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Construction frame houses is gaining more and more popularity.
Moreover, if a few years ago this technology was used exclusively for the construction of suburban seasonal buildings, now it is widely used in capital residential construction.
If the garden house is later attached to concrete anchors, these must be inserted and fixed during the concreting process. Finally, everyone should point in the same direction and be straight. However, in most cases an anchor is not required. Here the foundation beams are simply installed on the foundation points after the concrete has been hardened. Roofing between concrete and wood prevents moisture build-up and damage to the wood. As with the foundation slab, a waiting period of about two weeks must be planned for the creation of the point before construction of the garden house begins.
In the process of planning work, the first thing that comes up is choosing a reliable and inexpensive foundation. From a wide variety of types of foundations for frame house it is worth highlighting the foundation, the basis of which is monolithic reinforced concrete. This option is economical, fast and relatively easy to build.
The floor slab is the first important structural measure in building a house. Among other things, it is responsible for the fact that the weight distribution of the house is evenly distributed on the ground, while maintaining its physical properties even at extreme temperatures. But how is the ideal floor slab design to justify its purpose for decades to come? The answer to that question is in this blog post.
The construction of the base plate can be done as follows. Front apron Bottom plate For buildings without foundations, a frost apron must be installed above the bottom plate. The ice apron is designed to ensure that water cannot get under the floor slab, which in winter can become ice by freezing and lift the floor slab. The frost apron is placed on a clean concrete layer, which is then turned on and poured with concrete. At a minimum, the frost apron should protrude 80 cm into the ground.
The article contains information on how foundation slabs are used: sizes and prices for them.
Road slabs are reinforced concrete products intended for arranging roads, railways, roads for heavy tracked vehicles and airfield strips.
Economic and technical justification
The depth of the course also strongly depends on geographical location at home. Once the excavation is completed, the soil has been compacted and the floor plan of the house has been covered with a frosty skirt, the floor slab is peeling off. Soil layer Soil slab In the next step, a clean layer should be applied to the compacted soil.
The thickness of the foundation is a monolithic slab and how to determine it?
This means that the floor plate is sufficiently insulated from the ground and that energy consumption is reduced due to the lower heating requirement per square meter. As one last measure, reinforcement is applied to the insulating layer. The reinforcing mats are then designed to be overlapped and bonded to the bonding wire. In the next step, the spacers are reconnected to the designed reinforcing mats in order to be able to lay out the second layer of reinforcing mats.
They are used for the construction of the roadway on especially difficult soils., on heaving, peaty and marshy soils, soils subject to horizontal seasonal displacement.
During construction capital highway, being an element of the "cushion", the slabs are laid under the asphalt canvas, forming a reliable foundation, the use for temporary purposes means laying the elements directly on the top layer of soil and tying them together.
The floor slab construction is now complete and ready for the slab to be concreted. When the concrete is concreted, the concrete is fed into the prepared crimp via a hose or chute and then compacted and removed with a concrete vibrator. In warm temperatures and weather conditions, the drying of cast concrete must be delayed by continuous wetting.
The concrete dries too fast, cracks in the floor plate. Benefits of a floor slab If the decision is made for a floor slab and a basement, there are a number of advantages. No moisture from ground water No mold problems Reduced foundation costs Uniform distribution building weight to ground Preventing soil movement. Disadvantages Bottom plate When choosing a floor plate, the following disadvantages arise.
A similar foundation of floor slabs is similar in its device to monolithic reinforced concrete slab, but there are some differences. He is plastic reinforced concrete base located on a sand and gravel pad with insulation and waterproofing.
In order to get a full-fledged support for a frame house, it is enough to pour from above cement screed and wait for it to crystallize.
You must also place a small garden garden in the garden on a suitable foundation. Depending on the size and design of the barn, there are various possibilities. What is best for you and how to proceed step by step, read here. The easiest way to create a foundation for a small and light equipment house is to install a slab foundation with concrete slabs or paving slabs. This method is also economical and can be carried out by almost anyone, even a few skilled craftsmen.
Frost resistance on the foundation
The only drawback of the slab base is that it is not frost resistant from the start. To do this, you must additionally pour a frosty apron. However, in the case of heavier loads or larger equipment frames, it is advisable to use a strip foundation, as slabs can only support light loads. Ribbon Base Creation Guide.
