Message about linguists briefly tell you a lot useful information about linguists. The report on linguists will also name famous linguists who have made a huge contribution to the development of linguistics.

Message about linguists

What is linguistics?

Linguistics or linguistics is the science of human natural language and all the languages ​​of the world. She learns general laws structure and its functioning. Science began to develop in the Ancient East, and more precisely in Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt and ancient india as early as the 5th-4th centuries BC.

Who are linguists?

A linguist or linguist is a specialist in linguistics, a scientist. The most famous linguists in the world:

• Duclos Charles Pinault(1704-1772) - French historian, writer and linguist.
• Lebedev Gerasim Stepanovich(1749 - July 15 (27), 1817) - Russian theatrical figure, musician, translator, Indologist, linguist. The main works are "Grammar of the Calcutta colloquial form of the Hindustani language", as well as a work devoted to the economy, geography and culture of India. He was the first to open a printing house in Europe, which he equipped with machines with the Indian alphabet.
• Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich(1900-1964) - professor, doctor of philological sciences, linguist, lexicographer. He is the author of the Dictionary of the Russian Language. Studied the history of the literary language.
• Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich(December 19 (31), 1900 - July 29, 1994) - Soviet and Russian linguist. Wrote many works on the Russian language.
• (January 3, 1892 - September 2, 1973) - English linguist, writer, philologist. He is best known as the author of The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogy.
• (1711-1765). The scientist created the first scientific Russian grammar, establishing orthoepic and grammatical norms. He divided the language into 3 styles - high (for writing heroic poems, odes, solemn words), mediocre (intended for writing satires, theater plays, poetic letters), low (intended for writing songs, comedies, describing everyday affairs). The most famous work is "Russian Grammar".
• A. X. East(1781-1864). He was engaged in the study of the history of the Slavic languages. He is the founder of Slavic philology. His main work is Russian Grammar.
• V. I. Dal(1801-1872) - naval officer, doctor, traveler-ethnographer, writer. Compiled a unique Dictionary living Great Russian language”, on which he worked for 50 years. The dictionary contains 200 thousand words, the meaning of which Dahl interpreted aptly, figuratively and clearly.
• A. A. Potebnya(1835-1891) - Russian and Ukrainian philologist. The main work "From Notes on Russian Grammar", compiled in 4 volumes. In it, the scientist compiled an analysis of the Ukrainian and Russian languages, analyzed the history of the main grammatical categories, studied the syntax of the East Slavic languages. He also wrote the monograph "Thought and Language", in which he explored the relationship between thinking and language.
• V. V. Vinogradov(1895-1969) - an outstanding philologist who created 2 linguistic sciences: the science of the language of fiction and the history of the Russian literary language. The main work “Russian language. The grammatical doctrine of the word.
• A. A. Shakhmatov(1864-1920) - an outstanding philologist. Studied the history and dialectology of the Slavic languages. The most fundamental work "Syntax of the Russian language".
• D. N. Ushakov(1873-1942) - linguist, compiler and editor of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, Spelling Dictionary. Dealt with issues of orthoepy and spelling. Wrote a lot teaching aids and spelling books.
• A. M. Peshkovsky(1878-1933). Wrote the monograph "Russian syntax in scientific coverage". He was the first to show that intonation is a grammatical tool that helps express the meaning of words.
• L. V. Shcherba(1880-1944) - Russian linguist. The main work "About parts of speech in Russian". He singled out a new part of speech - the words of the category of state. He is called the founder of the Leningrad phonological school.

We hope that the report on linguists helped you to prepare for the lesson, and you learned a lot of useful information about them. And your short story about linguists you can leave through the comment form below.

Prominent Russian Scholars (linguists) and their works

Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801 - 1872)

Russian writer, ethnographer, linguist, lexicographer, doctor. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal was born on November 22 (according to the old style - November 10), 1801 in Lugansk, Yekaterinoslav province. Father - Johann Dahl - a Dane who accepted Russian citizenship, was a doctor, linguist and theologian; mother - Maria Khristoforovna Dal (née Freitag) - half-German, half-French from a Huguenot family.

