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This is how the charge controller board looks like, removed from the NOKIA BL-6Q battery and its electrical circuit.
Let's see how it works. The battery is connected to two pads located on the sides of the controller (B- and B+). On the printed circuit board there are two microcircuits - TPCS8210 and HY2110CB.
The task of the controller is to maintain the voltage on the battery within 4.3 - 2.4 volts to protect it from overcharging and overdischarging. In the normal discharge (or charge) mode, the HY2110CB chip outputs voltage to the OD and OS pins high level, which is slightly less than the battery voltage.
This voltage keeps the FETs of the TPCS8210 chip constantly open, through which the battery is connected to the load (your device).
When the battery is discharged, as soon as the voltage on the battery drops below 2.4 volts, the overdischarge detector of the HY2110CB chip will work and voltage will no longer be output to the OD output. The upper (according to the diagram) transistor of the TPCS8210 chip will close and thus the battery will be disconnected from the load.
When charging the battery, as soon as the voltage on the battery reaches 4.3 volts, the overcharge detector of the HY2110CB chip will work and the voltage will no longer be output to the OC output. The lower (according to the diagram) transistor of the TPCS8210 chip will close and the battery will also be disconnected from the load.
Alternative replacement method
As you can see from the diagram, none of the microcircuits has any output for transmitting information about the battery status to your device. The output of the controller "K" is simply connected through a resistor of a certain value to the negative terminal of the battery. Therefore, no "secret" information is received from the battery controller. In some models of controllers, instead of a fixed resistor, a thermistor is installed to control the temperature of the battery.
By the value of this resistor, your device can determine the type of battery, or turn off if this value does not match the desired values.
This means that to replace such a battery with a battery from another manufacturer, it is not necessary to change the charge controller, just measure the resistor between the "-" and "K" terminals and connect the "K" terminal of the device to the battery minus through an external resistor of the same value.
The documentation for the HY2110CB chip used in the controller can be downloaded, and for the TPCS8210 chip -.
Let's take an example e-book LBOOK V5, how to most accurately make an analogue of a battery using knowledge about the charge controller device. All work is carried out in the following sequence:
- We find the battery from a cell phone, closest to the native one in terms of size and capacity. In our case, this is NOKIA BL-4U. (Right in picture)
- We bite off the wire from the native battery in such a way that the remaining part on the connector is enough to solder a new battery, and the remaining part on the old battery is enough to strip the conductors and measure with a tester.
- We take any digital tester and set the resistance measurement mode on it, the measurement limit is 200 Kom. We connect it to the negative terminal and the output of the controller of the native battery. We measure the resistance.
- We turn off the device. We are looking for the nearest resistor value. In our case, this is 62 Kom.
- Solder a resistor between the negative terminal of the new battery and the controller output wire on the connector. (Yellow wire in the picture).
- Solder the terminals of the "+" and "-" connectors, respectively, to the positive and negative terminals of the new battery. (Red and black wires in the picture).
The battery is an integral part of the mobile phone, which provides it with autonomous operation. How often you need to use the charger will depend on the correct use of the battery, as well as on the capabilities of your phone.
Types of batteries
There are three main types of batteries used in mobile phones: nickel cadmium, lithium ion and lithium polymer. In fact, there are more of them, but the rest of the species have not received mass distribution, so we will leave them outside the scope of this article.
Nickel-cadmium batteries were once very popular, but today they are almost abandoned due to the detrimental effect on the environment and a number of other disadvantages. They are not used in modern mobile phones, unless you find such a battery in some very old model. At one time, their mass distribution was due to low cost, but otherwise they had a number of negative qualities: fast self-discharge, low capacity-to-physical size ratio, strong heating during operation. Nickel-cadmium batteries have a so-called "memory effect", due to which they have to be fully charged and discharged regularly for several cycles in a row. This effect is manifested when they begin to recharge a battery that has not yet completely drained. This leaves a charge that cannot be used, and as a result, the time battery life devices. For nickel-cadmium batteries, on average, more than 1000 charge-discharge cycles are typical.