A reinforced concrete slab is also used block foundation.
The foundation of road slabs for the house is used quite widely:
- Regions of the Far North and areas with permafrost.
- Construction of houses on heaving and sandy soils.
- During construction on soils with strong horizontal displacement.
- Apply in the mountains where digging into the ground and driving piles to build other types of foundations is not possible.
- In addition, it can be used on ordinary soils, in any climatic zone, but economically impractical.
As can be seen from the list, this type of building support can be used on almost any type of soil and in any climatic zone.
Step by Step Instructions for Slab Foundations with Concrete Slabs
Sand laying Concrete slabs Silver sand or joint sand Dough board material, additional wooden pins. Rubber hammer vibrating plate shovel or shovel. . Measure the area in which your foundation will be built and mark it with wooden posts between which you lay the masonry. Along the edges, you dig a 30 cm wide southern skirt to a depth of about 80 cm - this prevents the subsequent freezing of the foundation. Now pour a gravel layer of approximately 25 cm into your hull, in the frost skirt area correspondingly higher, so that the rubble in the frost skirt and in the rest of the area is about the same height.
Important! A monolithic reinforced concrete foundation slab differs in its performance characteristics. Therefore, when planning a building, it is necessary to choose the right thickness and type.
Types of road slabs
The monolithic reinforced concrete slab foundation from which is considered in this article is produced for various operating conditions, therefore they have different characteristics.
Then apply a layer of gravel which you carefully compact with a vibrating plate. In addition, you can apply a 5 cm wide layer, which makes it easier to lay concrete slabs. However, this layer is not absolutely necessary. Now mark the escape line for the first row of panels with the cord stand and start laying the panels. In chapter. Probably the easiest and fast way to create a solid surface for garden or garden equipment - this is the so-called slab foundation. As the name suggests, it consists of individual concrete slabs that are laid on top of a gravel bed.
The following are the most common types of road slabs used in the construction of foundations:
- Road slab (PD) 2P-30-18-10. Dimensions 300 * 175 * 17 cm. Designed for temporary laying, load capacity 10 tons;
- PD 2P-30-18-30. The dimensions are the same, the load capacity is 30 tons;
- PD 1P-30-18-10. For permanent styling;
- PD 2P-60-20-30. Dimensions 600*200*140 cm, load capacity 30 tons.
In addition to these, there are other specific types of plates, for example, brands PAG, they are intended for the construction of airfields and are not used in private installation. Reinforced concrete fencing slabs as a foundation can also be used. Road slabs are different degree of reinforcement tension and side face shape, which is also insignificant when building a foundation for a frame house.
However, this type of foundation should only be used with small garden and technical houses with low weight, since the panels will break in case of heavy loads, and garden house may sag. Another disadvantage is the non-frost-resistant foundation of this type of foundation. In the event of severe frost, frozen water in the soil can expand and take the plates out of the situation. To make this type of foundation frost-resistant, you will need to pour an 80 cm high apron around the foundation around the frost.
Once you have chosen the right location for your garden home, you can determine the position of the foundation using the foundation plan. Such a plan should be included in the supply of a garden house for every reputable horticultural supplier. The exact location and escape of the bases can be determined with a mason's taut line. Now you can start excavating. This requires a good shovel and a sharp point for rocky ground. Keep excavations far enough away from foundations that they do not interfere with further foundation work.
When installing the foundation for private structures, you can use all of the above types of road slabs. Here it all depends on the material of manufacture of the building itself and her appointment. For example, for the construction of a frame house, it is advisable to use slabs with a thickness of 14 cm, due to its low weight.
If planned construction of a building made of brick or concrete blocks, you need to use plates with a carrying capacity of 30 tons and a thickness of 17 cm. The necessary parameters for each specific case must be correctly calculated.
With the help of a vibrating plate, the ballast layer to be introduced must be compacted before a approx. 5 cm thick grout layer is applied, which serves as drainage and height compensation. For very loamy soil, the pouring layer should be slightly thicker. Before laying pavements, the surface of the flood course should be cleaned horizontally using a straight board or a straight edge. When laying boards, care should be taken not to lay the board on the board, but to leave the joint on all sides.
