Official Korea Seoul is a rather big city When people ask me what I can say about Seoul, I always answer: “Seoul is a very big city. Well, very big!” Seoul is really huge. Its significance in the life of Korea, a country that is extremely centralized, is also enormous. I’ll start,

Peasant Korea Population statistics for Korea during the Li Dynasty (1392–1910) are not very reliable, but they do give an idea of ​​the big picture. In the 17th century, the nobles made up approximately 3-5% of the total population of the country, and at the beginning of the 19th century their share increased to 10%. This, by the way

Korea at lunch Fork, chopsticks (and a knife!) What do Koreans eat? Of course, mostly with chopsticks, like most of their neighbors in East Asia. For us, of course, chopsticks as a tool for eating are a strange and exotic thing. Sometimes the habit of eating with chopsticks becomes even

Korea and abroad

, 大韓民國 , daehan minguk). modern word Korea comes from one of the historical dynasties (Koryeo) that ruled the Korean Peninsula.

Story

The earliest records relating to Korea are written by the Chinese and written in Chinese characters, despite the fact that Chinese and Korean are far apart. Even after the creation of their own script in Korea - hangul, Koreans wrote down their names and the name of the country using hanja, adapted Chinese characters. The pronunciation of hieroglyphs, and often the meanings, have changed over time, so it is difficult to restore the original sound and meaning of the ancient names of Korea.

Ancient history

Joseon

About 2000 years ago, the north of the Korean Peninsula and the south of Manchuria belonged to the state of Gojoseon ( Ancient Joseon). In Chinese records, which date back to the middle of the first millennium BC. BC, the name appeared as 朝鮮 (pronounced roughly as chaoxian). These characters are pronounced in modern Korean as Joseon (조선). Co.(古), meaning "ancient", is used to distinguish that Joseon from the later Joseon Dynasty. The first of the characters used in this word (朝) means, among others, "morning", the second (鮮) - in particular, "fresh". It is for this reason that Korea's poetic name is "Land of Morning Calm". This phrase is still used in relation to Korea.

According to scientists, the word "Joseon" initially did not carry such a semantic load, reflecting only the phonetics of the name of the country at that time. Due to the fact that the pronunciation of Chinese characters has changed over time, it is difficult to say what the name of Korea sounded like at the dawn of its formation. The conducted research roughly restores the original sound of /*trjaw/ and /*senx/.

Khan

After the fall of Gojoseon, in the south of the Korean Peninsula south of the Hangang River, there were several tribes, or possibly tribal unions, collectively called the Samhan (삼한, "Three Hana"). The Chinese character 韓 (한, han), which is part of the name Samhan, is also present in the name Hanguk, used in South Korea as the self-name of the country.

Modern usage

In Korea

Today, the colloquial name for Korea in South Korea is taehan or Hanguk, and South Korea is called Namhan(남한, 南韓; "Southern Han"), and the Northern - Pukhan(북한, 北韓; "Northern Han"). Less formally, southerners call the DPRK Ibuk(이북, 以北; "North").

Names used in North Korea Joseon for Korea, Namjoson(남조선, 南朝鮮; "South Joseon") for South Korea, and bukjoseon(북조선, 北朝鮮; "Northern Joseon") for North Korea.

Accordingly, the Korean language is called hangugo(한국어, 韓國語) or hangukmal(한국말) in South and josono(조선어) or joseonmal(조선말) in North Korea. The Korean script is called Hangul (한글) in Southern and cheongul(조선글) in North Korea.

The language spoken by Soviet Koreans has a number of features and differs from the literary standards of the Korean language adopted in South Korea or the DPRK. The self-name of the language of Soviet Koreans is Koryo mar or Koryomaryl (고려말). It differs significantly from the standards of modern Korean and is an archaic dialect of the northern province of Hamgyong.

in East Asia

Other East Asian languages, whose terminology was also formed under the influence of Chinese, have their own analogues for names. Joseon and Hanguk, which are used for North and South Korea respectively: in Chinese - Chaoxian(朝鲜) and hango(韩国), in Japanese - Chosen(朝鮮) and kankoku(韓国), in Vietnamese - chjeutien(Triều Tiên) and Hanquoc(Hàn Quốc). At the same time, for the peninsula as a whole in China and Vietnam, an analogue of the name is more often used. Joseon, and in Japan - Hanguk.

In Western countries

Both North and South Korea use the word "Korea" when they translate their country's name into Russian or other Western languages.

The Latin name can be written "Korea" or "Corea". English now almost always uses the first variant; in Romance and Celtic languages ​​- the second.

Koreans Abroad

Before the collapse of the USSR, the concept of “Soviet Koreans” was widely used in literature, including scientific literature, as well as in everyday life, as an ethnonym and self-name. In parallel, but to a lesser extent, the phrases “Joseon saram” (“person from Joseon”) and “Korye saram” (“person from Koryo”) were used as a self-name, the latter being more widespread and now established in everyday life. In South Korea they are called "koryoin".

In Japan, local Koreans are called zainichi. (jap. 在日朝鮮人/韓国人 zainichi cho:senjin/zainichi kankokujin) , a term also used by Koreans living in Japan. In South Korea, Japanese ethnic Koreans are called "chaeil kyepo".

see also

Write a review on the article "Names of Korea"

Notes

Literature

• Kontsevich L. R. Historical names of Korea // Ethnonyms. M., 1970, pp. 61-77.

Links

An excerpt characterizing the Names of Korea

Arriving in St. Petersburg, Pierre did not inform anyone of his arrival, did not go anywhere, and began to spend whole days reading Thomas of Kempis, a book that was delivered to him by no one knows who. Pierre understood one and all the same when reading this book; he understood the pleasure, unknown to him, to believe in the possibility of achieving perfection and in the possibility of brotherly and active love between people, opened to him by Osip Alekseevich. A week after his arrival, the young Polish Count of Villarsky, whom Pierre knew superficially from St. Petersburg society, entered his room in the evening with that official and solemn air with which Dolokhov's second entered him and, closing the door behind him and making sure that there was no one in the room there was no one except Pierre, turned to him:
“I have come to you with a commission and a proposal, Count,” he told him without sitting down. “A person very highly placed in our fraternity has petitioned for you to be admitted to the fraternity ahead of time, and has offered me to be your guarantor. I regard the fulfillment of the will of this person as a sacred duty. Do you wish to join the brotherhood of free stonemasons on my guarantee?
The cold and strict tone of the man whom Pierre almost always saw at balls with an amiable smile, in the company of the most brilliant women, struck Pierre.
“Yes, I wish,” said Pierre.
Villarsky inclined his head. - One more question, count, he said, to which I ask you, not as a future freemason, but as an honest person (galant homme), to answer me with all sincerity: have you renounced your former convictions, do you believe in God?
Pierre considered. “Yes… yes, I believe in God,” he said.
“In that case…” Villarsky began, but Pierre interrupted him. “Yes, I believe in God,” he said again.
“In that case, we can go,” said Willarsky. “My carriage is at your service.
All the way Villarsky was silent. To Pierre's questions about what he should do and how to answer, Villarsky only said that the brothers, more worthy of him, would test him, and that Pierre needed nothing more than to tell the truth.
Having entered the gate of a large house where the lodge was located, and passing along a dark staircase, they entered into a lighted, small hallway where, without the help of servants, they took off their fur coats. From the hallway they went into another room. A man in strange attire appeared at the door. Villarsky, going out to meet him, said something quietly to him in French and went up to a small closet, in which Pierre noticed robes he had never seen before. Taking a handkerchief from the closet, Villarsky put it over Pierre's eyes and tied it in a knot at the back, painfully trapping his hair in a knot. Then he bent him to him, kissed him, and, taking him by the hand, led him somewhere. Pierre was in pain from the knotted hair, he grimaced in pain and smiled in shame at something. His huge figure, with lowered hands, with a shriveled and smiling face, followed Willarsky with unsteady, timid steps.
After leading him ten paces, Villarsky stopped.
“Whatever happens to you,” he said, “you must endure everything with courage if you are determined to join our brotherhood. (Pierre answered in the affirmative by inclining his head.) When you hear a knock at the door, you will untie your eyes, added Villarsky; I wish you courage and success. And, shaking hands with Pierre, Villarsky went out.