The largest distribution in modern mobile devices ah got lithium-ion batteries. They are more durable and less harmful to the environment than nickel-cadmium, and at the same time they have a much higher energy density: with a modest physical size, they have a relatively high capacity. They do not have a “memory effect”, they are characterized by a low self-discharge rate. The disadvantages of this type of batteries include aging (even if they are not used for their intended purpose), so it is not recommended to buy them for future use. Better yet, pay attention to the production date when buying a new lithium-ion battery. This type of battery does not require any special maintenance, but with proper storage (in a charged state) and operation in compliance with the temperature regime, it will last much longer. For lithium-ion batteries, on average, from 500 to 1000 charge-discharge cycles are typical.
Lithium polymer batteries are an improvement on lithium ion batteries, but at a lower cost. They feature high energy density, slow self-discharge, and are even more environmentally friendly. Like lithium-ion batteries, they are subject to gradual aging. For lithium-polymer batteries, on average, from 500 to 600 charge-discharge cycles are typical.
Features of battery operation
The following reasons can shorten the life of most batteries or completely render them unusable:
- non-compliance with the rules of operation (hypothermia, overheating, moisture ingress);
- physical damage to the contact group;
- self-opening the battery at home;
- frequent falls and bumps;
- recharging the battery with the phone on;
- replacing the battery with the phone on;
- regular long-term recharging (more than a day in the on state);
- long-term storage without operation.
Any of the three types of batteries considered loses its capacity over time and must be replaced after 2-3 years of continuous operation. This is a normal process - do not scold manufacturers for a low-quality product, which often lasts much less than the mobile phone itself. If it becomes necessary to replace, you should choose more expensive branded batteries, and not cheap fakes, since the savings in this case can be very doubtful.
You should also be aware that the battery life of your device can be significantly affected by the location of the base stations. mobile operator. The farther away the station, the more power is required to receive the signal and the faster the battery needs to be recharged.
Choosing a phone depending on battery capacity
Today on sale you can find phones that are equipped with batteries with a capacity of 800 to 1500 mAh. There are phone models with a battery capacity outside this range, but they are rather the exception to the rule.
When buying a phone and pre-calculating its battery life, you should correctly evaluate the capabilities of the mobile device as a whole. The fact is that not every phone or smartphone with a battery capacity of 1300-1500 mAh will work for weeks on end, everything can be just the opposite. The manufacturer usually indicates in the specifications of the device not only the battery capacity, but also the battery life in continuous talk on the phone and in standby mode. In the first case, it is usually 5-8 hours, in the second - about two weeks. But these are dry numbers for extreme cases - in fact, we understand that no one will talk for hours or just look at the phone all day long. Therefore, the actual operating time of the phone will depend on its specifications and battery capacity, and not from any one factor.
Usually, the simpler the phone, the longer it can work without recharging. The main part of "long-playing" phones are typical monoblocks that have the most common screen with a diagonal of up to 2 inches and do not imply the constant use of wireless communications (Bluetooth modules, Wi-Fi, GPS, etc.). The battery capacity for most of these devices is small (up to 1000 mAh), but the lack of energy-intensive functions and modules under moderate load allows you to recharge it about once every 5-7 days. By moderate load, we mean daily calls for 30-50 minutes, 2-3 sent/received messages, 1-2 pictures taken by the camera, about half an hour of work with additional applications (browser, organizer, audio player).
Mobile phones and smartphones with touch screens are very popular today. They are modern and comfortable, but they cannot work for a long time without recharging. Large touch screens (and most often they have 3-4 inches diagonally) are very energy-intensive, besides, the hardware platform (if we are talking about a smartphone) gives a significant load. In addition, touch phones are more often used to check e-mail, get directions, transfer data, view multimedia content - all these features additionally “eat up” a fair amount of battery capacity. With rare exceptions, the schedule for smartphones with touch screens is as follows: work during the day, recharge in the evening.
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From year to year, batteries in smartphones are becoming more and more perfect: their capacity increases, weight and dimensions decrease, shortcomings disappear.
Do not forget about environmental safety, because this detail is considered the most "dirty" in modern gadgets.
Let's see what "batteries" can be found today in mobile devices.
Main types of batteries
Throughout the history of cell phones, they have used four types of batteries:- nickel-cadmium;
- nickel-metal hybrid;
- lithium-ion;
- lithium polymer.
This type of power supply comes from the pre-mobile era. The first samples are known from the end of the 19th century. Until the end of the last century, industrialists made numerous attempts to get rid of their inherent shortcomings, and to some extent they succeeded.
