It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. origins speech etiquette lie in the earliest period of the history of the language. In archaic society, speech etiquette (like etiquette in general) has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual ideas, the relationship between man and cosmic forces. Therefore, human speech activity, from the point of view of members of the archaic society, can have a direct impact on people, animals and the world; the regulation of this activity is connected, first of all, with the desire to cause certain events (or, on the contrary, to avoid them). Relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas are ritual wishes that were once perceived as effective: Hello (also Be healthy); Thank you (from God Save). Similarly, many prohibitions on the use of words and constructions that modern language considered as abusive, go back to archaic prohibitions - taboos.
Later layers associated with various stages in the evolution of society and its structure, with religious beliefs, etc. are superimposed on the oldest ideas about the effectiveness of the word. Of particular note is the rather complex system of speech etiquette in hierarchical societies, where the rules of speech communication fit into the semiotics of the social hierarchy. An example is the court of an absolute monarch (the medieval East, Europe at the turn of the New Age). In such societies, etiquette norms became the subject of training and codification and played a dual role: they allowed the speaker to express respect for the interlocutor and at the same time emphasize the sophistication of his own upbringing. The role in the formation of a new, Europeanized elite, which was played in the Petrine era and subsequent decades of etiquette manuals, is well known.
In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished; Thus, practically all peoples have stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful appeal to elders, etc. However, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. As a rule, the most detailed system of requirements exists in traditional cultures. At the same time, with a certain degree of conventionality, we can say that the comprehension of speech etiquette by its carriers goes through several stages, as it were. For closed traditional culture the absolutization of etiquette requirements for behavior in general and for speech behavior in particular is characteristic. The bearer of another speech etiquette is perceived here as a poorly educated or immoral person, or as an insulter. In societies that are more open to external contacts, the idea of the difference in speech etiquette among different peoples is usually more developed, and the skills of imitating someone else's speech behavior can even be a source of pride for a member of society.
In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication. Relics of hierarchical representations are also subject to these tasks; compare, for example, the history of addressing Mr. and the corresponding addresses in other languages: an element of speech etiquette, which once arose as a sign of the social status of the addressee, subsequently becomes a nationwide form of polite address.
On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. Impossible to talk about high level knowledge of a foreign language, if this knowledge does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. It is especially important to be aware of the differences in national speech etiquette. For example, each language has its own system of addresses that has been formed over the centuries. With a literal translation, the meaning of these appeals is sometimes distorted; thus, the English Dear is used in formal address, while the corresponding Russian Dear is used, as a rule, in less formal situations. Or another example - in many cultures of the West to the question How are you? should answer: Good. The answer Bad or Not very considered indecent: the interlocutor should not impose his problems. In Russia, it is customary to answer the same question in a neutral, rather with a negative connotation: Nothing; Little by little. Differences in speech etiquette and, in general, in the systems of rules of speech behavior belong to the competence of a special discipline - linguistic and cultural studies.
Every language has its own history, its ups and downs. At especially critical moments of state reforms, there is always a danger of losing attention to this national treasure, being distracted by the seemingly more important needs and problems of society. In our time of great social and spiritual changes, this danger has increased many times over.
The Russian language over the past two decades has endured many not the best influences and intrusions. The alarm was sounded by dozens of scientific and cultural figures. Back in the early 90s, realizing that there was an ugly pollution of the Russian language, the writers of the St. Petersburg organization of the Writers' Union of Russia raised the issue of adopting the Law on the Protection of the Russian Language at the state level. And only at the beginning of the 98th year this Law was adopted, which refers to the mandatory introduction of the course of the Russian language, the culture of speech in all universities of the country and the adoption of special measures to increase the level of literacy of the population.
Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.
Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.
Courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.
Tolerance consists in being calm about possible differences of opinion, avoiding harsh criticism of the interlocutor's views. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.
Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.
Appeal is the most massive and most striking etiquette sign.
