Alternative electric current in Everyday life person.
Research work
Content
I.Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….....3
II. The role of electric current in modern society
2.1. A bit of history. Electric current, what is it? …………..……………....four
2.2. Relevance of the chosen research topic……………..…………………..….5
2. 3. Electric current. What is it?....………………………..…….…….……....…6
2.4. Why do we need to save energy?……………………………………………………9
2.5. Electric current in everyday life .............................................................. ..eleven
III. Practical part
3.1. Optimal sources of electric current……………………………………..…13
IV. Conclusion …………………………………………………………...................................18
VI. Appendix ………………………………………………………………….………20
I . Introduction.
“When there is no life, wisdom is silent,
art cannot flourish,
forces do not play, wealth is useless
and powerless mind.
(Herodotus)
The importance of electrical energy in the life of each of us is so great that it is difficult to assess it. Now it is difficult to imagine a modern house or apartment in which there would be no lighting fixtures. We are so accustomed to turning on the light at any time of the day by flipping a switch that we hardly believe that there was no electric lighting a century and a half ago. What did people use before him?
Today we can hardly imagine how a person more than a hundred years ago could do without electricity. After all, electricity for modern society is the basis of all types of human activity. But few of us think about how this blessing of civilization comes to us. His path is long through complex systems of electrical communications in the form of wires and cables. Wires and cables are the arteries of the circulatory system supplying electrical energy to industrial enterprises and organizations. This is warm in our apartments and houses. All these elements of electrical energy transportation perform the second most important action after generating, they deliver electricity specifically to each of us. We can appreciate the significance of the electrical energy of our life only when this energy suddenly disappears. It is like a big full-flowing river, mighty and strong, rushing from the mountains, bursting into the plain, begins to divide into many rivers, streams and streams.
But at present, the problem of shortage of energy resources is being raised very sharply. After all, human civilization is very dynamic. But the reserves of oil, coal and gas are not endless. The more we use these types of energy raw materials, the less they remain, and the more expensive they cost us every day. There is a danger that the main traditional fuels will be exhausted. No one doubts the inevitability of a fuel shortage at the present time.
Hypothesis:
If electric current surrounds a person everywhere, then what are the best sources to get it.
The purpose of this study: creating sources of electricity with your own hands and consider all kinds of ways to use vegetables and fruits as a current source.
Research objectives :
Learn about power sources.
Compose galvanic cells based on items used in everyday life using various metals.
Research methods:
experimental method;
Method of observation;
Results processing method;
comparison method.
Method of empirical research.
The problem of finding clean energy in the XXI century is acute. In today's world, humanity needs electricity every day. It is needed both by large enterprises and in everyday life. A lot of money is spent on its development. And so the electricity bills are rising every year. Those enterprises that can generate cheap electricity cause great damage to the environment, which then affects the environment and our health. And those enterprises that produce more environmentally friendly electricity, such as hydroelectric power plants, are more expensive. That is why I am interested in this topic.
II . The role of electric current in modern society.
A bit of history.
Electrical phenomena, what is it?
Initial knowledge of electrification by friction dates back to ancient times. Thus, the electrification of amber during friction was known in the 6th century BC. Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus. However, the history of the science of electrical phenomena can begin with the research of William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth of England. Gilbert published his first work on electricity and magnetism in 1600, where he described frictional electrification; here, for the first time in the history of science, he used the term "electricity" (from Greek word"electron", which means "amber"). Hilbert found that glass, resins, and many other substances also become electrified when rubbed. Rubbed with silk or cloth, they attract fluffs, straws, etc.
The first electric machine was built in 1650 by the German scientist Otto Guericke. First, he made a large ball out of sulfur. Rubbing the ball with his hand, Guericke observed the attraction of light objects to it. For greater convenience, the scientist installed the ball on the axis in a special machine. By rotating the ball with the help of the handle and pressing the palm against it, it could be electrified. With the help of this electric machine, Guericke made many experiments. Observing the attraction of light bodies to an electrified ball, he noticed that fluffs and pieces of paper, touching the ball, bounced off it. Gerika even managed to make a fluff that touched the ball float above the electrified ball in the air. But Guericke did not find an explanation for this phenomenon.
In 1729, the English physicist Stephen Gray discovered the existence of conductors and non-conductors of electricity. Testing various bodies of nature, Gray found that electricity was propagated through metal wires, carbon rods, hemp twine, but it was not transmitted through rubber, wax, silk threads, porcelain, which can serve as insulators that protect against leakage of electricity. Among the good conductors, as shown by Gray's experiments, are the tissues of the body of man and animals.
The first devices for detecting electricity and quantitatively studying electrical phenomena appeared in the 18th century. One of the first electroscopes was built in 1745 by Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Georg Wilhelm Richmann. Richmann's electroscope consisted of an iron ruler, against the edge of which a linen thread was suspended, with a scale below. When the ruler was electrified, the thread was repelled. With the help of this device, Richmann made many experiments, especially on the study of the electric field around charged bodies and on the electrification of metals.
In 1750-1780. the fascination with "electricity from friction" was universal. Experiments were carried out on the electrification of people, the ignition of alcohol from a spark, etc. The electric machine, with which you yourself carry out efficient experiments in the physics cabinet, was invented in 1870 by Wimshurst.
2.2 Relevance of the chosen research topic
Imagine life without electrical energy is no longer possible. The electric power industry has invaded all spheres of human activity: industry and agriculture, science and space, our way of life. Such a wide distribution is explained by its specific properties: the ability to turn into almost all other types of energy (thermal, mechanical, sound, light, etc.); the ability to relatively easily be transmitted over considerable distances in large quantities; huge speeds of the electromagnetic process.
In the global sense, electricity plays one of the main roles in the life of both one person and the entire population of the planet. Even in ancient times, people began to extract energy. It all started with the production of fire, because fire is the energy that is necessary for human life. The biggest breakthrough in this area, in the field of electricity generation, falls on the era of an industrial breakthrough, when industry requires more and more new capacities.