Foundation plate with stiffeners
To use paving slabs and thus lift them up, rubber or a hammer is suitable. Once the entire surface has been laid, the joints are filled with silver or quartz sand using a broom. To prevent lateral migration of concrete slabs, peat or a concrete wedge can be placed around the entire surface of the slab.
Foundation calculation
An accurate calculation is carried out by special organizations, but in individual construction, with a building height of no more than two floors, it is quite possible to do it yourself.
Plate thickness depends on the mass of the structure, that is, directly on the material of manufacture. Also Groundwater level plays a big role here., calculated soil resistance, building area and thickness of the sand and gravel cushion.
The big advantage of this type of foundation is that you can start right after building your garden house and not have a long drying time. The foundation on which the whole building or building rests is what is called the foundation. Most often they need to be built underground. Their depth and width are determined by calculation in accordance with the characteristics of the terrain of which they are the material and the load supported.
The plane of the foundation is also of fundamental interest in terms of its design. Hence, they are delineated without caring about anything other than their shape and position. The simplest representation is to draw the outer lines of the bases and their axes, as well as the walls that rest on them. The axis is delineated to facilitate the laying of foundations on the ground, which is used as a reference for opening trenches. An image with dotted lines is often added to the foundation plant, the width of the walls supporting it.
For example, let's calculate the thickness of the road slab required for the construction one-story house from a wooden beam, dimensions 8 * 8 m:
- Calculate the total weight of the house. The volume of wood will be about 50 cubic meters. Wood density 700-800 kg/cubic meter. From here, the mass of the log house will be about 40 tons. Let's add the mass of the roof and insulation, as well as interior partitions and get 70-80 tons.
- Mass of the house together with furniture and other household items will amount to no more than 100 tons.
- Calculate the weight of the load per 1 square meter of foundation. total area foundation - about 70 square meters. It turns out that the approximate load is 1400 kg per square meter.
- We select the thickness of the plate according to the guide. The simplest plate, 14 cm thick and 6 m long, can withstand a load of up to 30 tons with an area of 12 square meters. One square meter, respectively, can withstand up to 2.5 tons of load.
- Drawing conclusions. That is, in the case of using of this type slabs, there is approximately a twofold margin of safety of the foundation, with the necessary margin of 1.3 times. Therefore, this brand of plates can be used.
Important! The foundation is being laid - a monolithic reinforced concrete slab with careful observance of the technology of the entire "pie" of the support. It makes no sense to make and build a house if the entire foundation of concrete slabs “floats” due to improperly carried out earthworks.
How to pour concrete into a monolithic foundation?
The options that can be specified are usually found in the wall representation: only partial representation in corners, representation with screens, etc. Specify the project profile at the firm level. Object information: plant and plot at the same scale.
- Specify the main or structural axes on both sides.
- Specify partial, cumulative and total quotas.
- Specify the interior angles of the main axes.
- Specify natural terrain curves.
- Specify the natural terrain profile.
Technology
1. Site preparation. The area of the proposed construction is cleared of debris, grass, if there are trees, they must be uprooted. Provides free passage for the transport and unloading of plates.
2. Territory marking. First, the extreme corner point of the future foundation is marked. The required length of the future building is measured from it. At both points, metal or wooden stakes are driven in and a construction cord is pulled between them. Further, with the help of elementary mathematical measurements, the next corner is found, and then the last, fourth. We connect all the stakes with a rope. The final measurement is made by measuring the diagonals of the resulting quadrangle. They must be equal.
At the same time, it's not all at the same depth, so this will be another reason that influences us in choosing the right foundation. The goal of the foundation is to support structures that provide stability and prevent damage to structural and non-structural materials. Problems arising in the foundation of a building or structure can be divided into.
The study of the material that forms the foundation on which the building will be built. The study was carried out in the laboratory of soil mechanics. . The base is that part of the structure that receives the load of the structure and transfers it to the ground by expanding its base.
3. Earthworks. First of all, a pit breaks out to the lower level of groundwater. This is approximately 1 - 1.5 meters, depending on the area.