One way or another, the developers of the first mobile devices simply did not have much choice. Main claims were as follows:
- the use of toxic metals harmful to human health in the design;
- insufficient battery capacity;
- limited number of charge/discharge cycles;
- low manufacturability in production, leading to an increase in cost;
- the so-called "memory effect".
Such power sources also had pluses - a wide range of operating temperatures. However, there were significantly more disadvantages, and in an attempt to cope with them, a next type batteries.
They did not contain toxic cadmium, at the mere mention of which a hysteria happens to especially impressionable environmentalists. In addition, the memory effect was much less pronounced.
The capacity also increased, while the cost, on the contrary, decreased slightly. But were compared with NiCd batteries and serious shortcomings:
- the need for complex charger;
- reduction in the number of charge/discharge cycles.
This type of battery has caused a real revolution in the world of gadgets.
From now on, the duration of their work in standby mode has increased significantly. The memory effect, which has set the teeth on edge, has also disappeared, although some especially advanced users, out of old memory, continue to “train” the batteries of their devices.
Most smartphone models on the market today are equipped with this type of battery.
But they also have drawbacks, and quite unpleasant ones.:
- Narrow operating temperature range.
- Potential risk of battery destruction if deeply discharged or overcharged.
- Rapid "aging", after 2-3 years, disabling the battery.
- Pretty high cost.
First of all, they were not satisfied with the rather high cost, so another type of battery was created.
In them, the explosive electrolyte gave way to the polymer mass. The price of such power supplies has declined slightly, mainly due to the need for more sophisticated protection circuits. The power hasn't increased too much either.
But on the other hand, a solid polymer is good because it untied the hands of designers, allowing them to choose the shape and size of the element at their discretion. Around this time, many ultra-thin smartphone models with non-removable batteries appeared.
Both types of lithium batteries have a common drawback: regardless of the intensity of use and the number of charge / discharge cycles, their capacity gradually decreases. And after a couple of years, the gadget with a clear conscience can be thrown away. Or, say, hang on the wall as an exotic decoration.
It is believed that the lithium-polymer type is a little less "tenacious", but this information is from the category of myths, there are examples that both confirm and refute this statement. So it's hard to tell fact from fiction.
Fast charging technology
Often, from sellers offering to buy a smartphone, you can hear about a certain battery with a fast charge function. Particularly advanced ones scare buyers with an impressive-sounding Qualcomm Quick Charge, and the most experienced ones also add a version - 2.0 or 3.0. What kind of miracle batteries are these?
In fact, this technology has nothing to do with the type of power source. It just allows you to use the increased current strength, so that the charging time is significantly reduced.
And in order to prevent a destructive overcharge and charging was carried out correctly, the chipset, in which, in fact, this technology is implemented, monitors. To date, it has been perfectly developed, and there is no threat to the gadget when using it.
Summing up, we can say: The main types of batteries in smartphones today are lithium-ion (Li-Ion) and lithium polymer (Li-Pol). In models of mobile devices, you can find both of them, and some alternative to them in the foreseeable future is not visible.
But on the other hand, the massive introduction of such batteries has turned lithium into a strategically important element, and countries that have deposits of minerals containing it into objects of commercial (and not only) interest of transnational capital.
Telling about the features of the battery device in mobile devices.
Millions of people around the world are active users of mobile devices. These are the fruits of a gigantic, multi-billion dollar industry that has changed the way we live once and for all. Small and not so, functional and simple, expensive and cheap mobile phones, tablets and laptops are united by one factor - they all use battery power to work. Without them, all these devices would turn into pieces of plastic, metal and textolite, unable to live even minutes without an outlet.
The batteries inside your mobile device are marvels of chemical engineering - they are able to store a huge amount of energy that can keep devices running for hours. How are they arranged?
Most modern mobile devices use lithium-ion (or Li-ion) batteries, which consist of two main parts: a pair of electrodes and an electrolyte between them. The materials these electrodes are made of vary (lithium, graphite, and even nanowires), but they all rely on lithium-based chemical processes.
It is a reactive metal, which implies its ability to react with other elements. Pure lithium is so reactive that it ignites when exposed to air, so most batteries use a safer variety called lithium cobalt oxide.