In 1814 he entered the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. After graduating from the course in 1819, Vladimir Dal served in the navy in Nikolaev for more than five years. Having received a promotion, he was transferred to the Baltic, where he served for a year and a half in Kronstadt. In 1826 he retired, entered the medical faculty of Dorpat University, graduating in 1829 and becoming an oculist surgeon. In 1831, Vladimir Dal took part in a campaign against the Poles, distinguishing himself when Ridiger crossed the Vistula near Yuzefov. Dahl first applied electricity in the mine-explosive business, having mined the crossing and undermined it after the retreat of the Russian division across the river. On the report to the authorities on the decisive actions of the divisional doctor Dahl, the corps commander, General Ridiger, imposed a resolution: "For the feat, submit to the order. Reprimand for non-fulfillment and evasion of their direct duties." Emperor Nicholas I awarded Vladimir Dahl with the Order - the Vladimir Cross in his buttonhole. At the end of the war, Dahl entered the St. Petersburg Military Surgical Hospital as an intern, where he worked as an oculist surgeon.

Dahl began to collect words and expressions of the Russian folk language in 1819. In 1832, Russian Fairy Tales. First Five, edited by Vladimir Dahl, were published. According to Bulgarin's denunciation, the book was banned, the author was sent to the III department. Thanks to the intercession of Zhukovsky, Vladimir Dal was released on the same day, but could not be published under his own name: in the 30-40s he was published under the pseudonym Cossack Lugansky. Dahl served for seven years in Orenburg, serving as an official special assignments under the military governor of the Orenburg Territory V. Perovsky, a well-known art connoisseur who knew A.S. Pushkin and who respected Dahl's literary pursuits. In 1836, Vladimir Dal came to St. Petersburg, where Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was present at the death, from whom Dal received his talisman ring. In 1838, for collecting collections on the flora and fauna of the Orenburg region, Vladimir Dal was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the class of natural sciences. In 1841-1849 he lived in St. Petersburg (Alexandria Theater Square, now Ostrovsky Square, 11), served as an official for special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. From 1849 to 1859, Vladimir Dal served as manager of the Nizhny Novgorod specific office. After retiring, he settled in Moscow, in his own house on Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street. From 1859 he was a full member of the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. In 1861, for the first editions of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal received the Constantine Medal from the Imperial Geographical Society, in 1863 (according to other sources - in 1868) he was awarded the Lomonosov Prize of the Academy of Sciences and was awarded the title of honorary academician. The first volume of the "Dictionary..." was printed at the expense of a loan of 3,000 rubles given to Dahl by the Moscow Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. AT last years Life Dahl was fond of spiritualism and Swedenborgianism. In 1871 the Lutheran Dahl converted to Orthodoxy. Vladimir Dal died on October 4 (according to the old style - September 22), 1872 in Moscow. He was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery.

Among the works of Vladimir Dahl are essays, articles on medicine, linguistics, ethnography, poems, one-act comedies, fairy tales, novels: "Gypsy" (1830; story), "Russian Tales. First Five" (1832), "There were also fables" ( in 4 volumes; 1833-1839), an article in defense of homeopathy (one of the first articles in defense of homeopathy; published in the Sovremennik magazine in 1838), Midshipman Kisses, 1841; the story of the Sea cadet corps), “One and a half words about the current Russian language” (article; published in the magazine “Moskvityanin” in 1842), “Soldier's Leisures” (1843, second edition - in 1861; stories), “The Adventures of X.X. Violdamur and his Arshet" (1844; story), "On beliefs, superstitions and prejudices of the Russian people" (published in 1845-1846, 2nd edition - in 1880; article), "Works of the Cossack Lugansk" (1846), "On dialects of the Russian language" (1852; article), "Sailors' Leisures" (1853; stories; written on behalf of the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich), "Pictures from Russian Life" (1861; collection of 100 essays), "Tales" (1861; collection ), "Proverbs of the Russian people" (1853, 1861-1862, a collection that included more than 30,000 proverbs, sayings, jokes, riddles), "Two forty pastimes for peasants" (1862), "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" (in 4 volumes; compiled over 50 years; published in 1863-1866; contained about 200,000 words; Dal was awarded the Lomonosov Prize of the Academy of Sciences and in 1863 was awarded the title of honorary academician), textbooks of botany and zoology. Published in the journals "Sovremennik", "Notes of the Fatherland", "Moskvityanin", "Library for Reading".

