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Presentation on the topic: Heritage of Antiquity in St. Petersburg
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1. The heritage of the ancient world in education and science2. Uncovering the secrets of the ancient world in St. Petersburg3. Halls of Antiquity in the State Hermitage4. Literary Heritage of Antiquity in Petersburg5. Antique scenes on picturesque canvases6. Architecture of Antiquity - "Music frozen in stone" 7. Heroes of Ancient myths visiting Petersburgers
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1. The heritage of the Ancient world in education and science Schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, academies…1. The ancient Greeks were the first to understand the need to educate children - to give people knowledge. Many modern words came to us from the distant ancient world: alphabet (from the first letter of the Greek alphabet "alpha"), pencil case (from the Latin penn), notebook (from the Greek "tetra"). In ancient Greece, sports halls were called gymnasiums . This is where the word high school comes from. In the lyceums of Ancient Greece, they studied rhetoric and astronomy.2. Petersburg has always been the center of Russian education. The first in Russia and the most famous Lyceum was opened in Tsarskoe Selo on October 19, 1811. The first Academy of Sciences in Russia is the Kunstkamera. The word "academy" comes from the name of the mythical hero Academ.
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2. Uncovering the secrets of the ancient world in St. Petersburg 1. The Russians were helped to get acquainted with the ancient world, first of all by the emperors Peter I, Catherine II, Alexander I, as well as wealthy and educated Petersburgers - collectors. Famous nobles-collectors: Laval, Stroganov. 2. St. Petersburg scholars of antiquity work in the buildings of St. Petersburg University. The first well-known antiquarian in Russia M. S. Kutorga. 3. On Vasilyevsky Island there lived a merchant who believed Homer. Subsequently, he became the founder of Mycenaean archeology. In 1868, the German merchant G. Schliemann went in search of the legendary Troy, sung by Homer in the poem "The Iliad". Before Schliemann, the events described in the poem were considered a beautiful myth. But even as a child, he believed Homer and decided to find Troy at all costs. The Iliad became his guide. When Heinrich did not find cold and hot springs near the village of Bunarbashi (it was believed that Troy was there), he went to another place. In 1870, he discovered the keys near the village of Gissarlyk and decided to start excavations. Several weeks of hard work did not bring results, but finally the workers stumbled upon a powerful fortress wall. A total of 37 layers were found in the excavation. The oldest one dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. e. Schliemann was convinced that he had found Troy. On June 15, 1873, the richest treasure of gold and silver items was discovered. Schliemann decided that this was the treasure of King Priam and was even more convinced of the idea that he was able to discover the legendary Troy. The whole world was amazed by the finds, but Schliemann did not stop there and decided to go to the Mycenae.
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3. Halls of Antiquity in the State Hermitage The building of the New Hermitage (Millionnaya St., 35) was erected in 1842-1851 according to the design of the architect L. von Klenze. The portico of the New Hermitage is decorated with ten giant figures of Atlanteans. 1. In St. Petersburg, authentic works of art from Ancient Greece and Rome are kept in the Hermitage2. In the middle of the 19th century, a new building was built for the antique collection - the New Hermitage3. Ancient works of art were brought from abroad by order of the emperors, they were bought from collectors, sometimes they were donated to the museum, and the collection was replenished due to the finds of archaeologists.4. The antique exposition in the Hermitage is presented in the following rooms: Attic ceramics, ancient Greek sculpture, antique gems, Roman sculpture
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Hall of Attic Ceramics Red-figure psykter "Feasting Getters". Vessels of such a peculiar shape with a hollow stem were filled with cold water and put in craters with wine to cool it. 1. The word "ceramics" - in Greek means clay. The painting on ancient Greek vessels shows us images of gods and heroes, fragments of stories from myths.2. The Hermitage houses one of the best collections of painted vases in the world. 3. Each type of vessel had its own purpose: wine was stored in some, water in others, and grain in others. The exposition of ceramics gives a very complete idea of the life and way of life of the ancient Greeks.
