Today, the Kashchenko psychiatric hospital is the main center for neuropsychiatric research in Russia. Since 1994, the institution was renamed the Moscow Psychiatric Hospital No. 1 named after Nikolai Aleksandrovich Alekseev. But the people still call her simply "Kashchenko" - by the last name (photo below), the former chief physician of this hospital. The address of the Kashchenko psychiatric hospital in Moscow: Zagorodnoye shosse, house number 2. The specialists of the institution are engaged in all kinds of medical and psychological examinations, conduct all types of examinations and examinations.
The prehistory of the appearance of the Kashchenko mental hospital
At the beginning of the 20th century, there was only one hospital for the mentally ill in Moscow. The Preobrazhenskaya hospital could not provide assistance to all those in need, and therefore a proposal was put forward to build a new building or hospital for the needs of the population. The initiative was taken up by two well-known researchers - Viktor Butske and Sergei Korsakov. Financing was not issued by the state, and therefore the money had to be sought from private individuals.
Main investors
Donations were collected from the entire population of Moscow, which made it possible to accumulate 25 thousand rubles. With such a pace, construction could have dragged on for many years, if not for the help of patrons. The first such benefactor was Nazarov Tikhon Ilyich, who contributed a significant at that time 25 thousand rubles. His confidence in the project made it possible to find more influential and wealthy investors.
Infusions continued to flow, and the well-known merchant family Baev joined the project, which contributed 200 thousand rubles to the construction account. Around the same time, the manufacturer Timofey Morozov donated another 100,000 rubles. The collected amount reached half a million, after which the process of designing the building began.
A year later, in 1890, two more major investors appeared. They soon joined the construction. Thanks to Flor Ermakov and Evgeny Kun, two additional buildings were opened, which named them after them.
The total amount of money raised reached one million rubles. A memorial stone still stands on the territory of the Kashchenko mental hospital to this day. The names of all benefactors and patrons are carved on it.
Opening of the mental hospital Kashchenko
Work on the construction of the building began in May 1889. The start was given at a meeting of public figures. At the meeting, issues were resolved that related to the location of the mental hospital, the focus of activities, and who will take new vacancies in the Kashchenko mental hospital. There were not many suitable places for such buildings in Moscow. The hospital was built on the territory of the former estate of the famous collector Beketov. This place was bought by the merchant Ivan Kanatchikov, and therefore the estate was called "Kanatchikov's dacha". It is interesting that Vysotsky made a reference to this place in one of his songs:
Dear transmission!
On Saturday, almost crying,
The whole Kanatchikov dacha
Rushed to the TV.
Instead of eating, washing,
Get lost and forget
All crazy hospital
Gathered at the screen.
On the territory of the estate, they tried to build many manufactories and industries, but they all went bankrupt.
On the allocated 60 hectares of land, an architectural plan was established, which was developed by the city government. According to the plan formed by Viktor Butske, the specificity of the building is the construction of two-story stone buildings, united by long and warm corridors. The project of the architect Leonid Vasilyev also provided for the decoration of the mental hospital in the neo-Russian style, the facade is replete with various forms of ancient Russian architecture.
The grand opening of the Kashchenko mental hospital took place on May 12, 1894. On the same day, the building was consecrated, and Viktor Butske became the chief physician. In the period from 1899 to 1904, 2 additional buildings were completed, as well as hospital workshops. The architect of these structures was Alexander Meisner.
Location of buildings
After completion of all construction and facing works, all buildings were brought into full working order. The bulk of the main buildings were laid on an elevated plot of the dacha, which made it possible to build houses for the hospital staff in a more convenient space. The road that led to the hospital yard divided the entire territory into two parts. To the east were the houses of the attendants, and to the west were the hospital buildings, as well as workshops. On the back side of the main building there were hospital service buildings, including a laundry, a dining room and a bathhouse. All departments of the economic building were divided into two groups, according to the gender of the patients.
pavilion system
Each half included four pavilions. The first of them was united by a warm passage to the administration building, which ensured the fastest examination of newly arrived patients. Slightly higher were the calmer patients, who did not present any particular difficulties in caring for them. Another one was added to the building - identical. Its lower tier was intended for the treatment of debilitated patients. On the floor above lay calm patients. From the second building there was a warm passage to the third, in which violent patients lay. From this building it was possible to get into a small wing, in which there were the most neglected mental patients.
The first three buildings are considered departments of a psychiatric hospital, each of which provided from 23 to 27 beds. Each department can work independently of the others and carry out its activities autonomously. Near the sleeping rooms there is a room in which the patients are located in the daytime. Near the dining room there was a buffet, behind which there is a staircase. She leads to the kitchen. In addition to large common rooms, each department had five special wards for violent and restless patients. Annexes for especially dangerous patients are also equipped with five separate rooms.