Domestic linguistics cannot be imagined without such a significant scientist as Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov. A linguist, literary critic, a man of encyclopedic education, he left a significant mark on the teaching of the Russian language, did a lot for the development of modern humanities and brought up a galaxy of talented scientists.

The beginning of the way

Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov was born on January 12, 1895 in Zaraysk, in the family of a clergyman. In 1930, my father was repressed and he died in exile in Kazakhstan. The mother, who went into exile to fetch her husband, also died. The family managed to form in Victor a strong craving for education. In 1917, he graduated from two institutes in Petrograd at once: historical and philological (Zubovsky) and archaeological.

The path to science

Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, while still a student, showed brilliant scientific inclinations. Immediately after graduating from the institute, he was invited to continue his studies at the Petrograd Institute, at first he studied history church schism, writes At that time, he was noticed by Academician A. Shakhmatov, who saw great potential in the novice scientist and lobbied for Vinogradov to be accepted as a scholarship holder to prepare a dissertation on Russian literature. In 1919, under the guidance of A. Shakhmatov, he writes about the history of the sound [b] in the northern Russian dialect. After that, he is given the opportunity to become a professor at the Petrograd Institute, in this position he worked for 10 years. After his death in 1920, Viktor Vladimirovich finds a new mentor in the person of the outstanding linguist L. V. Shcherba.

Achievements in literary criticism

Vinogradov was simultaneously engaged in linguistics and literary criticism. His works became known in wide circles of the Petrograd intelligentsia. He writes a number of interesting works on the style of the great Russian writers A.S. Pushkin, F.M. Dostoevsky, N.S. Leskova, N.V. Gogol. In addition to stylistics, he was interested in the historical aspect in the study of works of literature. He develops his own research method, which is based on the broad involvement of the historical context in the study of the features literary work. He considered it important to study the specifics of the author's style, which would help to penetrate deeper into the author's intention. Later, Vinogradov created a harmonious doctrine of the category of the author's image and the author's style, which was at the junction of literary criticism and linguistics.

Years of persecution

In 1930, Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov left for Moscow, where he worked at various universities. But in 1934 he was arrested in the so-called "case of the Slavists." Almost without investigation, Vinogradov is exiled to Vyatka, where he will spend two years, then he is allowed to move to Mozhaisk and even allowed to teach in Moscow. He had to live with his wife illegally, putting both at risk.

In 1938, he was banned from teaching, but after Viktor Vladimirovich writes a letter to Stalin, he is given back his Moscow residence permit and the right to work in Moscow. Two years passed relatively calmly, but when the Great Patriotic War, Vinogradov, as an unreliable element, was sent to Tobolsk, where he would stay until the summer of 1943. All these years, despite the everyday disorder and constant fear for his life, Viktor Vladimirovich continues to work. He writes the history of individual words on small pieces of paper; a lot of them were found in the scientist's archive. When the war ended, Vinogradov's life improved, and he, returning to Moscow, began to work hard and fruitfully.

Linguistics as a vocation

Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov won worldwide recognition in linguistics. The scope of his scientific interests lay in the field of the Russian language, he created his own scientific school, which was based on the previous history of Russian linguistics and opened up wide opportunities for describing and systematizing the language. His contribution to Russian studies is extremely great.

Vinogradov built the doctrine of the grammar of the Russian language, based on the views of A. Shakhmatov, he developed a theory about the parts of speech, which was set out in the fundamental work "Modern Russian Language". Interesting are his works on the language of fiction, which combine the resources of linguistics and literary criticism and allow you to deeply penetrate the essence of the work and the author's style. An important part of the scientific heritage are works on textology, lexicology and lexicography, he identified the main types lexical meaning, created the doctrine of phraseology. The scientist was a member of the group for the compilation of the academic dictionary of the Russian language.

Outstanding Works

Prominent scientists with a wide range of scientific interests often create significant work in several areas, such was Vinogradov Viktor Vladimirovich. "Russian language. The grammatical doctrine of the word”, “On the language of fiction”, “On fiction” - these and many other works brought fame to the scientist and combined the research capabilities of stylistics, grammar and literary analysis. A significant work is the unpublished book "The History of Words", which V.V. Vinogradov wrote all his life.