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Hall of Ancient Greek Sculpture Ancient Greek Sculptures - Historical SourcesMany sculptures are depicted in chitons up to the very feet - ancient Greek clothes. We can also see hairstyles, hats. All this gives us an understanding of what the ancient Greeks looked like. Sculptures are works of art. How could the ancient sculptors achieve such perfection in depicting a person? With the help of mathematics, the masters determined the ideal proportions of the human body. Venus Tauride (Aphrodite. Goddess of beauty and love), acquired under Peter I in Italy. Modern experts have come to the conclusion that this is a Greek original of the 3rd century BC. BC. There are very few such statues in the world.
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The kingdom of carved stones - gems In gratitude to Alexander I, who saved the position and income of the Beauharnais family, Josephine (Napoleon's wife) presented this masterpiece of ancient glyptics to the Russian Tsar. In the autumn of 1814, the sovereign gave this cameo to the Hermitage. There are only a few such large cameos (its height is 15.7 centimeters, its width is 11.8 centimeters and the height of the relief is 3 centimeters) in the world. It depicts Ptolemy Philadelphus, the ruler of Hellenic Egypt, and his wife Arsinoe. AT Ancient Egypt they wore rings with stone seals, mainly in the shape of the scarab beetle, which was especially revered by the Egyptians. The Hermitage has a first-class collection of antique gems (carved stones) - intaglios and cameos - it includes about 10,000 monuments and is unparalleled in the world. Gems served as amulets, decorations and could be the owner's personal sealA convex gem is a cameo. And gems with indented images are called intaglia
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Roman Sculpture 1. All the main types of Roman sculpture are quite fully represented in the Hermitage: cult statues, reliefs, decorative sculpture, and portrait sculpture. 2. When creating portraits real people sculptors strove for authenticity. One of the masterpieces of the collection is a bronze bust of a Roman (1st century BC) - it is difficult to find a monument that is equal in strength to the expression of sorrow and sorrowful thoughts.3. Among the cult statues, the statue of Jupiter stands out. The Hermitage Jupiter is one of the largest ancient sculptures preserved in museums around the world. It reaches 3.5 meters in height, its weight is at least 16 tons. The statue was found during the archaeological excavations conducted by Jenkins at the villa of Emperor Domitian.
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4. Literary heritage of Antiquity in St. Petersburg Genuine ancient manuscripts, ancient translations of ancient authors are stored in St. Petersburg in the building of the Russian National Library on Ostrovsky Square In the Summer Garden, on the site in front of the "Tea House", there is a monument to the great Russian fabulist I. A. Krylov 1 In the ancient world, such literary genres as the poem, tragedy, comedy, ode, fable appeared. The most famous legends that have come down to us are myths.2. Ancient works are important historical sources (for example, the poems of Homer), as they tell about how the ancient Greeks and Romans lived and thought3. Antique literature is also works of art. They are distinguished by the expressiveness of images, the beauty of the word, popular expressions (for example, Achilles' heel) .4. Ancient gods, heroes of myths, idioms firmly entered the Russian poetry.5. Translation of ancient works is a difficult task. It was necessary to know the ancient languages well and have a poetic gift. Famous translators and poets lived in St. Petersburg: Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Ivan Andreevich Krylov.
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5. Antique scenes on paintings Painting by the French artist Vanloo, Carl (Charles-Andre) Perseus and Andromeda, is stored in the Hermitage a sensation both in Russia (where A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, A.I. Herzen and others write enthusiastically about it) and abroad. The painting is stored in the Russian Museum.1. Heroes of myths, mysteries of the ancient world excited the imagination of artists. Centuries later, the subjects of ancient stories came to life on their canvases.2. Masterpieces of painting on antique scenes are kept in the Hermitage. These are works of the best masters of Europe.3. Works of art on ancient scenes created by Russian artists are stored in the Russian Museum. The Russian Museum owns several buildings: the Benois Wing (Griboedov Canal Embankment, 2), the Marble Palace (millionnaya st., 5/1), the Mikhailovsky Palace (inzhenernaya st., 4 ), Mikhailovsky Castle (Sadovaya St., 2), Stroganov Palace (Nevsky, 17)
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6. Architecture of Antiquity - "Music frozen in stone" Heritage of ancient architects 1. "Architecture" - from ancient Greek - the art of designing and building buildings.2. Ancient architects found the perfect ratio of parts of the building. It is called the "golden section"3. Columns were invented by the ancient Egyptians. But the Greeks began to use columns to prevent them from "carrying" the upper part of the building4. The Greeks decorated the buildings with sculpture, which told about the purpose of the building.5. The architectural style, which served as an example of ancient buildings, is called classical. The Stock Exchange building is also called the Russian Parthenon. Because the ancient Greek temples served as a prototype for it, primarily the majestic Parthenon, as if growing out of the ground, surrounded by powerful columns. Thomas de Thomon (architect of the building) - oriented the Exchange building to the watershed of the Neva River - the main waterway of the city. Exchange building - famous temple trade. It is decorated with sculptural groups “Neptune with two rivers” and “Navigation with Mercury and a river”.
