Syntactic norms of the modern Russian language abstract. Syntactic norms and culture of speech

On the Russian language and culture of speech

Topic: Syntactic norms of the language.

Plan

Mistakes in agreeing the predicate with the subject.

Stringing cases.

Errors in the preparation of sentences with homogeneous members.

Mistakes in the use of adverbial phrases.

Errors in the construction of complex sentences.

1. Coordination of the predicate with the subject

Variants of agreement between the predicate and the subject are often observed in cases where the subject is expressed by a quantitative combination and a collective noun.

With a subject expressed by a quantitative combination, the predicate is used both in the singular and in the plural (in the latter case, semantic agreement is observed, since the subject denotes a multitude of persons or objects). Both the one and the otherpredicate formin the modern Russian literary language is correct. However, each of these options is used in speech in different ways - depending on the purpose of the statement. It also depends on the style.speech: for colloquial and artistic styles harakterno plural; for scientific and official business - the only

1. The plural predicate is considered preferable in cases where it is necessary to emphasize activity, speed of action:Five students take tests. Several bystanders rushed to help rescuers. Eight pilots of the regiment took off into the sky. The subject in such sentences most often refers to living beings.

The singular number is preferred and desirable when it comes to inanimate objects. The predicate in such sentences is often expressed by a passive participle or a reflexive verb:Five tests were performed. Several bullets screeched over my head. Eight planes stood on the runway.

2. With numeralstwo three four, included in the subject, the predicate is usually put in the plural:Three houses are calling for the evening. Four dogs followed the carriage.

With compound numbers ending inone, the predicate is put in the singular:Twenty one students participated in the competition.

3. The predicate in the singular is usually placed with the subject, denoting the measure of time:Three years have passed.

4. At the wordsthousand, million, billion the predicate usually agrees according to the rules of agreement with the subject-nouns (in gender and number):A thousand books entered the library. A million students filled the corridors of the university.

5. With the subject typea number of questions, some applicants the predicate has a singular form, agreeing with the wordsrow, part: A number of project proposals are not supported by the necessary calculations. Some students did not receive credit.

6. At the wordsa lot, a little, a little, a lot, a lot, a lot, a few the predicate, as a rule, is put in the singular:There were many books on the shelves. How many students attended the lecture? Quite a few interesting facts cited in the speech of the deputy. How few of us survived the battle.

7. With a subject expressed by a collective nounmajority, minority, multitude, the predicate can be of two variants: in the form of a singular number (grammatical agreement) and in the form of a plural number (agreement in meaning). The last option is used most often in colloquial, artistic and journalistic speech.

If available with the subject application (in combinations such asfemale surgeon, wagon-workshop, school-seminar, Lake Seliger, Izvestia newspaper) it is often not clear which of the words is the subject and which is the application. It is customary to consider as subject a word expressing a generic, more general concept, and to coordinate the predicate with this word.

For some phrases, primarily of a terminological nature (such asamphibious vehicle, showcase-stand, museum-apartment), norms of coordination have not been finally established. In these cases, it should be assumed that the main, broader name is usually combined in the first place:the sofa bed was sold, the library-museum acquired manuscripts, the museum-apartment acquired new exhibits, the lesson-lecture lasted two hours.

In those rather rare cases where the application comes first, it usually does not decline:read in a novel-newspaper, covered himself with a cape. If the subject is expressed by a conventional name, the predicate agrees with it according to the grammatical principle “Izvestia» published an interview with the Prime Minister! Dead Souls was staged on the stage of the new theatre.

2. Stringing cases

Inappropriate repetition of the same case form makes it difficult to understand the phrase for example:House of the nephew of the coachman's wife the doctor's brother (example of A. M. Peshkovsky).Most often, stringing occurs genitive cases, due to the high prevalence of the genitive adjective, which is a feature of the scientific and official business style:To solve the problem of accelerating the improvement of student performance rating. When editing, verbal nouns are usually replaced by infinitives or other constructions, common turns by subordinate clauses.

Stringing instrumental cases:It was impossible to limit ourselves to the decisions made by the students (Correctly:It was impossible to limit ourselves to the decisions that the students made).

Cases should be avoidedaforms with the same prepositions, for example;We talked with a teacher with a "long experience" (correctly having a long experience).

3. Errors in the preparation of sentences with homogeneous members .

1. The curiosity of the playful phrase “It was raining and two hundredudenta; one to the university, the other in galoshes "foundedon the fact that in it, as homogeneous members,sentences are words expressing realheterogeneous concepts.On theusing this technique, the combination is incompatiblewow, puns are being built like “drink tea with lemon andpleasure."

In fiction, such constructionsused as a special stylistic device for creating a comic effect: in N. Gogol:Not only who is twenty-six years old, has a beautiful mustache and a wonderfully tailored frock coat ...; at A. Chekhov:

ATcrowd of two young merchants zealously gesture lyuthands and hate each other; Lev Savvich Turmanov, a common man in the street, having a capitalist, a young wife and a solid bald head...; at M. Gorky:The season we are experiencing is the season of all sorts of gatherings. ny and ... cutting cabbage; And therefore, I recommend ladies not going out without a husband or a club (this is not always the same andSame).