Works on syntax make up an important part of his heritage, the books “From the History of the Study of Russian Syntax” and “Basic Questions of Sentence Syntax” became the final part of Vinogradov's grammar, in which he described the main types of sentences, identified types of syntactic connection.

The works of the scientist were awarded the State Prize of the USSR.

Scientist career

Vinogradov Viktor Vladimirovich, whose biography has always been associated with academic science, worked hard and fruitfully. From 1944 to 1948 he was the dean of the philological faculty of Moscow State University, where he headed the department of the Russian language for 23 years. In 1945, he was elected an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, having passed the post of corresponding member. Since 1950, for 4 years, he headed the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. And in 1958, Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov became the head of the Institute of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which he would lead for more than a quarter of a century. In addition, the scientist held many public and scientific positions, he was a deputy, an honorary member of many foreign academies and a professor at Prague and Budapest universities.

Great Russian linguists. The work was done by a 10th grade student Svetlana Kuzmina

The language of the people is undoubtedly our most important and inexhaustible source. IN AND. Dal The Russian language is a language created for poetry, it is unusually rich and remarkable mainly for its subtlety of shades. - P. Merimee

Linguistics (linguistics, linguistics; from Latin lingua - language) is a science that studies languages. In the history of world linguistics, our native linguists have always played a significant role. In all areas of the science of language, they managed to say their weighty original word.

Domestic linguistic science shines with the names of great Russian scientists: M.V. Lomonosov, V.I. Dal, A.Kh. Vostokov, A.A. Shakhmatov, D.N. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradov, S.I. Ozhegov and others. Let's get to know them better.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) “Lomonosov was a great man. He created the first university. It is better to say that he himself was our first university” A.S. Pushkin. The scientific ideas of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov enriched many branches of knowledge. Lomonosov's discoveries in linguistics are significant. Published in 1757, "Russian Grammar" by M.V. Lomonosov is the first scientific description of the Russian language, which discusses the issues of morphology, syntax, word production, systematizes spelling rules and orthoepic norms. The merit of M.V. Lomonosov in the development of the theory of eloquence (rhetoric) is enormous. His Brief Guide to Eloquence was in fact the first book of its kind written in Russian. Before Lomonosov, eloquence textbooks were compiled either in Church Slavonic or in Latin.

Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov (1781-1864). The beginning of the 19th century in Europe was marked by the emergence of linguistics as a science. The scientific rigor of linguistics has acquired through the comparative-historical study of languages. In Russia, Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov stands at the origins of the comparative historical study of the Slavic languages. In the work “Discourse on the Slavic language…” (1820), A.Kh.Vostokov compared the Slavic languages ​​and established sound regular correspondences between them as proof of their desired proximity, kinship. Vostokov created scientific grammar; studied the monuments of ancient writing, studied dialect vocabulary, edited the "Experience of the Regional Great Russian Dictionary" (1852); dealt with the problems of speech culture, morphology; studied Russian versification.

Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801 - 1872) Russian physician, biologist, linguist - Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. In 1852, V. Dahl's study "On the dialects of the Russian language" was published, in which the classification of Russian dialects was first proposed, outlined the tasks of studying folk dialects. The main work of the life of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl was the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, to which he devoted over 50 years of his life. The dictionary contains about 200 thousand words. This dictionary became a huge event in the history of Russian lexicography.

Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev (1818-1897) Linguist and literary critic, researcher of folk literature and ancient Russian art, Buslaev was a brilliant teacher and lecturer, academician, professor at Moscow University. F.I. Buslaev summarized his scientific research in the book “On the Teaching of the National Language” (1844), which is rightfully considered the first scientific method of teaching the Russian language in our country. The main idea of ​​this fundamental work is about the importance of learning the native language at school for the development of the individual.

Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov (1864-1920) A.A. Shakhmatov, a great Russian linguist, made a huge contribution to the study of the syntax and history of the language. In the book of A.A. Shakhmatov "Syntax of the Russian language", according to V.V. Vinogradov, "for the first time a colossal material was collected, characterizing the amazing variety of syntactic constructions of the modern Russian language." A.A. Shakhmatov was the first in the history of our science to single out the types of one-component sentences and describe the features of their structure. Many syntactic ideas of Shakhmatov still have not lost their relevance.

Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov (1873-1942) Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov was a Russian linguist. He worked in the field of dialectology, spelling, orthoepy, was the chief editor of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. He is the author of the Spelling Dictionary, which students still use today.

Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky (1878-1933) Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky is one of the most remarkable linguists of the 20th century. He worked for many years in Moscow gymnasiums and, wanting to acquaint his students with real, scientific grammar, wrote the monograph Russian Syntax in Scientific Illumination (1914), in which he seems to be talking with his students. Peshkovsky was the first to prove that intonation is a grammatical tool, that it helps where other grammatical means (prepositions, conjunctions, endings) are not able to express meaning.

Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (1880-1944) Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba - Russian linguist, academician. He worked in the field of phonetics, orthoepy, lexicology, lexicography, grammar, took part in compiling a set of rules for spelling and punctuation. For many years, under the editorship of L.V. Shcherba, a school textbook of the Russian language was published.

Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov (1895-1969) Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov - Russian philologist, academician, student of A.A. Shakhmatov and L.V. Shcherba. He created fundamental works on the history of the Russian literary language, on grammar, works on the language of fiction; studied lexicology, phraseology, lexicography.

Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov (1900-1964) Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov - A remarkable Russian linguist and lexicographer, known primarily as the author of the Dictionary of the Russian Language, which has gone through more than 20 editions. S.I. Ozhegov was not only a born lexicographer, but also one of the largest historians of the literary language. He wrote numerous articles on the issues of the culture of speech, on the history of words, on the development of Russian vocabulary at a new stage in the development of society.

Russian linguists are creators, masters of the great Russian word, creators of the beginning of the beginnings - language as a science, as a shrine, as the property of the whole people.

State educational institution

secondary vocational education

Beloyarsk Technical and Economic College

Abstract

Completed: student gr. AT-11

Mukhartov Evgeny Alexandrovich

Checked by: teacher

Firsova Maria Georgievna

Beloyarsky - 2005.

Introduction

The outstanding scientist linguist V.I. Dal

1.1 Biography of V.I. Dal

1.2 The contribution of the scientist to the science of language

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

I chose this topic because V.I. Dahl was interested in his works in the field of literature, one of his most famous works is an explanatory dictionary. He managed to do a lot in his life for which his descendants are grateful to him. Dahl interprets the meanings of words figuratively, aptly, clearly; explaining the word, reveals its meaning with the help of folk sayings, proverbs. These words are still used in our time in explaining various ancient incomprehensible words. These words are still used today and they are relevant. In summarizing, we are faced with the goal of getting acquainted with the work of an outstanding Russian linguist. We will solve the following tasks: 1. Study the literature based on Belinsky's essays; 2. To reveal the scientist's contribution to the science of language. V. G. Belinsky studied the work of V. I. Dahl. V. G. Belinsky called his essays and stories "pearls of modern Russian literature." But most of all he is known to us as the compiler of the unique Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, on which he devoted 50 years of his life. Dictionary with 200,000 words reads like a fascinating book

Main part

Biography of V.I. Dal

Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (11/10/1801 - 9/22/1872) - prose writer, lexicographer, ethnographer, journalist.

Dahl's parents were foreigners: his father, a Dane, was engaged in linguistics, theology and medicine, and his mother, a German, was fond of Russian literature. The first teacher of the future famous linguist was also a German. But the boy had what is called a "linguistic instinct", he perfectly distinguished and compared the peculiarities of the speech of the people who surrounded him. With age, this ability developed and became Dahl's second nature.

For most of his life, Dahl collected and studied Russian folklore. He was the first of the Russian linguists to begin to explore the features colloquial speech and dialects. The result of almost half a century of work was the publication in 1867 of the first explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. Even if this scientific work were the only work of Vladimir Dahl, his name would still forever enter the history of Russian science. He included about 200 thousand words in his dictionary, of which 80 thousand were registered for the first time. For this book, Dahl was awarded the title of honorary academician. Russian Academy Sciences. The "Dictionary of the Great Russian Language" is still being reprinted and is the most fundamental scientific work, which contains various dialects and dialects.