According to statistics, modern man consumes a hundred times more energy resources than an ancient inhabitant. This is due to the fact that electricity is firmly rooted in the life of modern man. Also, electricity is a convenience and a blessing, without which a modern person and the development of industries do not see the meaning of life: Agriculture, scientific developments in the field of health care and instrumentation.
The first jump in the growth of energy consumption occurred when people learned how to make fire and use it to cook and heat their homes. During this period, firewood and the muscular strength of a person served as sources of energy. Next milestone associated with the invention of the wheel, the creation of various tools, the development of blacksmithing. By the 15th century Medieval man, using draft animals, water and wind energy, firewood and a small amount of coal, already consumed about 10 times more than primitive.
In the modern world, energy is the basis for the development of basic industries that determine the progress of social production. In all industrialized countries, the pace of development of the energy industry outpaced the pace of development of other industries.
With the development of nuclear physics in 1940, scientists made many useful discoveries in the field of electricity production. So, with the help of research, the first nuclear power plant was put into operation already in 1954. The power of this nuclear power plant was 5 MW.
The creation of such nuclear power plants has instilled in the growth of output in production. All mechanisms, from small to great, are set in motion with the help of electricity. This greatly reduces the time of manufacturing parts plus savings in human resources. Especially now, automated production gives a greater efficiency than human hands.
It should not be forgotten that the introduction of alternative energy sources also plays an important role for the life of mankind. This is due to the fact that to protect nature from nuclear pollution, as accidents at nuclear power plants lead to terrible consequences.
But there is also a reverse side of the coin, when a person uses electricity, there is a risk of exposure and damage to internal organs. Also, the production of electricity adversely affects the nature and ecology of the entire territory of the earth. This is especially pronounced in the territory of hydroelectric power plants, in which a change in the riverbed itself leads to a change in the water world of this reservoir.
But, despite the negative factors that affect the body, humanity invents more and more new technologies and devices, thereby making life easier in the whole world.
2.3 Electricity. Sources of electric current.
What is an electric current and what is necessary for its occurrence and existence for the time we need?
The word "current" means the movement or flow of something. An electric current is an ordered (directed) movement of charged particles. To obtain an electric current in a conductor, it is necessary to create in it electric field. In order for an electric current to exist in a conductor for a long time, it is necessary to maintain an electric field in it all this time. The electric field in the conductors is created and can be maintained for a long time sources of electric current. Currently, mankind uses four main current sources: static, chemical, mechanical and semiconductor (solar batteries), but in each of them work is done to separate positively and negatively charged particles. Separate particles accumulate on the poles of the current source - this is the name of the place to which conductors are connected using terminals or clamps. One pole of the current source is charged positively, the other negatively. If the poles are connected by a conductor, then under the influence of the field, free charged particles in the conductor will move, and an electric current will arise.
Until 1650, the time when a great interest in electricity arose in Europe, no way was known to easily obtain large electrical charges. With the growing number of scientists interested in the study of electricity, one could expect the creation of ever simpler and more efficient ways to obtain electric charges.
Otto von Guericke invented the first electric car. He poured molten sulfur into a hollow glass ball, and then, when the sulfur hardened, broke the glass, not realizing that the glass ball itself could serve his purposes with no less success. Guericke then strengthened the sulfur ball so that it could be rotated with a handle. To obtain a charge, it was necessary to rotate the ball with one hand, and with the other - to press a piece of skin against it. Friction raised the potential of the ball to a value sufficient to produce sparks several centimeters long.
The fact is that powerful charges that could be created on bodies using Guericke's electrostatic machine quickly disappeared. Initially, it was thought that the reason for this was the "evaporation" of charges. To prevent the "evaporation" of charges, it was proposed to enclose charged bodies in closed vessels made of insulating material. Naturally, glass bottles were chosen as such vessels, and water was chosen as the electrified material, since it was easy to pour into bottles. To be able to charge the water without opening the bottle, a nail was passed through the cork. The idea was good, but for reasons not clear at the time, the device did not work so well. As a result of intensive experiments, it was soon discovered that the stored charge, and thus the force of the electric shock, can be sharply increased if the bottle is covered inside and out with a conductive material, such as thin sheets of foil. Moreover, if you connect a nail with a good conductor to a layer of metal inside the bottle, it turned out that you can do without water at all.
The first who discovered a different possibility of obtaining electricity than with the help of electrification by friction was the Italian scientist Luigi Galvani (1737-1798). He was a biologist by profession, but worked in a laboratory where experiments were carried out with electricity. Galvani observed a phenomenon that was known to many before him; it consisted in the fact that if the leg nerve of a dead frog was excited by a spark from an electric machine, then the entire leg began to contract. But one day, Galvani noticed that the paw began to move when only a steel scalpel was in contact with the nerve of the paw. The most surprising thing was that there was no contact between the electric machine and the scalpel. This astonishing discovery forced Galvani to set up a series of experiments to discover the cause of the electric current. One of the experiments was carried out by Galvani to find out whether lightning electricity causes the same movements in the foot. To do this, Galvani hung several frog legs on brass hooks in a window closed with an iron grate. And he found, contrary to his expectations, that contractions of the legs occur at any time, regardless of the state of the weather. The presence of an electric machine or other source of electricity nearby turned out to be unnecessary. Galvani further established that any two dissimilar metals could be used in place of iron and brass, with the combination of copper and zinc producing the phenomenon in the most distinct form. Glass, rubber, resin, stone and dry wood had no effect at all. Thus, the origin of the current was still a mystery. Where does the current appear - only in the tissues of the frog's body, only in dissimilar metals, or in a combination of metals and tissues? Unfortunately, Galvani came to the conclusion that the current occurs exclusively in the tissues of the frog's body. As a result, the concept of "animal electricity" began to seem to his contemporaries much more real than electricity of any other origin.