There are few personal pronouns in Russian, but their weight in speech etiquette is quite large. The choice between you and you is especially important. You instead of You in addressing one among Russians appeared relatively recently (in the 18th century). This kind of you was entrenched primarily among the educated nobles. Prior to that, You in itself had no etiquette content. But in comparison with you, it acquired the meaning of closeness, and in the communication of people who are not close, it began to express social inequality, communication from top to bottom. You spoke to the commoners, the servants. Capturing gradually more and more layers of the townspeople, the use of You and You, respectively, received various shades in accordance with the attitude typical of each social group.
The presence in the Russian language of the forms of address to "you" and "you" gives us an effective means of being polite. Personal pronouns are directly related to speech etiquette. They are associated with self-naming and naming of the interlocutor, with the feeling that "decent" and "indecent" in such naming. For example, when a person corrects an interlocutor: “Tell me “you”, “Don’t poke, please”, he expresses dissatisfaction with the “disrespectful” pronoun directed at him. So, “you” is not always empty, and “you” is not always cordial? Usually "you" is used when referring to a loved one, in an informal setting, and when the address is rudely familiar; "you" - in a polite manner, in a formal setting, in an appeal to a stranger, unfamiliar. Although there are many nuances here.
It is not customary for Russians to call the third person present during the conversation with the pronoun he (she). Russian speech etiquette provides for naming a third person present during a conversation by name (and patronymic), if you already have to speak with him and for him. Apparently, Russians clearly feel that I and You, We and You are, as it were, inclusive pronouns, that is, those that distinguish interlocutors from all the others, and He, She, They are exclusive pronouns, indicating not the one with whom given time communicate, but on something third. Meanwhile, the etiquette of many countries does not prohibit such a speech action - the "exclusion" of the present.
Among the many introductory words of the Russian language, there are those that, like etiquette means of confirmation or negation, can be considered a special technique of etiquette modulation of speech. For example, introductory words you see, you know, you understand, believe me, imagine.
It is clear that the introductory words whose behavior we observe, although they serve mainly to express the connection with the interlocutor, i.e. have the most common etiquette meanings, nevertheless retained traces of the meaning of the corresponding verbs. Therefore, with the same etiquette content, you see, you know, you understand, imagine that introductory words like them are completely semantic, but they are still not equal. Each of them has its own additional meaning.
If we compare the etiquette possibilities of Russian speech with the etiquette possibilities of other languages, it turns out that etiquette means are obligatory and optional, or optional. This is reminiscent of how different languages convey the meaning of certainty/uncertainty. Speaking in Russian, reporting that a boy is coming, he can emphasize that this is a very definite boy, the same one that has already been discussed, can show that this is some kind of boy about whom nothing is known, but may not express in this definition/uncertainty value sentence: A boy is coming. Of course, the whole situation of speech, as well as the preceding and following phrases, usually make it clear whether we are talking about a definite or indefinite boy, but in Russian the means of expressing these meanings are not obligatory: Russian grammar does not require that a special indicator of definiteness be attached to a noun. or uncertainty of the subject. But the English, French, German grammar, as you know, requires this when translating a sentence. There is a boy in French, German, English, we are obliged to choose a definite or indefinite article, use the obligatory means of conveying the meaning of certainty / uncertainty.
In the same way, in some languages there are only non-mandatory etiquette means, while in other languages there are also mandatory ones. Such is, say, the Japanese language. Almost all Japanese verbs can have an emphatically polite form in relation to the addressee of the speech and a familiar form.
Whatever we talk about in Japanese (even if not about the addressee of the speech!), We have to choose either a polite or familiar form of the verb, i.e., whether we want it or not, show our attitude towards the addressee. But in the Russian language there are no grammatical prescriptions when and in what way the etiquette content must certainly be expressed. This means that the etiquette means of the Russian language are optional.
However, as we have already seen, the etiquette possibilities not only do not decrease, but become more subtle and flexible!