- a state in northeast Asia, occupying the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. In the north it borders on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, in the east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, in the south and southeast by the Korea Strait, in the west by the Yellow Sea. South Korea also owns several islands, the largest of which are Jeju, Chedo and Geojedo.

The name comes from the ethnonym used in the X-XIV centuries.

Official name: The Republic of Korea

Capital: seoul

The area of ​​the land: 98.5 thousand sq. km

Total population: 50 million people

Administrative division: 9 provinces and 5 cities of central subordination.

Form of government: Republic.

Head of State: The president.

Composition of the population: 99% are Korean, there is also a small Chinese minority.

Official language: Korean.

Religion: 51.2% - Buddhism, 34.4% - Christians (Protestants), 10.6% - Catholics, 1.8 - followers of shamanism and Confucianism.

Internet domain: .kr

Mains voltage: ~110 V/220 V, 60 Hz

Phone country code: +82

Country barcode: 880

Climate

Moderate monsoon. The average annual temperature is up to +5 C in the north and +14 C in the south. Summer is hot - 21-24 C (up to +35 C), with frequent and heavy rains brought by monsoons from June to July. Winter is cold - up to -10 C on the coasts and -20 C in the central regions, with little snow. Frequent thaws. Precipitation falls on average up to 2000 mm. per year (in the north - up to 5000 mm., in Seoul - about 1500 mm.), mainly in summer. best time to visit the country - from June to October.

Geography

The state with a total area of ​​98.5 thousand square kilometers is located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula in northeast Asia. It borders North Korea in the north. In the east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, in the south and southeast by the Korea Strait, in the west by the Yellow Sea.

The landscape of the country is very diverse, 70% of the territory is occupied by low mountains stretching from north to south along the chains of the Sobek ridges ( highest point- Chirisan city, 1915 m), Gyeongsan (Nanmin mountains, 2014 m), Geumgang (1638 m), Seorak (1780 m) and Taebaek (1546 m). The highest mountain point of the country is the city of Hallasan (1950 m), located on the very big island country - Jeju.

The coastline is quite indented and framed by a large number (more than 3 thousand) of islands, especially along the western and southern coasts of the country. In the east, the coastline is rocky and relatively straight, with small beaches at estuaries.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

Due to the mild climate, the vegetation of Korea is very diverse. In the mountains of Korea, broad-leaved and oak forests grow, which alternate with mixed forests and conifers. The most common tree species in the forests are oaks, hornbeams, birches, lindens and other species, among which there are valuable ones.

There are fewer forests directly in South Korea. Ginseng is very common here in the foothills. And in the mountains grow oaks, maples, ash trees. Lianas and lemongrass are often found on tree trunks, as well as wild grapes. Below, along the lower mountain belt, dense pine forests grow. On the territory of the subalpine belt, beautiful alpine meadows are spread, near which many shrubs grow. By the way, Korean pine, found in the forests of Korea, is the most expensive tree species.

In the south of Korea, there are many evergreen trees, such as the Japanese camellia. Summer green trees, such as chestnut, are also very common. In total, the flora of Korea has more than 4 thousand varieties. This is despite the fact that large areas of forests were cut down in the twentieth century. Bamboo grows in the valleys, the shoots of which grow up to 10 meters.

Animal world

Foxes, wild boars, gorals, roe deer, spotted deer, red deer, columns, otters, squirrels live in the forests of South Korea, sometimes you can meet tigers, leopards, lynxes and Ussuri and white-breasted bears. In coastal areas, the greatest diversity of birds is observed: passerines, herons, cranes, storks, geese, ducks, waders, gulls, cormorants, auks, guillemots and guillemots.

In addition, on the territory of South Korea there are such birds of prey as the Kamchatka sea eagle, and large birds of the order of chickens - pheasants, black grouses and hazel grouses. Several hundred species of fish live in the coastal and inland waters of the country.

Attractions

Korea, with its picturesque nature, mountains, beaches and rivers, with a rich cultural and historical heritage, is one of the most interesting countries in Southeast Asia in terms of tourism. Here you can see ancient Buddhist monasteries, royal palaces, sculptural monuments, pagodas, archaeological sites, fortresses, folklore villages and numerous museums. And the picturesque nature and carefully preserved habitat give the country a special charm.

Banks and currency

Won (W, KRW). There are banknotes of 50,000, 10,000, 5,000 and 1,000 won (often referred to simply as "chon", which means "thousand") and coins of 500, 100, 50 and 10 won (coins of 5 and 1 won are now practically are not used and are withdrawn from circulation after the denomination of 2009).

Banks are open on weekdays from 9.30 to 16.30, on Saturday until 13.30. Day off - Sunday. ATMs are open from 9.30 to 22.00, and some - around the clock.

Money can be exchanged at banks, specialized exchange offices and large hotels. US dollars are accepted in many small shops and in the market on a par with local currency, however, in department stores and large stores, dollars are not accepted at all.

VISA, American Express, Diners Club, Master Card and JCB credit cards are accepted everywhere. Traveler's checks can only be cashed at banks or offices of major international transport and travel companies.

Bank checks are also used in denominations of 100,000 won or more, however, when paying with them, you need to indicate your passport number, address and phone number in Korea on the back, so if you do not have a residence permit, it is almost impossible to pay with checks.

Useful information for tourists

The traditional system of hierarchy and respect for elders is still of great importance in all spheres of life. Direct questions about age and marital status are considered commonplace, as they allow the Korean to get an idea about the interlocutor and his place in the hierarchical system of society. Koreans avoid expressing emotions in public or laughing out loud in the presence of older people.

Greetings are always pronounced with a slight bow, the depth of which depends on the position of the speakers. At a meeting, both the right and left hands are served and shaken, although the right hand is preferred - the left hand is placed under the right. Failure to comply with this rule may be regarded as a manifestation of impoliteness. More common is just a nod of the head, as well as a slight or respectful bow (depending on who greets whom). Usually they do not look directly into the eyes - this is perceived, rather, as a threat or an attempt to exert psychological pressure.

Here they almost never say "thank you" or "nothing" so as not to embarrass the person who has shown the courtesy. When gifts are brought, they are quietly left at the entrance, and not shown to the person for whom they are intended. No one will also apologize by inadvertently pushing someone they meet on the street or stepping on their foot. Public displays of affection, such as kissing and hugging, are considered obscene.