Another Italian scientist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) finally proved that if frog legs are placed in aqueous solutions of certain substances, then galvanic current does not occur in the tissues of the frog. In particular, this was the case for spring or generally clean water; this current appears when acids, salts or alkalis are added to water. Apparently, the greatest current arose in a combination of copper and zinc placed in a dilute solution of sulfuric acid. The combination of two plates of dissimilar metals immersed in an aqueous solution of alkali, acid or salt is called a galvanic (or chemical) cell.
If only friction and chemical processes in galvanic cells served as the means for obtaining the electromotive force, then the cost of the electrical energy necessary for the operation of various machines would be extremely high. As a result of a huge number of experiments, scientists different countries discoveries were made that made it possible to create mechanical electrical machines that generate relatively cheap electricity.
At the beginning of the 19th century, Hans Christian Oersted discovered a completely new electrical phenomenon, which was that when a current passes through a conductor, a magnetic field forms around it. A few years later, in 1831, Faraday made another discovery, equal in importance to Oersted's discovery. Faraday discovered that when a moving conductor crosses the lines of force magnetic field, in the conductor is induced electromotive force, causing a current in the circuit in which this conductor enters. The induced emf changes in direct proportion to the speed of movement, the number of conductors, and the strength of the magnetic field. In other words, the induced emf is directly proportional to the number of lines of force crossed by the conductor per unit time. When a conductor crosses 100,000,000 lines of force in 1 second, the induced EMF is 1 Volt. By manually moving a single conductor or a wire coil in a magnetic field, large currents cannot be obtained. More effective way is winding wire on a large coil or making a coil in the form of a drum. The coil is then placed on a shaft located between the poles of the magnet and rotated by the power of water or steam. So, in essence, the electric current generator is arranged, which refers to mechanical sources of electric current, and is actively used by mankind at the present time.
Solar energy has been used by humans since ancient times. Back in 212 BC. e. with the help of concentrated sunlight, they lit the sacred fire at the temples. According to legend, around the same time, the Greek scientist Archimedes set fire to the sails of the ships of the Roman fleet while defending his native city.
The Sun is a thermonuclear reactor at a distance of 149.6 million km from the Earth, which emits energy that comes to the Earth mainly in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The largest part of the solar radiation energy is concentrated in the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum. Solar radiation is an inexhaustible renewable source of clean energy. Without damage to the environment, 1.5% of all falling on the ground can be used solar energy, i.e. 1.62 * 10 16 kilowatt / hour per year, which is equivalent to a huge amount of reference fuel - 2 * 10 12 tons.
The efforts of designers are on the path of using photocells for direct conversion solar energy into electricity. Photoconverters, also called solar panels, consist of a number of photovoltaic cells connected in series or in parallel. If the converter is to charge a battery that supplies, for example, a radio device during cloudy times, then it is connected in parallel to the outputs of the solar battery (Fig. 3). Elements used in solar cells must have high efficiency, favorable spectral characteristics, low cost, simple design and low weight. Unfortunately, only a few photocells known today meet at least partially these requirements. These are, first of all, some types of semiconductor photocells. The simplest of them is selenium. Unfortunately, the efficiency of the best selenium photocells is low (0.1 ... 1%).
The basis of solar cells are silicon photoconverters, having the form of round or rectangular plates with a thickness of 0.7 - 1 mm and an area of up to 5 - 8 sq.cm. Experience has shown that small elements, with an area of about 1 square meter, give good results. see, having an efficiency of about 10%. Photocells have also been created from semiconductor metals with a theoretical efficiency of 18%. By the way, the practical efficiency of photoelectric converters (about 10%) exceeds the efficiency of a steam locomotive (8%), the efficiency of solar energy in the plant world (1%), as well as the efficiency of many hydraulic and wind devices. Photovoltaic converters have almost unlimited durability. For comparison, you can give the values of efficiency various sources electric energy (in percent): combined heat and power plant - 20-30, thermoelectric converter - 6 - 8, selenium photocell - 0.1 - 1, solar battery - 6 - 11, fuel cell - 70, lead battery - 80 - 90.
In 1989, the Boeing Company (USA) created a two-layer photocell consisting of two semiconductors - gallium arsenide and antimonide - with a conversion factor of solar energy into electrical energy equal to 37%, which is quite comparable with the efficiency of modern thermal and nuclear power plants. Recently, it was possible to prove that the photoelectric method of converting solar energy theoretically allows the use of solar energy with an efficiency of up to 93%! But it was originally believed that the maximum upper limit of the efficiency of solar cells is no more than 26%, i.e. significantly lower than the efficiency of high-temperature heat engines.
So far, solar batteries are used mainly in space, and on Earth only for power supply of autonomous consumers with a power of up to 1 kW, power supply for radio navigation and low-power radio-electronic equipment, and drive of experimental electric vehicles and aircraft. As solar cells improve, they will find application in residential buildings for autonomous power supply, i.e. heating and hot water supply, as well as for generating electricity for lighting and powering household appliances.
2.4 Why you need to save energy.
Let's start with a well-known fact, energy is the basis of life on earth. Energy has always played a crucial role in human life, because any of his actions are associated with energy costs. Any person, any family, any community cannot do without energy consumption. For a long time, man has been looking for new ways of converting energy for his needs, and the technological progress that he has made over the past two centuries has transformed his life beyond recognition. Having traveled such a historical path and achieved such results, why is it necessary to save energy? It may not be clear to the average person. There is an opinion in our minds - if there are funds and energy consumption is paid for, then why save?
Realities of the energy crisis: cold in houses, paralysis of part of industry and transport, rising prices, cards for petroleum products. The fuel crisis stimulated the development and implementation of energy-saving technologies on a large scale. Energy-saving equipment and technologies, in turn, contributed to the successful solution of environmental problems.
Today, to overcome the economic crisis, more capital investments are required for the extraction of hydrocarbon fuel, which affects the constant rise in prices for fuel and electricity. No matter how difficult economic transformations are, the implementation of certain energy saving programs on a national scale will definitely affect an individual. And in order to be ready to protect ourselves and create comfortable conditions for living in our home, we must engage in energy savings. The main motivating factors that stimulate us to move in this direction are: reducing the impact on the environment, increasing the comfort of housing; saving money; the amount of energy resources left for children;
search and development of alternative energy sources. Let's dwell on them in more detail.