There are incredibly many ways to convey etiquette meanings in speech. Every time we choose what to say and how to say it, we necessarily take into account (although we do not always notice it ourselves) also with whom and in what environment we are talking. Therefore, speeches that have nothing to do with etiquette, perhaps, do not exist at all. If several styles have developed in the language (book speech, colloquial, scientific style, business, etc.) and there is a difference in the speech of individual social groups (speech of educated people and not educated, literary and dialect, speech of young and elderly, etc. .), then the very choice of the type of speech turns out to be an etiquette sign, expresses the attitude towards the listener or to the one we mention.
Surprisingly diverse etiquette signs in the speech of different peoples. For example, the types of interjections that accompany the appeal. In some languages, they differ depending on who is speaking to whom. Thus, they indicate the composition of those communicating, and, therefore, carry important etiquette information.
In many languages, in order to convey etiquette content, intentional deviations of the grammatical number, grammatical gender, the replacement of one form of the face with another, special "polite" and "super polite" words, and a peculiar structure of the sentence are used. It is difficult to list etiquette products alone oral speech, but also etiquette techniques that are used in writing! Remember at least the capitalization of polite forms you, you, you, yours, yours, etc.
In speech etiquette, there are situations when body language is very important. Each nation has its own specific gesture:
Russians, British, Americans shake hands as a greeting gesture.
The Chinese in the old days, meeting a friend, shook hands with himself.
The Laplanders rub their noses.
A young American greets a friend by patting him on the back.
Latinos embrace.
The French kiss each other on the cheek.
Without knowing the national characteristics of gestures, you can get into an awkward position. For example, in Bulgaria, the signs "yes" and "no" are the opposite of the common European form, and representatives of the indigenous population may misinterpret the answer to the question asked.
What should a Japanese think if a European, entering into a business conversation, does not shake hands with him? He may assume that the interlocutor respects his national customs - in Japan it is not customary to shake hands. But, on the other hand, he may consider it disrespectful to him personally - the Japanese know that in the society to which the partner belongs, the handshake gesture is accepted.
Even similar gestures can be used differently in different national cultures. For example, in Hungary, a man always raises his hat when greeting, but in our country this is not at all necessary and is more common for older people.
The handshake gesture when greeting in Bulgaria is used much more often than it is customary in our country. There, when greeting a group of interlocutors, it is advisable to shake hands with everyone. It's optional for us.
Thus, a gesture can say a lot. In particular, to characterize the person making the gesture in terms of national characteristics. For example, in Czechoslovakia, when listing something, the fingers are not bent into a fist, starting with the little finger, as is customary with us, but, on the contrary, from the clenched fist they are “opened”, starting with the thumb, finger after finger. In a Russian environment, such a gesture immediately betrays a foreigner.
In some situations, speech etiquette shows more gestures, in others less. In some situations, complete substitution of replicas is acceptable, in others it is not, and of course, each gesture is distinguished by its "style", and each time a person chooses the most appropriate in a given situation.
There are many examples of the national specificity of speech and non-speech behavior of different peoples. In China, even when talking about themselves, the Chinese manage to talk to you about you more than about themselves, as if retreating into the shadows, shading themselves very delicately. But at the same time, the Chinese are very attentively watching how delicate you are, still being able to insist on your interest in him.
In Japan, in conversations, people in every possible way avoid the words “no”, “I can’t”, “I don’t know”, as if these are some kind of curses, something that cannot be said directly, but only allegorically, in oblique terms. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead of "no, thank you" uses an expression that literally means "I already feel great."
If a Tokyo acquaintance says: "Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife," then one should not think that he is a champion of women's equality. This is just one way to not say the word "no".
In the speech etiquette of different nations there are many completely dissimilar, peculiar expressions, but even similar ones (like please and please) are still not completely identical. From an American point of view, our please has forty thousand different shades of meaning and is as similar to the English please as, for example, the phrase "I love you, dear" to the phrase "Let's get married."
In essence, each language is a unique national system of signs. In speech etiquette, the specifics of the habits and customs of the people are superimposed on the national specifics of the language. Therefore, in the forms of speech etiquette, a peculiar phraseology is formed.
