Russian speech etiquette types of etiquette. Rules of speech (verbal, verbal) etiquette: rules of communication, formulas, history of occurrence

In order to always be on top and not lose face, it is worth knowing the basic rules of speech etiquette “perfectly”. In the Russian language, as in any other culture of the world, there are certain subtleties and features of speech etiquette. Yes, there are not so few of them. However, knowing the rules of behavior in various speech situations will help you brilliantly make speeches, negotiate, and conduct personal conversations. You will learn how to negotiate and avoid various incidental situations that may cast doubt on your reputation.

What is speech etiquette?

It is worth starting with what the term itself means speech etiquette". Do I need to draw up rules of speech etiquette for myself, or is there some specific written set of norms?

In short, speech etiquette refers to the ability to communicate politely and tactfully.

If in Everyday life If you constantly use these rules, you will easily be able to build good relationships with colleagues, neighbors, relatives, partners, friends, etc.

In short, the speech culture of behavior is not only a set of certain norms. It is also everyday communication. In some way, this is also a litmus test, which allows you to determine at the first communication how literate a person is, how polite, tactful. The level of speech etiquette helps to assess the social status and level of human development.

Despite the fact that every country, every culture has its own rules that help us understand what kind of person it is, it is very difficult to identify all the rules of speech etiquette - there are so many of them.

Basic rules of speech etiquette

The main, basic rules of speech etiquette in Russian are varied. But it will not be difficult for you to understand them if you grew up in this country and the basic formulations or “starting formulas” were instilled in you from childhood. What it is? In fact, everything is not so difficult.

Under the starting formulas, linguists and psychologists usually mean a habit:

• greet the interlocutor correctly and in accordance with the situation;

• be sure to say goodbye;

• to thank for the offered help;

• apologize.

Many people learned these rules at an early age. But over the years, a person develops his own rules of speech etiquette, which he strives to strictly follow. What is it expressed in? It’s not at all that adults can be rude to an interlocutor or utter a bad word. Not at all! With experience, a person learns to politely maintain a conversation, even if he is not familiar with the topic.

It is important here not to abruptly interrupt the conversation and not to refuse it. This is uncivilized! Also, over the years, we learn to correctly and correctly express our point of view. Even if it does not correspond to generally accepted standards, it is important to communicate it politely.

The main stages of each speech situation

Following the basic rules of speech etiquette, each person must understand that any conversation is divided into 3 stages:

1. Introduction (or greeting).
2. Main part.
3. Conclusion.

Each of the stages has certain features. It would seem that everyone knows what rules of speech etiquette "work" in the first part of the conversation. Still, it wouldn't hurt to repeat them. It is very important to choose the right phrases for greetings. They depend on your interlocutor. His age, social status, gender should be taken into account. But there are no clear boundaries and restrictions here. That is, you can say “Good morning!”, “Hello!”, “Hello!”. The first and last options are universal. They apply in every situation. After all, their meaning indicates a polite attitude. "Hi!" and that similar phrases allowed only in dialogue with friends and some relatives.

Also, there are no uniform formulas for communication in the main part of the conversation. A lot depends on the situation, the goals of the conversation and many other factors. To determine the line of conduct and the rules of speech etiquette, you need to know the facts, that is, the interlocutor himself and the essence of the conversation.

Another important aspect is a well-formed conclusion. Here, too, there are certain subtleties. According to general norms, it is customary to say the words of farewell and discuss the possibility of the next meeting. There are also generic phrases here. If you do not know how to end a conversation in a given situation, then use the generally accepted wording. These may be variants of "All the best!" or "Goodbye!".

Principles of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is based on certain principles. There is nothing difficult in their comprehension, since all these are generally accepted moral principles and values.

Accordingly, when conducting any conversation, you should rely on a respectful attitude towards the interlocutor, do not interrupt him, do not raise your voice, do not shout, do not insult, do not speak in parallel.

It would seem that everything is elementary simple. But it is still worth highlighting the basic principles of the rules of speech behavior in Russian:

• brevity;

• politeness;

• accuracy;

• literacy;

• relevance.

Here are the main ingredients successful communication in the business environment and in everyday interpersonal interaction.

Goodwill and readiness for mutual cooperation - these are the basics of etiquette. If you follow these laws, then pleasant communication is guaranteed to you. In addition, this approach provides an opportunity to clearly agree on productive cooperation.

It is important to be able to select phrases that are appropriate in a given situation. In this case, it is required to take into account the social status and age of the interlocutor. Don't forget how familiar you are with him.

Good manners– one of the most important indicators of an educated, cultured person. FROM early childhood We are taught certain behaviors. A cultured person must constantly follow the norms of behavior fixed in society. – observe etiquette.Knowledge and adherence to etiquette allows you to feel confident and free in any society.

The word "etiquette" came to the Russian language from French in the 18th century, when the court life of an absolute monarchy was taking shape and broad political and cultural ties between Russia and other states were being established.

Etiquette (French) etiquette) – a set of rules of conduct, treatment adopted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). Usually etiquette reflects the form of behavior, manners, rules of courtesy adopted in a given society, inherent in a particular tradition. Etiquette can act as an indicator of the values ​​of different historical eras.

At an early age, when parents teach a child to say hello, say thank you, ask for forgiveness for pranks, learning takes place. basic formulas of speech etiquette.

– it is a system of rules of speech behavior, norms for the use of language means in certain conditions. The etiquette of speech communication plays an important role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and professional growth, building strong family and friendships. To master the etiquette of speech communication, knowledge from various humanitarian areas is required: linguistics, history, cultural studies, psychology. For a more successful development of cultural communication skills, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.

In everyday life, we constantly communicate with people. Any communication process consists of certain stages:

• the beginning of the conversation (greeting/acquaintance);
• main part, conversation;
• final part of the conversation.

Each stage of communication is accompanied by certain cliches, traditional words and set expressions. – formulasami speech etiquette. Given formulas exist in the language in finished form and are provided for all occasions.

To the formulas of speech etiquette words of politeness (sorry, thank you, please), greetings and goodbyes (hello, hello, goodbye), circulation (you, you, ladies and gentlemen). Greetings came to us from the west: good evening, good afternoon, good morning, and from European languages ​​\u200b\u200b- farewells: all the best, all the best.

The sphere of speech etiquette includes ways of expressing joy, sympathy, grief, guilt, accepted in a given culture. For example, in some countries it is considered indecent to complain about difficulties and problems, while in others it is unacceptable to talk about your achievements and successes. The range of topics for conversation is different in different cultures.

In the narrow sense of the word speech etiquette can be defined as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements and formulas of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words, set expressions, forms of address (thanks, sorry, hello, comrades, etc.)

At the grammatical level: courtesy use plural and interrogative sentences instead of imperative (You won't tell me how to get through...)

On a stylistic level: maintaining the qualities of good speech (correctness, accuracy, richness, relevance, etc.)

At the intonation level: the use of a calm intonation even when expressing demands, discontent, irritation.

At the level of orthoepy: use of full word forms: h hello instead of hello, please instead of please, etc.

At the organizational and communicative level: listen carefully and do not interrupt, do not interfere in someone else's conversation.

Speech etiquette formulas are characteristic of both literary and colloquial, and rather reduced (slang) style. The choice of one or another formula of speech etiquette depends mainly on the situation of communication. Indeed, the conversation and manner of communication can vary significantly depending on: the personality of the interlocutors, the place of communication, the topic of conversation, time, motive and goals.

The place of communication may require the participants in the conversation to comply with certain rules of speech etiquette established specifically for the chosen place. Communication at a business meeting, social dinner, in the theater will be different from behavior at a youth party, in the bathroom, etc.