We save energy, reduce the impact on the environment.
Opportunities for the transformation and use of energy have unrecognizably transformed and improved the conditions of human life. However, with new opportunities, we also have several thousand times more energy; a significant part of the fossil fuel accumulated in the earth over millions of years has been used up. Simultaneously with the increase in energy consumption, the environment is irreversibly polluted and the influence of the "greenhouse effect" increases, which causes irreversible consequences on the earth. Evidence of this is the increasing frequency of floods, storms, tsunamis, earthquakes and droughts. Compared to 18th century emissions carbon dioxide doubled into the atmosphere. If we admit that global warming is a reality, then we must change our attitude towards the problem of consumption of primary energy resources, and therefore engage in real energy saving and maximum use of sources alternative energy This means you need to conserve energy.
We save energy, increase the comfort of housing.
Global warming is directly related to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the fastest and cheapest way to reduce it is to increase the energy efficiency of energy use. It doesn't take an expert to understand that most of the energy saving potential lies in our homes, residential buildings and structures. It has already been estimated that up to 30% of the energy per capita is spent in the household. Almost every family has a refrigerator, TV, washing machine. Increasingly, computers, dishwashers, food processors, electric kettles and other appliances appear in our apartments. Therefore, affordable ways to save energy in everyday life have been developed. This, the use of new heat-insulating materials for the insulation of walls, windows, doors, allows you to increase the temperature in the room by 2 - 3 0 C, without additional heat consumption. Installation of automation and adjustment systems in hot, cold water supply and heating systems can reduce costs by up to 30%. Replacing incandescent lamps with fluorescent ones and installing class A household appliances reduces power consumption by 20% - 25%. To increase the comfort in the house - it is necessary to save energy.
We save energy, we save money.
Each family forms its own budget, its revenue and expenditure parts. In the expenditure part of the family budget, utility bills play an important component. The constant growth of energy tariffs and utility bills cause anxiety and concern in every family. Energy consumption is between 8% and 15%. Forecasts are not encouraging, gas and electricity prices will rise. The cost of heat and electricity in our housing can be reduced by half. As a rule, the efforts and money spent on energy saving in the household not only increase comfort and make indoor conditions healthier.
The concept of " smart House» these are built-in information systems that can be installed in the house and with their help control household electrical appliances. The control system itself chooses the right time for energy consumption. It is enough to set up the control panel to leave the machinery and equipment running. Then the control system will turn it on in the most profitable period, when the electricity fee is lower (here we are talking about the difference in the price of electricity at a two-part tariff). Houses under construction can use renewable energy: from wind turbines, solar panels, etc. The European Parliament adopted a resolution, according to which, all new buildings, starting from 2019, must have a zero energy balance. This means that all buildings under construction will produce as much energy from renewable sources as they consume. The hour is not far off when similar resolutions will be adopted throughout the post-Soviet space.
Alternative energy sources are inexhaustible. The purpose of the search for alternative energy sources is the need to obtain it from the energy of renewable or practically inexhaustible natural resources and phenomena. That is, if there comes a stage in the development of mankind, when all exhaustible sources - oil, gas, coal - disappear, then it will be able to use these sources if it stocks up at least with the necessary technologies.
So, it is necessary to save energy. Saving energy is not only saving money and creating the necessary comfort, but also taking care of children and our planet. Each of us is part of the planet and any action or inaction can affect the course of events
2.5 Electric current in everyday life.
The tamed electron delivers light and heat to our houses and apartments, connects us with the outside world via the Internet and by telephone. However, many of us do not even think about the fact that electric current is safe only as long as it is under the “lock” and, having escaped from there, can become a ruthless beast ready to burn down your home, and in some cases capable of killing you.
Electric current is dangerous because a person cannot determine its presence with his senses and often becomes a complete surprise for a person. Childish prank, non-compliance, carelessness - all these are the reasons for those cases when electricity did not help, but harmed a person. Moreover, not to notice the danger has already become a habit in our childhood. Tell me, have you ever thought, when inserting a plug into an outlet, that only a few millimeters of polymer separates you from an electric shock? You see, no. Even knowing that the “plug” is damaged, we still hope for the Russian “maybe” and with the thought “I’ll wrap it with electrical tape” we turn on the device in the network.
Electric current is dangerous for humans, and we also know this from childhood, but in most cases we are not explained why, limiting ourselves to a simple “no”. Perhaps it is for this reason that so many children, driven by simple curiosity, get seriously injured or even die from the effects of electric current.
What can we say about children, when not even everyone can sensibly explain why electric current is dangerous. After all, it seems that information on this issue is open and accessible, but still we do not have enough time or desire to expand our horizons.
The first thing you need to know about electricity is that the power of damage to the human body does not depend on voltage, but on current, an example of this is the currently popular biostimulants for building muscle and burning fat cells. The voltage in these devices can reach 1000 volts, but the current is so small that a person receives only muscle stimulation. Electric current is of two types, direct and alternating. You can meet direct current, for example, in batteries or a car battery. A clear division into "plus" and "minus" determines the direct current. With alternating current, everything is somewhat more complicated. The fact is that the polarity with alternating current changes with a certain frequency, that is, “plus” and “minus” change places. For example, the standard for our electrical network is a frequency of 50 hertz, that is, "plus" and "minus" will change places 100 times per second. It is impossible to say that one kind of current will cause more disastrous consequences than the other, they have different effects on human body and the consequences of their impact depend on the environment and the physical condition of the human body.
The impact of a direct electric current on a person, like an alternating one, is also determined by its strength. With a current strength of 0.6 - 3 milliamps, it is not felt by a person. At 5 - 10 milliamps, you will feel a slight itching at the point of contact with the electrode and heating.