Features of Russian etiquette can be traced in the preparation of proposals and their writing.
- synonyms - these are words with the same or very close meaning (firm - organization, agreement - contract, request - application, grateful - grateful, ...);
- pleonasms - they call a partial coincidence of the meanings of words that form a phrase;
- · tautology - semantic repetitions that occur in cases where cognate words are adjacent in a sentence;
- Homonyms are words that sound the same but differ in meaning.
The concept of the stylistic coloring of a word is usually associated with the attachment of the word to a particular area of use and with the emotional and expressive qualities of the word, i.e. with his ability not only to name the phenomenon, but also to express the attitude to the subject of thought.
The area of use differs:
- 1. Vocabulary interstyle, i.e. those words that are used by everyone and in any conditions (quality, receive, offer ...).
- 2. Book and written vocabulary, i.e. words that are predominantly used in book-writing styles and are associated with those areas of language use for which the written form of expression is the main one. In its composition, one can single out “bookish” words (payment, contract, contract ...), terms (catalog - a magazine indicating the goods produced by the enterprise), clericalism, poeticism.
- 3. Vocabulary of oral speech, i.e. words inherent in everyday speech, everyday business language, etc. The vocabulary of oral speech includes colloquial, vernacular, professionalism, jargon, dialectisms.
Abbreviations of words (abbreviation) - a new productive way of word production, which is actively used in business correspondence.
The phraseology of a language is a set of stable, integral in composition and meaning combinations of words and expressions. In business correspondence, the role of phraseological units is performed by standard syntactic constructions, which are divided into:
Request letter: “We will be grateful if you send to our address ...” etiquette requirement speech activity
Inquiry response: "Thank you for your inquiry from..."
Letter of request: "We appeal to you with a request ..."
Reminder letter: "We inform you that..."
Cover letter: “According to your request, we are sending you…”
Notification letter: “In response to your letter of ... we inform you ...”
Letter of invitation: "Let me invite you to ..."
Letter of gratitude: "We received your invitation to ... .., for which we are grateful to you."
Russian has a relatively free word order in a sentence. This means that the members of the sentence do not have a permanent place (as in some other languages) and their mutual arrangement may vary depending on the type of sentence or at the will of the speaker. The rearrangement of words in order to emphasize the semantic significance of a word is called inversion.
Inversion is an important stylistic device. Its importance increases with writing, since the writer is deprived of the opportunity to highlight the desired word with intonation. A thoughtful change in word order allows the writer to draw the reader's attention to a particular word and thereby set off important points the content of the utterance.
A sentence may contain phrases that are not its members, but perform a certain semantic function. This includes introductory words (to our great regret, also in connection with this).
AT business correspondence complex sentences are more common than simple ones. Difficult sentence allows you to link a large number of words into a single whole and thereby express a more complex thought - emphasize important semantic shades, give arguments, give a detailed justification of the main provisions, etc. In addition, the use of conjunctions and allied words makes it possible to accurately determine those semantic relationships that exist between the individual parts of a detailed statement.
AT business letters in addition to introductory words, participial and participle phrases are often used, which also add semantic shades.
In general, the use of such constructions in business speech is not a mistake. But in some cases the proposal should be simplified.
Etiquette communication plays a big role in the life of each of us, but, of course, human communication is not at all reduced to rituals alone.
Etiquette situations are only a part of communication.
All human activity, including communication, reflects the social conditions in which it takes place. And our speech, of course, is built differently depending on who communicates, for what purpose, in what way, what kind of relationship between those who communicate. We are so accustomed to changing the type of speech depending on the conditions of communication that we do this most often unconsciously, automatically. The perception of information about human relations transmitted by the features of speech also occurs automatically. But it is worth making a mistake in choosing the type of speech, as the automaticity of perception is violated and we immediately notice what previously eluded our attention. Speech fluctuates in time with human relations - this is the etiquette modulation of speech. Special etiquette communication takes place, as we already know, only from time to time, but modifications (modulation) of verbal and non-verbal behavior under the influence of human relations always occur. This means that this is one of the most important means of expressing etiquette content - a means that is always at our disposal.
