation

In the South-West of Ukraine, in a family of rich rural landowners Popelsky, a blind boy, Peter, is born. Peter's father is a good-natured man, but rather indifferent to everything except the household. Uncle, Maxim Yatsenko, has a fighting character. The uncle decides to take up the upbringing of Petrus. The boy loves to listen to the play of the groom Joachim on the pipe and also wants to learn this skill. His mother teaches him to play the piano. In the neighboring estate of the elderly Yaskulsky, the daughter of Evelina, the same age as Petrus, is growing up. This beautiful girl is calm and reasonable. Soon Evelina and Petrus become friends.

Meanwhile, the boy discovers an amazing musical talent. He is predicted to be famous.

Peter is seriously ill. After recovery, he announces to his family that he will go with Uncle Maxim to Kyiv, where he will take lessons from a famous musician.

In fact, he, along with poor blind men, among whom is an acquaintance of Maxim's uncle Fyodor Kandyba, goes to Pochaev. In this journey, Peter gets to know the world in its diversity and, empathizing with the grief of others, forgets about his sufferings. Soon he marries Evelina.

Years pass. Peter becomes a famous musician. Uncle Maxim understands that his nephew was able to feel life in its fullness, to remind people of other people's suffering. Realizing this and his merit, Maxim is convinced that he did not live his life in vain.

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko demonstrated

1) the influence of music / art on human life

2) the extraordinary fortitude of a blind musician

3) the power of love, which helps to overcome any difficulties

4) what is real talent

9) V. P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

Genre: story

Reading time for the chapter "King Fish": 40 minutes (total work: 8 hours)

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on man

The problem of ecology

Argumentation

One of the central characters of the work is Ignatich, a successful fisherman. He has become a real master in his craft and often helps people, but there is no sincerity in his actions. Ignatich uses his skills to the detriment of nature, engaging in poaching. And then one day he caught a huge fish, which he could not cope with. At first, the fisherman did not want to call his brother for help, so as not to share his prey with him. In a fight with a fish, the hero realizes that he is dying, and then he repents, realizing that he led an unworthy life.

Astafiev shows:

1) the impotence of man in front of nature

2) nature can change the character of a person

3) the destructive influence of man on nature

10) B. L. Vasilyev “Do not shoot white swans”

Genre: novel

Reading time: 3 hours

Issues

Human influence on nature

The influence of nature on man

The value of work in human life

The Problem of Honesty

The problem of ecology

Human relation to animals

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination based on Vasiliev's novel "Do not shoot white swans"

The main character of the work is Yegor Polushkin. The man moved to the village, around which endless forests once roared. For several decades they were cut down. They realized it when there was only one grove left near the Black Lake. Fyodor Buryanov was appointed forester in the village. In his native collective farm, Yegor Polushkin was in good standing, but it was difficult for him to work in a new place. All Polushkin's troubles stem from the fact that he couldn't work without a soul. Once Yegor was instructed to dig a trench for a sewer pipe. The trench turned out straight, like an arrow, until an anthill met in its path. Polushkin took pity on the industrious insects and made a detour around the trench.

Buryanov, on the other hand, has a consumerist attitude to nature, the main thing for him is to earn more money.

Boris Vasiliev demonstrated:

1) the harmful influence of man on nature

2) good attitude towards nature

3) the influence of nature on man

11) V. G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera"

Genre: story

Reading time: 4 hours.

Issues

The problem of preserving cultural monuments

The problem of historical memory

Argumentation

The action takes place in the village of Matera, located on the island of the same name in the middle of the Angara. In connection with the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the village must be flooded, and the inhabitants relocated. Many people do not want to leave Matera, where they spent their whole lives. These are mostly old people who accept consent to the flooding of the village as a betrayal of their ancestors buried in their native land. main character, Daria Pinigina, whitewashes her hut, which in a few days will be set on fire by the sanitary brigade, and does not agree that her son will move her to the city. The old woman does not know what she will do after the death of the village, she is afraid of change. In a similar situation are other residents who are no longer able to get used to city life. Daria's neighbor, Yegor, dies shortly after leaving for the city, and his wife, Nastasya, returns to Matera.

It is much easier for young people to endure parting with their native land: Daria's grandson Andrey, her neighbor Klava. The younger generation believes that in the city they will find better life, does not appreciate his native village.

Valentin Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the importance of preserving historical memory

2) the destructive role of technology

12) D. S. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

Reading time: 2 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of finding happiness (the meaning of life)

Arguments for writing the exam based on Likhachev's book "Letters about the good and the beautiful"

The work is a collection of 46 letters, each of which addresses a specific issue (or even several). This is a real treasure trove of arguments. When arguing for the exam, you must indicate the number and title of the letter. For example: in the work "Letters about the good and the beautiful" in letter twenty-second "Love to read!" Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev discusses the importance of reading.

The table above shows the arguments for the most rare USE problems that are difficult to take from other works.

Secret for readers. You can give examples from your favorite works that are not included in the school curriculum, if they contain the necessary arguments. "Harry Potter" or "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" are evaluated at the exam in the same way as the classics.

13) I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"

Genre: novel

Reading time: 8 hours

Issues

The role of childhood in human life

The role of childhood memories

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

The problem of education

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination of Goncharov's novel "Oblomov"

The main character of the work is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, a landowner. In the chapter "Oblomov's Dream", the author depicts a beautiful corner of Russia. Oblomovka is a patriarchal paradise on earth. It seems that nature protects the inhabitants from the hardships and problems of the outside world. The reader sees that this is reflected in the character of the protagonist. There is kindness, love for one's neighbor in him, for which his friend Stolz respects him.