At the table, they do not start eating until the eldest in age arrives, and everyone rises when he leaves the table.

During the meal, do not leave chopsticks in rice, as this is associated with a funeral. You cannot write names in red ink - this is how the names of the dead are written. Traditionally, Koreans sit, eat and sleep on the floor. Therefore, when entering a Korean home, you must always take off your shoes. You can not stand on the threshold, so as not to let in evil spirits.

It is impossible to talk about divorce, death or ruin, even as a joke, so as not to invite evil fate on yourself. It is considered indecent to be bare-legged in the presence of elders, so it is recommended to always wear socks or stockings when visiting a Korean family.

Tips are not taken in restaurants, the calculation is made not with the waiter, but at the checkout, which is located at the exit. There is usually no menu as such in Korean restaurants; all the names of dishes and their prices are indicated on a special table that hangs on the wall. Tipping is given only in large hotels of international class.

In the elevators of multi-storey buildings there is no fourth floor (the word "sa" - "fourth" sounds the same as "death"), so it is usually denoted by the letter "F" or the third is immediately followed by the fifth floor.

Kontsevich L. R.

In memory of a teacher and a friend Viktor Antonovich Hwang Yundyun

In various historical periods in Korea and beyond its borders, there were the most diverse and curious names of the country, which reflect complex, often far from clear ethnogenetic processes, and the turbulent history of the Korean Peninsula, and certain aspects of the life of the tribes living here (their worldview, customs, crafts, etc.).

Not all names of Korea - and there are more than a hundred of them [Kwon Sanno, 405] - are comparable with each other. They differ in time, in content, in structure, in the nature of use and stylistic motivation, in the ratio of general and particular (contamination of the names of individual tribes - individual state formations – the peninsula as a whole - or the transfer of the names of individual geographical objects, such as seas, rivers, etc., to the country).

It is naturally impossible to characterize the whole mass of Korean names in three dimensions - linguistic, geographical and historical within the framework of one article. If the official names of the states that have historically changed on the Korean Peninsula are commonly used, then the figurative and metaphorical names of the country turn out to be mostly occasional, and often individual. Let's consider the first group of names in more detail.

First of all, it should be noted that any proper Korean names of the country, written in the phonetic alphabet (invented in the middle of the 15th century) and differing from those recorded in Chinese characters, have not been preserved. A modern researcher deals only with the hieroglyphic form of names, which can convey: 1) their semantics (when the source uses the real value of the hieroglyphs that make up the name); 2) their Chinese or Korean reading (if the name is written in fanze*), hiding the words of the languages ​​of ancient Korean and other tribes; 3) them

1 Fanze(QED), or “dissection method”, is the transmission of the sound of a hieroglyph by means of two other hieroglyphs, of which the first indicates the initial sound (initial), the second indicates the ending of the syllable, rhyme.

proper Korean correspondence, i.e. translation into Old and Middle Korean (if the name is transmitted by means I go 2). It can be very difficult to determine in which of these ways one's own name is recorded. It is here that the stumbling block of all disputes about this or that object of Korean onomastics.

It is almost impossible to distinguish between the Chinese names of Korea and the Korean self-names of the country in their hieroglyphic rendering, also because in the past, Koreans, having adopted the Chinese names of their country, often used them as their own.

The connection between toponymy and ethnonymy is inseparable. A number of names of ancient states on the Korean peninsula date back to more ancient names of tribes and tribal unions. However, to say something more or less definite about the ethnonyms of Korea, as well as about most of the names of non-Chinese peoples who settled in the “four outskirts” of the Middle State and have been known since the Zhou era (end of the 2nd millennium - 3rd century BC) in as group associations i, di, jong and man, hardly anyone is able to because of the lack of information in the surviving sources (moreover, later sources, as a rule, repeat the data of earlier works) and because of the contradictory nature, and sometimes falsification of historical and geographical descriptions and records of their own names. Therefore, all existing etymologies of Korean onomastic vocabulary based on Chinese written monuments are largely hypothetical.

The illusory nature of some etymologies of ethnonyms and ancient names of the country is aggravated by the fact that when they are disclosed, they usually proceed from modern Chinese and Koreanized readings and meanings of hieroglyphs alone. Such an approach cannot be considered scientific. Historicism in the study of ethnonyms, as well as toponyms, must be observed with particular care. But nevertheless, at the current level of development of Korean onomastics, one has to confine oneself to a set of proposed etymologies with a corresponding critical analysis of them 3 .

Now the most common names for the country located on the Korean Peninsula and its adjacent islands are the following: Korea, Chosbn and Hanguk. These three names go back to ancient ethnonyms transferred to early state formations or the names of dynasties.

Since ancient times, numerous non-Han tribes have lived on the Korean Peninsula and in Northeast China, some of which disappeared without a trace, while others gave their names to the tribal states founded by them. The Joseon tribes belonged to the relatively advanced tribes.

Name SHSH modern box Chosbn, modern whale. Chaoxian first mentioned in Chinese written sources of the 5th-3rd centuries. BC. ("Guan zi", juan 23;

I'm going- the general name for the ways of writing Korean words and grammatical formants in Chinese characters starting from the 5th-6th centuries.

3 In the numerous works published after the publication of this article on the reconstruction of the Old Korean language and its connections with the Altaic family of languages, of course, material on native Korean onomastics was used, but the main array of toponyms has not yet been subjected to a comprehensive comparative historical study.

"Shan hai jing", juan 12 and 18, etc.). But more or less reliable information about him is contained in the early Chinese dynastic histories, and above all in "Shi chi" Sima Qian (I century BC). The "Tale of Chaoxian" included in this work formed the basis of sections about Korea in all subsequent historical chronicles [for an analysis of these sources, see, for example: Li Jirin, 11-44; Vorobyov, 36, 59-60; Kontsevich, 56-58, 60-61]. In the first Korean historical writings - "Samguk Sagi" Kim Busika (XII century), "Samguk Yusa" Iryon (XIII century) and "Th- van ungy" Lee Seung-hyu (XIV century) material about Joseon, which is borrowed from Chinese sources and old Korean chronicles that have not survived to this day, is abundantly mixed with myths about the founding of the state. Fragmentation, inconsistency, and sometimes even distortion of the facts about Joseon contained in these sources caused various interpretations of the name itself, as well as discussions about the time and location of Ancient Joseon, its social structure ["Collection of discussion articles ..."; "History of Korea", 9-10, 45-49; Ryu Hakku]. So far, it is difficult to come to any unambiguous solution to this issue. Therefore, our statements should be regarded as purely preliminary.

From the sources and the vast commentary literature, only one thing is clear that the name Joseon existed until the end of the second century. BC. as the name of a tribe (or a tribal state?), Which in different historical periods occupied a larger or smaller territory east of the river. Liaohe on Liaodong, covering the northwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. In 108 BC The Han emperor U-di overthrew the Joseon ruler Hugo and established four Han districts on the occupied lands of the Joseon and other tribes of this region. In the submission of one of them - Lolan (was abolished in 313) was the Chaoxian county, which, as it were, acted as a silent witness to the recent past [“Munkhon pigo”, 364; Vorobyov, 81].