Wherever you and I are - on the street, at home, in the office, on a trip, we greet and say goodbye daily and many times, thank and apologize, congratulate and condole, ask and offer, invite and refuse, and, of course, “say friend compliments to a friend! The ability to communicate respectfully and tactfully, that is, to use speech etiquette, allows us to feel comfortable when communicating with friends and acquaintances. strangers, with friends, with lovers, with the boss, etc. Otherwise, we run the risk of being considered ignorant and rude, unable to properly get in touch, support him, and also competently get out of it.
Looking into history, the word "etiquette" - French, was first used at the court of Louis XIV, when puzzled guests were issued cards (labels) with instructions on how they should behave at the court of the highly esteemed king. Now the generally accepted rules of communication are firmly entrenched in the culture of every nation, and every more or less educated person must follow them without fail.
What is the role of speech etiquette?
Firstly, speech etiquette helps to avoid conflict situations. Saying to the interlocutor “Sorry”, “I beg your pardon”, we remove the tension that has arisen in communication, if it suddenly occurs.
Secondly, speech etiquette is able to show the level of closeness of interlocutors. For example, when we greet people we hold in high regard, we say
“Hello!”, “My respect!”, “I am glad to welcome you!”. Meanwhile, we address the words “Hello! Who do I see!
Thirdly, he is able to establish social boundaries between people, dividing into official speech etiquette and unofficial, the phrases “Let me greet you!”, “Good afternoon!”, “Hello!”, with the unofficial “Hello!” or "Hey!".
In the case of communicating with strangers, speech etiquette generally becomes an indispensable assistant. How do you imagine addressing a stranger with any request without using the words “Sorry”, “Could you”? And further farewell to him without “Thank you”, “Thank you”? That is, speech etiquette also determines the norm of purely human relations between interlocutors to each other, when you thank someone for the assistance provided, gratitude should be sincere, come from the heart. It is also customary to act in a situation where one of the participants in the communication had a misfortune, the expression of grief and sympathy should be genuine.
At the same time, communication partners may not have a sincere interest in each other. Greeting someone, we only show that we noticed a person, recognized him and distinguished him from all other people. It is interesting to define the speech etiquette of N. I. Formanovskaya as only mutual “social stroking” of interlocutors.
With the help of speech etiquette, you also demonstrate the level of your upbringing and the degree of politeness that you managed to achieve in the process of this upbringing. Politeness is a manifestation of respect of communication partners for each other. It is also associated with correctness, courtesy, deference, tact. Nevertheless, it should be remembered that emphasized politeness can establish an insurmountable distance between the interlocutors or even greatly hurt and offend a person close to you.
In speech etiquette, intonation, facial expressions, gestures, and response are also important. Intonations and gestures used in relation to individuals are not permissible in relation to others. For example, it is difficult to imagine the teacher of your son or daughter, familiarly patting you on the shoulder when they meet, or the bewilderment of the same teacher if you wrap him up in your arms after parting.
And yet, the main function of speech etiquette is the correct entry into contact, its competent maintenance and the ability to get out of it correctly. Having mastered the rules of speech etiquette, you will adapt in any social group, which is a necessary condition for a successful career.
Speech etiquette has its own national characteristics, and even if we perfectly master the language without mastering the rules of speech etiquette adopted in a given language community, our communication with representatives of a particular culture is doomed to failure. In Western countries, for example, to a greeting and the question “How are you?” it is customary to answer “Good!”, while in Russia the answer is rather neutral and less emotionally colored, we say “Normal”, “Nothing”, “Little by little”. The Japanese never finish sentences in a conversation first, so as not to seem tactless, preferring the interlocutor to do it.