In addition, it is worth noting that Oblomov was brought up in a noble family. His parents did not refuse him anything. He could always eat and sleep as much as he wanted. Stoltz was brought up in a poor family. When the boy grew up, his father began to take him with him to the field, to the market, and taught him to work. We see that Stolz grew up as a purposeful, active person.

Ivan Goncharov demonstrated:

1) the role of education in personality development

2) the influence of nature on man

3) the role of childhood in the later life of a person

14) D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

Genre: comedy

Reading time: 1 hour

Issues

The role of the family in shaping the personality of the child

The problem of education

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination of the comedy Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

The central characters of the work are Mrs. Prostakova and her son Mitrofan. His mother tries to raise him, but only makes things worse. Teachers indulge the lazy Mitrofanushka, so no progress is observed. Mrs. Prostakova wants to marry him to Sophia, who, as it turns out, is entitled to a large inheritance. However, Starodum, the girl's uncle, perfectly sees Mitrofan's lack of education and, of course, refuses.

Fonvizin demonstrated:

1) the role of the family in shaping the personality of the child (Mitrofan is very similar to his mother)

2) it is impossible to force a person to develop if he himself does not want it

15) Arguments for writing the exam based on the story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"

Genre: story

Reading time: 15 minutes

Issues

Attitude towards parents

The problem of relationships between generations

Argumentation

The central characters of the work are Katerina Petrovna and her daughter Nastya, who works in Leningrad. One day, an elderly woman becomes ill, and she writes a letter to her daughter asking her to come. Katerina Petrovna loved Nastya very much and wanted to see her before her death. But the daughter, immersed in work, is late. When Nastya arrives in Zaborye, she finds only a fresh grave mound. She repents, but, unfortunately, nothing can be changed.

Paustovsky demonstrated:

1) how important it is to pay attention to your relatives

2) relationship between mother and daughter

16) V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

Genre: story

Reading time: 40 minutes

Issues

The role of the teacher in human life

Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination to Rasputin's story "French Lessons"

The protagonist of the work is an eleven-year-old boy, on behalf of whom the story is being told. At school, he studied well, for one five, except for the French language: he was not given pronunciation. One day the hero finds out that it is possible to earn money by playing "chika" and he tries to buy milk for the cure. When Lydia Mikhailovna, a French teacher, finds out about this, she decides to study with him separately. The teacher really wanted to help the poor boy: she even sent him a parcel with food, but he returned it. Then Lidia Mikhailovna begins to play with him for money, succumbing to the boy. Upon learning of the teacher's act, the school director considered the game with the student almost a crime. The woman leaves for her place in the Kuban, but she does not forget the boy and sends him a parcel with pasta and apples. Lidia Mikhailovna is a kind, disinterested and noble person. Even having lost her job, she does not blame the boy for anything and does not forget about him.

Rasputin demonstrated:

1) the role of the teacher in the development of the child's personality

2) disinterested attitude towards one's neighbor

17) Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous
disruption"

Genre: journalism (in an essay, write just a work or a book)

Reading time: 4 hours

Issues

The problem of language purity

The problem of preserving the Russian language

Arguments for the composition of the exam based on the work of Mikhail Krongauz “The Russian language on the verge of a nervous
disruption"

The author considers such phenomena as the change in spelling and orthoepic norms, the emergence of a large number of borrowed words, and the mixing of styles. Krongauz looks to the future optimistically, interpreting these changes as signs of the unlost creative potential of the language. The writer also considers such processes as the "withering away" of words, when certain words cease to be commonly used.

On a note. It is better to know one work perfectly than to read summary ten. You can get a lot more arguments from one than from a cursory reading of several.

We bring to your attention a selection of arguments on all OGE topics, each thematic group presents three arguments from literature, cinema, media or history.

1. (47 words) Vasilisa Egorovna Mironova, the heroine of A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", expresses kindness and maternal concern. She touchingly cares about her husband, daughter and all the inhabitants of the Belogorodskaya fortress. She accepts the main character, Pyotr Grinev, as a son, simply and cordially treats him, he finds a second home in the Mironov family.
2. (53 words) Just released from prison, Driss, the hero of the film "1 + 1" by O. Nakasha and E. Toledan, by chance begins to work as a "nurse" for the paralyzed aristocrat Philip. In the course of this work, Driss became kinder, more intelligent, and also acquired a true friend, so he could not leave Philip and leave forever. This is not just a film about kindness, it also makes the audience kinder.
3. (42 words) In Italy, schoolteacher Antoni la Cava created a mobile library for children from remote villages. He bought a truck, filled it with books and started driving around Italy. La Cava realizes that one good book he reads can motivate him to continue reading.

You will find 20 more arguments on this topic in this.

A responsibility

1. (59 words) Irresponsible officials from the comedy "Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol, who only care about replenishing their pockets, are excited by the arrival of the auditor and are immediately ready to appease him and give bribes. However, the rogue Khlestakov was confused with the inspector, who, having borrowed money, fled. The heroes read the adventurer's letter, in which the officials were ridiculed, and then the real auditor arrived. And now they will be overtaken by criminal liability for dishonesty in their work.
2. (52 words) Former robber Zeki Muller, the hero of B. Dagtekin's film "Acceptable teacher", is forced to get a job as a teacher. However, in the course of teaching using extremely non-standard methods, the hero begins to sympathize with his difficult students and feel responsible for them. This changed Muller's attitude to work and life, he decided to quit crime, because the students could not cope without him.
3. (58 words) Quite often, the news shows children with rare diseases who need financial assistance for treatment. The main quality of the parents of such unfortunate people is steadfastness and responsibility, because their life is a constant struggle with the disease. Treatment, procedures and thoughts about the child haunt them every minute, because he cannot cope alone. If a person maintains such a rhythm and does not refuse, then he deserves great respect.