Depends on the participants in the conversation. The personality of the interlocutors primarily affects the form of address: you or you. The form you indicates the informal nature of communication, You – for respect and great formality in conversation.

Depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques.

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Abstract on the culture of speech

Topic: Speech etiquette

Introduction

2. Formulas of speech etiquette

3. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

"Etiquette" is a set of rules of conduct relating to the attitude towards people (treatment with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in in public places, manners and dress). Indeed, etiquette is expressed in various aspects of our behavior. For example, a variety of human movements, postures and positions that he takes can have an etiquette value. Compare a polite position facing the speaker and a completely impolite position with your back to him. For etiquette purposes, we use objects (a raised hat, presented flowers, etc.), clothing features (the choice of festive, mourning or everyday clothes shows well how we understand the situation, how we treat other participants in communication). Our speech plays the most important role in the etiquette expression of relations with people.

The purpose of this work is to study the problem of speech etiquette. In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set: to determine the concept and purpose of speech etiquette, to analyze the formulas of speech etiquette, to consider the appeal in Russian speech etiquette.

1. The concept and purpose of speech etiquette

Etiquette French word in origin (etiquette). Initially, it meant a product tag, a label (cf. label), and then so began to call the court ceremonial. It is in this sense, especially after the adoption of the French ceremonial at the Vienna court, that the word etiquette spread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages. Along with this word, to denote a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity, the word regulation and the phrase diplomatic protocol. Many of the subtleties of communication presented by the protocol are taken into account in other areas of business relations. Increasingly widespread in business circles, especially in recent times, receives Business Etiquette, reflecting the experience, moral ideas and tastes of certain social groups. Business etiquette provides for the observance of norms of behavior and communication. Since communication is a human activity, a process in which he participates, when communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account. Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication.

By the way a person knows etiquette, observes it, they judge him, his upbringing, general culture, business qualities.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience embarrassment due to mistakes and wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.

Compliance with speech etiquette by people of the so-called linguo-intensive professions - officials of all ranks, doctors, lawyers, salesmen, communications workers, transport, law enforcement officers - has, in addition, educational value, involuntarily contributes to an increase in both speech and general culture of society.

But the most important thing is that strict adherence to the rules of speech etiquette by the members of the team of an educational institution, enterprise, production, office leaves a favorable impression on clients, co-founders, partners, and maintains a positive reputation for the entire organization.

What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use?

Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relations, conducting a business conversation: the social status of the subject and addressee of communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a college anniversary, graduation party, dedication to the profession, presentation, scientific conference, meeting, hiring and firing, business negotiations, etc.

Speech etiquette has national specifics . Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, V. Ovchinnikov in the book "Sakura Branch" describes the originality of Japanese etiquette in this way:

In conversations, people avoid words in every possible way. "no", "I can't", "I don't know", as if these were some kind of curses, something that cannot be expressed directly, but only allegorically, in oblique terms. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead "no thanks" uses an expression that literally means "I feel so good already"... If a Tokyo acquaintance says: “Before answering your proposal, I must consult with my wife,” then you don’t need to think that you are a champion of women’s equality. It's just one way not to say a word "ket".

For example, you call a Japanese man and say that you would like to meet him at six in the evening at the press club. If he starts asking again: “Oh, at six? Oh, in the press club? and utter some meaningless sounds, you should immediately say; “However, if this is inconvenient for you, you canabouttalk at another time and in another place.

And here the interlocutor instead "No" will say with great joy "Yes" and grab the first offer that suits him.

I. Ehrenburg testifies to some features of the speech of the French and the French language:

In speeches, orators love to flaunt turns taken from the authors of the 18th century, and the letter concerning the next exchange transaction, the broker ends, like his grandfather, with the obligatory formula: “Favor, sir, to accept the assurances of my deep to respect to you."

The French love concreteness, accuracy, clarity. Language is the best evidence of this. In French, you can’t say “she grinned in response” or “he then waved his hand”: you need to explain how she grinned - maliciously, sadly, mockingly, or maybe good-naturedly; why did he wave his hand - from vexation, from chagrin, from indifference? For a long time, French was called diplomatic, and its use probably made the work of diplomats difficult: it is difficult to disguise a thought in French, it is difficult to speak without finishing.

A feature of the Russian language is precisely the presence in it of two pronouns - you and you, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official/informal situation.

Some persons, especially those occupying a higher position than their interlocutor, use the form when addressing you, deliberately emphasizing, demonstrating their "democratic", "friendly", patronizing attitude. Most often, this puts the addressee in an awkward position, is perceived as a sign of disdain, an attack on human dignity, as an insult to a person.

Form response you well shown in the work of A.N. Utkin "Round dance". A young nobleman arrives at the place of his new service. In an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends even with a well-known person, with whom friendly relations and everyday household appeal are established. you, Go to you.

However, is it necessary for all situations? Sometimes in television programs, when a well-known TV presenter and an equally well-known politician, scientist, statesman have a conversation on a socially significant topic, and the presenter, starting it, as if consulting with the audience, can he address the interlocutor in you, since they are connected by a long-standing friendship and for them such an appeal is more familiar, after which the interlocutors switch to you, Is speech etiquette violated in this case? Is this allowed?

It is believed that there are no rules without exceptions. Yes, such a transfer provides for the formality of relations between its participants. But viewers perceive it as something spectacular. Go to you reduces formality, the conversation takes on a relaxed character, which facilitates perception, makes the program more attractive.

Knowledge of the features of national etiquette, its speech formulas, understanding the specifics of business communication of a country, people help in negotiating, establishing contacts with foreign colleagues, partners.

2. Formulas of speech etiquette

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Moreover, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation With a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).

I would like to get to know you (you).

Let me (those) get to know you (you).

Let me get to know you.

Let's get acquainted.

Let's get acquainted.

It would be nice to meet you.

When visiting the passport office, hostel, admission committee educational institution, any institution, office, when you have a conversation with an official, you need to introduce yourself using one of the formulas:

Let me introduce myself.

My surname is Kolesnikov.

I am Pavlov.

My name is Yuri Vladimirovich.

Nikolay Kolesnikov.

Anastasia Igorevna.

If the visitor does not name himself, then the one to whom they came asks himself:

What is your (your) last name?

What is your (your) name, patronymic?

What is your (your) name?

What is your (your) name?

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers begin with greetings.

In Russian, the main greeting is - hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb hello, which means "to be healthy", that is, healthy. Verb hello in ancient times, it also had the meaning of “greet” (cf .: say hello), as evidenced by the text of the “Onega epic”: “How does Ilya Muromets come here, and helloatno he is a prince with a princess. Therefore, at the heart of this greeting is a wish for health. First time greeting hello found in Letters and Papers of Peter the Great 1688-1701.

Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common:

Good morning!

Good afternoon!

Good evening!

In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication:

-- (Very) glad to see you (greet)!

Let me (let me) greet you.

Welcome!

My regards.

Among the military, it is customary to greet with the words:

Hello!

This greeting recognizes the retired military.

The greeting is often accompanied by a handshake, which may even replace the verbal greeting.

However, you should know: if a man and a woman meet, then the man must wait until the woman extends her hand to shake, otherwise he only makes a slight bow,

The non-verbal equivalent of a greeting when those who meet are distant from each other is a bow with the head; swaying with hands clenched in the palms, slightly raised and stretched forward in front of the chest; for men - a hat slightly raised above the head.