Speech etiquette undergoes changes over time. Some expressions and phrases of speech etiquette, adopted in the time of Pushkin, have irretrievably sunk into oblivion. For example, the expressions “I humbly thank you”, “I bow down”, “Thank you”, “Your obedient servant”. Agree, in our time they sound strange and ridiculous, and Alexander Sergeevich was very fond of signing his letters with the last phrase from this list.
Interestingly, different social groups speech behavior is somewhat different: more educated people prefer to use the pronoun "you" rather than "you" in relation to the interlocutor. And women communicate more politely than men, as they are not inclined to use swear words in a conversation.
Well, in the end, we will give some formulas of speech etiquette generally accepted in our society.
If you need to get acquainted with a complete stranger, it is customary to say “Let me meet you,” “Let me meet you,” “Let us meet you.”
Greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting are “Good to see you!”, “Welcome!”, “Glad to greet!”.
Words of condolences “I sincerely sympathize with you”, “I offer my deepest condolences”, “I share your grief”.
Congratulations with the words “Let me congratulate”, “Accept sincere congratulations”, “I cordially congratulate”.
And finally, parting with the hope of meeting is expressed in words
“I hope to see you soon!”, “See you again!”.
- I'm sorry!
Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, the other will find it completely difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his speech. Everyday life.
- Content:
Meanwhile, the etiquette of speech communication plays an important role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and, building strong family and friendships.
The concept of speech etiquette
Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Norms of speech etiquette very diverse, each country has its own characteristics of the culture of communication.
- speech etiquette - a system of rules
It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication, and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication, its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you correctly convey your thoughts to the interlocutor, quickly reach mutual understanding with him.
Mastery speech etiquette requires knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. For a more successful mastering of the skills of a culture of communication, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.
Speech etiquette formulas
The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned in early age when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for tricks. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess the situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, correctly express one's thoughts, distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.
Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for the three stages of conversation:
- start a conversation (greeting/introduction)
- main part
- final part of the conversation
Starting a conversation and ending it
Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting, it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters. junior first greets the elder, a man - a woman, a young girl - an adult man, a junior in position - a senior. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:
AT end of conversation use formulas for ending communication, parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we'll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, do not remember dashingly).
The main part of the conversation
After the greeting, the conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases uttered after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. It is not uncommon for situations where the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the end of the conversation following it.
- speech etiquette formulas - set expressions
Solemn atmosphere, approach important event suggest the use of speech turns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. At the same time, the situation can be both official and informal, and it depends on the situation which formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.
The mournful atmosphere in connection with the events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not on duty or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, accompanied by advice.
In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can be a reason for or censure. When following orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to ask a colleague. It also becomes necessary to approve someone else's proposal, give permission for execution or a reasoned refusal.
The request should be extremely polite in form (but without fawning) and understandable to the addressee, the request should be delicate. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form, use the affirmative one. Advice must be given non-categorically; addressing advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.
For the fulfillment of a request, the provision of a service, useful advice it is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely said, he lifts the mood of the interlocutor, disposes to a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional coloring.
Situations of speech etiquette
The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:
- personalities of interlocutors
- place
- time
- motive
The personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Accounting for the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - to You and to You. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and great formality in conversation.
Place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for this place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.
In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events, the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to a detailed conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show a sign of respect, express a benevolent attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.
Any national speech etiquette imposes certain requirements on the representatives of their culture, and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given special meaning, and there was a strong belief in the effect of the word on surrounding reality. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring certain events to life.
But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with a difference only in the forms of implementation of the speech norms of etiquette. In each cultural and linguistic group there are formulas of greeting and farewell, respectful appeal to elders by age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, not familiar with the characteristics national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, ill-mannered person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different peoples; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.
Speech etiquette of our time
In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of a culture of speech communication is changing radically. The speed of changes taking place in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on ideas about the inviolability of the social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.
Studying the norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a particular act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire confidence in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the characteristics of a foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.