More examples are here in the topic.

Lack of self-esteem

1. (56 words) Thin, the hero of A.P. Chekhov's story "Thick and Thin", is clearly not self-confident. Upon learning that the old friend Tolstoy, whom he accidentally met, is much higher in rank, the hero is filled with subservience and servility, he even somehow shrinks. For the Subtle rank overshadows a person, he measures everything according to him, therefore he does not treat himself with respect, which means that he does not deserve such from others.
2. (43 words) Bianca Piper, the heroine of E. Sandell's film "The Simple Girl", is not self-confident, cannot talk to the guy of her dreams, is invisible at school. However, her friend Wesley Rush changes the girl's worldview, she gains confidence, finds a guy, rethinks her behavior and learns to live in harmony with herself.
3. (52 words) Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, a brilliant Russian commander, grew up as a sickly and frail child, who was waiting for a boring life filled with treatment and doctors. However, he was sure that a brilliant career lay ahead, so by discipline and training he improved his health and achieved the title of invincible commander. Self-confidence, stamina and will - that's what made A.V. Suvorov the great.

We have many more suitable arguments on this topic, go to.

Friendship

1. (58 words) Friendship of Eugene Onegin and Vladimir Lensky, heroes of the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", was "out of boredom": they had no other interlocutors. Cold and bored Eugene, together with the ardent poet Vladimir, spent long village evenings and were pleased with their communication. But due to the fact that Onegin flirted with Lensky's beloved, the poet challenged his friend to a duel, but lost and died.
2. (49 words) In the film "Dovlatov" by A. German Jr. the friendship of the writer with the poet I. Brodsky is shown. The heroes are united by the fact that both are not published and are not understood, despite their talent. I. Brodsky advises his friend not to humiliate himself by working as a worker's correspondent, but to engage in literature, even if it's "on the table." Such relationships support the disgraced writers in their difficult path.
3. (37 words) A.S. Pushkin was close friends with N.V. Gogol, highly appreciated his talent. The poet helped his friend, a prose writer, in creating the comedy "The Inspector General": he suggested the plot to him, and highly appreciated the work. The true friendship of talented authors is extremely fruitful for the life and work of both.

These are not all the examples that can be cited; in our selection about friendship, whole ones are written.

Happiness

1. (43 words) The hero of I. Bunin's story "The Mowers" felt happiness while listening to the song of the mowers. This song reflected the Russian soul, it was direct and light, it united the master and the peasants. The “endless happiness” born by the song is remembered by the hero with sadness, since everything changed after the revolution, and this will not happen again.
2. (44 words) Rose, the heroine of D. Cameron's film "Titanic", found a short but bright happiness during her journey. Acquaintance with Jack opened for her a real, not secular life and an all-consuming love that is ready to overcome death. Jack died, but Rose remembers her happiness after many years.
3. (48 words) Writer Darya Dontsova survived cancer, defeated the disease in the last stage. She thought not about herself, but about the children and mother, who needed her care. And Daria won, which gave incredible happiness and understanding of the value of life. And a new hobby - writing books - gave even more positive emotions for creative self-realization.

We described the arguments about happiness in another, there are 20 of them - for every taste and color.

Real art

1. (54 words) V. Shukshin's story "Master" tells about the unsurpassed carpenter Semka Rys, who is trying to achieve the restoration of a beautiful church. The hero feels real art, the master sees the master from afar. But the bureaucratic machine does not have such a sense, a beautiful church is not a historical value, and therefore there is nothing to restore it. The inability to help genuine art gives rise to longing and disappointment in Semka's heart.
2. (46 words) The film "Life in Pink" by O. Daan tells about creative way Edith Piaf. The singer started in the slums, but conquered the most famous concert halls. Piaf's life is a service to music, for which she sacrificed her personal happiness as well. Her songs are still known, because they belong to real art.
3. (50 words) Singer Muslim Magomayev left the stage at the peak of his popularity, because he did not want to betray real art and force the audience to see the age-related fading of his voice. He was extremely popular, and songs are still performed today (although no one can sing better), but Magomayev could not use his past fame, he could not betray the music.

Examples of real art are listed in the same format.

Moral Choice

1. (56 words) Andrei Sokolov, the hero of M.A. Shukshin's story "The Fate of a Man", constantly faced a choice between animal survival and the preservation of human qualities in the soul. The hero chose the latter, so he did not betray or set anyone up, even if his own life was at stake. His will and stamina helped him in the concentration camp, when they changed their minds about executing him for these qualities. It is always important to make the right choice.
2. (56 words) Bella, the heroine of the films "Twilight" directed by D. Slade ("Twilight. Eclipse"), faced a choice between Edward and Jacob. Both loved her, were ready to protect, while they were supernatural beings and could carry danger. In the course of plot twists and turns and emotional throwing, the girl nevertheless chose Edward, plunging Jacob into a deep depression. The choice can hurt, but it must be made.
3. (59 words) M.I. Kutuzov, the great Russian commander, was forced to choose - to surrender Moscow or give a mortal battle. On the one hand, the army was weakened and unable to fight. But on the other hand, Moscow is a symbol of Russia, how to give it to the enemy? However, the commander made a wise decision to save the troops and surrender Moscow. But in the end, the enemy was still defeated and forced to retreat along the previously plundered road.