The speech etiquette of greetings also provides for the nature of behavior, that is, the sequence of greetings. Welcome first:

A man is a woman;

The youngest (youngest) in age - the oldest (oldest);

The youngest woman - a man who is much older than her;

Junior in position - senior;

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication. These are formulas for parting, ending communication. They express:

Wish: All the best (good) to you! Goodbye;

-- hope for a new meeting: Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we're apart for a while. I hope to see you soon;

-- doubt about the possibility of meeting again; understanding that the separation will be for a long time: Farewell! It is unlikely that we will meet again. Do not remember dashingly.

After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation.

Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening of a sports hall; presentation, etc.

On any solemn occasion, a significant event is followed invitations and congratulations. AT depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad (to meet you).

I invite you (you)...

If it is necessary to express uncertainty about the appropriateness of the invitation or uncertainty about the acceptance by the addressee of the invitation, then it is expressed by an interrogative sentence:

Can I (can I, can I, can I, can I) invite you... Congratulation:

Let me congratulate you on...

Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations...

On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...

With all my heart (with all my heart) congratulations ...

Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

Sorrowful situation associated with death, death, murder, natural disaster, terrorist attacks, ruin, robbery and other events that bring misfortune, grief.

In this case, it is expressed condolence. It should not be dry, official. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored:

Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences.

I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences.

I sincerely (deeply, cordially, from the bottom of my heart) sympathize with you.

I grieve with you.

I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The most emotionally expressive expressions:

What (big, irreparable, terrible) grief (misfortune) has befallen you!

What a great (irreplaceable, terrible) loss has befallen you!

What grief (misfortune) has befallen you!

In a tragic, mournful or unpleasant situation, people need sympathy, consolation. Label formulas sympathy, consolation designed for different cases and have different purposes.

Consolation expresses empathy:

- (How) I sympathize with you!

-- (How) I understand you!

Consolation is accompanied by an assurance of a successful outcome:

I (so) sympathize with you, but believe me (but I'm so sure) that everything will end well!

Don't despair (don't be discouraged). Everything (still) will change (for the better).

Everything will be OK!

All this will change (cost, pass)! Consolation is accompanied by advice:

No need (need) (so) to worry (worry, upset, upset, worry, suffer).

You must not lose your composure (head, restraint).

You need (need) to calm down (to control yourself, to pull yourself together).

You should hope for the best (get it out of your head).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, consolation, expression of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In everyday business environment (business, work situation) speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summarizing school year, when determining the results of participation in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand, to make a remark. In any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.

Acknowledgment:

Allow me (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition.

The firm (management, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees (teaching staff) for ...

I must express to the students of grade 10a (my) gratitude for ...

Let me (permit) express my great (huge) gratitude ...

For the provision of any service, for help, an important message, a gift, it is customary to thank with the words:

I thank you for…

- (Big, huge) thank you (you) for ...

-- (I) am very (so) grateful to you! Emotionality, expressiveness of the expression of gratitude is enhanced if you say:

There are no words to express my gratitude to you!

I am so grateful to you that it is difficult for me to find words!

You can't imagine how grateful I am to you!

My gratitude has no (knows) no boundaries!

Advice suggestion:

Often, people, especially those with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form:

Everyone (you) must (should)…

You should definitely do this...

Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or instruction and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank. An incentive to act with advice, a proposal can be expressed in a delicate, polite or neutral form:

Allow (let) give you advice (advise you) ...

Allow me to offer you…

- (I) want (I would like, I want) to advise (offer) you ...

I would advise (suggest) you...

I advise (suggest) you...

Handling request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning:

Do me a favor, do (my) request...

If it's not hard for you (it won't make it hard for you)...

Do not take it for work, please take ...

-- (Not) can I ask you...

- (Please), (I beg you very much) allow me .... The request can be expressed with some categoricalness:

I strongly (convincingly, very) ask you (you) ...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

-- (Now, immediately) will be done (done).

Please (permission, no objection).

Agree to let you go.

I agree, do (do) as you see fit.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

-- (I) cannot (not able, unable) to help (permit, assist) ...

-- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to fulfill your request.

At present, this (do) is not possible.

See, now is not the time to ask (make such a request)

Sorry, we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

Compliment refers to appearance, testifies to the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).

You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) partner (companion).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

3. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component that manifests itself throughout the entire duration of communication, is its integral part, serves as a bridge from one remark to another. And at the same time, the norm of use and the form of address itself have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.

The author of the letter in an emotional form, quite sharply, using the data of the language, raises the question of the position of a person in our state. Thus, the syntactic unit - appeal - becomes a socially significant category.

To understand this, it is necessary to comprehend what is the peculiarity of the address in the Russian language, what is its history.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. It -- vocative function.

Since they are used as proper names as addresses (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha), and the names of people according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather) by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant); by age and gender (old man, boy, girl) invocation beyond the vocative function points to withaboutrelevant sign.

Finally, appeals can be expressively and emotionally colored, contain an assessment?Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, blockhead, dumbass, klutz, varmint, clever, beautiful. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state.

The given address words are used in an informal situation; only some of them, for example, proper names (in their basic form), names of professions, positions, serve as appeals in official speech.

A distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Russia was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such characteristic feature, how servility.

Isn't that why the root in Russian rank turned out to be fruitful, giving life to the words: official, bureaucracy, dean, deanery, chinolyubie, servility, chief, chinogovernment, disorderly, outrageous, chip-destroyer, chinogubipgel, chiko-destroyer, chino-stealer, chino, chino, chino, obey, submission;

-- phrases: not according to order, distribute according to order, order after order, big order, without disassembling the ranks, without ordering, order after order;

-- proverbs: Honor the rank of rank, and sit on the edge of the smaller one; Bullet ranks do not parse; To a fool, that to a great rank, space is everywhere; As many as two ranks: datcancer and fool; And he would have been in the ranks, but it's a pity, his pockets are empty.

The social stratification of society, the inequality that existed in Russia for several centuries, was reflected in the system of official appeals.

First, there was the document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then republished in a slightly modified form. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Each category of ranks was divided into 14 classes. So, to the 3rd class belonged Lieutenant General, Lieutenant General, Vice Admiral, Privy Councillor, Chamberlain Marshal, Master of the Horse, Jägermeister, Chamberlain, Chief of Ceremonies; to the 6th grade - colonel, captain of the 1st rank, colleandsky adviser, camera-fourier; to the 12th grade - cornet, cornet, midshipman, governornsky secretary.

In addition to the named ranks, which determined the system of appeals, there were appeals your excellency, your excellency, your excellency, your highness, your her. personality, kindnessandthe most gracious (merciful) sovereign, sovereign and etc.

Secondly, the monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century. preserved the division of people into classes. Class-organized society was characterized by a hierarchy of rights and duties, class inequality and privileges. Classes were distinguished: nobles, clergy, commoners, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants. Hence the appeals sir, madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir, sir - for the middle class or barin, lady for both and lack of a single appeal to predlower class rulers.

In the languages ​​of other civilized countries, unlike Russian, there were appeals that were used both in relation to a person occupying a high position in society, and to an ordinary citizen: mr, mrs, miss(England, USA); senor, senora, senorita(Spain); signor, signora, signorina(Italy); sir, sir(Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia).

After the October Revolution, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree, and universal equality was proclaimed. Appeals mister-- madam, sir-- mistress, sir - madam, gracious sovereign (empress) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: your majesty, your excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called lord - madam Instead of all appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918. receive circulation citizen and comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive,

Word citizen recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to the Old Russian language from Old Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city ​​dweller. Both of them meant "resident of the city (city)". In this meaning citizen found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So, A.S. Pushkin has the lines:

Not a demon - not even a gypsy,

But just a citizen of the capital.

In the XVIII century. this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."

Why is it so public significant word, how citizen, disappeared in the 20th century. commonly used way of addressing people to each other?