The bottom of the pit is leveled and sand is poured on top, with a layer of 40-50 cm. Every 20 cm of the layer must be poured with water and carefully compacted with a vibrating plate or rammer. At the same stage, all underground communications are mounted..
Floor slab construction
Foundation classification. They can be superficial, deep and special. They are superficial in transferring the pressure load to the ground under its foundation without any collateral friction. A base is shallow when its width is equal to or greater than its depth. they include supports in general and foundation slabs. Different types of foundation surfaces depend on the load that falls on them.
Surface-slab foundations. Cyclopean concrete foundation. They are deep, which transfer the pressure load to the earth under its foundation, but can also rely on shaft friction. Examples: pile foundation. As a rule, all construction is subject to settlement to a greater or lesser extent, depending on how adequate the study of soil mechanics and the chosen foundation is. However, the adjustment will not cause serious problems when the dive is uniform and proper precautions are taken.
A layer of geotextile is spread on the sand with an overlap of 20 cm between the layers to prevent mixing of sand and gravel. A layer of small and medium crushed stone is poured onto the geotextile, 30-40 cm thick. It serves as a waterproofing agent and distributes the load from the plates.
From above, the crushed stone is poured with cement milk until the gaps between the individual stones are completely filled. From above, the solution should cover the rubble with a layer of 2-3 cm. This is the so-called. footing.
4. After complete solidification of the footing, it is necessary to apply layers of waterproofing. Usually roofing material is used in 2 layers, but other materials can be used. Strips of roofing material are overlapped by 5-10 cm and soldered with a burner or blowtorch.
Important! Waterproofing must be more area base and go beyond it by 40-50 cm.
5. Insulation is laid on the waterproofing layer. It is preferable to use foam or foam. The thickness of the layer can vary from 10 to 15 cm, depending on the climatic zone, but at the same time, the insulation should not be above the soil level. The joints of the sheets of material are carefully smeared with mastic or foamed with mounting foam.
Important! The heat-insulating material must have an increased density, as it is the basis for laying reinforced concrete road slabs.
6. Formwork installation. You can use ready-made formwork, or make it on the spot from boards with a thickness of at least 2.5 cm. The height of the formwork should be equal to the height of the plates in the laid state plus 5 cm. Boards or shields are mounted around the entire perimeter of the foundation and carefully fixed with self-tapping screws or nails.
If desired, it is possible to lay a polymeric insulation inside the formwork and the ends of the waterproofing remaining when it was laid under the insulation. This will save in the future from the need to carry out earthworks in order to insulate the foundation.
7. Laying of road slabs. Slabs are laid on the prepared base with the help of construction equipment. They are laid tightly to each other, a gap of 10 cm must be left only between the formwork and the edges of the elements.
8. After laying all the elements of the foundation, the surface is poured with concrete, brands not lower than M300. All joints between the plates are carefully shed, a screed is made above the plates, 5 cm thick using a reinforcing mesh, with a section of 5 mm and a step of 10 cm. The surface is carefully leveled.
9. After complete solidification (under the foundation, the reinforced concrete slab solidifies for about a month), formwork dismantling and re-waterproofing foundation surface over the entire area.
Advantages and disadvantages
- Versatility. The foundation of road slabs can be built in almost any climatic conditions, on all types of soil, except for deep swamps. This is due to the large area of \u200b\u200bsupport on the ground, and, as a result, the good stability of the entire foundation.
- Ease of laying the foundation. During construction, elementary tools and a minimum of theoretical knowledge are used. The work is the same and easy.
- Durability and reliability, comparable with the characteristics of a monolithic reinforced concrete foundation.
- economy. With similar performance characteristics, such a foundation will be one and a half to two times cheaper than a monolithic one.
- Build time such a foundation is small and comparable to the labor hours for the construction of a strip foundation, with incomparably better characteristics.
- At the time of buying used materials, it is not possible to assess their residual quality.
- For delivery products to the construction site and laying them in the pit, it is necessary to use heavy equipment.
- Using this type of foundation is not possible to equip the basement or basement.
- Impossibility of replacement or repair of underground communications at home without significant dismantling of the foundation.
