Case of words in the plural. Genitive plural

1. Case of nouns

Nouns change by case. case- the form of a noun, expressing its syntactic relationship with other words in the sentence. Case is an inflectional category, realized with the help of endings. In russian language six cases:

• nominative(the nominative case is always used without a preposition, in a sentence it is the subject or predicate);
• indirect cases: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional (the prepositional case is always used with prepositions, other indirect cases can be used with or without prepositions).

2. Declension of nouns

declination- this is a change of nouns in cases. Exist three declensions nouns. The distribution by declension depends on the gender of nouns and their ending in the nominative singular.

3. Special endings of nouns in -y, -y, -y

Nouns of the 1st declension on -and I(army, lecture) and 2nd declension on -th and -s(genius, sanatorium, meeting) in the prepositional case have an ending -and(about a genius, in a sanatorium, at a meeting, in the army). Nouns in -and I in the dative case also end in -and(cf .: give to Marya, but give to Mary).

4. Variable nouns

ten nouns per -me (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown ) and the noun path are inflected. In the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular, they have the ending of the 3rd declension -i. In other cases, they have endings of the 2nd declension.

When declensing nouns into -me a formative suffix is ​​added to the root -en (-yeon): names - names, banners - banners. The words seed and stirrup in the genitive plural have a suffix -yang(but not - en): seeds, stirrups. The words burden, udder, flame, crown do not have a plural.

5. Indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns have the same form for all cases, i.e. do not bow: bought a piano (v.p.), play piano (p.p.). The indestructibles include:

• many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels: radio, metro, scoreboard, taxi, stew, kangaroo, menu, Dumas, Oslo, Baku;
• foreign surnames ending in a consonant and denoting females: Roman Voynich (r.p.); if such a surname denotes a male person, it is inclined according to the 2nd declension: Remarque's novel;
• Russian and Ukrainian surnames in -o and -ih (s): Franko, Chernykh, Dolgikh, Zhivago’, such surnames are not inclined regardless of the gender of the person bearing this surname;
• many compound words: Moscow State University, GAI, hydroelectric power station.

Nouns in -anine, -yanin in many hours lose suffix -in: city ​​dweller - townspeople .

Nouns are especially declined: mother, daughter, path, child.

Declension of nouns in the singular. Table

6. Declension of plural nouns

1. Most nouns in nominative plural have endings:

1st fold. and. R. abbreviations s, army and, m. men s, young man and
2nd fold. m. baby and, father s cf. floor I, glass a
3rd fold. and. R. step and, daughter and

2. Some nouns masculine nominative plural are used with the endings -А, -Я. For example: beach a, century a, city a, postmark I, anchor I.

3. Nouns differ in meaning:

In order to solve the problem posed to us, we will analyze each concept separately.

Noun

Noun- an independent part of speech. It denotes the subject, and also answers the questions "who?" (if animate) and "what?" (if inanimate). Examples: table, chair, guitar, computer. In a sentence, it is most often the subject, less often an addition, but it also happens that it is used as another member of the sentence.

Nouns can change by cases (also by gender, numbers, and so on, but we, within the framework of this task, are not interested).

Noun case

As we have already determined, adjectives change by case. If suddenly you don’t know, then in general there is such a series of cases:

1. Nominative.
2. Genitive.
3. Dative.
4. Accusative.
5. Instrumental.
6. Prepositional. It is used only with a preposition, which is clear from its name.

Plural of a noun

The noun is both singular and plural. The singular number means that the item being talked about has a quantity of one, and plural means several items, some quantity more than one.

Examples of the singular: table, chair, beauty, life, pencil, garden, T-shirt, book, balcony, door, guitar.

Plural examples: tables, chairs, beauties, lives, pencils, gardens, T-shirts, books, balconies, doors, guitars.

Solution of the task

So, now, knowing all the concepts, we will try to understand how to determine the case of a noun in the plural. To do this, we decline the word "handles" in cases:

I.p. what? pens.

R.p. what? pens.

D.p. to whom? pens.

V.p. what? pens.

etc. how? handles.

P.p. about what? about pens.

It turns out that the questions of cases do not change: they are the same for the singular, for the plural.

The case of a noun, as we see, in the plural is determined in the same way as the case in the singular: by prepositions in the sentence, endings and questions.

On this page, you can view the declension of the word "case" by cases, both in the singular and in the plural. Case is a 5 letter word. Word declension table "case" by cases is given below. Through the search, you can find other words you need.

Plural

Singular

It is important to know about the declension of words

Difficulties in the formation of numeral forms and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.

The main part of the numerals is declined according to the third declension.

The numeral thousand changes like a noun of the first declension.

The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in indirect cases - forty, one hundred ..

When declining compound ordinal numbers, only their last part changes Collective numbers (two, three, etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting baby animals, or nouns that only have a plural form.

Combinations of compound numbers ending in two, three, four with nouns that do not have a singular form are not allowed. Only combinations like twenty-one days, twenty-five days are possible.

The numeral pronoun both has two generic forms: both are masculine and neuter, and both are feminine. The same applies to the numeral one and a half.

Adjectives are a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what ?, what ?, what ?, what? The adjective is in the same case form, number and gender as the noun it depends on.

In the singular, adjectives change by gender and case. The gender of plural adjectives is not determined.

Plural adjectives cannot be gendered.

The change of nouns in cases is characterized by a change in their endings, which are called case forms. In total, there are six cases in Russian, each of which has its own auxiliary question.

The nominative case is called direct (or initial), all the rest - indirect.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by the question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be recognized by the auxiliary questions that are answered by the circumstances.