In addition to these examples, we have prepared 20 more pieces, here they are.

Inner world

1. (51 words) Grigory Pechorin, the hero of M.Yu. Lermontov's novel "A Hero of Our Time", keeps a diary in which he not only talks about the events of the day, but also shares his thoughts, many of which are extremely deep. Diaries allow you to understand your inner world, Pechorin mastered this property to perfection. A person who understands himself is well versed in other people.
2. (50 words) Cobb, the hero of C. Nolan's movie Inception, sneaks into people's minds during their sleep and steals their ideas. Penetration into other people's inner worlds destroys his own, and the hero decides to correct his mistakes with an impossible task of introducing a new idea into someone else's consciousness. Many dangers lie in wait for Cobb in another person's dream.
3. (48 words) Vladimir Pozner, the author of the program of the same name, does not just interview, asking about facts and events, but immerses the audience into the inner world of the hero. Sometimes the interlocutor opens from a completely new side, and the viewer changes his mind about him. This happened, for example, after an interview with Sergei Shnurov, who turned out to be a thoughtful and cultured person.

Numerous arguments on this subject are waiting for you.

Strength of mind

1. (54 words) Vasily Terkin, the hero of A.T. Tvardovsky. In the chapter "The Crossing", this guy swims across the river, shelled by the Germans, in order to establish communication between the regiments cut off from each other. Nobody orders Vasily, he does it because there is no one else. This "ordinary guy" is strong in character, since he dares to swim in icy water under bullets.
2. (48 words) Jake Tyler, the hero of D. Wadlow's film "Never Give Up", gains strength of mind by doing martial arts. The guy learns to control his body, but does not immediately gain control over the acquired knowledge. However, his trainer has even more fortitude, and Jake becomes a strong and strong-willed person, able to stand up for himself without attacking.
3. (44 words) Paralympic athletes are people with incredible fortitude. Often we start to make a will from a common cold, these same people have problems on a much larger scale. However, they do not sit at home, but gather all their will into a fist and go to set records. Looking at the Paralympic athletes, we want to become stronger ourselves.

We picked up 20 more examples on this topic, they are.

Compassion

1. (58 words) Ivan Vasilievich, the hero of L.N. Tolstoy "After the Ball", recalled an incident from his youth that turned his mind upside down. The hero saw how Colonel Pyotr Vladislavovich, the father of his beloved Varenka, meticulously followed the execution of the punishment for the deserter. The day before, the military man was sweet and touching. This incident filled Ivan Vasilyevich's heart with compassion and horror, and he could no longer love even Varenka.
2. (55 words) Watching war films teaches compassion. For example, the tragic end of the film “Only Old Men Go to Battle” by L. Bykov invariably causes tears. People who give their lives for their Motherland evoke not only a feeling of mercy, but also great respect. The protagonist, Captain Titarenko, outlives many of his squadron. His heart is filled with compassion for the fallen and hatred for the enemies.
3. (53 words) Rubric “AiF. Good Heart" in the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" causes compassion among readers. And this is not a simple feeling of pity, it allows you to help the little heroes of the rubric. After reading the story of a seriously ill child, I want to help him in every way, including material ones. So money is collected for expensive treatment, and children get a chance for a normal life.

Conscience

1. (48 words) The dreamer, the hero of F.M. Dostoevsky's story "White Nights", tried to meet a girl, but she ran away from him. The hero did not give up, followed her and saw how a drunk was pestering the heroine. Conscience did not allow the young man to stay away, and he rushed to the defense of the stranger, receiving her attention as a reward.
2. (44 words) Cady, the heroine of M. Waters' film Mean Girls, is spying on the most popular girl in school, plotting all sorts of intrigues on her. However, life in constant lies makes her the same as the enemy. As a result, conscience wins, the heroine repents and moves from the “glamorous” camp to the “normal” camp.
3. (48 words) Loud scandals about huge embezzlement in the sphere of officials show that they have no conscience at all. For example, the governor of the Kirov region, N. Belykh, received 400,000 euros in bribes from local entrepreneurs. With this money, it would be possible to significantly improve the situation of the entire region, but the official preferred to put the money in his pocket.

There are many more examples that illustrate the topic, we described them in this one.

Feat

1. (51 words) Vasily Terkin, the hero of the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky, performs outstanding deeds throughout the story, and he does not boast of his deeds and does not even consider them exploits. But what, if not a feat, a shot from a rifle into an airplane? Going out against such a machine alone, shooting from cover, which is perfectly visible from above - it takes a lot of courage!
2. (46 words) In the film "Match" by A. Malyukov, the feat of the Kyiv "Dynamo" football players who came out to play against the Nazis is shown. And it's not just running around with a ball, not just football match, this is a battle for the Motherland, an attempt to once again show its significance. It is these feelings that guide the main character, Nikolai Ranevich, and his team.
3. (56 words) Evgeny Chernyshov was a high-class firefighter, he had to extinguish Ostankino, Manege, Main Headquarters Navy at the risk of life. Such work is an everyday feat, and more than once a man saved people from fire. In 2010, while extinguishing a business center, Yevgeny died because he returned to the building to check if there were people left there. The roof of the building collapsed right on the fireman.

You will find numerous examples of a feat in this.