Disappeared at the beginning of the 1st century. BC. title Joseon resurrected at the end of the 14th century. simultaneously as the name of the ruling dynasty and as the name of the country (i.e., already common to the entire peninsula). Only in 1897 was it replaced by taehan(see below). Now ancient name Joseon included in the name of the state 3 b .- Q 41^^-SCH 9141 “5”5}-^ Joseon minjuju inmin conghwaguk"Democratic People's Republic of Korea", also used to refer to the entire Korean Peninsula in North Korean. Toponym Joseon from the middle of the 19th century entered the Russian and Western European languages ​​in a literal translation "Country of morning freshness (coolness, tranquility, etc.)". Such a translation sounds poetic, but has nothing to do with the existing etymol fires.

It remains unclear whether the name Joseon given to the ancient non-Korean tribes by the Chinese, or so the natives themselves called themselves and their country. Regarding the origin of the name Joseon there are various hypotheses. Some of them are listed in the reference and historical-geographical literature [see, for example: “Picturesque Review…”, vol. 3, 422; Shunhong pigo", v. 1, 357; "Big Korean Encyclopedic Dictionary", vol. 5, 546; Kwon Sanno, 258-259; Lee Jirin, 32-44; "Introduction to the study of ancient Korean historical geography", 10-17; Kwon Deokkyu, 14-15]. Hypotheses

differ from each other both in time and in sources (Chinese or Korean). Familiarization with them will undoubtedly be useful for further searches for what is hidden behind the name. Chosbn.

1. One of the oldest versions is the hydronymic origin of the ethnonym joseon. Wei commentator "Shi chi" Zhang Yan (3rd century) believed that the source for the name Joseon. the names of the rivers served: “Chaoxian has three rivers: ( box Sipsu), Lyeshui ( box Yolsu) and Xianshui(kor. Sonsu). The rivers join to form Lyeshui. As if Lelan and Chaoxian borrowed names from here" ["Collection of information about the peoples who lived in various
historical epochs”, vol. 1, 90; Russian Transl.: Kyuner, 1961, 331]. Tang commentator "Shi chi" Sima Zhen (7th century) saw the origins of the name Joseon in two hydronyms Chao [shui] and Xian [shui][“Collection of information ...”, vol. 1, 90-91].

In our time, this hypothesis was developed by the North Korean historian Li Jirin [Li Jirin, 35-39], to whom it seemed to be the most consistent with historical facts. Although he did not find such rivers in the area of ​​​​the alleged settlement of the Chosbn, nevertheless, in his book, evidence is provided, according to which the r. Yolsu is an abbreviated name for R. Muribles(Y^UtK-, identified with the modern Lanhe River), r. Sipsu- short for r. Seubyosu ( where the first character was close in sound to the first character in spelling Joseon), R. Sonsu- short for r. Yongsdnsu. This hypothesis cannot be considered completely convincing due to insufficiently reliable linguistic argumentation, but on the whole it deserves attention.

2. In "Dongguk Yoji Seungnam"(1st half of the 16th century) it was suggested that the country is called Joseon because it is located on “the land where the east turns red and the day comes” [“Picturesque Review ...”, vol. 3, 322]. AT "Kukcho pogam"(XVII century) and especially in the works of representatives of the ideological movement sirhak(“real sciences”), for example, Kim Hakpon (XVIII-early XIX century), the following idea is developed: since the ancient Koreans reached the coast of the East (Japan) Sea, the name Joseon and was a Chinese rendering of the meaning ‘sun’, ‘day’, figuratively meaning ‘east’ (via cho) +
‘light’ (through dream), those. that which first shines in the east,
where these tribes live [Kwon Sanno, 259; Lee Jirin, 32]. The most important drawback of this etymology lies in the fact that the ancient Koreans could hardly use a purely Chinese transcription method of writing proper names.

Therefore, Korean scientists took a different path - the interpretation of the phrase given in "Dongguk Yoji Seungnam" in Korean. For example, Choi Namseong conveyed the meaning of this Chinese phrase with a Korean phrase - nari cheeum saeungda‘dawn’ (lit."the day first appears"), which in abbreviated form gives chbsende -> chbsaeng -> Chosbn[Kwon Deokkyu, 14].

3. A similar hypothesis was expressed by Yang Judon, but it also does not go beyond the scope of feudal historiography. He thinks that the title Chosbn, like many other proper nouns, it was written in one of the ways going: the first character in this name conveyed the Korean word 11 palk'light', and the second - ce‘time’, ‘east’, ‘new’, i.e. Joseon = pa [l] kse. Ian's version

Judon substantiated by the fact that the cult of the sun was widespread among the ancient Korean tribes and that they, moving from north to east, and then south, took this phrase as a self-name [Yang Judon, 39]. It is also hardly possible to agree with this opinion, for the name Joseon appeared in Chinese sources long before the use I'm going In Korea.

4. The hypothesis put forward by Korean scientists of the 19th century also deserves attention. - representatives of the current sirhak("real sciences"). Ahn jongbok in "T o n ca kanmok" wrote: “The country that Kija founded was located east of sonbi (xianbi- the name of one of the northern non-Chinese peoples.- OK.), hence its name Joseon"[cm. Lee Jirin, 32-33]. Lee Ik in "Sonho saesol" offered the following explanation Chosbn: cho means 'east' and dream is short for sonbi(whale. xianbi), which in general gives the name of the country lying to the east of Mount Seonbisan ”(see Kwon Sanno, 259; Big Korean Encyclopedic Dictionary, vol. 5, 546). This hypothesis does not accurately locate Ancient Joseon; besides the title xianbi first appeared in Chinese sources after the beginning of a new era.

5. Supporters of the current sirhak Han Baek Kum, Jung Ya Kyung, and some others thought Joseon not by its own name, but by a common additional element that was added to specific ethnonyms and toponyms and simply denoted “territory” [for example, Annan-joseon 'area Annana (Chinese Lolan)’, Yemeek-joseon ‘land(tribe) emek’, etc. (“Introduction to the Study of Ancient Korean Historical Geography”, 11]. Although such combinations are found in some ancient Chinese writings, it is impossible to agree with such an interpretation because the name Joseon much more often used independently, denoting an ethnonym.

6. In Korean science since the 18th century. versions of the patronymic origin of the name have become widespread Joseon. In the myths about the founding of the state among the ancient Koreans, the founder of the first "dynasty" (2333-1122 BC) is Tangun. For eight centuries there have been endless disputes regarding its genealogy, time and place of origin [Hon Gimun, 129-206; Dzharylgasinova, 25, etc.]. A number of Korean scientists are trying to find the threads connecting his name with Chosdn.

At the beginning of the XX century. Xing Cheho supported this hypothesis: in his opinion, the name of the country and the name of its first ruler have the same origin - from the spirit of the sun, whose name was respectively rendered in Chinese characters [Sin Cheho, 215].

In the 50s and 60s, Hong Gi-moon and Lee Sang-ho tried to link the name in different ways. Tangun with name Chosdn. Hong Gimun, comprehensively analyzing the myth of Tangun, cited a whole chain of arguments that would confirm the phonetic identity of the sign tan(in name) through dream(as a symbol of a celestial) with dream(in the name of the ethnic group) [Hon Gimun, 144-164].