Literary fame came to Dahl in 1932, when he published his first "Russian Tales". He wrote ethnographic essays during his nomadic life in the western and eastern Russian outskirts, while traveling in Poland, Turkey, and the Slavic lands. Dal gave the collected tales to Afanasiev, songs to Peter Kireevsky, popular prints to

public library.

In 1838, V. I. Dal was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences for

Department of Natural Sciences for the collection of collections on the flora and fauna of the Orenburg region. He participates in the establishment of the Russian Geographical Society, and soon becomes a member.

Shortly before his death, Dahl converted from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy. Upon his death in 1872, he was buried in Moscow at the Vagankovsky cemetery.

He said about himself and his dictionary: "It was not written by a teacher, but by a student who collected bit by bit all his life what he heard from his teacher, the living Russian language."

In the Volga city of Nizhny Novgorod, where Dal worked on compiling the "Dictionary", an international scientific conference "Vladimir Dal and modern philology" was dedicated to his memory, which brought together leading scholars of Russian studies. The conference was attended by linguists from many cities in Russia, as well as Poland, Belgium and Germany. And in Dahl's homeland in the Ukrainian city of Lugansk, three-day celebrations were held, during which the Dalev Readings took place. They were attended not only by linguists, but also by historians, culturologists and even engineers. Dahl, in his youth, participated in the construction of a crossing over the Vistula in Poland. But the apotheosis of honoring the scientist was the opening of his bust in the main library of Russia - the Moscow State Library.

“We are studying with great gratitude and admiration what Dahl has done,” said Academician Yevgeny Chelyshev, speaking at the opening ceremony of the bust. “His Dictionary has become a reference book for every philologist, as well as his ethnographic works and fiction. On behalf of the Russian Academy Sciences, I want to say that Dahl's legacy is in good hands."

The contribution of the scientist to the science of language

One prominent Russian scholar was V.I. Dal, who created the four-volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (1883-1866), in which he reflected not only literary language but also many dialects.

The room of a Russian cultured person is a table, a chair and Dal. So they sometimes spoke about those in whom they wanted to emphasize true, genuine intelligence. And now, when there are sometimes hundreds of books in our home libraries, Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language occupies one of the most honorable places among them.

Dahl's dictionary is an exceptional and, perhaps, unique phenomenon. Dahl compiled his dictionary alone, without helpers. Fifty-three years of life were devoted to intense, truly heroic work. And he was not a philologist, a professional. But he was possessed by an undivided and noble love for the Russian folk life, to a living native word.

In 1819 the young midshipman, on his way to the place of service, heard an unfamiliar word - rejuvenates. They explained to him that this is what the people say when the sky is covered with clouds, the weather tends to be bad. Since then, there has hardly been a day that Dahl, "greedily grabbing on the fly," did not write down folk words and expressions. The last four new words he heard from the servants, he wrote down already bedridden, a week before his death.

Dal was a passionate collector of Russian words and a great connoisseur of folk peasant life. He was upset to the depths of his soul by the separation of the written language of the Russian intelligentsia from the folk basis. In the middle of the 19th century, during the heyday of Russian classical literature, he, like Pushkin, called his contemporaries to turn to the storehouse of folk wisdom, to

eternal and inexhaustible spring of living Russian speech. Vladimir Dal in

academic dictionaries, which were based on book and written speech, were not satisfied in many ways. He was pursued and inspired by the idea of ​​reforming the literary language, pouring a fresh stream of folk dialects into it, fertilizing it with figurative and picturesque peasant sayings and proverbs. "The time has come," V. Dal wrote in his "Password" to his dictionary, "to value the people's language."

At the same time, Dahl did not at all neglect the activities of academicians involved in compiling dictionaries. He was ready to hand over to the Academy of Sciences his then truly colossal reserves of the words he had collected, he was ready to take part in the vocabulary business, but ... However, here is what Dahl himself tells about the curiously shameful case: "One of the former ministers of education (Prince Shikhmatov), ​​according to rumors that had reached him, suggested that I hand over my supplies to the academy, at the rate accepted at that time: 15 kopecks for each word omitted in the academy's dictionary, and 7.5 kopecks for additions and corrections. in return for this deal, another: to surrender completely, and with reserves, and with all possible labors, at the full disposal of the academy, without demanding or even wanting anything other than the necessary maintenance, but they did not agree to this, but repeated the first proposal.I sent 1000 surplus words and 1000 additions, with the inscription: one thousand and one. They asked me if there were many of them still in stock? I answered that I didn’t know for sure, but in any case tens of thousands. The purchase of such a warehouse of goods of dubious goodness, apparently, was not included in calculation, and the deal ended at the first thousand.