In the 20-30s. a custom appeared, and then it became the norm when addressing arrested, imprisoned, tried to employees of law enforcement agencies and vice versa not to speak comrade, only citizen: citizen under investigation, citizen judge, citizen prosecutor.

As a result, the word citizen for many it has become associated with detention, arrest, the police, the prosecutor's office. The negative association gradually “grown” to the word so much that it became an integral part of it; so ingrained in people's minds that it became impossible to use the word citizenanin as a general term.

The fate of the word was somewhat different comrade. It is recorded in the monuments of the XV century. Known in Slovene, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian. In the Slavic languages, this word came from the Turkic, in which the root tavar meant "property, livestock, goods." Probably originally the word comrade meant "companion in trade". Then the meaning of this word is expanded: comrade -- not only a "companion", but also a "friend". Proverbs testify to this: On the road, a son is a friend to his father; A smart comrade is half way; To lag behind a comrade - to become without a comrade; The poor man is not a friend to the rich; Servant to the master is not tovarish.

With growth revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. word comrade, as the word once citizen, acquires a new socio-political meaning: "a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people."

From the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Marxist circles are being created in Russia, their members call each other comrades. In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main reference in the new Russia. Naturally, the nobles, the clergy, officials, especially of high rank, do not all immediately accept the appeal comrade.

Attitude towards appeal comrade Representatives of different social groups were talentedly shown by the playwright K. Trenev in the play "Love Yarovaya". The action takes place during the Civil War. In the speech of the clergy, officers of the tsarist army, and the raznochintsy intelligentsia, appeals continue to be used; your excellency your excellencybstvo, your honor, gentlemen officers, mister lieutenant, gentlemen.

Soviet poets in subsequent years tried to emphasize the universality and significance of the appeal comrade, making combinations: comrade life, comrade sun, comrade harvest(V. Mayakovsky); comradeedenunciatory class(N. Aseev); comrade rye(A. Zharov).

There is a clear distinction: comrades -- these are the Bolsheviks, these are those who believe in the resolution. The rest are not comrades, means enemies.

In the following years of Soviet power, the word comrade was especially popular, A.M. Gorky in the fairy tale "Comrade" writes that it has become "a bright, cheerful star, a guiding light for the future." In the novel by N. Ostrovsky “How the Steel Was Tempered” we read: “The word“ comrade ”, for which yesterday they paid with their lives, sounded now at every step. Inexpressibly exciting word taboutfriend. One of the songs popular in Soviet times also glorified him: “Our word is proud comrade we are more precious than all beautiful words.

So even the appeal acquired an ideological meaning, became socially significant. Here is what journalist N. Andreev writes about this:

After the Great Patriotic War word comrade gradually begins to emerge from the everyday informal appeal of people to each other.

The problem arises: how to contact a stranger? The issue is being discussed on the pages of the press, in radio broadcasts. Philologists, writers, public figures express their opinion. Offer to revive appeals sir, sir.

On the street, in the store, in public transport, appeals are increasingly heard man, woman, grandfather, father, granny, boyfriend, aunt, uncle. Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as a lack of respect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. Hence, rudeness in response, an expression of resentment, a quarrel are possible. Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, appeals began to be revived sir, madam, lord, madam.

Recently appeal sir, madam is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, in television programs, at various symposiums and conferences. In parallel with this, at meetings of government officials, politicians with the people, as well as at rallies, speakers began to use appeals Russians, fellow citizens, compatriots, Among civil servants, businessmen, entrepreneurs, university professors, the appeal is becoming the norm sir, madam in combination with the surname, title of position, rank. Difficulties arise if the director or professor is a woman. How to apply in this case: misteraboutdean professor or madam professor! Appeal comrade continue to be used by the military and members of communist parties. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. Appeal respected - respected found in the speech of the older generation. The words female Male, which have recently become widespread in the role of appeals, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kindhus.,., please..., excuse me..., excuse me....

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open. It will be solved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes personality, when it will not matter what position he occupies, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen Russian Federation. Only then, none of the Russians will feel awkward and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone sir, goWithplease.

Conclusion

culture speech etiquette

Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication. On the use of speech etiquette big influence have extralinguistic factors: the age of the participants in the speech act (purposeful speech action), their social status, the nature of the relationship between them (official, unofficial, friendly, intimate), time and place of speech interaction, etc.

The ethical component of the culture of speech imposes a strict ban on foul language in the process of communication, condemns the conversation in "raised tones". Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allow a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience embarrassment due to mistakes and wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. Indeed, elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker (including those who have little command of the norm), who easily recognizes these formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. Ignorance of the requirements of speech etiquette and, as a result, their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult stranger in You) is perceived as a desire to offend or as bad manners.

List of used literature

1. Vvedenskaya L.A. etc. Russian language and culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 2000.

2. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech. M., 2005.

3. Zaretskaya E. N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of speech communication. M. 2002.

4. Kolesnikov N.P. A culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 2001.

5. Culture of oral and writing business person. M., 1999.

6. Mandritsa V.M., Semenov M.V. Office work. Documentation of management activities. Rostov-on-Don, 2001.

7. Pleshchenko T.P. Stylistics and culture of speech: Proc. Benefit. M., 2001.

8. Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. Makismova V.I. M., 2001.

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Speech etiquette and its role in everyday and professional areas

Speech etiquette- a set of requirements for the form, content, order, nature and situational relevance of statements accepted in a given culture. The well-known researcher of speech etiquette N.I. Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette is understood as the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key.”

Speech etiquette, in particular, includes words and expressions used by people to say goodbye, requests, apologies, forms of address adopted in various situations, intonation features that characterize polite speech, etc.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience embarrassment due to mistakes and wrong actions, to avoid ridicule from others.

Compliance with speech etiquette by officials of all ranks, doctors, lawyers, sellers, communications workers, transport, law enforcement officers - in addition, has an educational value, involuntarily contributes to an increase in both speech and the general culture of society.

But the most important thing is that the strict adherence to the rules of speech etiquette by the members of the team of an educational institution, enterprise, production, office creates a favorable impression for the founders, partners, and maintains a positive reputation for the entire organization.

Etiquette is closely related to ethics, the moral foundations of human interaction. It contributes to the development of a person's attitude towards other people, towards elders, juniors, relatives, colleagues, parents, children, women, business partners, society, the state, as well as nature, everything that is called the environment. environment.

Principles and postulates of speech etiquette.

In the broad sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication. The success of communication depends on the attitude of the interlocutors to each other, on respect for the interlocutor, on the mutual desire to avoid all sorts of interference in communication. In other words, from compliance principle of cooperation . This principle is considered basic with the principle of communication.

G.P. Grice (1975) formulated three main postulates that are derived from the principle of cooperation underlying all communication.

The postulates of verbal communication include:

postulates of quality (the message should not be false or without proper grounds),

Violation of one or more of these postulates to one degree or another entails a communicative failure.

Another important principle that governs the communication process is principle of courtesy formulated by J. Leach. The Principle of Courtesy is an integral part of the communication code. This principle is aimed at preventing conflict situations. Compliance with the principle of courtesy creates an environment of positive interaction. This principle ensures the implementation of communicative strategies, where indirect (indirect) formulations play a huge role, in other words, the use of “meaning techniques”. This type of technique is used by communicators in order not to complicate the interlocutor.

Politeness requirements are especially significant for messages that have the function of establishing interpersonal contacts, attracting listeners to their side, etc. In the case of a simple transfer of information, the principle of politeness is important, but relegated to the background.