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Architectural symbols of St. Petersburg - examples of ancient structures Architectural Ensemble An architectural ensemble (from the French ensemble - integrity, coherence, unity) is a harmonious unity of buildings, engineering structures (bridges, embankments, etc.), sculpture and landscape art. There are architectural ensembles, created at the same time, according to a single plan, and ensembles that take shape over the years, through the efforts of many architects, carefully complementing the emerging composition so that new elements are organically combined with old ones. Palace Square in St. Petersburg can serve as a classic example of such ensembles.
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Gods and heroes of the ancient world - patrons of the architectural structures of St. Petersburg Athena The sculptures of Athena were the first to appear in St. Petersburg. The Peter and Paul Fortress - the beginning of the city. The Ioannovsky bridge leads to the Petrovsky gates of the fortress. There are two sculptures in the gate niches on either side of the arch. This is Athena Poliada (Urban) and Athena Pallas (Warrior) Athena Poliada is the patroness of crafts, the protector of peaceful life. Attributes: a mirror (pointed towards the Neva), a snake in the hand (a sign of wisdom) Pallas Athena - the goddess of a just war. In this case, the sculptor Trezzini replaced the owl and the sphinx (classical attributes of Athena) with a salamander, which perched on the battle helmet of the goddess.
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Gods and heroes of the ancient world - the patrons of the architectural structures of St. Petersburg Hermes Hermes (Mercury), the son of Zeus (Jupiter) and the nymph Maya, was not only the god of trade, but also the messenger of the Olympic gods. And also .. the patron of thieves ... Among the other stone and bronze gods of St. Petersburg, standing in the open air, Hermes-Mercury occupies one of the first places. It can be seen in the city more often than other characters of ancient myths. The western pediment of the Stock Exchange building on Vasilyevsky Island is decorated with the sculptural group "Trade" - with Hermes at the head. The most beautiful Petersburg Mercury stands at the facade of house number 56 on Nevsky Prospect. This magnificent building, which today houses the Central grocery store, housed the famous shop of the Eliseev merchants at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Gods and heroes of the ancient world - patrons of the architectural structures of St. Petersburg Apollo and the Muses Who manages the quadriga on the attic of the Alexandrinsky Theatre? What kind of sculptures are in the niches of the main facade of this building? Such a quadriga is controlled by the god of sunlight, the radiant Apollo, on the attic of the Alexandrinsky Theater. Apollo was the patron of various arts, the leader of nine muses. This god also patronized theatrical art. Two muses - Terpsichore and Melpomene - stand in the semicircular niches of the main facade of the theater. Melpomene, the muse of tragedy, holds a tragic mask in her hand. The dance muse Terpsichore plays the cithara.
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Sources Materials used in preparing the presentation: 1. Hermitage Digital Collection (http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/html_Ru/index.html)2. Information of the Russian Museum (http://www.rusmuseum.ru/museum/)3. Unified collection of digital educational resources (http://edu-tsor.edu.cap.ru/)4. Bank of photographs of St. Petersburg (http://spbfoto.spb.ru/foto/)5. Materials of the free encyclopedia Wikipedia (http://ru.wikipedia.org)6. Page HISTORY OF ST. PETERSBURG XVIII-XX centuries (http://www.peterlife.ru/travel/petersburgbooks/inn-saint-petersburg-022.html)7. Local history. Petersburg is a city of museums. Petersburg notebook (L. K. Ermolaeva and others)
General History [Civilization. Modern Concepts. Facts, events] Dmitrieva Olga Vladimirovna
Cultural heritage of antiquity
antique cultural heritage left a deep imprint in the culture of modern mankind. In almost any of its areas, one can find ideas that influenced the nature and characteristics of the spiritual and material culture of the peoples of the Middle Ages, modern and recent times. Actually, the ancient world is the societies of ancient Greece and Rome in the period from the 9th-8th centuries. BC e. according to the 4th-5th centuries. n. e. It follows that the culture of the Cretan-Mycenaean civilization remains outside antiquity. The fact is that the statehood, economic and social institutions and living conditions of the population of Greece III-II millennium BC. e. radically differed from similar spheres of life of the Hellenes of a later time. To replace the Cretan-Mycenaean civilization with its theocratic monarchies, not much different from many ancient Eastern state formations with a cumbersome bureaucratic apparatus of management and control of direct producers, the beginning of the 1st millennium BC began in Greece. e. came other, absolutely different in nature forms of statehood, social and economic life- polis structures with republican types of government. Their population became the creator of that unique culture in the history of mankind, which we call ancient.