When exposed to an electric current of 20 - 25 milliamps, in addition to itching and heating of the skin area in contact with the current-carrying element, you will feel muscle contraction. 50 - 80 milliamps cause a strong muscle contraction, in some cases respiratory paralysis. 90 -100 milliamps, with prolonged exposure, are fatal to the human body, as they cause contraction of the respiratory tract, death occurs from suffocation. As for alternating electric current, when a current of 0.6 milliamps is applied to the human body, a slight trembling of the fingers is felt, when exposed to 2-3 milliamperes, the trembling intensifies. At 5 - 10 milliamps, severe convulsions begin, accompanied by acute pain in the muscles, while it is still quite possible to break away from current-carrying elements on your own. The impact of a current of 20 - 25 milliamps is characterized by complete paralysis, breathing becomes difficult, it is almost impossible to free yourself. 50 - 80 milliamps causes flutter of the ventricles of the heart and paralysis of the respiratory tract. 90-100 milliamps stop the heart muscle, clinical death occurs (see annex 1)
III. Practical part.
3.1 Optimal sources of electric current.
People knew about electricity already in 1700, but they learned how to extract it on a gigantic scale only 100 years ago. It was mined from heat, the power of water, the internal energy of the atom, the power of the wind. There are many power plants and each one harms the environment. A lot of money is required for their construction and maintenance. From what, then, to generate electricity? At the heart of the principle of an electric battery or accumulator is an acid and a metal interacting with it. This acid is created in laboratories. You can independently acid-base environment using items from everyday life. Any product used by us enriches us with energy. If the products interact with each other, then the released power increases. Let's demonstrate this phenomenon in the following experiment:
Equipment: 2 pieces of sugar, copper and zinc wires, acetic acid solution, light bulb.
1 step: We make small holes in the sugar so that the sugar does not crack. Insert the wires into the holes.
2 step: Pour the pieces with a solution of acetic acid.
3 step: We connect the contacts of the light bulb with the contacts of the assembled installation.
But acid is also found in other substances. For example, in a lemon. It doesn't have as much acid as a battery and it's not as powerful, but it's an acid. Also, the acid is found in sufficient quantities in potatoes, oranges, pickles and tomatoes.
Almost every fruit and vegetable has Electricity!! Why do you think they give you energy when consumed? For our research, we took potatoes. They chose it because in Russia potatoes are the second bread. There are 150 kg of potatoes per inhabitant of Russia per year. This is approximately 37 million tons per year. That is, there is always a supply of potatoes in Russia. We insert two different conductors into the potato, for example, zinc and copper, and connected the LED, which began to glow, we concluded that an electric current flows through the potato and the phenomenon of electrolysis occurs.
Let's try to create an energy source:
1 step
To start a fire, you first need to make a "electric generator" so to speak.
To create our generator, we need: 1 potato, 2 toothpicks, 1 piece and a teaspoon, 2 wires, n-th amount of toothpaste, salt
2 step
The wires must be cleaned! Cut the potato into two halves with a knife.
3 step
Pass the wires through the half of the potato. Using a spoon, make a recess (dimple) in the other half of the potato - the size of the dimple is equal to the size of the spoon
4 step
Mix toothpaste with salt and fill the cavity in half of the potato with it.
5 step
Connect 2 halves (wires with inside should be bent, but so that they are dipped in toothpaste). Connect the potato halves with toothpicks.
6 step
To start a fire, wind a piece of cotton wool around one of the wires. Wait a couple of minutes (the battery should be charged). Then you should bring the wires to each other until a spark occurs.
Using this experiment, we will investigate what the voltage depends on, what products can be alternative current sources.
Experiment #1 Find the dependence of stress on the volume of potatoes.
Devices: measuring cylinder, water, potatoes, copper plates, avometer.
Work plan:
1. Determine the volume of the tuber
2. Measure the tension in tubers of different sizes
3. Draw a conclusion
No. Sample
Volume, V (cm³)
Voltage, U (V)
Sample No. 1
Sample #2
Sample #3
Sample No. 4
Conclusion: The dependence of voltage on the volume of potatoes produced by him is direct. The greater the volume, the greater the tension.
Experiment #2: Determine the dependence of stress on the mass of potatoes.
Devices: scales, tubers, copper plates, avometer.
Work plan:
Determine the mass of the tuber
Tension in tubers of different weights
Draw a conclusion
No. Sample
Weight, m (kg)
Voltage, U (V)
Sample No. 1
Sample #2
Sample #3
Sample No. 4
Conclusion: The dependence of stress on the mass of the tuber is direct. The larger the mass, the higher the voltage.
Experiment #3: Find the voltage dependence between a raw tuber and a boiled tuber.
Devices: potato tubers, water, saucepan, copper plates, avometer.
Work plan:
Measure the voltage in a raw tuber
boil potatoes
Measure voltage in boiled potatoes
Draw a conclusion
No. Sample
Voltage in raw potatoes, U (B)
Voltage in boiled potatoes, U (B)
Sample No. 1
Sample #2
Sample #3
Sample No. 4
Conclusion: The voltage is higher in boiled potatoes than in raw potatoes. This is due to the fact that the structure of the compounds changes in the boiled tuber.
№ 4: Explore which of the substances will give higher voltage.
Devices: potato tubers, orange, lemon, jar of pickles, cognac, copper plates, avometer.
I took products with the same weight, because from experiment No. 2 We learned that voltage and current depend on mass.
Work plan:
Measure the weight of several products
Measure the voltage on these products
Product
Weight, m (kg)
Voltage, U (V)
potatoes
orange
≈ 0.18 kg
cucumber pickle
≈ 0.225 kg
jar of cucumbers
Conclusion: According to the experiment, it can be judged that with the smallest mass of all the products used, a lemon gives more tension than a can of cucumbers with a mass of 300 g.
Experiment #5: Increase the voltage of potatoes from improvised means. Creation of biofuels.
Devices: tubers, soda, toothpaste, copper plates, avometer.
Work plan:
Measure tuber tension
Add toothpaste with baking soda to potatoes.
Measure the current in the resulting instance.