Patients under care
At the time of the opening of the Kashchenko psychiatric hospital, the patronage system was widespread. It is noteworthy that such a soft and efficient technology treatment of patients was not used anywhere else in pre-revolutionary Russia.
It was the establishment of contact of the patient with the outside world, by settling in a strange family. It was an extremely difficult decision, which was personally signed by the chief physician. Each family that received a patient was obliged to provide the patient with private room with table and bed. The host also undertook to feed the patient at the common table, along with the rest of the family. Such good deeds were rewarded every month in the amount of 9 rubles 50 kopecks. In addition to providing families with money, the hospital provided patients with clothes, shoes, matches, cigarettes, linens, and money for personal expenses.
The price of sending a patient under patronage was 50% of the cost of treatment in a hospital, or 170 rubles a year. Each patient was visited by a doctor assigned to him. There could be up to three such rounds per day. The system was abolished in 1922 with the advent of Soviet power.
Since 1922, the hospital has undergone many major changes. The area of the main hospital building was reduced to 30 hectares. The patronage system was changed, as was the direction of activity of one of the corps. The Troparevo colony settled in its place.
This period is associated with the most unusual rumors and conjectures. The Soviet leadership practiced research in the field of electroconvulsive therapy of patients. Especially many of these cases occurred during the war period. Many patients who have tried this technology on themselves have partially lost their memory.
Modern period, interesting facts
The famous Kashchenko hospital is still operating today. For the second year the institution has been participating in the project "First Experience", according to which it provides assistance in integrating mentally ill people into society.
A museum of psychiatric research has been built on the territory of the hospital, where you can also learn about the history of the establishment of the institution and the most famous doctors of the hospital. It shows how psychiatric hospitals worked in the past.
This institution, despite the narrow focus, is widely known. This is largely due to the frequent mention in popular culture. An example of songs about "Kashchenko", in addition to famous work Vysotsky, is a single of the Russian singer Boulevard Depot with the same name.
Another important aspect of the formation of the popularity of the hospital is the radio "Through the Looking Glass", opened in 2014. This is a project involving hospital doctors and patients.
Alekseev was imbued with this idea and began to raise funds for the construction. Many philanthropists responded to the call to help, but at the same time they asked to assign several beds to their families for life. And for the construction of a new psychiatric hospital, they bought a dacha from the impoverished merchant Kanatchikov - hence the name "Kanatchikov's dacha" or "Kanatka".
Nikolai Alekseev considered the construction of this hospital to be the work of his life, so he personally checked the quality of the bricks: he took one from each batch and threw it on the floor. If the brick broke, then the batch was sent back.
Guide to Architectural StylesThe building with a wall thickness of 70 cm, high ceilings, wards for 4-5 patients and special strong glass in the windows was completed by 1894.
And shortly before that, on March 9, 1893, after one of the receptions, Alekseev saw off the visitor and ran into a young man at the door. The stranger fired several times at point-blank range, and when Sklifosovsky arrived, it was already too late. Before his death, Alekseev bequeathed to complete the construction of the hospital. Ironically, the shooter turned out to be mentally ill: he thought he had invented a cure for the flu and unsuccessfully tried to break through to an appointment with the mayor.
For many years, Moscow has been planning to erect a monument to Nikolai Alekseev, but they keep putting it off. But when the psychiatric hospital opened on May 12, 1894, it was named after Alekseev.
From 1922 to 1994, the clinic had a different name - in honor of Petr Kashchenko. He was the head physician of the hospital for 2 years and 7 months. With his help, they arranged rooms for the medical workers to live (they used to huddle in the basement), but soon any madhouse began to be called the word "kaschenko".
During the Great Patriotic War the wounded with craniocerebral injuries were sent to Alekseev's hospital. Medicines were tight, and electroconvulsive therapy was used for treatment - under anesthesia, a current was passed through the brain and caused a seizure.
But in the psychiatric hospital No. 1, barbaric methods of treatment were avoided.
Strait jackets were banned in Kashchenko, although one of them hangs as an exhibit in the corner of the history of psychiatry in the hospital museum. To pacify the violent patients, they were usually wrapped in wet sheets.
But occupational therapy began to be used from the first days of the hospital. Previously, the clinic even had its own farm, where patients raised cattle. And for young patients, a pioneer camp is still working.
They say that...... for the sake of the cause, Alekseev used every opportunity and once even knelt before the merchant Ermakov. He was taken aback and allocated a large amount for the construction - this is how the Yermakov department appeared.
What do you know about the Kashchenko hospital?
№ 10 25.04.2019 23:43
She was in the Clinic of the first episode of this hospital with depression. I do not recommend anyone to be treated here.