The Greek world of archaic and classical times consisted of several hundred independent and independent city-states - policies with their characteristic political and economic independence, strictly closed civil groups, whose members, having full political and economic rights, stood much higher than the incomplete and disenfranchised slave population. Each such policy was administrative, economic and cultural center a small city-state whose population was engaged not only in crafts, but also in agriculture.
It was in these most advanced Greek city-states that the foundations of ancient culture were formed. Its further spread to the East after the conquest of northwestern Asia and Egypt by Alexander the Great and the creation of Hellenistic kingdoms on the ruins of his empire significantly enriched the cultures of the local population. At the same time, the reverse influence also took place: the Hellenic culture managed to absorb many of the advanced achievements of the ancient Eastern peoples. As a result of this interaction, on the basis of Greek culture, a new syncretic culture arose - Hellenistic.
However, as soon as Rome entered the arena of world history of that time, subjugating first the lands and peoples of the Apennine Peninsula, and then the territories of the Hellenistic kingdoms, the policies of the Balkan Greece, the tribes and peoples of North Africa, the Western Mediterranean, the Danube, the Hellenistic culture merged with the Roman. As a result, the achievements of ancient culture spread throughout the territory of the vast Roman state, on the one hand, influencing the peoples and tribes inhabiting the Roman provinces, and on the other, experiencing the opposite effect on their part. In this regard, under the external cover of Hellenization and Romanization of the culture of the population that found itself within the boundaries of the Roman Mediterranean state, continued its complex and contradictory path of development even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
As you know, the creator of culture is a person, a human personality, but a socially conditioned personality. Therefore, the processes of Hellenization and Romanization in the conditions of the formation and development of ancient culture were preceded by a social factor. For a person ancient era such a social environment in which he realized his creative abilities was the environment of the ancient policy, the ancient civil community. Where socio-political structures similar to the ancient civil community arose and developed, whether it be a Greek polis or a Roman civitas, those unique aspects of the culture that we call ancient found their manifestations. Depending on the qualitative state of the polis structures, the main features of ancient culture were also formed.
What are the main features shaped its appearance? First of all, the idea of the significance and unity of the civil community in which he realized his creative abilities always came to the fore for a citizen of the ancient polis. At the same time, his good, the good of an individual citizen, has always been inextricably linked with the good of the entire collective of citizens to which he belonged. This civil community itself was the highest value for all fellow citizens. Therefore, the highest duty and direct duty of a citizen was the obligatory realization of this good. Outside the polis, outside the civitas, the freedom of existence and creativity for citizens was unthinkable, since only membership in them, only belonging to a civil collective were guarantees of this freedom. The consequence of this was that in ancient culture the principles of the collective and the private were always organically and inextricably combined.
The idea of the supreme power of the people is another circumstance that largely determined the nature of ancient culture. Polis life completely excluded the need for blind submission of citizens to any individual (to the king, for example, as was the case in the monarchies-despotisms of the Ancient East). Hence - the principle of freedom and independence for all citizens within their collective and for a particular policy within the entire policy system. It was in conditions of freedom and independence, at least theoretically, that the life of a citizen as a creator of ancient culture should have passed.