Lee Sang Ho tends to see in the name tangun hieroglyphic rendering of the Korean word paktal / pedal, meaning in the modern language the name of the tree - ‘Betulaceae Schmidtii Regel’. At first, this word, apparently, was used

was used as the name of a mountain (cf. the word hoist‘mountain’, ‘high’ in the geographical names of the state of Koguryeo, as well as modern words yandal and ymdal, meaning respectively the southern and northern slopes of the mountain). Lee Sang Ho Identifies Korean pactal with the Chinese name of the mountain taibo shan, where, judging by the myth, Tangun was born. In this name, the first hieroglyph allegedly conveyed the ancient Korean khan'big', second - pa [l] k-'light', and the third - hoist‘mountain’, hence paktal -* puldal‘fire mountain’. This oronym was transferred to the name of the tribal association Joseon. According to Lee Sangho, all these words were just different spellings of the same name ["Collection of discussion articles ...", 173-287].

In essence, this hypothesis resembles the second and third hypotheses, differing from them only in a slightly different argumentation.

7. Based on a detailed phonetic and etymological analysis, the Swedish scholar Cho Seungbok tried to reconstruct the ancient Korean readings of the following toponyms and compare them. Han District Annan, according to his assumption, in ancient Korean it was read as it meant ‘east’, and the first hieroglyph in Joseon- like ~ [*aya] ‘morning’ (cf. Japanese), in the same row Cho Seungbok included and Khan, as if pronounced like [aua] [Cho Seungbok, 534-562]. But, in my opinion, this attempt looks somewhat artificial.

8. Finally, there is a hypothesis according to which the ethnonym Chos j n identified with the ethnonym suxin(modern. whale. susheng). It was first put forward more than half a century ago by Korean scientists Sin Chaeho and Chon Inbo. Shin Chaeho, for example, wrote that Chos j n and suxin until the middle of the III century. BC. were the same name of the tribe, written in different Chinese characters [Kwon Sanno, 33]. This opinion was shared in the 1950s by North Korean scholars Chon Yol-mo [Jong Yol-mo, 23-24], partly Lee Ji-rin [Lee Ji-rin, 33-34, 39, 211-213], Lee Sanho [“Collection of discussion articles…”, 269 -273], etc. It also seems to us more likely than all other versions. Let's present our arguments.

The question of the origin of the Sushen people still remains open. Some researchers believe that Sushen is a Tungus tribe [Bichurin, vol. 1, 375; Vasilevich, 14-20]; others consider them to be a Paleo-Asiatic people who originally lived in Northeast China [Küner, 1961, 218]. But it is also quite possible that susheng was the name of some ethnic community that arose as a result of the mixing of the Tungus, who came at the beginning of the Zhou period (XI-III centuries BC) from Transbaikalia to Northeast China and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, with Paleo-Asian natives.

This ethnonym has been recorded in ancient Chinese historical writings since the 3rd century BC. BC. in transcription using various hieroglyphs. The earliest was the writing of modern. whale. xishen, modern box sik- xing ("Shi ji", "Zhu shu jinyan" etc.), then, apparently, shsh jishen, box chiksin ".Ji Zhou shu") and finally- sushen, box suksin ("Kongzi jia yu", "Hou Han shu" and etc.). In a Chinese essay of the 17th century. "Manzhou yuanliu kao" says that susheng is a corruption of the Chinese rendering of the Manchu word $sf zhushen, box chusin(the name of the ancestors of the Manchus), meaning ‘acquired (trust) land’ [Palladius, vol. 1; Küner, 1961, 258].

None of these spellings was found in sources earlier than the 3rd century BC. BC, although some commentators are inclined to hypothetically attribute the ancestors of the Sushen to no later than the 12th century. BC, believing that they are hiding under one of the names of "eastern foreigners" - . nyao and‘bird’ + ‘foreigner’.

What is the connection between these facts about the ethnonym susheng and title Joseon 1? Their interdependence is hypothetically admissible:

a) chronological and territorial coincidence of the habitat of the ancient Joseon and Sushen tribes;

b) their belonging to the "eastern foreigners", possibly as two branches of the same tribal association;

c) the similarity of the ethnogenetic process (the main component in the warehouses
ancestry of the Korean ethnos were those who came from the north and north-west of the Tungus-
Manchu and Paleo-Asiatic tribes, towards whom from the south of the Korean
the peninsula was moved by ethnic elements of the more southern island race);

d) the commonality of totem representations among the ancient Joseon and Sushen (in the form of a bird);

e) recognition of the location of the ancestral home in Korean and Manchu myths in the area of ​​modern Mount Paektusan (Baitoushan), compare, for example, the myth of Tangun;

f) finally, the usual practice of rendering the same foreign name by different hieroglyphs, similar only in sound, in ancient Chinese texts. And indeed, if we restore the ancient phonetic appearance of words transmitted in Chinese transcription by the method fanze, it turns out that the first hieroglyphs in the names Joseon and susheng in their reading fall into the same rhyme group , and the latter, although they belong to different rhyme groups, are nevertheless similar in sound (for a reconstruction of the ancient readings of hieroglyphs, see:).

In addition, archaeological and historical materials indicate that by the Chunqiu-Lego period (VIII-V centuries BC), the Tungus tribes, which formed a substrate with local Paleo-Asian tribes, were divided into two large groups: northern, Manchu, and southern, Korean (according to our assumption); cf. linguistic motivation of belonging of the Korean language to the Altaic family in the work of S. A. Starostin [Starostin]

Ethnonym susheng in the north, in Manchuria, has undergone a complex evolution. So, in the I-III centuries. AD Sushen tribes are mentioned under the name ilou(kor. yumu), during the northern dynasties in China (end of the 4th - the end of the 6th century) - (Kor. mulkil), during the Sui Dynasty (589-619), their country is known as mohe(kor. malgal), at the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century. their name appeared: £: Ш nuzhen, or ^ssh nuzhi(kor. idjin, idjik)[Küner, 1961, 258-275; Gorsky; Grebenshchikov].

The evolution of the ethnonym could be completely different susheng southeast of the Manchus. There, apparently, an ethnic group stood out, which the Chinese began to convey in writing in hieroglyphs chaoxian, close in ancient reading to sushen. Thus, the original name Joseon, although it was recorded in "Shan Hai Jing"(presumably IV-III centuries BC; juan 18), hardly

Li meant ‘land of morning freshness’. Most likely, this name could only be a transcriptional (possibly distorted) transfer by Chinese characters of some ethnonym, the meaning of which is still hidden from modern researchers.

Korea names with component khan have the same cementing significance in the history of Korean civilization as Chosn.

The modern name of South Korea is Hanguk(this is the name, like Joseon, extends to the entire Korean Peninsula) comes from = Samhan‘Three khan’, the collective name of the union of three tribes (mahan, chin-khan and penhan), who inhabited the southern and central parts of the peninsula in the last centuries BC. Most Korean scientists tend to consider the component khan a pronominal word meaning in ancient times 'big', 'long', 'far', 'straight'. Since a stronger migration process was in the direction from north to south, the first tribal associations that developed in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula apparently included the word khan('long' in time or 'distant', 'large' in space) as a common component in their names. This component has come down to our time in writing with various hieroglyphs, which were used phonetically to convey the word with the above meanings: the oldest spelling khan(in "Shu Ching" 5th-4th centuries BC) denoted one of the "eastern foreigners", which included Korean tribes; writing khan(in comments to "wei shu" 6th century AD) some researchers [Li Jirin, 274] identify with the sign sh khan(the latter is found in almost all Chinese dynastic histories and early Korean historical chronicles).