Russian speech etiquette in circulation
Main feature Russian speech etiquette can be called its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette took place at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The former monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into estates from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged estates - master, sir, gentleman. At the same time, there was no single appeal to representatives of the lower classes.
As a result of the revolution, the former estates were abolished. All appeals of the old system were replaced by two - a citizen and a comrade. The appeal of a citizen has acquired a negative connotation, it has become the norm in the application of prisoners, convicted persons, detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.
In the days of communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, aunt, boy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, but in modern society are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.
In post-communist society, the old types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address, comrade, it is legally fixed as an official address in law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, communist organizations, in the collectives of factories and factories.
In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGIU Library were used.
Good manners– one of the most important indicators of an educated, cultured person. FROM early childhood We are taught certain behaviors. A cultured person must constantly follow the norms of behavior fixed in society. – observe etiquette.Knowledge and adherence to etiquette allows you to feel confident and free in any society.
The word "etiquette" came to the Russian language from French in the 18th century, when the court life of an absolute monarchy was taking shape and broad political and cultural ties between Russia and other states were being established.
Etiquette (French) etiquette) – a set of rules of conduct, treatment adopted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). Usually etiquette reflects the form of behavior, manners, rules of courtesy adopted in a given society, inherent in a particular tradition. Etiquette can act as an indicator of the values of different historical eras.
At an early age, when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for pranks, learning takes place. basic formulas of speech etiquette.
– it is a system of rules of speech behavior, norms for the use of language means in certain conditions. The etiquette of speech communication plays an important role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and professional growth, building strong family and friendships. To master the etiquette of speech communication, knowledge from various humanitarian areas is required: linguistics, history, cultural studies, psychology. For a more successful development of cultural communication skills, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.
In everyday life, we constantly communicate with people. Any communication process consists of certain stages:
- the beginning of the conversation (greeting/acquaintance);
- main part, conversation;
- final part of the conversation.
Each stage of communication is accompanied by certain cliches, traditional words and set expressions – formulasami speech etiquette. Given formulas exist in the language in finished form and are provided for all occasions.
To the formulas of speech etiquette words of politeness (sorry, thank you, please), greetings and goodbyes (hello, hello, goodbye), circulation (you, you, ladies and gentlemen). Greetings came to us from the west: good evening, good afternoon, good morning, and from European languages \u200b\u200b- farewells: all the best, all the best.
The sphere of speech etiquette includes ways of expressing joy, sympathy, grief, guilt, accepted in a given culture. For example, in some countries it is considered indecent to complain about difficulties and problems, while in others it is unacceptable to talk about your achievements and successes. The range of topics for conversation is different in different cultures.
In the narrow sense of the word speech etiquette can be defined as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements and formulas of this system can be implemented at different language levels:
At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words, set expressions, forms of address (thanks, sorry, hello, comrades, etc.)
At the grammatical level: for polite address, the use of the plural and interrogative sentences instead of imperative (You won't tell me how to get through...)
On a stylistic level: maintaining the qualities of good speech (correctness, accuracy, richness, relevance, etc.)
At the intonation level: the use of a calm intonation even when expressing demands, discontent, irritation.
At the level of orthoepy: use of full word forms: h hello instead of hello, please instead of please, etc.
At the organizational and communicative level: listen carefully and do not interrupt, do not interfere in someone else's conversation.
Speech etiquette formulas are characteristic of both literary and colloquial, and rather reduced (slang) style. The choice of one or another formula of speech etiquette depends mainly on the situation of communication. Indeed, the conversation and manner of communication can vary significantly depending on: the personality of the interlocutors, the place of communication, the topic of conversation, time, motive and goals.
The place of communication may require the participants in the conversation to comply with certain rules of speech etiquette established specifically for the chosen place. Communication at a business meeting, social dinner, in the theater will be different from behavior at a youth party, in the restroom, etc.
Depends on the participants in the conversation. The personality of the interlocutors primarily affects the form of address: you or you. The form you indicates the informal nature of communication, You – for respect and great formality in conversation.
Depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques.
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