I took one potato tuber and measured its tension. Then he cut the tuber in half, made a hole in one of the halves with a spoon. I put toothpaste mixed with soda there. I connected the two halves of the tuber and measured the voltage. The results are recorded in the table.
No. Sample
Voltage, U (V)
Weight, m (kg)
Potato without pasta
Potato with pasta
Conclusion: With virtually no change in mass, the voltage was increased. I created biofuels. Thus, we have proved that by mixing certain components, an increase in voltage can be achieved.
Let's summarize the results of the experiments. The larger the volume and mass of the body, the higher the tension will be. Cooked foods provide more electricity than raw foods. Lemons provide the most electricity. If you mix certain components, you can achieve an increase in voltage.
From the experiments carried out, it is possible to draw conclusions and continue work on the release of environmentally friendly energy. We can pickle potatoes and get more current. We can mix ground substances with each other, thereby increasing the amount of acids in the resulting product. The relevance of my work is that in the modern world, scientists are dealing with the problem of finding new environmentally friendly energy sources.
IV . Conclusion.
Modern life is unthinkable without electricity. It is hard to imagine how a person could do without electricity. But at present, the problem of shortage of energy resources is being raised very sharply. After all, human civilization is very dynamic. But the reserves of oil, coal and gas are not endless. The more we use these types of energy raw materials, the less they remain, and the more expensive they cost us every day. There is a danger that the main traditional fuels will be exhausted. No one doubts the inevitability of a fuel shortage at the present time.
My work is only the first step in the study of this problem. But my research can still be used in everyday life. Research in this area can be continued, because. they are relevant and simple. From the experiments carried out, it is possible to draw conclusions and continue work on the release of environmentally friendly energy. We can pickle potatoes and get more current. We can mix ground substances with each other, thereby increasing the amount of acids in the resulting product. The relevance of my work is that in the modern world, scientists are dealing with the problem of finding new environmentally friendly energy sources.
V . List of recommended literature:
1. Bludov M.I. Conversations on physics. - M.: Enlightenment, 1984, p.225
2. O. F. Kabardin. Reference materials on physics. - M.: Enlightenment 1985
3. A. K. Kikoin, I.K. Kikoin. Electrodynamics. - M.: Nauka 1976.
4. Krasnovsky A.A. Conversion of light energy during photosynthesis - Saransk, 1987, p.223
5. Ryzhenkov A.P. Physics. Human. Environment. - M.: Enlightenment, 1999, p.336
5. encyclopedic Dictionary young physicist. - M.: Pedagogy, 1991
6. Wikipedia (http:// ru . wikipedia .org/wiki)
7. Popular science show "GALILEO"www. galileo- tv. en
8. http://"give the battery.r f".
9. www.uvasbu.net/en/articles/article5.html
Application
Fig.1
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format
Introduction
Objective.
What is electricity?
Why is electricity called electricity?
Where is electricity used?
Electricity is the engine of science.
Where is electricity found in nature?
What kind of electricity did ancient people have?
Conducting an experiment.
Conclusion.
Introduction.
Why am I interested in this topic?
I am interested in what electricity is and whether it can be obtained in field conditions, where there are no available sources of electric current familiar to us.
Objective
Learn what electricity is.
Tell the children what electricity is and where it "lives".
Conduct an experiment to extract electricity from vegetables and fruits that are at hand.
What is electricity?
Now it is difficult to imagine human life without the use of electricity. It is produced, for example, in batteries, but its main source is power plants, from where it enters our homes through thick wires or cables. Try to imagine how water flows in a river. Electricity moves through wires the same way. Water flows in the river, and small particles called electrons pass through the wires. That is why electricity is called electric current. Electric current is the ordered movement of a stream of electrons inside a conductor, such as a piece of wire.
Electric current moves through the wires only if they are connected in a closed ring - an electrical circuit. Take, for example, a flashlight: the wires connecting the battery, light bulb and switch form a closed circuit. As long as there is current flowing through the circuit, the light bulb is on. If you open the circuit - say, disconnect the wire from the battery - the light will go out.
- Why is electricity called electricity?
The ancient Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus purposefully set up various experiments with the "electron", which in Greek means "amber". We don't know much about these simple experiments. It is more or less known that the philosopher carved various figures from amber - sticks, plates, balls and cubes, which he then rubbed with all sorts of fabrics, skins and wool.
But the term "electricity" appeared almost 500 years ago. The English physicist William Gilbert investigated electrical phenomena and noticed that many objects, like amber, attract smaller particles to themselves after rubbing. Therefore, in honor of the fossil resin, he called this phenomenon electricity (from Latin Electricus (electricus) - amber).
So the word " electricity" comes from the Greek name for amber - electron.
- Where is electricity used?
Today it is difficult for us to imagine life without electricity, but electricity gradually revealed all its secrets to mankind. Only in the 19th century did people learn to use electricity in their lives.
When the first light bulb was created, electric lighting entered the lives of people. Then humanity learned to transmit sound and images at a distance with the help of electricity, so TV, telephone, radio and so on appeared. Every modern home has a different Appliances and it is all powered by electricity.
People have learned not only to use, but also to produce electricity. This is how power plants appeared, batteries and generators were created.
In addition, electricity is engine of science. Many devices that are used by scientists to study the world around us also work from it.
Gradually, electricity is also conquering space. Powerful batteries stand on spaceships, and solar panels are being built on the planet and windmills are being installed, which receive energy from nature.
Electricity in the modern world is used everywhere: in medicine, construction, industry and everyday life. Therefore, electricity plays an important role in human life.
ATTENTION! Electricity is dangerous to life. Electrical appliances and sockets should be handled with great care. Do not climb power line masts, or better yet, do not approach them at all!
- Where is electricity found in nature?
There are also electric charges in nature, for example, lightning is a powerful discharge of electricity.
By the way, nervous system a person functions due to electrical impulses that come from the irritated area to the brain. Inside the neurons of the brain, signals are transmitted electrically.