The initial components of the names of three khan, most likely of totemic origin: ( Mari)‘head’ (in Mahan)[Kwon Sanno, 118], pyon-‘snake’ (in Byeonghan)[Kwon Sanno, 142] and rank-‘dragon’ (in Chinhan)[Kwon Sanno, 267]. At the end of the 1st century BC. on the lands of mahan (southwest of the peninsula), the state of Paekche arose, and the possessions of jinhan and penhan (southeast of the peninsula) became part of Silla. These states, together with Goguryeo, existed until the middle of the 7th century, when they were united under the auspices of Silla. In Chinese, and then Korean historiography, they received the general name NShch modern. whale. sango, modern box samguk‘Three states’.

Component khan also included in the title taehan- the official name of the country after it declared independence in 1897 and until 1910. If the word khan here "taken from the ancient names of the three possessions of South Korea as national in the strict sense of the word, i.e., non-Chinese", then the definition te‘big’, ‘great’ is added “in contrast to them and in imitation of Chinese Dacingo, those. Great Qing state, or Japanese Dainipponkoku– to the Great State of Nippon” [Küner, 1912, 10]. Some also believe that the first hieroglyph indicates the expansion of the territory of the former possessions of Korea [Kwon Sanno, 86]. taehan included in the official name of the Republic of Korea - Taehan minguk.

FROM Ancient Korean ethnonymy is also associated with several other names of states that once existed on the Korean Peninsula and in the Northeast

Mr. China. These include the names of the three states mentioned above - Koguryeo, Silla and Baekche 4, as well as Chindan.

Whale name. Zhengdan, box chindan appeared at the end of the seventh century. After the conquest of Goguryeo, the Tang Empire resettled hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of this country in the Yingzhou region (now Zhaoyang in the province of Rehe), where they, together with the Mohe tribes (Kor. malgal) created a state under this name, which, apparently, was the self-name Mohe. In 713 this name was changed to Bohai(kor. Parhe). Name chindan episodically used in relation to Korea since the 11th century. and to this day [Kwon Sanno, 272-273; "Dictionary of the Korean language", vol. 4, 515].

A number of historical names of Korea are of patronymic origin, that is, they include the names of mythical figures who are considered the ancestors of the Koreans. The founder of the state in Korea, as already mentioned, was the legendary Tangun. His name is included in the names of the country - Tanguk and tanban‘Country of Tangu-na’. This may also include the popular name of Pedal [nara], which is an artificial translation into Korean of the name Tanguk.

The second ancestor of the early Chinese, and after them the Korean sources consider the semi-legendary chi tzu(modern cor. Kija > Heji‘son of the sun’), who allegedly fled in 1122 BC. from Zhou China to the lands of Joseon and founded a state there. Some modern Korean historians generally deny the fact that Ji-tzu belonged to the Ancient Joseon, considering it the fruit of feudal historiography. They motivate this by the fact that in the legends about Ji-tzu, which apparently appeared in pre-Qin literature, that is, until the middle of the 3rd century. BC, his name is nowhere associated with Joseon. But whatever doubts there may be about the identity of Chizi himself, his name also appears in the names of the country: Kiban and Kiydk‘Country Ki[ja]’, Kibon and Kijajibon‘Kij’s domain’. The name is also a tribute to the ancestors Tangijiban‘Country of Tan[guna] and Ki[ja]’.

More reliable and detailed in the Chinese historical chronicles is information about a native of the kingdom of Yan- Wei Mane(kor. Vimanyo), who in 194 BC. overthrew the last descendant of the Kija dynasty and seized the lands of Joseon. The reign of the Wei Mang house did not last long, until 108 BC. But his name is also

We omit the analysis of the names Koguryd, Silla and Baekje, since they (with the exception of Silla after VII c.) did not apply to Korea as a whole and, in addition, were partially covered us in domestic Korean studies (for example, about the name Silla, see: Kim Busik, vol. I , With. 298- 302; about the ethnonym Koguryd, see the article by R. Sh. Dzharylgasinova in the collection "Ethnonyms" (M, 1970)]. Let us add only one hypothesis of the origin of kogurids, which deserves attention. According to ancient Chinese sources, the totem of the "eastern foreigners", to whom there was also an influential Kuryo tribe, there was a snake [Fan Wenlan, 23]. Perhaps this totem was taken by the tribe as its name. In Goguryeo, "snake" was conveyed by the word -7 g)] kure The second sign of these combinations, acting as a phonetic, is apparently associated with the name of Tangun.

included in one of the names of the country - Wiman Joseon‘Joseon [period] Wimana’.

In almost all the cases analyzed, there is a transition of eponyms to toponyms.

Sometimes eponyms are combined with ethnonyms. For example, in a geographic application "Chiri ji"(compiled in 1432) to the annals "Sejong Sillok" the collective name of the country is fixed = Sam-Joseon'Three Joseon-na', which stands for 'Joseon of the [period] Tang-gun (or Early Joseon)', 'In our time, this hypothesis was developed by the North Korean historian Lee Jirin [Li Jirin, 35-39], to whom it seemed to be the most consistent with historical facts. Although he did not find such rivers in the area of ​​​​the alleged settlement of the Chosbn, nevertheless, in his book, evidence is provided, according to which the r. /i/pJoseon [period] Kija (or Late Joseon)’ and the mentioned Wiman Joseon["Chronicle of the reign of King Se-jong", 280].

Chinese and Korean written monuments are replete with figurative names of Korea, which cannot be fully taken into account. Apparently, it is possible to systematize such names on the basis of two criteria: their common use and the semantics of their structural components.

The most common figurative-metaphorical names of the country are the names with the following components (names are given mainly in modern Korean sound):

1. W whale. dun, box tone'East'. In ancient Chinese sources, Korea was considered a country that, in its own way, geographic location located to the east of China. Hence its numerous names, which have long been actively used in Korea itself (see also hypotheses of the origin Joseon, associated with the East).

Among them, a number of names with a second component, meaning ‘country’, ‘territory’, ‘locality’, should be noted: Dongguk‘Eastern State’, or simply ‘Eastern Country’ is one of the most ancient Chinese figurative names, very common in Korean literature of the 13th-19th centuries. [Küner, 1912: 10; “Korean Dictionary”, vol. 2, 166]; less common names: dongbang and Dongpyo‘East side; East', dongbang‘Eastern country’, Tonyibk‘Eastern possessions’, Donnyuk‘Eastern Hills’ and about a dozen more names [see. Kwon Sanno, 405].

As a second component, this character is found in two well-known names of Korea - Daedong‘Large country in the east’ (first mentioned in "Shi jing"; been used in Korea since the 15th century. until 1897) [Dictionary of the Korean Language, vol. 2, 255; Palladium, part 1, 193] and haedong‘Country located east of the sea’ (meaning the Yellow Sea). The latter combination is found in the most ancient Chinese monuments, but as the name of Korea began to be used from VI-VIIbb., Especially intensively in the period of Koryo (from the XII to XIV centuries) and in the XIX century. (Kwon Sanno, 320; Dictionary of the Korean Language, vol. 5, 534).