Devotion

1. (51 words) Verochka, the heroine of A.I. Kuprin’s story “The Lilac Bush”, is devoted to her husband Nikolai so that she is ready for anything for him. She helps him learn, supports. And when Nikolai needs help, Verochka sells all her jewelry, but plants a bush as soon as possible to hide a mistake in the drawings from the professor. Without the devotion of his wife, the husband would not have coped.
2. (48 words) The dog Hachiko, the hero of L. Hallström's film of the same name, has become a true symbol of devotion. He waited for the owner at the station every day throughout his life. Even after the death of a person, the dog still waited and hoped. This boundless faith, hope and devotion of the animal makes one doubt whether people are really the most moral creatures.
3. (59 words) Vladimir Mayakovsky carried love and devotion to Lilya Brik throughout his life. The woman was pleased with the feelings of the poet and the money that he gave to both her and her husband. And Vladimir found creative understanding and kindred warmth in the Brikov's house, therefore he was devoted to both of them, even after the passion for Lily faded, the poet did everything for his second family.

Love

1. (53 words) Tatyana Larina, the heroine of the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", fell in love with the cold and already disappointed in everything Eugene, who was afraid of her whole nature and absolute love, and rejected her. For the heroine, it was a blow. Despite the fact that Larina nevertheless got married, love remained in her heart, and the marriage was unhappy for Tatyana.
2. (39 words) The story of Belle from the cartoon "Beauty and the Beast" by H. Truesdale proves that it is love that makes a person better. The girl was able to love the terrible Beast as it is, with this great feeling she lifted the spell. And it turned out that a handsome prince was hiding behind a frightening appearance.
3. (47 words) F.M. Dostoevsky found in his wife Anna not only a beloved, but also a devoted friend. His wife supported him in all his endeavors, was engaged in money matters, was the first listener and critic. After such a great love, one cannot fall in love again, so after the death of her husband, Anna did not marry again.

We have 20 more arguments about love, .

precious books

1. (49 words) Students-raznochintsy from L.N. Tolstoy's "Youth", despite the fact that they did not look comme il faut at all, not corresponding to the ideals of the protagonist Nikolai Irtenyev, were no less educated than the aristocrat Irtenyev. precious books for them was the Russian classics, for example, Pushkin. Reading, and not belonging to high society, made them interesting people.
2. (52 words) Precious books were "The Book of the Dead" and "The Book of the Living" from the film "The Mummy" by S. Sommers, because they revived and sent mummies back to the Kingdom of the Dead. However, one must be very careful with such dangerous items, otherwise things can get out of hand. And so it happened with Rick, Evelyn and Jonathan, who had to hurry to save the world.
3. (43 words) Precious books for all believers are religious works. It's not just their philosophical and cultural significance, they help to live. After reading the Bible, the Koran, the Torah or other treatises, it becomes easier on the soul, you have a guideline and a clear understanding that higher powers will definitely help.

We have given even more arguments on this topic in the thematic.

self-education

1. (42 words) Alexander Chatsky, the hero of the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", not only received a good education, but also developed himself (read books, traveled). This allowed him to absorb the modern ideas of the Enlightenment and be the bearer of new trends. He is the only person of the future out of all the characters in the play.
2. (52 words) Katerina, the heroine of the film by V. Menshy "Moscow does not believe in tears", came to the capital as a young and naive young lady. She falls passionately in love, but the chosen one leaves her, despite the pregnancy. But Katerina does not give up, she educates herself and raises her daughter, makes a successful career, and then meets true love. Self-education invariably brings success.
3. (41 words) Peter I - the ruler who made a technological revolution in Russia, bringing it to new level. However, he forced not only others to receive education and self-improvement. The emperor himself constantly studied and learned new things, brought himself to the level of enlightened Europeans in terms of knowledge and skills.

We still have many examples of self-education, they are.

Mutual assistance

1. (53 words) Makar Devushkin and Varvara Dobroselova from F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Poor People" are an excellent example of mutual assistance. They are not rich, not influential, but they try to help each other with everything. possible ways: he sends her money from the latter, and she reciprocates when she can. The example of heroes shows that it is not necessary to have many opportunities for good deeds, only desire is needed.
2. (41 words) Military Shane, the hero of A. Shenkman's film "The Bald Nanny", is forced to protect the children of the deceased scientist. They are in danger, they need support and care. All these tasks can only be accomplished by working in a team. Nevertheless, Shane and his sponsors came to mutual understanding and mutual assistance.
3. (40 words) Blind man Jim Sherman was able to lead blind woman Annie Smith out of the fire. Hearing screams in a neighboring house, the man groped, along the fence, got to him. Helping each other, the elderly came out unharmed. Here mutual assistance merges with nobility and courage.

20 arguments illustrating this problem can be found.

Mother's love

1. (50 words) Lipochka, heroine of A.N. Ostrovsky's "Our people - let's get along" is surrounded by love and care. By virtue of their abilities, the parents try to give her the best (by their standards) education, for example, they teach her to dance, do not tire her with work yet, and are looking for a suitable groom. But the heroine thinks only of herself, using everyone around her to fulfill her whims.
2. (44 words) Ksenia, the heroine of D. Faiziev's film "August 8", sends her son Tema to South Ossetia to his father. But there begins a war, and the woman hurries to save the child, for the sake of which she overcomes even death itself. The danger of losing the Theme helps the heroine to take a fresh look at life and set priorities correctly.
3. (48 words) Ekaterina Men's son, Plato, has autism. When the child was diagnosed with this, there was neither a special kindergarten nor a school in the city. Mom herself created these institutions with special techniques so that her son and dozens of children with other problems could grow and develop. Plato cannot cope without the love of his mother.

There are many more touching examples.