Between the two electrodes is an electrolyte, which is usually a liquid organic solvent capable of passing current. When a lithium-ion battery is charged, the lithium cobalt oxide molecules hold onto electrons, which are then released when your phone is running.
Lithium-ion batteries are the most common because they can store a lot of charge in a small size. This is measured on a scale of energy density per unit mass. For a lithium-ion battery, this figure is 0.46-0.72 MJ / kg. For comparison, a Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) battery is 0.33 MJ/kg. In other words, lithium-ion batteries are smaller and lighter than other types of batteries, which means more compact devices with longer battery life.
Battery capacity
Battery capacity is measured in milliamp-hours (mAh), which means how much energy a battery can deliver in a given amount of time. For example, if the battery capacity is 1000 mAh, then it will be able to provide you with 1000 milliamps for 1 hour. If your devas will consume 500 milliamps per hour, then it will work for 2 hours.
However, the concept of "battery survivability" is a little more complicated than the principle described above, since energy consumption varies depending on what tasks the device performs. For example, if his screen is on, the antenna works cellular communication, and the processor is loaded with hard work, the device will consume more power than when the screen is off and the processor and antenna are in standby mode.
That is why you should not blindly rely on the battery life indicators declared by the manufacturer - the manufacturer can issue these figures based on the brightness of the screen, without turning on some functions, such as Wi-Fi or GPS. It is worth noting that Apple is more honest in this regard, indicating the "survivability" of the device based on the performance of specific tasks. If you are curious about how much energy is absorbed in a particular mode of operation, we advise you to use special application Battery Life Pro.
Energy flow control
Since lithium-ion batteries have a tendency to ignite, they must be carefully controlled. Battery manufacturers have achieved this by including a special controller that monitors the amount of current. As a result, each battery contains a small computer inside that prevents it from discharging too quickly and losing its charge to a dangerously low level. This component also regulates the amperage during charging, lowering it as the battery gets close to maximum capacity to avoid overcharging.
That is why, a fully discharged device, put on recharging, heats up in this process much more than a slightly discharged one.
The future of batteries
Battery technology is advancing - many research labs around the world are exploring new technologies that can replace lithium, as well as new approaches to creating lithium-ion batteries. Among the new technologies, a lot of work has been done with supercapacitors, in which a battery stores energy in the form of electricity and then releases it like a flash on a camera.
Supercapacitors charge much faster as there is little to no chemical reaction involved in the process, but modern supercapacitors are only capable of delivering charge in short bursts, which is the opposite of what most mobile devices require.
Hydrogen-based fuel cells are also an alternative to existing batteries. Nectar's fuel cell system, unveiled at recent CES, uses a $10 cartridge that can power a mobile phone for up to two weeks. However, fuel cells are still too big to fit in a phone - the same system from Nectar just recharges the lithium-ion battery, not replaces it.
But sulfur may well take a place inside lithium-ion batteries. Scientists from Stanford University have recently presented a nanotechnology for incorporating sulfur into chemical composition battery, which increased its capacity by five times, and also increased the service life. At the same time, this technology is still at an early stage of development and will not enter the market in the next few years.
P.S. Batteries in mobile devices, as well as conventional batteries, require some disposal - you can’t just throw them in the trash can. Therefore, we are glad to remind you that iLand is ready to take on the disposal of obsolete batteries. Just bring them to our office and we'll take care of the rest!
Batteries for phones device, classification, differencesBatteries
When purchasing a mobile phone, a person, as a rule, least of all thinks about its uptime. And if he thinks about it, he connects it primarily with the unreliability of microcircuits, radio elements and mechanical damage. Studies show that the first place in terms of failures is occupied by batteries. Currently, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li-Ion), and lithium polymer (Li-Polymer) batteries are used in mobile phones. Consider the characteristics of batteries.
Battery capacity
Battery capacity - maximum amount electricity that can be obtained from one full charge. It is denoted by the Latin letter C and is expressed in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliamp-hours (mAh). So, for example, a 720 mAh battery is capable of delivering a current of 720 mA to the load for one hour or 360 mA for two hours. In this case, of course, the discharge current should not exceed a certain maximum force for a particular type of battery, otherwise its plates will quickly fail.