The comfortable therapeutic conditions promised on the Internet are not available in the clinic. It is very cold in the hospital premises, it blows from all the windows. The food is terrible, the food here is simply tasteless, it is inedible. The whole day is spent in the hallway watching TV. And the worst thing is that patients with depression are kept in the same room with the real "nuts".
The whole treatment is to drug the patients. Psychiatrists here are bad, they don't talk well with patients, they don't try to listen and understand them. My treating psychiatrist was V.A. Zyablov. I have been very unlucky with my doctor. He spoke boorishly to me, mimicked, pointed out flaws in appearance, made comments all the time. After talking with him, I felt humiliated. The medicines prescribed by him had a very bad effect on the state of health. Terrible headaches began, which had never happened before.
In this hospital, not only did they not help me get rid of depression, but they also frayed my nerves and ruined my health.
1 2 3 4 5 1 (Very bad)
№ 9 23.04.2018 19:03
Since when without trial and investigation have people collapsed in Kashchenko?
1 2 3 4 5 1 (Very bad)
№ 8 21.11.2017 14:56
threw the son of Moskalev Vadim Vyacheslavovich into the street without means to
at home without calling that he was being discharged. I talked to the doctor on the 18th. The doctor acted aggressively, did not listen to herself, she was not interested in how the patient behaves at home, on the street. What does he do in everyday life and on the street? God forbid something happens, I will send the victims to her. My son
has been registered for 26 years, he is a drug addict with 20 litas. experience. The doctor believes that the psyche is not disturbed. 3 times I wanted to commit suicide. I. T. D. I will write a complaint to the Minister of Health. To an insurance company.
1 2 3 4 5 4 (Good)
№ 7 24.11.2016 15:29
A relative of Abbyasov M.F. was in the psychiatric hospital named after Alekseev in the department of Kryukova Elena Viktorovna in October-November 2016. The patient is very difficult both physically and psychologically. The care was excellent, God grant strength and skill to all the staff. Of course, the room and furniture are old, but, as I observed, the medical staff, from nurses to the head, are trying very hard, there are a lot of patients, but everything is clear, clean, organized. Naturally, it’s hard for a healthy person in such an environment, but healthy people don’t get there, not at an expensive resort. Many thanks to all the staff for your hard work. And all this is absolutely free.
1 2 3 4 5 1 (Very bad)
№ 6 07.09.2016 23:33
I was in the 24th department of the psychiatric hospital. Alekseev in 2011. My doctor was Velikaya Natalya Vladimirovna. I was admitted involuntarily in an acute condition. I stayed there for almost three months. For the first two months, there was no improvement in her condition, despite intensive treatment with pills and injections. Most of all, I remember the burning injections, which left huge blackened burns and bumps, which eventually made it impossible to inject and which disappeared only two months after discharge. The doctor kindly canceled these injections for me two weeks after the start of their course, saying that it was dangerous to inject them further, because. tissue death may begin. From the drugs I had side effects that greatly interfere with life - akathisia (motor restlessness), tardive dyskinesia (teeth chattering) and acute dystonia (oculogiric crises, expansion of the palpebral fissures, convergence). Natalya Vladimirovna even wanted to treat me with electricity (ECT) and asked if I would sign her permission for sulfozine. In the third month of my stay in the hospital, the manager became interested in the lack of improvement in my condition, as a result of which the doctor prescribed me flushing droppers (side effects stopped) and prescribed Zyprexa Zidis, thanks to which my condition began to improve. However, after my discharge, the doctor of the district PND, where I was registered, saw me and said that she was in the best condition in the hospital. She already put me in order by prescribing another therapy.
Psychiatric hospital patient
1 2 3 4 5 1 (Very bad)
№ 5 24.01.2016 18:05
Faith Disgraceful. On January 23, 2016, my son was admitted to the emergency department of the Psychoneurological Clinical Hospital No. 1 by ambulance. He is a disabled person of the 2nd group. He was received by the doctor Evdokimov. (A certificate was given by ambulance about the name of the doctor) Apparently, due to his illness, he could not be admitted to the hospital. get there, didn’t even call relatives to pick him up, and he couldn’t walk normally at that moment. Thanks to the policeman at Leninsky Prospekt station, he was not too lazy to call his relatives. It's a shame for such "doctors", you don't love, you don't respect people, you're tired - leave, find another job.
1 2 3 4 5 1 (Very bad)
№ 4 11.11.2014 20:13
They break the remaining "psyche" of the sick, "healthy" nurses, etc. shift their direct duties to the sick (wash the floors, distribute food, clear the table), if someone "buzzes" - they begin to stab them with injections to the state of a "vegetable" ...
Vladilen
1 2 3 4 5 4 (Good)