But Dahl's Dictionary saw the light. In 1866, the fourth and last volume of this amazing, unique edition was published. And the point is not only that in terms of the number of words included in it (more than 200 thousand), this dictionary is unsurpassed to this day. And not even in the fact that it contains countless

the number of synonyms, epithets, figurative expressions, which even now makes

You can refer to this dictionary of writers and translators. The Dalev dictionary is truly an encyclopedia of Russian folk life in the middle of the 19th century. It contains valuable ethnographic information. Reading this dictionary, you will learn the language, way of life and customs of our ancestors. In this regard, the Dahl Dictionary has no rivals.

The great work of V. Dahl could not go unnoticed. The question of choosing him as an academician was repeatedly raised. But there were no empty seats in the Academy of Sciences. A very unusual proposal was made by Academician M.P. Pogodin. He stated the following:

“Dal’s dictionary is over. Now the Russian Academy is unthinkable without Dahl. But there are no vacancies for an ordinary academician. . V. I. Dal was awarded the Lomonosov Prize of the Academy of Sciences and the title of honorary academician.

Of course, not all Dahl's views were shared by his contemporaries. Raising the prestige of folk speech on a shield, he often went to extremes and belittled the importance of a standardized literary language. History has preserved such an episode of his verbal polemic with the poet V. A. Zhukovsky. Dahl offered him a choice of two forms of expression of the same thought. The general literary form looked like this: "The Cossack saddled his horse as quickly as possible, took his comrade, who did not have a riding horse, to his croup and followed the enemy, always keeping him in sight, in order to attack him under favorable circumstances." In the folk dialect (and we would now say “in the local dialect”), Dal expressed the same meaning as follows: “The Cossack saddled the dash, put the boundless comrade on his hips and watched the enemy in the nazerka in order to hit him if he happened to.” Myself

However, Zhukovsky reasonably noted that only

with the Cossacks, and, moreover, about subjects close to them.

Nor can Dahl's position on foreign words satisfy us. True, he was far from the conservative-monarchist purism of Admiral Shishkov, who anathematized any foreign word included in the Russian language. And yet he considered many foreign words "dry clothespins" on the living body of his native speech. Including foreign words in his dictionary, he carefully looked for, and sometimes he himself invented, suitable Russian replacements for them. So, instead of instinct, he suggested using the word wake-up, instead of the horizon, a whole series of Russian (usually dialectal) synonyms was recommended: outlook, sky, sky, veils, close, mischief, see. Rejecting the French word pince-nez, Dahl came up with a funny replacement for it - a snout, and instead of the word egoist, he suggested saying a self-starter or a self-starter. Of course, these artificial, pseudo-Russian words did not take root in our language.

And yet, it is not these extremes, generated, by the way, by a sincere feeling of patriotism, that determine the significance of Vladimir Dahl's work.

The work of V. I. Dal, who, as it were, took over the baton of devotion to the folk word from the hands of the dying Pushkin, has retained its significance to this day. In the Dahl Dictionary, the centuries-old experience of the life of the Russian nation turned out to be fixed. This brainchild of a sincere people-lover has become a connecting bridge between the past of the Russian language and its present.

Conclusion

After reviewing the literature on this topic, we came to the following conclusions. After studying the literature, the following conclusions were made.

The goal set by us at the beginning of the work was achieved.

Bibliography

1. "New in linguistics", vol. I-VII, M., 1960-76. "New in foreign linguistics", vol. VIII-XIII, M., 1978-83

2. V.I. Dal "Russian language", Moscow, "Enlightenment" 1995.

3. V.I. Dal "Explanatory Dictionary", Moscow, "Drofa" 1996.

4. V. Slavkin "Russian language", Moscow, "Word" 1995.

5. V.V. Babaitseva "Russian language", Moscow, "Enlightenment" 1998.