Battery internal resistance
The smaller it is, the more current the battery can supply to the load. This is a very important feature. In receive mode, the mobile phone consumes a small amount of current. However, during a conversation, the current increases dramatically. In this case, batteries with different internal resistance behave differently. Nickel-cadmium, having the lowest internal resistance, easily give the required current. Nickel-metal hydride batteries have the highest resistance, so they have a voltage drop that can lead to crashes or your phone will signal that the battery is low. Since mobile phones consume more or less stable current during operation, lithium-ion or lithium-polymer batteries are used to power them. Nickel-metal hydride is used to power devices that consume a stable current.
Energy Density of a Charged Battery
It is measured in watt-hours per kilogram of battery mass (it is also found in a liter of volume). Here, lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries (110 ... 160 W / kg) are in the lead, batteries 100 ... 130 W / kg are noticeably inferior to them. Nickel-metal hydride batteries have this indicator 60 ... 120, nickel-cadmium - 45 ... 80 W x h / kg. It follows from the foregoing that lithium-polymer and lithium-ion batteries have the smallest dimensions and weight with the same capacity, and nickel-metal hydride batteries are somewhat larger. And lithium-polymer batteries can be molded into almost any shape.
Battery charge time
This is a rather important characteristic, because during intensive use, batteries mobile phones I have to recharge almost every day. It varies from 1 hour for nickel-cadmium batteries (if necessary, they can be charged in 15 minutes) and 2 ... 4 hours for nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries.
Rated voltage of one element
For nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the nominal voltage is 1.25 V, for lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries - 3.6 V. Moreover, for the first two types, the voltage during the discharge process is almost stable, while for Lithium-ion batteries during the discharge process, it linearly decreases from 4.2 to 2.8 V.
Battery self-discharge
Self-discharge is a decrease in the charge of a battery that is charged but not connected to an energy consumer during storage. For nickel-cadmium batteries, this is one of the weaknesses. Their charge loss reaches 10% on the first day after charging, and then 10% per month. Approximately the same figure for nickel-metal hydride batteries. Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries are beyond competition in this indicator. Their self-discharge does not exceed 2 - 5% per month, which occurs mainly due to the presence of control circuits inside the batteries. However, the limited "life" of these batteries does not allow you to fully use this positive quality.
Life time
This is one of the most important characteristics of batteries, which for some reason the user thinks about last. For batteries with different chemistry, it is defined differently. For some batteries, the total number of charge-discharge cycles is critical, while for others, the total time of their operation is critical.
Nickel-cadmium batteries can withstand more than 1500 charge-discharge cycles, and experience shows that after recovery they can work the same amount. With proper periodic maintenance, nickel-cadmium batteries last from 5 to 10 or more years, until the mechanical wear of their case and internal contacts.
Nickel-metal hydride batteries last about 500 charge-discharge cycles and rarely last more than two years, even with very careful maintenance.
Lithium-ion batteries can be charged and discharged 500 to 1000 times. But it is difficult to completely choose this number of cycles because of the short service life - no more than two years (according to manufacturers). In practice, lithium-ion batteries lose their performance after a year.
Lithium polymer batteries have 300 to 500 charge-discharge cycles and rarely last more than a year. In addition, the service life also depends on the degree of discharge - with partial discharges it is longer than with full discharges.
Nickel-cadmium batteries have the shortest charge time, allow the highest load current and have the lowest cost-life ratio, but at the same time they are the most critical to accurate compliance with the requirements for proper operation.
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Characteristic / type |
Li-Polymer |
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Internal resistance |
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Number of charge-discharge cycles before capacity drops by 80%/service life |
500-1000/1.5 years |
300-500/1.5 years |
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Fast charge time, h |
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Load currents relative to capacitance (C) - peak |
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Load currents relative to capacitance (C) - the most acceptable |
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Energy density, W/kg |
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Self-discharge per month at room temperature, /% |
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Service through |
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Element voltage, V |
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Operating temperature range, ° С |
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Year of entry into the market |
Comparative characteristics of batteries
memory effect
This is a well-known problem with nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries. The memory effect consists in a partial (temporary) loss of battery capacity if it is charged until it is completely discharged. The battery, as it were, remembers the start point of the next recharging cycle and, when discharging, actively gives away only the capacity received during the last recharging. In other words, an incompletely discharged battery remembers its previous capacity and, being fully charged again, when discharged, it gives only the charge that it gave in the previous discharge cycle. It manifests itself in the fact that the voltage in the circuit of a loaded and seemingly normally charged battery suddenly, ahead of time, drops. The memory effect is really manifested in the fact that in Everyday life users rarely wait until batteries are completely discharged before putting them on charge.