But not only a person generates electric currents in himself. Many inhabitants of the seas and oceans are able to generate electricity. For example, an electric eel is capable of creating a voltage of up to 500 volts, and a stingray's charge power reaches 0.5 kilowatts. In addition, certain species of fish use the electric field that they create around themselves, with the help of which they easily navigate in muddy water and at depths where sunlight does not penetrate.
What kind of electricity did ancient people have?
4000 years ago, ancient people had electricity. During excavations near Baghdad, they found clay pot times of the Mesopotamian kingdom. Inside were a copper cylinder and an iron rod. What for? Archaeologists were at a loss.
The pot was jokingly called the Baghdad battery. Modern batteries are similar - two different metals and an electrolyte. Vinegar was poured into the same pot as an electrolyte, a copper cylinder and an iron rod were lowered - an electric current began to flow.
The same pots with metal inserts were found in Egypt. It turns out that electricity was known many thousands of years ago. You don't even need a pot to make a simple battery. A vessel of vinegar will replace a regular lemon. The role of the iron rod will be performed by an ordinary screw. Instead of a cylinder - copper wire. If you connect a voltmeter to the device, the battery will work. Some researchers claim that the ancient Egyptians illuminated underground galleries using electricity. There are no traces of soot on the underground walls and ceilings, which would certainly have remained if the craftsmen had worked by the light of, for example, a torch.
On the bas-reliefs of Egyptian temples, one can see an oblong object in the hands of the priests, resembling a bulb of an electric lamp. Inside the “lamp”, instead of a spiral, a snake wriggles.
- Conducting an experiment. How I lit a light bulb with vegetables and fruits.
To make a battery from vegetables and fruits, I needed:
vegetables fruits,
galvanized nails,
segments copper wire,
clamp wires,
Light-emitting diode,
multimeter.
It is necessary to stick a galvanized nail and a piece of thick copper wire (electrodes) into the fetus under study.
Next, the probes of the measuring device (multimeter) should be attached to the ends of the electrodes. The multimeter will show the voltage in Volts that occurs at the ends of the conductor. Grouped the measurement data. So, the experimental vegetables and fruits give the following voltage (V):
|
A photo |
Vegetable/fruit |
voltage (V): |
|
pickled cucumber |
||
|
Potatoes |
||
|
fresh cucumber |
||
The measurement results are presented in the table below:
I think if you need to light a real 220V bulb in a lamp, then you will need a large amount of fruit for this, it will be cheaper to use potatoes, but even then you will need a whole bag of them.
And here is a clear example of a positive result of my experience:
- Conclusion
During the study, it turned out that it would not be possible to extract a lot of electricity from this natural power source, but to recharge the battery mobile phone or the battery of the camera and other devices that consume a small current, this will be enough.
Sources of information:Children's encyclopedia "1001 questions and answers".
Endless internet.
Beloved parents.
Man cannot live without light. Since ancient times, mankind has used all possible sources of natural energy to illuminate life, cook food and acquire strength, both mental and physical.
The first source of light and energy was the entire sun. He was worshiped as a god, composed countless songs, legends, poems and tales. The sun was used and honored. Just like fire. Having tamed fire, the ancient man received an integral source of life and protection. This event made it possible to open a long path of growth, perfection and development of man as a higher earthly being.
Centuries passed, and after the advent of many years, the ardent mind of man created artificial sources of energy. Today, one of them is very actively and constantly used in all aspects of human life. Moreover, without its existence, modern man cannot imagine his life. This is electricity. This source of energy was created by scientists quite recently, but very quickly seized control over human existence.
Indeed, how can you live today without all the devices that work only on electric energy? No, no replacement yet.
If you ask yourself a question about the place of purchase of a chandelier, Kyiv, of course, is the primary source, since the main part of all goods always goes to the capital. But even in the regions you can easily find this necessary product for human life. So in the regional centers you can find a lot of specialized stores selling chandeliers and lamps of various kinds. For example, in order to buy chandeliers in central Ukraine, Vinnytsia is a wonderful city for this purchase.
Today created different types extraction of this energy: thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants. As well as alternative stations for generating electricity: solar stations, wind stations and others. Every day, scientists around the world are fruitfully working on the invention of new technologies for generating electricity, more powerful and environmentally friendly.
But, great great. And the townsfolk use electricity every day in their lives. One of the uses is the same as other sources of energy from the beginning of the existence of mankind: as a source of light. And the vessels transmitting light energy for many centuries, and this is a whole great industry.
Beautiful chandeliers, lamps and candelabra have been created for many centuries and in all countries of the world. There is not a single nation that does not produce lighting fixtures today.
The motherland also excelled in production different kind chandeliers But apart from own production a lot of foreign-made lighting fixtures are supplied to Ukraine. Thus, the country's market is replete with an assortment of lighting products.
Of course, a person today can not do without electricity. But it is also difficult for him to live without his accompanying items, such as chandeliers and lamps.
Electric cable and power wire are materials that are widely in demand in construction, trade, industry and other fields. Mounting wires are used for laying utilities, power lines, creating security systems. Control cables are used to create power supply systems. In accordance with GOST, they withstand the current of industrial frequencies.
An ordinary cable is used to create low-voltage systems and long-distance communication systems, to form information and signal networks, as well as for laying household wiring, installing a security circuit and main utilities. It is used in mines, ships, railway junctions, as well as in the construction of buildings for various purposes.
Depending on the application, the wires have different characteristics and are mounted differently on the site. Namely:
- some are designed for stationary laying, both underground and in the air;
– others are in demand when creating a mobile connection;
- still others are suitable for creating overhead power lines.
If heat-resistant and fire-resistant materials are needed for installation, you can purchase special cables and wires with delivery in Moscow and other Russian cities. They have stable insulation, low susceptibility to high temperatures and provide a good level of security.
Advantages of wire and cable
The basis of the cable and wire is copper. This metal does not corrode and provides optimum conductivity. It is kink resistant, easy to twist, ductile, flexible, and does not support combustion.