Video lesson in Russian "How to remember cases. Our everything!"

A noun is a part of speech that carries the meaning of objectivity and has such grammatical categories as gender, number and case. These categories are closely interrelated, so their knowledge is necessary for the correct use of nouns. Special attention should be paid to the declension of nouns in the plural.

Grammatical category of number

A grammatical category is a system of opposing sets of forms that have the same meaning. In Russian, names and verbs have the category of number. It is represented by the opposition of singularity and plurality. In the Old Russian language there was a three-term system of the category of number, in which the singular, plural and

Expressing the grammatical meaning of a number

Currently in Russian there is only an opposition between the singular and the plural. There are no separate forms for expressing only the category of number. Synthetic and analytical methods are used to express the number. The first, main, case involves the use of an internal word resource. These are, first of all, the ending (house - houses, cat - cats, road - roads), in some cases suffixes (calf - calves, honey agaric - mushrooms, sky - heaven) and sometimes stress (forest - forests) or alternation of consonants ( ear - ears, friend - friends). The analytical (syntactic) way of expressing a number is characterized by the use of agreement (old houses, white socks). This method allows you to express the number of indeclinable nouns (one coffee - three coffees). For some nouns, the number can be expressed using a different base (person - people).

Number of nouns

A singular noun denotes a single object (a cup, telephone, wire), in the plural - two or more objects (cups, telephones, wires). The easiest way to trace the differences between the plural and the singular of nouns is to use examples of words denoting objects that can be counted. For example, a ball - five balls, a table - two tables, an orange - three oranges. Similar nouns are inflected by numbers, i.e. it is possible to use these nouns in the singular and plural. But there are quite large groups of words that do not change in numbers.

Nouns that do not have a plural form

These nouns include:

the names of many similar objects or phenomena (children, foliage, humanity, linden forest, linen, junk);

the name of objects with material value (steel, wheat, rye, oats, gasoline, milk, cottage cheese, hay);

the name of a quality or attribute (blueness, power, anger, warmth, kindness);

the name of the action or state (writing, reading, threshing, cutting down);

proper names used to name single objects (Novgorod, Don, Lenin, Stalin);

words like: time, udder.

Nouns that do not have a singular form

These nouns are:

names of paired or composite items (underpants, glasses, scissors, gates, sneakers, pincers);

names of materials or their waste (bran, sawdust, perfume, ink);

names of some periods of time (day, weekdays, holidays);

the names of the action or state of nature (frosts, elections, chores, shoots);

names of checkers, tags, chess, knockouts);

some names of geographical places (Alps, Athens, Carpathians, Sokolniki, Sochi, Gryazi, Luzhniki).

Features of the declension of nouns in the plural

For each of the three existing in the Russian language, its own forms are characteristic when changing by cases. To determine the type of declension, you must first determine the initial form of the word. For nouns, this form will be the nominative singular.

However, during the declension of a noun in the plural, there are almost no signs of differences in the types of declensions from each other. Therefore, it is worth talking separately about the declension of nouns in the plural form.

The endings of plural nouns in the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases always coincide, regardless of the type of declension. Differences have noun endings in the nominative, genitive and accusative cases.

Plural nouns in the nominative case have the endings:

feminine gender -i, -s (threads, mountains, mice, bees, arrows, mothers, daughters);

masculine -i, -s (houses, tables, tables, bananas, cartridges), sometimes -a, -ya (chairs, meadows, houses, sons), -e for words ending in -ane, -yane (earthlings, townspeople, northerners, Rostovites);

neuter -a, -i (lakes, wings, villages), sometimes -i (ears, shoulders, eyelids).

In the genitive case, plural nouns end in:

Iy - nouns. R. 1st skl., which end in -iya, -ya (series, cells, arias, armies), some nouns cf. rivers that end in -ye (gorges, spears);

To her - words with a stem that ends in a hissing or soft consonant sound (nights, seas, knives);

Ov, -ev - nouns m. with a base that ends in a solid consonant or -oy (ports, heroes), words for cucumbers, oranges, tomatoes, etc.

In the genitive case, it appears in words ending in the nominative case in -ana, -yan, -ata, -yata (Armenians, townspeople, badgers, animals), as well as words like: eye, soldier, boot, stocking, etc.

b - if in a noun the suffix - is preceded by a vowel (deserts, ladies, apple trees).

When declensing plural nouns ending in the singular in -nya, a fluent vowel -e- appears in the genitive case, and ь is not written (cherries, towers). An exception in this case are the words: young ladies, villages, kitchens.

In plural nouns in the genitive case after hissing ь is not written regardless of the gender (groves, shoulders, hands, boots).

The forms of plural nouns in the accusative case are the same as the forms of plural nouns in the nominative or genitive case.

So, knowing the features of the declension of nouns in the plural will help to avoid mistakes both in oral and in writing. The ability to quickly determine the singular and plural will be an important skill in determining the initial form of a word.

Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From the correct definition of which, by the way, the spelling correctness of the written depends.

Case category

The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.

Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative case

In addition to grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical meaning. Let's sort them out.

Nominative case. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. may be integral part predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject wood(Name p., predicate Birch- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive case meanings

Genitive. Can associate nouns with different parts of speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• action object: boiling water;
• definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
• used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
• the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a complete one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.

Noun declension

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun in front of you, ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. Asking a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain- feminine, ends in b, so the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.

first declension

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.

Second declension

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish lexical meanings Plural nouns have different endings: sheet, but leaves (of a tree) and sheets (of a book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.

Inflected nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - purchased kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways are laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(unit h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).

Invariable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.