Another feature of the polis system of life is connected with this idea - the closest connection of the civil community with its patrons and defenders - polis gods and heroes. They were considered by citizens as its members, who cared about the welfare and prosperity of everyone. Greek and Roman deities, who had an anthropomorphic appearance, could suffer, experience, like all mortals. They, of course, demanded reverence and respect for themselves, but the Greeks and Romans were never perceived as unconditionally autocratic deities (as was the case in the Ancient East), requiring unquestioned and rigid submission, excluding any initiative in human actions. Such a "democratic" perception of the deity among the Greeks and Romans made it possible to carry out a free, creative search and initiative in social and cultural life for the benefit of the entire civic community.
The fundamental importance of ancient culture is undeniable. Literacy was widespread in ancient society. On the basis of the Greek alphabet, the Latin alphabet was created in ancient times, and in the 9th century. n. e. - Slavic alphabet. Thus, the writing of the peoples of present-day Europe, America, Australia, parts of Asia and Africa arose precisely on Greek soil.
Permeated with deep humanism and psychological realism, the artistic creativity of the ancient Greeks reached an unprecedented height. The multifaceted Greek art, distinguished by harmony and a subtle sense of proportion, became a model for the artistic creativity of later eras. It is characteristic that painting in the proper sense of the word appeared precisely in Ancient Greece. The main architectural styles created by the ancient Greek masters have become a role model for architects and builders of the Middle Ages, New and modern times.
The ancient Greeks created the main literary genres - epic, lyrics, prose. Here, in ancient Greece, the beginning of the theater was laid. The consequence of this was the formation of the main types of dramatic art - tragedy and comedy. Oratory also arose on Greek soil.
It is important to note that Hellenic science, which developed within the framework of conditions free from religious dogma, was deeply secular and rational. It was the Greeks who laid the foundation for many of the most important branches of modern sciences - astronomy, anatomy, botany, geometry, grammar, zoology, history, mathematics, mechanics, physics, philology, philosophy and a number of others. It is characteristic that all these names are ancient Greek in origin.
Lively political life in the Hellenic policies contributed to the development of not only oratory, but also Greek law. Each policy had its own constitution, a set of laws of state structure. In the Hellenistic era, Greek law reaches a significant level, surpassed only later by the Roman legislators. The Greeks laid the foundation for the development of the theory of the state and the state structure. Terms such as "democracy", "oligarchy", "aristocracy" and many others that came from Ancient Greece organically entered the political terminology of our time.
Although the Romans were the creators of ancient culture along with the Greeks, it should still be noted that the latter differed in character from the Hellenes, amazingly gifted in the field of artistic and scientific creativity. The Greeks, unlike the Romans, were very rarely able to feel their ethnic unity, create a solid administration, a disciplined and strict lifestyle, so the Romans showed all their creative abilities precisely in practical activities. Purposefulness, internal discipline, the feeling of superiority of the Romans over all other conquered peoples, practicality in actions - all these traits of the Roman temperament could not but leave a noticeable imprint on their cultural achievements. Although Roman culture was formed on the basis of the Hellenic one, it was fertilized by the cultural achievements of the peoples that became part of the vast Roman power. At the same time, the Romans willingly used the cultural heritage of all their predecessors, creatively processing and adapting it to their needs.
It was the tasks of real life, the goals of a practical nature that determined the emergence among the Romans of such a branch of science as agronomy. The authors of works of this nature covered in detail issues related to agriculture and animal husbandry, the organization of labor of agricultural producers. The Romans turned into a real system civil law. The main provisions of Roman law later became the basis for the codes of law of many European countries. The needs of extensive urban planning brought to life the emergence of theoretical and practical works among the Romans on architecture, the organization of the construction of roads, bridges and other communications, the supply of cities. drinking water and others. The Romans invented concrete, improved such building structures as vaults and domes.
Despite the fact that the Greeks were the first doctors in Rome, the Romans nevertheless managed to raise theoretical and practical medicine to a considerable height. Perfect medical instruments, talented surgeons, special medical manuals, works on human anatomy and physiology, therapy, pharmacology and hygiene appeared. The Romans learned how to do plastic surgery, they first used anesthesia. The Romans also succeeded in such areas of scientific knowledge as history, geography, cartography, mineralogy, metallurgy and many others. In fact, the creative heritage of the peoples of antiquity has become the real basis of the culture of all modern mankind.