The principle of Politeness is concretized in certain norms, maxims:

The scope of speech etiquette

The scope of speech etiquette extends to everyday communication, in which certain rules of behavior are formed in relation to parents, close people, relatives, neighbors. Speech etiquette is also formed in the sphere of public relations and the sphere of professional activity of people. If there are general rules of etiquette, rules are formed for each of these areas.

The sphere of speech etiquette includes, in particular, the ways of expressing sympathy, complaints, guilt, grief, etc., accepted in a given culture. So, for example, in some cultures it is customary to complain about difficulties and problems, in others it is not. In some cultures, talking about your successes is acceptable, in others not at all. This may also include specific instructions for speech etiquette - what can be the subject of conversation, what is not, and in what situation.

Everyday language practice and the norm in speech etiquette.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. Indeed, elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker (including those who have little command of the norm), who easily recognizes these formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. Ignorance of the requirements of speech etiquette and, as a result, their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult stranger to “You” is perceived as a desire to offend or as bad manners.

On the other hand, speech etiquette can be considered from the point of view of language norm. So, the idea of ​​correct, cultural, normalized speech includes certain ideas about the norm in the field of speech etiquette. For example, every native speaker knows the formulas for apologizing for awkwardness; however, some are welcomed by the norm (Excuse me, I beg your pardon) - and others are rejected or not recommended, for example, I'm sorry (and sometimes such a distinction is given "justifications" like: you can’t excuse yourself, you can only apologize to others, etc.). The very use or non-use of units of speech etiquette can also be the subject of normalization, for example: apology formulas are appropriate if the speaker causes concern to his interlocutor, but you should not apologize too often, as this puts the interlocutor in an awkward position, etc. In addition, a violation norms and rules of the literary language, especially if it looks like negligence, in itself can be considered as a violation of speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette and speech situation.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a college anniversary, graduation party, dedication to the profession, presentation, scientific conference, meeting, hiring and firing, business negotiations, doctor-patient conversation, etc.

Speech etiquette is somehow tied to the parameters of the communication situation: the personalities of the interlocutors, the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. First of all, it is a complex of linguistic phenomena focused on the addressee, although the personality of the speaker (or writer) is also taken into account. This can be best demonstrated by the use of You- and You-forms in communication. The general principle is that you-forms are used as a sign of respect and greater formality of communication; You-forms, on the contrary, correspond to informal communication between equals. However, the implementation of this principle can be presented in different ways, depending on how the participants in verbal communication are related according to the age and / or service hierarchy, whether they are in family or friendly relations; on the age and social status of each of them, etc.

Speech etiquette reveals itself differently also depending on the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. So, for example, the rules of verbal communication may differ depending on whether the topic of communication is sad or joyful events for the participants in communication; there are specific etiquette rules associated with the place of communication (feast, office space, production meeting), etc.

Relationship between speech etiquette and social status of communication participants and their roles

The phenomena of speech etiquette differ depending on the social status of the participants in communication. These differences manifest themselves in several ways.

Various units of speech etiquette are used depending on the social roles assumed by the participants in communication. Here, both social roles in themselves and their relative position in the social hierarchy are important. When communicating between two students; between student and teacher; between superior and subordinate; between spouses; between parents and children - in each case, etiquette requirements can be very different. Some units are replaced by others, functionally homogeneous, but stylistically opposed. So, in these situations, different greeting formulas may be appropriate: Hello, Hello, Hello, Hello, Ivan Ivanovich. Other units of speech etiquette are mandatory in some cases, optional in others. For example, when calling on the phone at an after-hours, it is necessary to apologize for the concern, just when calling on the phone, you should not apologize, however, if it is not the addressee of the call who answers the phone, but a stranger, especially if he is older, it would also be appropriate to apologize for the concern, etc. .d.

Relationship between speech etiquette and social groups of interlocutors

These aspects of speech behavior are also superimposed by differences in the use of units of speech etiquette among representatives of different social groups. Many specialized units and general manifestations of speech etiquette differ in their stable attachment to certain social groups of native speakers.

Communicative functions of speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette:

Language means of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of language means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions (Thank you, Please, I'm sorry, Sorry, Goodbye, etc.), as well as specialized forms of address (Mr., Comrade, etc.).

At the grammatical level: using the plural for polite address (including the pronoun you); using interrogative sentences instead of imperative ones (can you tell me what time it is? Could you move a little? etc.).

At the stylistic level: the requirement of competent, cultured speech; refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena, the use of euphemisms instead of these words.

At the intonational level: using polite intonation (for example, the phrase Please, close the door can sound with different intonation depending on whether it is intended as a polite request or an unceremonious demand).

At the level of orthoepy: using Hello instead of Hello, Please instead of Please, etc.

Speech etiquette is realized both in the characteristics of speech in general and in specialized units. These units - formulas of greetings, farewells, apologies, requests, etc. - as a rule, are performatives (i.e. statements, the pronunciation of which simultaneously means the performance of the named action;). Indeed, the phrases “I apologize”, “Thank you”, “Please”, etc. do not describe actions, but are themselves actions - respectively, an apology, gratitude, request, etc.

Stylistic differences in the use of units of speech etiquette are largely determined by the belonging of speech to various functional styles. In fact, each functional style has its own etiquette rules. For example, business speech is distinguished by a high degree of formality: the participants in communication, the persons and objects in question are called by their full official names. In scientific speech, a rather complex system of etiquette requirements has been adopted that determines the order of presentation, references to predecessors and objections to opponents (we-forms undoubtedly belong to somewhat archaic manifestations of scientific speech etiquette: We have already shown above ... - including on behalf of one author) . In addition, special forms of address may correspond to different functional styles (for example, Colleagues in scientific speech).

Etiquette also includes prohibitions. Prohibitions on the use of obscene and shocking words and expressions may be combined with recommendations or prescriptions to replace them with euphemisms. This applies to actually obscene words and expressions and those that are too directly called objects and phenomena, which are not customary to talk about directly in this culture. The same expressions may be considered forbidden in some communities and acceptable in others. In the same community, it may be acceptable, or at least excusable, to use swear words; however, the severity of the prohibition increases sharply in the presence of women, children, in official and diplomatic communication, etc.

Non-verbal aspects of speech etiquette.

In addition to intonation, oral speech is distinguished from written speech by the use of non-verbal means - gestures and facial expressions. From the point of view of speech etiquette, the following paralinguistic signs are distinguished:

At the same time, the regulation of gestures and facial expressions covers not only the last two categories of signs, but also signs of a non-etiquette character - up to purely informative ones; cf., for example, the etiquette prohibition to point a finger at the subject of speech.

However, it is hardly possible to determine which intonation corresponds to speech etiquette and which goes beyond its scope, in general terms, without taking into account the specific speech situation. So, in Russian speech, there are (following E.A. Bryzgunova) seven main "intonation constructions" (i.e., types of phrasal intonation). The pronunciation of the same statement with different intonation (respectively, the implementation of different intonational constructions) expresses various oppositions: in meaning, in actual articulation, in stylistic nuances, including in expressing the attitude of the speaker to the listener. This relation determines which intonation construction should be used in this case, and which should not. So, in accordance with the rules of etiquette, intonation should not indicate a dismissive or patronizing attitude, the intention to teach the interlocutor, aggression and defiance. This is especially true for various kinds of interrogative statements. For example, the same question: Where were you last night? - allows different intonation depending on who and by whom this question is addressed: the boss - the subordinate, the representative of the investigating authorities - the suspect; one friend to another; one interlocutor to another in the course of secular conversation "about nothing", etc.

Rules of speech etiquette in everyday life and professional environment

There are special rules for conducting a dialogue for the speaker and for the listener, the so-called speech etiquette.