2. In whale. zhi, box or‘sun’, ‘day’. Names with this component are directly adjacent to the group just described, that is, they are associated with the east (it is not without reason that hieroglyphic dictionaries give an interpretation of the sign tone'east' as the places from where the sun rises). Moreover, the hieroglyphs with the meaning ‘sun’ are not at all the property of only the names of Japan, as many mistakenly believe. Titles Irydk, Ilban, Ilbyon‘Land of the Sun’ Ilthek'House of Sun' Ilchulchho‘The place where it rises

sun', Ilchkhuljiban‘The country where the sun rises’ and a number of others were in circulation in Korea in the 8th-12th centuries. [Kwon Sanno, 36].

3. whale. qing, box chhbn'green; blue' (in Chinese color scheme means 'east'). Here the most common name is Chkhdngu‘Land of green hills’. In Chinese sources, it was used in relation to the Korean Peninsula from the first centuries of the new era, later it entered medieval Korean literature as a poetic name for the country (cf., for example, the title of the Korean anthology of the 18th century. "Cheonggu Yeonon"- "The unfading words of the country of the Green Mountains", etc.). By analogy, there were other names with this component, though less popular: Chkhdnyuk‘Green Hills’, chbnyeo‘Green frontiers’, chbntho‘Green Lands’, Shchsh Chkhbnyibk‘Green country’, etc. [Kwon Sanno, 280-281].

4. whale. hi, box heh'sea'. It is the second most used (after tone) component in historical names Korea. It is also indirectly connected with the east. Hieroglyph heh can stand either in the initial or in the final position in the name, without changing, however, its inherent meaning.

As an initial component, it occurs in the following names of Korea: He[yan]guk‘Sea Country’ [“Dictionary of the Korean Language”, vol. 5, 532, 548], Hejwa‘The country located to the left (i.e. to the east) of the sea’ [Kwon Sanno, 322], as well as in the above-mentioned haedong(cm. tone) and a number of others.

This component occupies the final position in one of the oldest Chinese names for the Korean Peninsula - Changhae‘Land of the blue sea’ [Kwon Sanno, 277]. Now this name is attributed to the Sea of ​​​​Japan. Other names with the same structure, such as Shsh Chbphe, Chehe etc., see below, when describing the names reflecting the sea fishing of the Koreans.

5. whale. Yes, box te‘big, great’. This component is used as a definition in the names discussed above. taehan(see ethnonym khan) and Daedong(cm. tone).

Other figurative names of Korea have occasional usage. They can be grouped thematically.

1. One of the ancient names of Korea, found in Korean epigraphic monuments of the 7th-11th centuries, is associated with the east. and in "Samguk Yusa" – Busan, letters,"the place where the sun rises", which denotes a country to the east of China [Kwon Sanno, 148]. Some sources refer this name to Japan as well [Küner, 1961, 348]. The Buddhist names of Korea during the Koryo period can also be included in the same group: Sandong‘The country where the sun rises (Gandharva, Maraja)’, IZH^IA sanmokjigu and Sanibk‘Land of mulberry trees’ [Kwon Sanno, 163]. In the title Gongsan‘Remote wild country in the east’ [Palladius, vol. 1. 499] the Chinese, apparently, meant the area of ​​settlement of ancient Korean tribes.

2. In Confucian literature, the figurative names of Korea were conveyed by hieroglyphs denoting nobility, philanthropy and other virtues, for example: Kunjaguk‘Country of noble people’, SI Inban‘Land of humanity, Yeuijiban‘A country known for high morality’, etc. [Kwon Sanno, 53-55]. Taoists saw Korea as a "country of celestials"

(Soninguk). During the reign of the Song (960-1279) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, Korea was even called "little China" [jun] hwa).

3. Numerical designations are not uncommon in the historical names of Korea. O Myself- khan(see ethnonym khan) and samguk(see ibid.) has already been discussed. Let's take a few more. During the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), the Koreans called their country ADC Phaltto or Pharibk‘Eight provinces’. Korea has long been called "The Land of Three Thousand li 6 "(Samchkhdl-li).

4. A number of individual poetic titles recall the beauty of Korea's nature. These include country names in which their authors express their admiration for the colors of kenaf: Geunhwakhyan‘Homeland of kenaf’, SHR Geunban and Shsh Kynydk‘Land of kenaf’ [Kwon Sanno, 57], as well as Mugunhwa dongsan‘Eastern mountains covered with kenaf’ [Dictionary of the Korean Language, vol. 2, 639]. An outstanding Korean poet of the IX-X centuries. Choi Chhiwon called his country "a place over which birds circle" [Kwon Sanno, 214], etc.

5. Finally, we can single out a group of figurative names of the country, which reflected the sea fishing of the Koreans. Korea has long been famous for its rich catch of flounder and sea catfish. Hence its name: "Country of the flounder" (Chbpkuk),"Sea of ​​flounder" (Chbpe),"Sea of ​​​​large catfish" ( Chemybn and Chekhe)[Kwon Sanno, 250-251, 257-258].

The list of such names could be continued, but what has been said is enough to see the huge range of means that were used in the invention of the names of Korea, mainly for the purpose of expressive and stylistic coloring.

As for the name Korea, then the history of its appearance and distribution in Europe in various spellings is no less curious than all the names considered. This issue is covered in the literature in Russian and Western European languages ​​["Description of Korea", part 1, 60-62; Zaichikov, 87; Griffis, 1-2, 84-86], but not enough.

The earliest mention of the Korean state of Silla (in Arabic transmission - Strength) in the Western world belongs to the Arab traveler Ibn Khordadbeh (846). If we talk about Europeans, then the first of them brought information about the existence (in the form of an island) of the country Caule Franciscan monk Guillaume de Rubruk, who traveled to the eastern countries in 1253-1256. [Rubruk]. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who compiled his "Book" in 1298, also mentions the country Sam//', which lay behind Chorcha (that is, Manchuria). In various versions of this "Book" variants are identified with Korea: Zanli, Cauli, Caoli, Causi, Scholi, Carli["Book of Marco Polo", 280]. It is highly probable that all these names were a corruption of Chinese Gaoli(kor. Koryb- the name of the ruling dynasty and the country in the X-XIV centuries, which inherited it from the name of the ancient state Koguryo). From Kore comes the modern name "Korea" in European languages.

Lee - Korean measure of length, equal to 0.393 km.

Further, for a century and a half, there was no information about Korea. Only in the message of the Portuguese king to the pope of 1513 are merchants mentioned who traveled from the country "Lequea" (Ryukyu?) to the South Seas and received the name Gores. Perhaps it was given to merchants who transported the inhabitants of Koryo on Ryukyuan merchant ships. On European maps and in general geographical descriptions of the middle of the 16th century. there are names Gor and Ghor , which some scholars identify with Japan, and others with Korea.