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The heritage of ancient culture should be understood as everything that was left to us by the ancestors who lived in the period of antiquity, as well as everything that can be considered the cultural achievements of that era. It is very important to determine this right away, since we will be talking about these achievements in various cultural fields: in architecture, literature, sculpture, and also in science. What heritage of antiquity does humanity have today and what is its role for modern people?
architectural heritage
Currently, several ancient civilizations are known, and all of them left their traces, they can be seen to this day. First of all, we are talking about a variety of architectural objects. They were preserved mainly in the territory of southern Europe and Asia, where there were Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Macedonia, Persia, Babylon and other states. Even now, one can look at these objects, the diversity in their forms, the layout of the premises and, of course, pay attention to the forms and decorations.
But it is not so much that these are monuments of antiquity that is important, but how these ideas have been transformed in modern architecture. If the building is decorated with columns, for example, then we can safely say that this element is borrowed from ancient architecture. It is the same with stylized facades, coliseum stadiums and other buildings - many elements have been transformed from ancient to modern, and others have been adopted twice, the first time in the Renaissance, the second time now.
Sculpture
There are also a lot of ancient monuments of sculpture. These are both completely preserved samples and incomplete sculptural compositions. All ancient sculptures for that era were a huge cultural breakthrough, and now they are valued as a treasure. What is so special about this kind of art? First of all, the perfection of forms. This is surprising, but remembering ancient Greek sculptures, for example, busts, one can note the similarity of facial features and proportions. Antique sculptures are very precise in execution, it is a rather delicate work, and even modern professionals can do it with the help of additional tools and long modeling. The ancient masters performed them only relying on their skills.
Sculpture today has adopted a lot from the ancient past. These are the forms themselves, and the materials, and the methods of execution. It is ancient sculpture that is considered one of the most progressive, it is also classical, because all its known samples have no analogues and are made extremely accurately.
Literature
The literary heritage is incredibly rich. These are mainly the works of philosophers and poets. Basically, literature is mythological, which allows you to learn a lot about beliefs in ancient society.
Literary works in greater numbers came from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Here you can appreciate the poetic syllable of that time - the hexameter. Such poetic works in the original language can be sung, and with long singing there is a feeling of immersion in a trance. It is not entirely clear how exactly the ancestors did this, because in history nothing like this was written even in ancient languages.
As for writing, the most interesting can be called not Latin, although it is still used to this day, but cuneiform. This is writing in Ancient Babylon and among the Sumerians, the discovery of which amazed the world.
The science
Antiquity - time and scientific discoveries. Knowledge of geometry, mathematics, some physical and chemical laws can be considered a heritage. Also, many inventions were introduced into science, such as the water supply and irrigation system. The geographical and astronomical discoveries of antiquity are impressive.
Ancient science was the impetus for the development of all civilizations. Until now, many of the scientific information obtained at that time can be called priceless. Also, many mechanisms and inventions discovered at that time are still used today, and only a little they have been improved.
ancient heritage
Ancient heritage... What do we imagine when we hear the word "antiquity"? Bright blue sky. A warm, shiny sea merging with the sky somewhere beyond the horizon. Snow-white clouds, slender rows of columns of temples directed towards them and beautiful white marble sculptures… Harmony and beauty. Or maybe the word "antiquity" gives us a different image? A red fluttering cloak, a helmet gleaming in the sun, a shield and a sword. The emperor on a chariot passes under the triumphal arch. And on seven hills there is a city: narrow streets resembling corridors, temples, arches, aqueducts… What ancient states were called antique? These are Ancient Greece and Rome. There were many tragic and cruel things in the history of these states. But, at the same time, they left a rich legacy for all mankind. With its "echoes", "traces" we meet in everyday life.
We live in the European part of Russia, on the European continent. For the first time the word "Europe" appeared in the myths of ancient Greece. At night we see stars in the sky. More than 2500 years ago in ancient Greece, scientists observed them. In the XI century BC. e. in Alexandria, a catalog of 1022 stars was compiled. Their names remind me of ancient gods and heroes.
When a person is sick, the doctor writes out a prescription for medicine in a language born in ancient times. And who was the first to understand the need to educate children, to educate people? Ancient Greeks. The words “alphabet”, “school”, “notebook”, “pencil case” came to us from a distant ancient world: “alpha” was the first letter of the Greek alphabet, the word “penna” meant “pen”, and “pencil case” meant a box for pens , Greek word“Tetra” means “four”, and in ancient Greece a four-folded sheet was called a notebook, while the Greek word “school” meant “leisure” - rest from physical labor.