So, the interlocutors are prescribed a benevolent attitude towards each other. It is forbidden to harm the partner with your speech: insult, insult, neglect, you cannot express direct negative assessments. The main psychological requirement of speech etiquette is, of course, the principle of "do no harm."

In a conversation, it is necessary to take into account the social status, gender and age of the interlocutor, the situation of communication.

The speaker is not recommended to put his own "I" in the center of attention, he must be able to take the position of a partner, he must not put pressure on the interlocutor, turn the dialogue into a monologue. Accordingly, the listener must push his "I" into the background, include empathic listening.

Both the speaker and the listener, having put the other at the center of their attention, must take into account the personality of the other, his awareness of the topic, the degree of interest, constantly maintain contact through non-verbal means (through facial expressions, gesture, look). The listener should signal to the partner by assenting, nodding his head, facial expressions about his attention and interest.

The interlocutors should alternately transfer the initiative in the dialogue, be able to tactfully, but firmly take the initiative into their own hands if the partner got carried away or deliberately seized the right to a monologue.

In communication, the choice of distance is important. Partners must take into account the distance accepted in this national culture, acceptable for different types of communication. Speakers are required to choose the degree of freedom of behavior depending on the conditions of communication, the national composition of the participants. Excessively loud voice and waving hands in the face of the interlocutor are unlikely to contribute to communication.

The speaker must follow the logic of text deployment, keep the topic of conversation, not jump from one to another. The listener is also obliged not to lose the thread of the conversation, not to be distracted from the subject of the conversation and avoid passing digressions, not to get annoyed by the specific qualities of the speaker, to separate the person from the problem so as not to miss valuable information if the person is unpleasant to the listener.

The listener needs to show the speaker that he is ready to listen to him. It is necessary to look and act interested. Listening, one should try to understand, and not look for a reason for irritation. Make it easy for the other person to respond positively. Avoid questions to which the interlocutor can answer “no”.

Interlocutors should remember that the threshold of semantic perception and concentration of attention is limited. The speaking time without a pause can last from 45 seconds to 1.5 minutes, and the most favorable length of an oral utterance is seven semantic units +2.

The interlocutors should select language means, keeping in mind the relevance, accessibility, accuracy, consistency, expressiveness as the communicative qualities of speech.

Both the speaker and the listener must control not only their thoughts, but also their feelings: if they are overwhelmed by emotions, communication is unlikely to be productive, and besides, an angry person gives the wrong meaning to the words of the other.

Sources of information:

1. Golub I.B., Neklyudov V.D. Russian rhetoric and culture of speech. Proc. allowance. - M: Logos, 2011.// ELS "University Library on-line" http://www.biblioclub.ru/

2. Golubev V. L. Rhetoric. Answers to examination questions. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2008 / On-line University Library

3. Annushkin V. I. Rhetoric. Introductory course. Tutorial. - M.: Flinta, 2011 / University Library on-line

7.2. Block of additional information and Internet resources.

4. Mikhalskaya A.K. Rhetoric. 10-11 cells. Basic level: textbook - M.: Drofa, 2013.

5. Grinko E.N. "Rhetoric and rhetorical culture: history and theory" - Vladivostok, FESTU, 2004 (traditional and electronic version)

Sample answers to tasks for self-control.

1. What is speech etiquette?

Speech etiquette refers to the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas adopted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key (N.I. Formanovskaya).

2. What is official, professional etiquette?

Business (professional) etiquette regulates the behavior of people related to the performance of their official duties. Among business (professional) etiquette, the strictest is diplomatic.

3. What is informal (secular) etiquette?

Informal (secular) etiquette streamlines communication in the field of leisure and satisfaction of material and spiritual needs.

What are the principles of speech etiquette?

There are two of them - the principle of cooperation and the principle of politeness.

What are the postulates of speech etiquette in which the principle of cooperation is implemented?

The postulates of verbal communication include the postulates:

quality (message must not be false or unfounded),

quantity (message should be neither too short nor too long), relationship (message should be relevant to the addressee), and

method (the message must be clear, concise, not contain words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the addressee, etc.).

6. In what norms is the principle of Politeness specified?

The principle of Politeness is specified in certain norms:

Politeness: friendliness, goodwill, respectfulness, the desire to observe the rules of decency.

Tactfulness: delicacy, endurance, the ability to behave based on tact, respecting others, a sense of proportion in words, behavior, and deeds.

Obligation: punctuality, accuracy, accuracy, responsibility, the desire to always provide assistance, be attentive to people and true to one's own word.

Modesty - restraint in assessing one's own person, one's merits, lack of boastfulness, moderation.

Dignity is a set of high moral qualities, respect for them in oneself.

7. In what areas is speech etiquette manifested?

The sphere of speech etiquette includes the etiquette of addresses, greetings, farewells and introductions. The sphere of speech etiquette also includes forms of expressing requests, gratitude, and apologies. The sphere of speech etiquette includes, in particular, the ways of expressing sympathy, complaints, guilt, grief, etc., accepted in a given culture. This may also include specific instructions for speech etiquette - what can be the subject of conversation, what is not, and in what situation.

8. What are the language means of speech etiquette at different language levels?

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions

At the grammatical level: using the plural for polite address (including the pronoun you);

At the stylistic level: the requirement for competent, cultured speech, etc. ;

At the intonational level: using polite intonation, etc.

At the organizational and communicative level: a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.

9. How are speech etiquette and situations of speech communication related?

Speech etiquette is somehow tied to the situation of speech communication and its parameters: the personalities of the interlocutors, the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication.

10. How are the communicative functions of speech etiquette manifested?

Speech etiquette:

helps to establish contact between interlocutors;

attracts the attention of the listener (reader), distinguishes him from other potential interlocutors;

allows you to show respect;

helps to determine the status of ongoing communication (friendly, business, official, etc.);

forms a favorable emotional environment for communication and has a positive impact on the listener (reader).

11. How are speech etiquette and social status of communication participants related? Roles of communication participants?

12. What is the connection between speech etiquette and the interlocutors' belonging to social groups?

Various units of speech etiquette are used depending on the social roles assumed by the participants in communication.

Many specialized units and general manifestations of speech etiquette differ in their stable attachment to certain social groups of native speakers.

These groups can be distinguished according to the following criteria:

age: speech etiquette formulas associated with youth jargon (Ale, Chao, Goodbye); specific forms of politeness in the speech of older people (Thank you, Please be kind);

education and upbringing: more educated and well-mannered people tend to more accurate use of units of speech etiquette, use you-forms more widely, etc .;

gender: women, on average, gravitate towards more polite speech, less often use rude, close to abusive and obscene vocabulary, are more scrupulous in choosing topics;

belonging to specific professional groups.

13. What are the etiquette requirements for the intonational design of the statement?

Among the etiquette requirements for oral speech, an important place is occupied by the intonation of the statement. A native speaker accurately identifies the entire range of intonation - from emphatically polite to dismissive. However, it is hardly possible to determine which intonation corresponds to speech etiquette and which goes beyond its scope, in general terms, without taking into account the specific speech situation.

14. What non-verbal aspects of speech etiquette can you name?

From the point of view of speech etiquette, the following non-verbal, paralinguistic signs are distinguished:

not carrying a specific etiquette load (duplicating or replacing segments of speech - indicating, expressing agreement and denial, emotions, etc.);

required by etiquette rules (bows, handshakes, etc.);

having an invective, offensive meaning.

15. What is the basic rule of speech etiquette in a professional environment?

It is forbidden to harm your partner with your speech: insult, insult, neglect. Do no harm.

In this article:

Etiquette is not only the norms of behavior in society, but also the ability to speak correctly. This is the beauty of speech and its content, as well as the use of phrases depending on the situation.