A photo
How the foundation of road slabs looks like in the photo, see below:
Useful video
Familiarize yourself visually with the process of laying road slabs in the video below:
conclusions
Road slab foundation construction is a sensible solution that allows you to build a relatively inexpensive foundation that has impressive reliability characteristics in a relatively short period of time. This solution will be ideal for the construction of a frame house in any area.
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- Starting work on the construction of the foundation
- concrete preparation
- Slab foundation waterproofing
- Other options for using a reinforced concrete foundation
The foundation is a monolithic reinforced concrete slab, of course, more expensive than an ordinary one, but such a foundation, despite a simple device, allows you to build houses on heterogeneous soils (photo 1). Such a monolithic reinforced concrete slab, as it were, “floats” on the ground, moving along with it and taking on all the loads. The use of such a reinforced concrete foundation allows you to build even on quicksand.
A monolithic reinforced concrete base can be made independently.
For this you need:
- cement, sand and crushed stone for the preparation of concrete mortar;
- metal fittings and knitting wire for a power frame;
- formwork boards;
- mixer for mixing concrete;
- vibrator;
- buckets and shovels;
- level and rope with pegs.
Starting work on the construction of the foundation
Having chosen a place for the future home, you should make markings for the reinforced concrete foundation with the help of ropes. Then a small pit is dug 15-20 cm deep, a pillow of crushed stone and sand is poured onto its bottom. First, crushed stone of medium size is poured and carefully compacted. A tamping tool can be made from a log trimming by attaching a cross handle to it from above. Sand is poured onto the rubble and also rammed. It is desirable to moisten the sand with water, so it is compacted more tightly.
After that, a plank formwork is installed around the perimeter of the pit. Its walls must be laid out with roofing material or dense polyethylene so that water from concrete does not go into the soil.
Then you should tie a power frame from the reinforcement, which will increase the strength of the foundation (photo 2). The frame must be knitted with wire, since welding is not recommended. Reinforcement with a diameter of 10-12 mm is connected in the form of a lattice with cells of 25-30 cm. Depending on the thickness of the future plate, another lattice is connected. They are installed one above the other with the help of reinforcement struts. The device is elementary.
After that, you can start preparing the concrete solution.
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concrete preparation
It should be noted that a monolithic concrete foundation slab will be more durable if it is poured at a time. Therefore, it is recommended to use a mixer to quickly prepare the concrete in required quantity. If there is no mixer, then you can knead by hand, but you will need helpers.
Cement of a grade not lower than M400 is taken, sand is coarse-grained washed, and crushed stone should be of medium size. All this is poured with water and kneaded to medium density. To make the slab even, use reinforcement beacons.
After the foundation is poured, it takes some time for the concrete to gain its strength. This usually takes 4-6 weeks depending on the weather and air temperature. During drying, the plate should not be left unattended. During rain, concrete should be covered with plastic wrap, and if the weather is hot, with a damp cloth. This will allow the foundation to dry evenly and become as strong as possible.
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Slab foundation waterproofing
As a waterproofing, it is cheapest to use roofing material, which is glued in strips to the walls and the base surface. Bituminous mastic is used as an adhesive composition. Waterproofing is laid in 2 layers, and the tapes are overlapped. Blowtorch fire is used to fasten the seams.
After that, you can start building the walls of the house. A properly made monolithic reinforced concrete foundation is a very durable supporting structure that can serve for many decades without requiring repair.
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Other options for using a reinforced concrete foundation
Reinforced concrete is an extremely durable material.
You can use ready-made reinforced concrete blocks for the foundation, if there is a need to build, for example, a recessed strip foundation. Such a foundation is made if the soil is well suited for construction and you want to make a basement under the house. To do this, a deep enough pit is dug, blocks brought from the reinforced concrete plant are installed in it. This greatly simplifies construction, saves time and money. Such prefabricated reinforced concrete foundations are installed in the form of a tape, which must pass under each of the walls of the future building.
When building a house on an uneven place, on rocky or loose soil, they often use pile foundations. Piles can be made of both metal and reinforced concrete. The piled reinforced concrete foundation has high strength, and it is not too difficult to install the piles, it is enough just to dig the pits at a certain distance from each other. Piles can be ready-made or poured right on the spot by installing formwork and reinforcement in the pit. In the same way, foundations are poured under the columns or they are placed from ready-made reinforced concrete blocks.