The ancient world gave us the words "vacation, physics, mathematics, history, barbarian, citizen, teacher, museum, library, theater, hymn, diameter, credit, August, July" and the expression "a healthy mind in a healthy body." The architecture and sculpture of ancient times became a “model” for the world - a “classic” and served as an example for some St. Petersburg architects, sculptors and painters.
Questions and tasks:
- In what ancient (as they say, dead) language does a doctor write prescriptions?
- Which stars and planets are named after ancient gods and heroes?
- Based on the content of the article and your knowledge of the history of the Ancient World, compose a syncwine on the theme "Ancient World". Write it down in your workbook.
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Starting from the fourteenth century, Italian artists and poets turned their attention to the ancient heritage and tried to revive in their art the image of a beautiful, harmoniously developed person. The Renaissance, or Renaissance, marked the cultural and historical stage from which the study began ancient art and literature, which were perceived as perfect embodiment external appearance and inner spiritual life of man.
The ancient heritage was of particular importance for the Renaissance. Ancient humanism, its heroic conception of man, his earthly, plastically sensual character compared to the Middle Ages, were close to the people of this era.
In the process of formation and development, the culture of the Renaissance determines the attitude to other types of culture, to other eras. The appeal to the ancient heritage is an important feature of the culture of the Renaissance. Anthropocentrism and the glorification of a beautiful, harmoniously developed person were especially close to European humanism. During the Renaissance, the ancient ideal of man is revived, the understanding of beauty as harmony and measure, the realistic language of plastic arts, in contrast to medieval symbolism. The practical, everyday worldview of the ancients was more attractive, varied and accessible than the constructions of the medieval scholastics. Artists, sculptors and poets of the Renaissance are attracted by the subjects of ancient mythology and history.
The question of the nature of the connection between the Renaissance and the ancient tradition gives us the opportunity to dwell on clarifying our understanding of the dialectical relationship between the concepts of heritage, traditions, on the one hand, and innovation, on the other, as well as continuity and rupture in the history of art. It is known that the Renaissance was a time of decisive innovative restructuring of the entire system of previous artistic culture, that is, the great culture of the Middle Ages, which had outlived its historical viability. This era is characterized by a new concept of the role of the artist's personality in the creative process, the social and aesthetic function of his art, the very relationship of the artistic image to reality (Renaissance realism). The art of this time was really imbued with the spirit of decisive innovation. That is why it solved the pressing problems of attitudes towards the traditions of the past with fundamental depth.
The appeal of the Renaissance to the tradition of ancient culture, its transformation turned into an innovative step in the evolution of art, served this innovation no less than the renunciation of the traditions of the previous Middle Ages, to which theorists and practitioners of the Italian Renaissance were rather negative. However, it would be wrong to take it too literally. Almost never in the practice of art itself has such a rejection of the immediately preceding heritage been absolute. An internal connection with progressive tendencies, even in a generally denied previous tradition, will always take place. Any new artistic culture, for all its antiquity, grows out of the old stage, "exploding" it.
Humanists were historians, philologists, librarians, they liked to delve into old manuscripts and books, and made up collections of antiquities. They began to restore the forgotten works of Greek and Roman authors, to establish authentic ones. Most of the texts of ancient authors, which modern science has, were identified precisely by humanists. The invention and spread of printing played an important role in the spread of the ancient heritage. It is important to note that ancient manuscripts and monuments were not dead things, but truly teachers who helped to discover oneself.
For many centuries, scientists and writers have praised in prose and verse the irresistible and unfading charm of those monuments of literature and art that have come down to us from the ancient world. Collecting all that has been said about this would be an impossible task. Moreover, not limited to praising antiquity, hundreds of writers of different peoples and epochs reflected and embodied this passion for it in their own work and left us an almost boundless material of imitations, reminiscences, receptions and revisions, more or less closely adjoining the literature of the two main most famous us the cultural circles of the ancient world - Greece and Rome and the wide spheres of their influence. At the same time, each era turned to the works of antiquity for its own purposes, looked for answers to the questions of modernity in them, perceived and portrayed the characters of the heroes of antiquity in accordance with the ideas and requirements of its time.