Speech etiquette is a set of rules (vowels and unspoken), thanks to which social institutions are supported in society and a hierarchy is established. Depending on the culture and social class, the rules of speech etiquette can vary significantly.

Knowledge of speech etiquette allows a person to successfully interact with other people, grow and develop personally and professionally.

The relationship of culture and speech

A cultured person stands out from the crowd by demeanor, courtesy, awareness and sociability. Such a person knows how to behave in society, easily makes contact and can support a conversation.

The speech of a cultured person is distinguished by semantic accuracy, grammatical correctness, expressiveness, richness and versatility of vocabulary and logical harmony.

Such speech is called normalized - in its oral form, it meets the currently existing standards of pronunciation, and in writing - the rules of punctuation and spelling.

The relationship between culture and speech is obvious here. A person who does not have an idea of ​​​​moral and ethical standards will not be able to observe speech etiquette, for the following reasons:

• lack of any education and literacy of writing;
• narrow vision;
• lack of communication skills;
• an abundance of "weedy" words in speech;
• use of profanity.

Important! In some cases, knowledge of etiquette does not guarantee decent communication. Sometimes it is a question of personal qualities of the interlocutor.

Formation of a culture of communication

Very different. Within the walls of the department state university and, for example, a public dining room, radically different vocabulary sounds, but the rules of speech etiquette are generally the same.

This is because the formation of a culture of communication begins from infancy. Children in different conditions receive a different quality of teaching behavior in society, but according to the same principles (excluding marginal strata).

The minimum standards of communication culture include the ability to keep a verbal distance, refuse insults and discuss shortcomings aloud, inadmissibility of rudeness and aggression.

To function successfully in society, a young member of society must learn loyalty and minimal respect for others.

Since humanity is no longer tribal, respect and benevolence is expressed through speech and its expressions - intonation, words, gestures.

Building a culture of communication begins with early age. Along with the rules of behavior, the child is also taught the postulates of speech etiquette. Direct and indirect influence on the formation of speech culture is exerted by:

• a family;
• entourage;
• educational institution.

The child receives the first communication skill in the family. As soon as he begins to speak, he begins to copy the manner of speech of the household, using the same words and intonations - the child's speech becomes a reflection of the speech of the parents and their task is to convey to the child the basics of the culture of communication.

In families where much attention is paid to the upbringing of children, children from an early age know the "magic words" and their meaning.

At the second stage, others interfere in the process of mastering speech rules:

• neighbours;
• random people on the street;
• friends and their parents.

The circle of communication of the child becomes wider, new words appear in speech, the manner of conversation changes. And what it will be now depends not only on the parents.

If a child spends time among educated, cultured people, then his speech will become richer and brighter, but if others are unfamiliar with the culture of communication and “litter” with profanity, then the child will certainly take some turns.

Kindergarten, school and others educational establishments learn to read and write without spelling and punctuation errors, as well as to correctly express thoughts orally and in writing.

Moreover, the child receives the necessary knowledge from the lessons of the Russian language and literature, but also from other disciplines. The entire educational process is aimed at the formation of speech etiquette, and the goal is the following points:

• to develop sociability and social activity;
• establish communicative relationships with others;
• improve academic performance
• develop rapid adaptation to a variety of activities.

What is speech etiquette?

Speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the content, nature, form, order and appropriateness of statements in a given situation.

These are certain rules of speech behavior, a system of specific stereotypical, stable communication formulas that are accepted by society for mutual contact of interlocutors, its maintenance and interruption in the chosen tone.

Speech etiquette involves the use of certain words and expressions in various situations:

• during the greeting
• at the moment of farewell;
• upon request;
• at the time of the call;
• at the moment of apology.

The necessary words and phrases are pronounced with a certain intonation, which, together with sayings, characterizes polite speech.

Possession of the culture of speech helps in the formation of personality, gaining authority, trust and respect. By observing speech etiquette, a person feels confident and at ease in any situation, and also avoids ridicule and awkwardness in an unfamiliar environment.

It is a set of rules that is unique to different races and social groups in some respects. Most of the rules of speech etiquette are considered unspoken and are normally brought up in children along with all other social skills.

For example, there is no need to explain the reasons why you cannot raise your voice to another person - this is a violation of personal space and rudeness.

It is also obvious that familiarity with a person of higher social status or simply not familiar is not polite.

The history of the emergence of speech etiquette originates from hierarchical rules, where the elder automatically towered over the younger, women were singled out as a separate social group, and the gap between social classes was incredibly huge.

Most of the rules of speech etiquette have been preserved by mankind unchanged or slightly changed.

Basic rules of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette prescribes to the individual certain norms of communication, which are mandatory and have the character of recommendations.

The following speech rules are mandatory:

• compliance with the rules and literary norms in conversation;
• lack of profanity;
• non-admission of tactlessness, rudeness and disrespect;
• observance of the mandatory stages of speech - the beginning of the conversation, the main part of the conversation and the conclusion;
• absence of errors and distortion of terminology.

• speak to the point, avoiding empty, meaningless words.
• conduct a conversation, taking into account the level of development of the interlocutor - to speak clearly for him;
• do not interrupt the opponent, listen fully;
• be polite and tactful;
• do not get personal during a dispute;
• maintain a calm tone.

Since it will not be possible to completely structure such a large concept - too many cultures and social groups use its principles, there are only basic rules that are acceptable to most modern communities:

1. Smooth, neutral tone. Raising the voice and lowering it is a deviation from the norm in standard conversation. The interlocutors should hear each other well, but those around, if any, should not experience any inconvenience from someone else's conversation.
2. Greeting and farewell. Each conversation must necessarily begin with a greeting (its type will depend on the situation) and farewell.
3. Representation if there are more than two people in a conversation and someone is not familiar with someone. It is very impolite to start a conversation with others without introducing yourself. Anyone who brings a new person to the company is obliged to introduce him. If there are no acquaintances in a dialogue between several people, the rule is not strictly observed.

The main principles are calmness, elimination of conflict situations and a friendly (neutral) atmosphere. In a business conversation or any other formal meeting, it is strictly not recommended to clearly express your emotions and attitude towards others.

Types of speech etiquette

Speech is the main mechanism of verbal communication. Verbal communication is internal, when words are spoken to oneself, and externally directed - oral (dialogue and monologue) and written.

Oral speech is built in the form of a dialogue or monologue. In dialogue, people exchange information, emotions or experiences with each other. The monologue comes from one person, but is directed at the audience or at oneself.

Conversational ethics is less formal than written ethics. Omissions of words, replacement of phrases by action or gesture are allowed here.

The written form of ethics is limited by strict limits - style, spelling and punctuation rules.

Since this is a broad concept, there is nowhere a single speech etiquette that is ideal for all social requirements. Specific people or social groups modify the rules to suit their needs without changing the main principles - this is how the classification of speech etiquette by type is born:

1. Official or business. This is the etiquette that is usually meant by this word by the layman. It is used at events where guests do not know each other, at exhibitions, in the service sector, at business negotiations.
2. Everyday. The easiest to learn and most common type. The application of the rules of everyday etiquette does not require effort, a person who is brought up and integrated into society follows most of the rules and norms of speech etiquette in the process of communication automatically. Applicable in any situation where official etiquette or rarer forms of speech etiquette do not fit.

Also, for non-standard situations that most people do not encounter, there are unique units of speech etiquette of etiquette.

For example, religious - it is studied within the clergy of confessions or simply among believers and is practically not applicable in secular society. The same can be said about diplomatic and military etiquette.