All products are unique technical specifications and high quality, according to world standards. The products presented in the catalog of our online store are favorably distinguished by their reliability in operation and high quality.
natalia ermakova
Abstract open lesson"Electricity in people's lives"
Direction - Social and personal development.
Educational area - Socialization, security.
Integration with other areas - Cognitive and speech;
Educational area - "Knowledge", "Communication".
Target: Formation in children of elementary ideas about electricity, its meaning in human life.
Educational: Continue to introduce children to electricity, fix the rules of use household electrical appliances learn how to take safety precautions.
Educational: to develop mental and speech activity, the ability to analyze, draw conclusions, conclusions.
Educational: Develop the ability to work in a team.
Material to occupation: table lamp, table "Terms of use with electrical appliances» , cards for didactic games "Find electrical appliance» , "What Was Before", ball, mnemonic diagram.
preliminary work: Viewing an album "Appliances", illustrations in books, reading fairy tales "Fedorino grief", guessing riddles, reading stories, poems.
There is a table lamp on the teacher's desk, not plugged into the outlet.
Q. Guys, look and tell me what is on my table?
D. Table lamp.
Q. Why, what do you need a table lamp for?
D. To make it light when it's dark, turn it on at night.
Q. How to turn on the table lamp?
D. You need to connect it to the outlet.
B. I connect the plug to the outlet, the lamp lights up.
Why did the table lamp light up and what will we talk about lesson You will know if you solve the riddle.
What kind of animal is sitting in the socket
What cell did he escape from?
He runs along the wires and willingly serves us
Helps with housework. Warms, illuminates.
How he was born and settled in the outlet. (Electric current).
D. El. current.
B. Individual responses. What does Yana, Artem, Ulya think?
You answered correctly - this is email. the current that runs through the wires to each house, apartment and lives in a socket, a switch.
Who came up with electricity?
D. Man.
B. As soon as man invented electricity, has changed and people's life, various household items appeared - electrical appliances. Name them.
D. Refrigerator, iron, microwave oven, electric furnace, hair dryer, floor lamp, sewing machine, mixer, meat grinder, blender, juicer, washing machine, TV, curling iron, vacuum cleaner.
Q. You named a lot of items. They are like good wizards surrounding us and helping us.
Lots of electrical appliances.
What unites all these objects, what do they have in common?
A diagram will help you answer the question correctly.
Go to the board Maxim show and tell.
Each appliance has a cord, plug and socket.
Q. You answered correctly. Go, repeat Ilya.
I summarize - Lots of electrical appliances, but each has a plug, cord, socket.
I invite the children to come to the table. There is a task card on the table. Connect the dots with a line, you will know which electrical appliance on your card.
The children are doing the task. I ask what happened to Ilya, Yaroslav, Lisa. What did you connect to electrical appliances?
D. To an outlet.
Q. You did a good job of finding the hidden emails. appliances.
Phys. minute. And now it's time to rest.
Stand in a circle holding hands. They go talking to each other the words: “I run along the path, I can’t do without a path. Where the guys are not there, the light will not turn on in the house. To distant villages, cities, I walk along the wires. bright majesty - electricity.
Stop. There is a ball game "Name the actions electrical appliances» .
Iron - irons clothes, refrigerator - stores food, washing machine - washes clothes, hair dryer - dries hair, mixer - whips cream, juicer - squeezes juice from vegetables and fruits, microwave oven - heats food, electric waffle iron - bakes waffles, electric fireplace- heats the room, table lamp - illuminates the room, vacuum cleaner - cleans the carpet.
Q. Well done guys, you correctly named the purpose of each electrical appliance. Sit down.
We live in the modern world, we use electrical appliances, they are our helpers, save our time, facilitate our work. Once upon a time, when it was not invented electricity, people did without these items,
replaced them with others.
The game is being played "What is - what was?"
These are pictures of modern electrical appliances, to them it is necessary to pick up items that replace them earlier. Approach the table, take a picture with an object that replaces this or that object before.
For example: washing machine (the child picks up a card with an image - a trough). Vacuum cleaner - broom. The light bulb is a candle.
Fan - fan. Sewing machine - needle.
Q. What do you think, which items are more convenient to use, those that were before or those that are now.
D. I like modern electrical appliances.
Q. I agree with you guys. With invention electricity, man has improved the technique, we rejoice at how convenient and easy it is with it. Electrical appliances make life easier. Can electricity by which devices operate be dangerous?
D. Maybe. Lights up. Fire.
B. I suggest that the children go to "Security Corner" and talk about it.
On the easel there are cards with the rules of use electrical appliances.
Electricity and electrical appliances can be dangerous if mishandled. Therefore, when handling take off, you must remember the rules.
Guys remember and name these rules.
Unplug cords from outlets when leaving home.
Do not approach bare wires and touch them,
will be electrocuted.
Can't be wiped electrical appliances with a damp cloth.
If there is no adult home, you can not turn on electrical appliances, it is dangerous.
Plug foreign objects into the socket.
electrical appliances.
Do not pull the plug by the cord, it may break.
You can not play with sockets.
Do not turn on the stove unnecessarily.
Do not include many items in one outlet.
Do not use incorrect electrical appliances.
Q. Guys, remember one more important rule.
Can't turn on electrical appliances without parental permission.
We have repeated the terms of use electrical appliances, memorize them. Electric current is dangerous!
Q. Guys, there is more electricity is quiet non-hazardous.
Where does it live?
D. In batteries.
Q. Name items that run on batteries.
D. Wall clock, alarm clock, remote control, flashlight, tape recorder, calculator, telephone, toys.
B. People have learned to save electricity in batteries, which makes everything that you named work, including your toys.
Outcome. Our lesson has come to an end, come to me. What we talked about.
D. About electricity, electrical appliances. You did a very good job, it was interesting to talk with you.
I invite you to evaluate our occupation, own knowledge.
If you were interested, take the yellow electronic.
If someone did not understand something - take the green electronic.
lift up electronics.
Now I see that did you like the activity. You are great.
Take your toys and play with them.
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