Only in the era of great geographical discoveries, when the penetration of Europeans to the East began, did more real information about the location of Korea appear. On geographical maps compiled in Europe in the second half of the 16th century, apparently, according to reports from Portuguese expeditions in 1540-1546. to the shores of Japan, the region corresponding to Korea was depicted as a peninsula or an oblong island. The Portuguese were the first to bring the name to Europe Coria , where did the modern spelling come from. The map of the world by F. Vas Dourado (1571) in the northern part of China shows a ledge called "Coste Courai ». This was the beginning of the designation of Korea on European maps. True, for a relatively long time Korea was depicted either as an island or as a peninsula. In 1593, the Dutchman P. Planzio placed the name on the map of the Asian continent Sogau(apparently from Japanese reading Koray). The same name is found in the messages and letters of the Spanish Jesuit missionaries who settled in Japan at the end of the 16th century. Gregorio Cespedes, for example, is considered the first European to set foot on Korean soil. He participated in one of the aggressive operations of Hideyoshi's troops during the Imjin War (1592-1598). In the letters of another Jesuit missionary, Louis Froys (or Froe) 1590-1594. the name Chosen is mentioned.

On the map of the Dutch hydrographer J. van Linshosten, attached to the records of a sea voyage to the East, Korea is depicted as a round island and named “Hbade Corea » "about. Korea". Since then, this form of writing has become stronger in Korea.

The Dutch navigator Hendrik Hamel, who traveled in 1653-1666, reached about. Jeju and left a row geographical names kingdoms Soegee, which is otherwise called Tyocen -koeck .

In 1709, the Jesuits Regis, Jartou and Friedel compiled a map of Korea, in which the outlines of the Korean Peninsula were for the first time more or less correctly defined. It was based almost until the end of the 19th century. European cartographic representations of the country ["Description of Korea", part 1, 62].

In the descriptions of travelers of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries who visited the country during the period of its foreign policy isolation, such as La Perouse (1785-1788), William Broughton (1795-1798), John MacLeod (1816), Basil Hall (1816), Carl Gützlaf (1832), Eduard Belcher (1843-1846), the modern European name of Korea, which differs depending on the language, is already in stable use (eng. Sogea, French Sogye, German Korea etc.). Sometimes it occurs in conjunction with Tchosen or Tchao Sian . How an echo of the past looks like a name Koorai F. Siebold.

Name in Russian Korea appears in the middle of the 19th century. Before that, the country was called in Chinese Chaoxian and Gaoli[Bichurin].

In the second half of the XIX century. figurative names of Korea appear in the literature in European languages. For example, due to the isolation policy, the country received the names: Secluded State. Hermit State, Forbidden Country, Forgotten Nation etc. And at the same time, for the purpose of exotic coloring, names that are tracing papers begin to exist in various languages. Joseon: Land of the Morning Chill(or freshness). Land of Morning Calm etc. It seems to us that the American historian of Korea, William Griffis, laid the foundation for this. These names are still widely used today.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bichurin N. Ya. (Iakinf). Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. T. 1-3. M-L., 1950-1953.

Butin Yu.M. Ancient Joseon (historical and archaeological essay). Novosibirsk, 1982.

Butin Yu. M. Korea: from Joseon to the Three States (II century BC - IV century). Novosibirsk, 1984.

Basilevich G M. Evenks (on the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Tungus and the ethnic processes among the Evenks). Abstract doc. diss. L., 1968.

Vorobyov M.V. Ancient Korea. Historical and archaeological essay. M., 1961.

Vorobyov M.V. Korea until the second third of the 7th century. Ethnos, society, culture and the world around. SPb., 1997.

Gorsky V. The beginning and first affairs of the Manchurian house. - "Proceedings of members of the Russian spiritual mission in Beijing", v. 1, 1854.

Grebenshchikov A.V. Manchus, their language and writing. Vladivostok, 1912.

Dzharylgasinova R. Sh. Historical transformation of the ancient Korean myth about Tan-gun. – “Symposium “The Role of Traditions in the History of China”. Abstracts of reports. M., 1968.

Dzharylgasinova R. Sh. The ratio of the northern and southern components in the ethnogenesis of the Korean. M., 1964 (VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences, Moscow, August 1964. Reports).

Zaichikov V. T. Korea. M., 1951.

"History of Korea". Per. with cor. lang. T. 1. M., 1960.

"The Book of Marco Polo". M., 1955.

Kontsevich L.R. Materials for diachronic study of Korean toponymy. - “Toponymy of the East. New Research". M., 1964.

Kim Busik. Samguk sagi. Ed. text, trans., enter, art. and comm. M. N. Pak. T. 1. M., 1959; T. 2. M., 1995.

KuenerN.V. Statistical-geographical and economic essay of Korea… Vol. 1. Vladivostok, 1912.

KuenerN.V. Chinese news about the peoples of South Siberia, Central Asia and the Far East. M., 1961.

"Description of Korea". Ed. ministries of finance. Ch. 1-3. SPb., 1900.

Palladium (Kafarov), Popov P. S. Chinese-Russian Dictionary. T. 1-2. Beijing, 1868.

Rubruk W. Journey to the Eastern countries. SPb., 1911.

Ryu Hakku. About the site of Ancient Joseon (based on materials "Shi chi" Sima Qian). - Toponymy of the East. Research and materials". M., 1969.

Starostin S. A. Altai problem and the origin of the Japanese language. M., 1991.

Fan Wenlan . Ancient history China. M., 1958.

Du Halde. Description geographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise… Vol. 4. Paris, 1735.

Griffis W.E. Corea: the hermit nation. Yokohama, 1895.

Gompertz G. Bibliography of Western literature on Korea from the earliest times until 1950. - "Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society", vol. 40, Seoul, 1963.

KarlgrenB. Analytic dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese. Goteborg, 1923.

Kontsevich Lev R. Reconstructing the text of the Tan'gun myth and its proper names.- "Perspectives on Korea". Sydney, 1998.

Li Ogg. La Coree - des origines a nos jours. Seoul-Paris, 1988.

Siebold Ph. fr. von. Nippon: Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan und dessen Neben- und Schutzlandern… T. 3. Leyden, 1832.

("A Collection of Discussion Articles on Ancient Joseon"). Pyongyang, 1963.

Kwon Deokkyu. Sketches about the forgotten). - “Fg” ”(“ Hangul ”), v. 7, No. 1, 1939, p. 14-17.

(Kwon Sanno. Historical review of Korean place names). Seoul, 1961.

("The Highest Approved Research on the Origin of the Manchus"). [B. m.], 1777.

(“Big Korean Encyclopedic Dictionary”). T. 1-7. Seoul, 1959-1960.

(Yang Judon. Study of the ancient songs of Korea). Seoul, 1954.

("Collection of information about the peoples who lived in different historical eras"). T. 1; Vol. 2, Parts 1 and 2. Beijing, 1958.

(Lee Jirin. Exploration of Ancient Joseon). Pyongyang, 1963.

("Chronicle of the reign of King Sejong", vol. 154. "Geographical description"). - » ("Chronicles of the Li Dynasty"). Book. 11. Tokyo, 1957.

(Shin Chaeho. Great Dragonfight). Pyongyang, 1966.

(“Picturesque review of the lands of the Eastern State”. New supplementary ed.). T. 1-3. Pyongyang, 1959.

(Jung Yeol-mo. On Chineseisms in Korean). - ("Joseon omun"), No. 2, 1960, p. 22-31.

("Introduction to the Study of Ancient Korean Historical Geography"). - ("Collection of articles on history"). T.2. Pyongyang, 1958, p. 1-80.