The physical essence of the memory effect is that when the battery is not completely discharged, the particles of the working substance of the battery are enlarged, respectively. total area contact of the working substance with the electrolyte is reduced. As a result, in just a few months, the capacity of a nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride battery can be reduced several times.
Therefore, periodic maintenance is very important for these types of batteries, which consists of completely discharging and then fully charging the battery. This process is called battery training. Nickel-cadmium batteries require a monthly workout, nickel-metal hydride - once every two to three months.
With a noticeable decrease in the capacity of nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries, they are subjected to a recovery procedure. It consists in a very deep discharge of the battery, crushing large particles of the working substance into smaller ones. For this, there is special equipment, for example, the C7000 battery analyzer from the Canadian company CADEX. Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries do not have a memory effect.
Device
Each battery has two electrodes - positive and negative. A separating layer is placed between the electrodes, which prevents opposite electrodes inside the battery from touching each other. The space between the electrodes is filled with an electrolyte (acidic or alkaline). The electrodes can be made as alternating plates.
At first, the batteries had plugs that made it possible to bleed the gases released during charging and change the electrolyte. Later, the developers came up with the idea of making electrodes of different sizes, which allowed all the released gas to be absorbed by the unreacted part inside the battery. And this made it possible to produce batteries in a sealed case.
Many battery cases have built-in electronics that prevent deep discharge, overcharging, or high temperatures.
Battery charge
To date, there are three main methods of charging batteries:
- normal or slow charge;
- fast charge;
- speed charge.
Disconnecting the battery at the end of the charge is done using:
- temperature control;
- charge voltage control;
- charge voltage drop control;
- current control at the end of the charge;
- timer.
Normal or slow charge. This method, although rare, is used to charge nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries. It is cheap, but leads to crystallization of the battery cells, which reduces the capacity and service life. This method cannot be used to charge lithium-ion and lithium polymer batteries, since irreversible changes in the internal structure of the batteries occur.
The charger is a constant voltage source, in the output circuit of which a current-setting resistor is connected in series. The charging current of batteries is usually expressed numerically in parts of the battery capacity C. The normal charge current is approximately 0.1C. Thus, with a battery capacity of 720 mA / h, the value of 0.1 C will be 72 mA.
Fast charge. It is used only for charging nickel-cadmium batteries with a current of 0.5C. The end of the charge is determined by the achievement of a voltage on the battery of a certain value.
Speed charge. It is characterized by a charging current of 1C and includes all ways to turn off the battery at the end of the charge.
To charge nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries, a method is used to control the end of the charge by a sharp slight decrease in the voltage on the battery. It is called a negative delta V charge. Its value is 10 ... 30 mV per element.
The temperature control method uses the fact that at the end of the charge, the battery is heated more intensively, and the end of the charge can be controlled by the rate of temperature change. When charging nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the end of the charge is determined if the temperature change reaches 1°C/min. The absolute overheating threshold is considered to be 60 °C.
Overcharging has a disastrous effect on the battery, especially if, at the end of the charge, it is forcibly disconnected and then reconnected to the charger. With each such operation, a high-speed charge cycle is initiated at its high initial current. Frequently connecting devices with nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries to external power sources will significantly reduce the life of the batteries.
Lithium-ion battery chargers are able to detect the state of charge of the battery.
A feature of the charge of lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries is the limitation of the charge voltage. These batteries can currently be charged up to 4.20 V. The tolerance is 0.05 V.
When charging lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries with a current of 1C, the charge time is 2-3 hours. During the charging process, they do not heat up. The battery reaches a state of full charge when the voltage on it reaches 4.20 V + 0.05 V, and the current decreases significantly and is approximately 3% of the initial charge current.
Sometimes it is necessary to charge completely discharged batteries. In the phone, such a charge is carried out automatically. What if there is no charger?
In the absence of a special charger, the batteries can be charged using a power source with adjustable output voltage and a maximum operating current of 2A and current and voltage control devices as follows.