In general, verbal communication is classified by content and can be:

• material - the exchange of products of activity;
• cognitive (cognitive) - the exchange of data, experience and knowledge;
• conditional (emotional) - exchange of mood;
• motivational - exchange of intentions;
• activity - the exchange of skills, as a result of joint activities.

Types of speech etiquette are divided according to interaction techniques and tasks.

1. Mask contact. This is formal communication, without the desire to know the character of the opponent.
2. Secular communication. This form of verbal communication is pointless, since people at such moments speak common topics what is supposed to be said in this situation.
3. Formal role-playing. Here the regulation and content of communication are important, and the social status of the interlocutor and his position in society are important.
4. . This is an interaction for the purpose of exchanging data and messages that are required to achieve the desired result.
5. Interpersonal communication. This type of speech etiquette is also called intimate personal communication, because it consists in revealing the deep personal qualities of the interlocutor.
6. manipulative communication. This communication is aimed at obtaining benefits from the opponent.

Important! Any form of conversation is subject to certain rules, which must be strictly observed.

Functions of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette has certain functions that are very important for a person.

1. Establishing contact. Speech etiquette attracts the attention of the interlocutor, encourages him to contact and possible acquaintance.
2. Maintaining contact. In this case, ethical communication contributes to maintaining contact without deepening into any topic of conversation. It is necessary to form an impression of the interlocutor and maintain a friendly relationship.
3. Showing respect and positivity. To some extent, this is the main function of speech etiquette, which is carried out by the words of greeting and farewell, apology, sympathy, requests, etc.
4. Behavior regulation. Compliance with speech norms makes people's behavior predictable and understandable to others, and also clarifies the social role of each of the interlocutors and determines the course of action in a given situation.
5. Prevention of conflicts. Speech etiquette contributes to normal communication between people. A timely apology and courtesy help to avoid sharp corners in the conversation, and if the conflict has already begun, get out of it with the least losses.

Important! Etiquette communication is a prerequisite for a conversation with others, which guarantees normal relations between people. It gives a person positive qualities and facilitates interaction with society.

The main function is to establish positive contact with another person or group. Changes in Russian speech etiquette recent years are just echoes of rituals created by ancient people as a universal constant of communication.

Many of their parts can be traced even now, for example, in handshakes, bows among Asian nationalities, and smiles.

All these seemingly insignificant mini-rituals have been accompanying mankind for centuries. They help to show, on a conscious and unconscious level, that the interlocutor is respected and will be treated well.

Etiquette standards are a universal language in which you can agree with everyone.

Language and behavioral aids

Speech is mostly words and other sounds, of course, but there are other means of expression. For example, gestures and position in space relative to your interlocutor.

All this is also very important and matters both from the secular side and in terms of national characteristics which are also taken into account.

Gesticulation can be considered the clearest example of a behavioral tool. This is a completely normal phenomenon - gestures are used by a person as “amplifiers” that complement speech.

With the help of them, emotions are expressed, ultra-fast signals are given. There are quite strict rules about gesticulation, mainly they consist in restraining it.

There is nothing wrong with showing the interlocutor with your palm on the subject of conversation or with a gesture to invite them to enter the room, but waving your arms and reducing the distance with a person without his consent is unacceptable.

Language and behavioral means are inextricably linked, but the former exist without the latter, and vice versa, they do not.

In speech etiquette, the first assistants are linguistic and behavioral means. These include:

• moderate gestures and facial expressions;
• communication distance;
• expressed benevolence and restrained emotionality;
• showing interest;
• avoidance of controversial situations;
• noncategoricalness of own statements;
• exclusion of disapproval;
• exclusion of excessive interest in personal details;
• participation in a general conversation;
• brevity and uniformity of communication with everyone;
• minimum information about yourself;
• discussion of neutral topics - children, animals, weather, travel;
• help the interlocutor in a delicate situation;
• expression of disagreement by silence, a question or a transition to another topic;
• moderate use of humor;
• ban on sarcasm;
• exclusion of rude and colloquial expressions;
• positive mood;
• observance of time frames and frequency of communication.

Speech etiquette formulas

At any stage, communication is accompanied by formulas of speech etiquette - stamps and set expressions.

These are words of courtesy that are provided for all occasions:

• words of greeting and farewell - “hello”, “greeting you”, “see you”, “goodbye”;
• apologetic phrases - “sorry”, “please forgive me”, “sorry for ...”;
• appeal - "can I contact you?";
• words of sympathy - “condolences”, “sincerely sympathize”;
• asking phrases - “be so kind as to pass ...”;
• invitation words - "I will be glad to see you";
• compliments and encouragement - “you are a wonderful specialist”;
• gratitude - “thank you from the bottom of my heart”, “thank you”, “I am very grateful to you”.

These formulas suggest how to behave in any situation and facilitate communication.

Speech etiquette and business communication

Business communication after everyday is the most common. This is logical - the level of medium-sized entrepreneurship is growing, more and more people are employed in creative professions or prefer to work for themselves.

Adhering to the standard rules of everyday etiquette at a business meeting is permissible, but in this way it will be possible to gain respect from the interlocutor only if he himself adheres to a similar approach in business.

IMPORTANT! Depending on different life situations, business etiquette can also be divided into conditional groups.

Rules for successful official communication

The main thing is no familiarity. Flirting between business partners is also excluded. Interlocutors must find the perfect balance between polite detachment and polite engagement. The first should not turn into arrogance, the second into obsession.

You should not adhere to the picture officialdom. At a business meeting, appropriate jokes and conversations on abstract topics may well sound. Going personal is taboo, it is rude and can offend the interlocutor.

Punctuality, commitment and honesty. When creating a first impression, there are no trifles - you should not be late, be rude to the staff.

Business communication is different in that it lacks fragments hinting at personal topics. This communication is essentially - polite, courteous and impartial, but at the same time inviting. It aims to achieve mutual understanding and contact.

Official communication provides for the following rules:

• manners and speech in accordance with a particular situation;
• ultimate clarity of speech - clear pronunciation, clarity of presentation;
• reliability of information;
• correctness;
• moderation;
• attentiveness;
• maintaining distance.

Stages of business communication

Like any communication, a business conversation is divided into stages:

• greeting - the first greeting word is pronounced by the youngest in age or rank;
• dialogue, with observance of canons and courtesy;
• resolution of disputes - the ability to bypass sharp corners, a constructive dialogue;
• daily interaction - the solution of daily issues;
• - attentiveness and cordiality, expressed in gestures and facial expressions;
• farewell - The final stage communication, on which the mutual impression depends.

Principles of speech business etiquette

Compliance with the principles of business communication helps to establish and establish long-term partnerships. They include:

• subordination;
• positive image and trust;
• attentiveness to the opinion of the opponent;
• courtesy;
• situationality;
• alignment with agreed regulations.

Telephone business etiquette

Telephone conversations also have their own rules:

• they begin with a greeting and introduction with the name of the organization and position of the speaker;
• the conversation should be concise, to the point;
• it is necessary to follow the sequence of the conversation;
• negotiations are conducted politely, unhurriedly, in a calm voice;
• diction must be clear;
• after the conversation, you need to say the words of farewell.

Important! Before starting business negotiations, it is better to write down the essence of the issue on paper so that during the conversation you do not jump from one moment to another.

Speech etiquette of different social groups

Speech etiquette is established within each social group. Its features are formed depending on the following aspects:

• age;
• gender;
• education;
• level of education;
• professional direction;
• wealth level;
• hierarchical affiliation.

The desire to master speech etiquette is the key to personal development and an indicator of education.

Compliance with the norms and rules of speech enhances the culture of a person and society as a whole. That is why the educational process pays maximum attention to this issue.