Life values

1. (53 word) Andrei Sokolov, the hero of M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", found himself in the extreme circumstances of the war. The instinct of self-preservation prevails at such a time in any normal person. However, it does not obscure moral values hero: you need to make every effort to defeat the enemy, even sacrificing yourself. And Sokolov goes under bullets, because it is for the sake of the freedom of the people.
2. (51 words) G. Nicotero's TV series The Walking Dead tells about a post-apocalyptic world where, it would seem, there are no values ​​at all. But if you forget morality and moral laws, then anarchy awaits people. The Rick Grimes group is united like a family, so the main value for them is the life of each member of the group, even if it is to the detriment of other people.
3. (47 words) Now the government is concerned with the search for a national idea - common values ​​for the whole people. Such an idea could unite society. In pre-revolutionary Russia, such a common value was the Orthodox faith, which supported both the monarchy and the government's course. In Soviet times main idea- the building of communism. A modern one has yet to be found.

We have plenty more in stock, check them out.

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THE PROBLEM OF RESISTANCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS

1. In the novel by L.N. Tostoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." Five young girls who opposed German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. Anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.

THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS

1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person she loved most when he went blind.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures the severity of her father. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often unnecessarily demanding of her. Mary's love is sincere, pure, bright.

THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev, the most important life principle was honor. Even before the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Aleksey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed a betrayal and lost his own dignity when he went over to the camp of an impostor.

2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic nature. For the love of a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, one should always remain honest, first of all, with oneself.

THE PROBLEM OF LOYAL LOVE

1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she "asks for mercy" from the Empress. Thus, at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.

2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites white-washed chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.

THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows a long way to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "permission of blood in conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the severity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.

THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.

2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in the family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life, devotes herself entirely to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.

THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY IllITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH

1. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book educates a person better than any work. A well-known scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person, to form her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.

2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to mankind after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply soulless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.

CHILD EDUCATION PROBLEM

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov's apathy and lack of will in adulthood.

2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family reigns the spirit of mutual understanding, fidelity, love. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness, nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Janson is working tirelessly. The protagonist in any weather hurries to help the sick. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2.

THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR

1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.

2. The story "Sotnikov" by V. Bykov tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.

THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE

1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with weapons against his yesterday's comrades. For Andrii, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.

2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, like the main character P. Zyuskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a fragrance that inspires people to love. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to carry out his meta.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL

1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and informed the head of everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to collect information proving Nikolai Antonovich's guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. All the actions of Chamomile are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.

2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the act of the hero of the story V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.

THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTIONAL APPEARANCE

1. In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.

2. In Victor Hugo's Notre Dame Cathedral, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.

THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while, Guskov thought about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and caused the suicide of his wife Nastya. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.

2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY

1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Beautiful sounds struck the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul best qualities helps to unleash creativity.

2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. His brush belongs to a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of Russia's nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers for more than two centuries with their freshness and sincerity.

THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care caused Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.

2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that childhood played an important role in his work. Once at the age of nine, inspired by the nature of his native village, the boy wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH

1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize their potential.

2. From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko" I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at the seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Entering the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," argues that "one must live life with dignity, so as not to be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.

THE PROBLEM OF DOG DEFOY

1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim black ear"The tragic fate of the Scottish Setter is told. Beam the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On his way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog was killed. Beam can definitely be called a true friend , devoted to the owner until the end of his days.

2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family has to give up their collie to other people due to financial hardship. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with the former owners.

THE PROBLEM OF SKILLS IN ART

1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, with his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.

THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS

1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.

2. The theme of the writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel "Martin Eden". The protagonist is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A HUMAN

1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual purification to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after her trials. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of her future life.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" evoke feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which seemed to rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."

THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son had to leave for a long time to work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her nothing could be harder than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WAR ART WORKS ON HUMANS

1. In Lev Kassil's story "The Great Confrontation", Sima Krupitsyna listened every morning to news reports from the front on the radio. Once the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.

THE PROBLEM OF PSEUSIC SCIENCE

1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes", Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician launches a struggle against genetic scientists. A number of vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonest deeds in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.

2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and consequently, of society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.

THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE

1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Station Master" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. From anguish and hopelessness, the caretaker died. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the caretaker's death, but repentance came too late.

2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna foresaw her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky claims that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.

THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

1. V.G. Rasputin in the essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Russia.

2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the site of the death of anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.

THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF A GIFTED PERSON

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor hurried to help the sick every day in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.

2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" tells the story of the life of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR

1. A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryona's Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.

2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the life path of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombardment. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.

THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE INTERNAL WORLD OF HUMAN

1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, diligence, determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but is convinced of the wrongness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are inherently contradictory.

2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.

THE PROBLEM OF FAIR ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE

1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of an old pawnbroker. Investigator is a connoisseur human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to turn himself in. This will later serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.

2. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out because of a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov tries to decide if she deserves to be punished. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.

THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF MAN AND NATURE

1. In the story of V.P. Astafieva "Tsar-fish" Ignatich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on a hook. Ignatich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inseparable connection between man and nature.

2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels herself an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE

1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.

2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing in military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. The Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.

THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPOSED BY TV

1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.

2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because the TV distracts from worries, makes you slowly watch some program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.

THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE

1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, unspiritual. Only Matryona retained a sense of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.

2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which should be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they have spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The end of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which for centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY

1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls "dumb mob" that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poem is in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not popular recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.

2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "Out loud" sees the poet's mission in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be abandoned for the sake of a common great goal.

THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF A TEACHER ON STUDENTS

1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna - a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lidia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition to studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.

2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is vigilant.” So Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.

THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN

1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life's difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.

2. In the story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" the life of students of the school of social and labor education for homeless children and juvenile delinquents is depicted. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and went on the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should treat orphans with attention, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF A WOMAN IN WWII

1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five young anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to oppose the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, along with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.

2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkina "The Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her whole family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.

THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” ironically writes about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings clogs the Russian language.

2. V. Astafiev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with a drop in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the troubles of society, its degradation.

THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION

1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right life path and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.

2. In E. Grishkovets's story "Darwin", the protagonist, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes the "uselessness of what is happening" and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a play played by students. A young man lives with a firm conviction that the profession should be useful, bring pleasure.

• True and false patriotism is one of central issues novel. Tolstoy's favorite heroes do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they do things in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the characters imagine themselves to be patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of a common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's overcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland in their souls.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

The Russian person belongs, by definition, N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being a prisoner of the Tatars, he does not forget for a moment that he is Russian, and with all his heart strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan volunteers to be recruited. The soul of the hero is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he had a rest in the southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "A wonderful doctor."
A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Yevgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
In an effort to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of the elders, sometimes offends them himself (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the things that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is already gone ...

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from the story of V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only the lessons of the French language, but also the lessons of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The famous poet V. Zhukovsky was the teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "Horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the personality of the hero under the influence of the kindness of grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her generosity is boundless. She instilled in him moral stamina, self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth"
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The thirteenth feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigure the soul of little Ilya. In adult life, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong education disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training are the main aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character in A.S.'s comedy, expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of the letter, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong education.

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying"
Dr. Jansen died rescuing children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone moved away from him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone just pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Misérables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole the silverware from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. "If I order my general to turn into a sea gull," he used to say, "and if the general does not comply with the order, it will not be his fault, but mine" .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes. Only music and love affirm true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Undergrowth"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. created. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". His writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy leads his beloved heroes away from "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer argued. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in Tran for the abolition of serfdom.

Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of personality in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civil behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Freak"
"Freak" - a distracted person, may seem ill-mannered. And what induces him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. The weirdo reflects on the problems that concern humanity at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a man who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
Showed the drama former people who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This medicinal product saved the lives of millions of people who had previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.
• Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at the familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, every misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, non-harvest, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people huge forces spent on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they just serve the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon briskly replied: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the gear was broken. Gradually, stocks began to run low. fresh water. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's perishing soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
An inner conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "King - fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish, which symbolizes the moral principle in nature, makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with a moral and punishing force, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also not punishing. An illustration of the punishing force is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The King is a Fish." This hero does not set punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all mankind if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, requiring careful attitude to themselves, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The main character, Yevgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees a "new" person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything that he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• In the novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" the actual theme of the relationship between nature and man is raised. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal spiritual wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was ill, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired peace or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain into the dog Sharik, turning the quite nice dog into the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can not mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person to the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, full-flowing rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is conveyed to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot at white swans"

• Now, when nuclear power plants explode, when oil flows through rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans" also contains the author's thought about the responsibility of man for nature. The protagonist of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is worried about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to all to protect our land and each other.
• The protagonist Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect his native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story “Belogrudka”, the children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world around her, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Human with my own hands destroys the multicolored and populous world of nature. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatyana felt like a part of nature ("She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the primordial beauty of the world around you, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken branch. You see a light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the beautiful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story "Ivan's Memory" is so touching. In this small work, Yurovsky raises an important issue: the impact of man on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, every year the magpie began to build a nest, magpie hatch. No one else wandered through the forest, because the willow tree became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, and drink water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events of the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. So, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin's feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seemed to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “brightly shining”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed “dull” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm”. Nature is not only the experience of the characters, but is also one of the characters. The storm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the characters, but also indicates his own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to give as an example the dystopian novel by E. Zamyatin “We”. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only if you have a pink card. The protagonist, D-503, is doomed to a mathematically adjusted happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory, Zamyatin tried to express the inseparability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Russia, my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Goy you, Russia, my dear,” the poet refuses paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets addressed her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng", the characters know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, the rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
A deep and tender love for nature was expressed by I. S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”. He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, joyfully learned and explored new places. This man felt his inseparable connection with mother nature and dreamed that "every person" would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of large chickens. Such consequences can be caused by thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction natural world leads to dangerous deformation of a person. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savanna is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "The resistance of human nature." In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who is undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force behind any dystopia, making it possible to identify dystopian features in seemingly very different works... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped its development, having plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "Death of an official"

B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, show amazing, amazing resilience, helps to live and die "like a human being"?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor commands him. The nobility of the hero was able to appreciate even his ideological enemy - Pugachev. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Deaf"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" seek to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​are lost because culture has left our lives. The society split, in it the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge, speaking badly about her; during a duel with Grinev, he stabs him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricks Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov deceives officials, pretends to be an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so intoxicatingly that he himself begins to believe his stories, feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the good and the beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in Letters about the Good and the Beautiful, tells how indignant he felt when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: after all, they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became for real good people They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand the experiences and suffering of others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts loaded with them. family values To give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the instructions of his father helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. He co school years valued only money, so in his life he never had true friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of the story “Daughter of Bukhara” by L. Ulitskaya, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought out her daughter's whole future life: she got a job, found her new family, husband, and only after that she allowed herself to go out of life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "The human mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute of the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive like life"
K.I. Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and mutilate our great and mighty language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property, handed over to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our minds that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and spattered his bald head in front of the sitting General Bryzzhalov (and he did not pay attention to this), the hero was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Thick and thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolaev railway and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. in the service moved significantly higher. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote, which Famusov tells Chatsky as an edification, in order to earn the favor of the empress, has turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the dumb serf Gerasim, Tatyana, is decided by the mistress. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
In the story “Biryuk”, the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives miserably, despite the conscientious performance of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem talks about who built railway. These are workers subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem “Reflections at the front door”: the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. The government does not take into account the situation of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing holy, right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and crazy.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl." Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river." Such a position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
Everyone's personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in the "Notes of a Hunter" I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov ("Singers") becomes an inveterate drunkard in a tavern. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. The forester Biryuk serves responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people are unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person in oneself.