The reproduction of ancient plots and images is often found not in well-known works, where it immediately catches the eye, but in such works that are not only little known in wide circles - or completely unknown - but also do not arouse keen interest among specialists. It is sometimes difficult to find individual responses to ancient motifs and trace their perception, development and change. Nor can one vouch for a sufficiently complete coverage of this rich and varied material. The most difficult issue is to reveal the reasons for the revival of interest in a particular subject, which has its roots in ancient literature; therefore those cases in which these causes can be established with almost complete certainty are the most attractive moments of the work.
Much has been and is being said about the great significance of using the cultural heritage of the past: that is why it can be useful and interesting for the modern reader to get acquainted with how the cultural heritage of the ancient world was perceived and transformed, the attraction to which manifested itself in a more obvious and violent, sometimes in a more hidden form, but in essence it never faded away.
In ancient literature, for the first time, a large number of literary plots took shape, subsequently subjected to repeated processing, sometimes in the form of imitations close to their prototypes, sometimes in a peculiar and original form. At the same time, Greek mythology was an inexhaustible source of plots both for the ancient authors themselves and for their heirs and imitators. It is hardly possible to survey the whole multitude of works that develop mythological plots in one form or another. At the same time, the fact that many plots have undergone a number of significant changes already within the boundaries of ancient literature itself in the era of Hellenism, in the era Roman principate and especially in the early and late Roman Empire. The vicissitudes of the fate of individual mythical heroes, the assessment of their characters and actions, the interpretation of major mythological cycles changed.
Some of these versions, having existed for quite a long time, subsequently left the stage again, giving way to those that were recorded in the works of the classical era. But the literature of Western Europe until the 14th century, and in some countries even longer, almost until the 17th century, used mainly mythological subjects in their Late Antique guise. Therefore, the versions of myths that existed in Roman and non-classical Greek literature should be given in this work Special attention and follow step by step a series of changes gradually introduced into the main plot. It is in these changes that the interests and tastes of the society contemporary to this or that writer, and the issues that concern him, are most clearly reflected. By "antique plots" are meant those plots that were already framed in ancient literature itself in literary works, and not those associated with historical images and events ancient world. So, for example, the story of Alexander the Great, already at the beginning of a new era, and possibly much earlier, which became the theme of semi-fantastic stories, is, from our point of view, an ancient plot inherited by European literature, and we do not consider the theme of the love of Anthony and Cleopatra as such. we can, because it did not reach us in the form of a finished “novel” from ancient literature. Anyone who first gets acquainted with ancient Greek myths in their traditional generally accepted form hardly thinks about how these myths developed and, of course, does not imagine what a long and winding path they have traveled and how many deviations and versions, sometimes very significant, affecting important key moments of the myth, remains known only to a very narrow circle of people who specifically study mythology. Meanwhile, the development of one or another well-known mythological plot was often influenced by various secondary versions, which for some reason were more in line with the interests and views of that era, when this plot was again subjected to literary processing and thus acquired new vitality.
Renaissance literature fundamentally changed the genre system. A new system of literary genres was created, some of them, known since antiquity, were revived and rethought from humanistic positions, others were created anew. The greatest changes affected the sphere of dramaturgy. Instead of the medieval genres, the Renaissance revived tragedy and comedy, genres that had literally left the stage in the days of the Roman Empire. In comparison with medieval literature, the plots of the works change - first mythological ones are approved, then historical or modern ones. The scenography is changing, it is based on the principle of plausibility. First, comedy returns, then tragedy, which, due to the peculiarities of the genre, is affirmed during the period when the new culture realizes the inevitability of the conflict between the ideal and reality.
Direct aesthetic enjoyment of the art of the past, finding in it unique joys that are not found in other eras in precisely such aesthetic forms, the attitude towards the great monuments of the past as living art enriches the aesthetic world in an extraordinary way. modern man. This direct form of assimilation of tradition by all mankind in its everyday aesthetic practice is its main, most profound form. Mastering and innovative processing of traditions by the artists themselves is largely due to this folk element of mastering the tradition. It is also due to the fact that the artist, like the art historian, is, first of all, an aesthetically experiencing person, and then the artist himself, creating objects of aesthetic experience, aesthetic exploration of the world.