A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an outstanding personality.

and A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On the Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - wheelbarrows, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one got angry. Good feelings are born in the soul of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you see, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities to the cause that they consider necessary. The “Roman of Education” by M.I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to bring good to people."
• All the favorite heroes of L. N. Tolstoy were busy with intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, who thinks looking for a person. He read a lot, knew everything about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of the extraordinary talented person significant to society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save one's life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies, retaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents during the Great Patriotic War. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

And P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend's devotion, love for his chosen profession perform a miracle: having got on his beloved steam locomotive, he regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character has been used to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous person.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, whatever happens, has been working on the farm since dawn, on the melon field, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple layman, for whom money-grubbing and his own well-being became the main thing in life. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you must preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story A.P. dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is able to create history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in the subordination of one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov's story "Obelisk". Teacher Frost, had the choice to stay alive or die along with the students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Gorky "At the bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer such a question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer raised another vital question: is it possible to consider a free person who has resigned himself. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil, tyranny attracted Special attention Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to defy tyranny. The conflict between the atmosphere of the "dark kingdom" and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This is a work about the repeated arrests of a husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers, relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In Nekrasov's story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their death, who shot for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "without thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."

K.Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.

Yu.Gribov
A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V. Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it is one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another thing to remember your loved ones, about your mother - the most holy creature in the world, not limited to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between caring for the "distant" and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the light that they lead, experiencing after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but so important questions for him: “What is wrong? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to be executed. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience, he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed an old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a "higher" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act indicates that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen marries Pierre by deceit and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by frugality, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the most necessary, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov, in love, gave Olga Ilyinskaya a lilac branch. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita's hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he had learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was in books that he drew knowledge, ideas about the world, knowledge about the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up on romance novels. Books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin is a gifted person, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without labor

Until the age of twenty-six

Languishing in the idleness of leisure,

No service, no wife, no business

Couldn't do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?

3.All over life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembristism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the just life of the very people, of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.

1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive character in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.

2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live by their own mind come out from under the blind obedience to the house-building.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.

3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.

1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading ordeals, Matryona remains sincere, sympathetic, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.

9) The theme of friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the "carnival masks" of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, the passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. AT scary world of the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light ray that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Bible stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is the world, they live forever;

And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,

But everything is contained by a person,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11) Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all appeals to Peter the Great, "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", whose behavior shows high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.

13) Conscience.

1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough person. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means decent, fair man endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.

3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", due to upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. Its role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German languages He spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.

2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership found his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished high level self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.

15) Officials. Power.

1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy The Inspector General, Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has switched to a new round of management, so the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also that he deliberately abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In comedy " The Cherry Orchard» A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? There is!"

17) Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages ​​very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him diverse interests, to give higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.

2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Such is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:

And the right place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Only to the workers - glory,

Only to them - a wreath for centuries!

19) The theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

Either shyness or jealousy torment ...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!

20) Purity of language.

1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words, which displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God forbid you be loved to be different!

21) Nature. Ecology.

1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about its preservation, for purity, therefore there are many bright, rich colors of love and hope in his lyrics. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes

Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...

In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.

2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafyev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art.

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:

And you can live without Pushkin

And without the music of Mozart too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

No doubt you can live.

Even better, calmer, easier

Without absurd passions and anxieties

And safer, of course,

But how to make this deadline? ..

23) About our smaller brothers.

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “In response to all whom she has tamed”, she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers”, towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many works of Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Motherland. Small Motherland.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most precious memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the raspberry field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the motherland”:

Weaved over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls out to people.

Come on people never

Let's not forget about it.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

you happy to be

Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.

26) The theme of beauty.

Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, worship, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies "Klop" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, the physical and spiritual "renunciation". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers he with such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam - great, brilliant educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great person. He died, and his star has been shining in the "firmament" of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not grow dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,

Would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the Congress of Writers of the USSR calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, a public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His best works are The Gulag Archipelago, Matryonin Dvor, The Cancer Ward...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

The universal measure of all the values ​​of many people, unfortunately, have become in recent times money, passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.

For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around" in order to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .

30) Freedom-Unfreedom.

I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of ​​what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".

31) The problem of time.

During the long creative life of L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...

32) The theme of morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin

Because they doubted God

He punished everyone with love,

What would have learned to believe in agony.

33) Space theme.

Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.

34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:

And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin

Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Russia. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Russia, flap your wings":

Oh Russia, flap your wings,

Put another support!

With other names

Another steppe rises.

36) The theme of the memory of the war.

1. "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy, "Sotnikov" and "Obelisk" by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes are aware of the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, a liberator, a humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “The Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, “The Invincibles” by B. Gorbaty ...