... FROM wishes for deliverance from disease and long life

(The words for the title are taken from the biographicalessay dedicated to N. A. Nekrasov, where, in particular,, speaks of letters and telegrams expressingdeepoesympathy for the "poet of people's grief" in connection withwith his illness. It is clear that we are talking about twoniyah - get rid of the disease and live a long timeonly. But the author did not take into account the ambiguity associatedwith what controlled wordslong life forcan be included in different series of homogeneousmembers:with wishes for a long life (what,obviously and meant) andgetting rid of longevity her life (affects the nearest combinationfrom disease)

If in small proposals (like: "The residents demanded troubleshooting and repairof course, they demanded both troubleshooting andrepair, not liquidation ... repair),can be relatively easy to figure out, then in the bulkIn some sentences, it can be difficult to “unravel” the connections between homogeneous members.

In such cases, it is recommended for more incomethe readiness of the text to break the "tangled" sentence into several independent sentences according to the principle of a logical connection between individual homogeneous members. An example of reworking a sentenceWith homogeneous members we find in A. Fadeev. Let us compare two editions of the text of the novel "Youngguarddiya.

Edition 1947

And this man, and the woman, and all the children from whichRykh Jr. even stretches out his little hands, smilestowards the one walking towards them with a white enamelledbucket in the hand of a girl in a bright sundress, in whitelace apron, in the same cap andelegantred shoes - full, with strongly upturnedm nose, unnaturally ruddy and also slyso afraid that all her large white teeth are onruzhu.

1952 edition

And this man, and the woman, and all the children, fromkotothe younger one even stretches out his little hands, smiles towards the girl walking towards them with a white enameled bucket in her hand. A girl in a bright sundress in a white lace apron, in the same capand in graceful red shoes - plump, with a strongly upturned nose, unnaturally ruddy. She smiles too, so all her large white teeth are out.

2. The newspaper called for to the youth and to young men cities

Fromthe title implies that among the youth there are no young men

Andon the contrary: young men are not part of the youth.

Logs co-stylistic error arose as a result of the fact that concepts are listed as homogeneous, partially coinciding in their logical scope.

Suchconcepts are calledcrossing: "writers and Muscovites" (some writers are Muscovites, and some Muscovites are writers).On theremember that without a special stylistic task, the use of combinations with intersecting concepts violates the stylistic norm.

The exceptions are a few combinations that are fixed in speech:Komsomol members and youth, pioneers and schoolchildren, festival of youth and students

... Mr Golyadkin asked tea wash your face and to shave

3. Homogeneous members of the sentence do not have to be expressed in words of the same partspeeches: A man entered tall, thirty years old, pointsx, with a stick in hand. However, there is no complete freedom here, not always the words of different parts of speech can form a series of homogeneous members. So, the noun and the indefinite form of the verb do not combine, so you can’t say: “I love playing the violin and singing”

As for the phrase from the works of F.M. Dostoevsky given in the title, it has a clearly expressed character of stylization for colloquial -loose speech. In the texts, there are also other kinds of errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members: “For Last year I have read several novels, works of art, stories and short stories "- species and generic concepts should not be included in the general series of homogeneous members: a broad concept" artwork” includes narrower concepts of “novels”, “tales”, “stories” “Many practical comments and valuable suggestionszhenii was introduced at the last meeting of the teachers' council "- not all homogeneous members lexically combineXia with the word with which they are connected in meaning: practical remarks are made, not introduced.

4. “On a holiday, crowds of people could be seen oneverywhere: on the streets, squares, boulevards, squares "- according torepetition of a preposition with homogeneous members is optionalRespectively, but on condition that they require the same preposition; different prepositions should not be omittedsya; since it is impossible to say "in the squares", then before the last homogeneous member one should have usedpretext.

“There was no information about Dubrovsky on the second and thirdthis day ”- with repeated unions, the preposition should also be repeated, that is, it was necessary to say:and on second and third day.

« Additional material for the report I took fromhaz and brochures, books and magazines "- with pairedconnection of homogeneous members, they usually selectare based on the principle of semantic proximity in order to avoidpress the creation of random pairs; should have said:... from newspapers and magazines, books and brochures.

“They played well in the performance as performers of the chaptersroles, as well as all other participants in the performancela" - an incorrect pair "as ... and also" is formed;union could be omittedhow or use withunifying unionlike... so.

“The life of the peasants is depicted in the worksmany Russian classic writers: Gogol, Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Chekhov "- the error is absenteffect of agreement in the case of homogeneous members withgeneral phrase; it will be right;classic writers: Gogol, Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, Chekhov.

"As material for the novel "War and Peace"L. N. Tolstoy used family archives, memoirsry, literary sources and other officialdocuments” - the listed materials are notofficial documents, so the wordother turned out to be redundant.

4. Mistakes in use adverbial turnovers.

The verb-predicate and the participle should not denote the actions of different objects and persons. For example:As I approached the station, my hat fell off my head.

It is impossible to allow inconsistency in the use of types of adverbs: Having madework and thinking .about tomorrow, he was looking forward to good luck. .

The adverbial turnover cannot be used if the sentence is expressed by a passive construction:Having risen up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the berths of Saratov and Nizhny Novgorod.

The adverbial turnover cannot be used in an impersonal sentence in which the subject is expressed logically:Approaching the forest, I became cold.

5. Complex sentence.

1. Here is the house that Jack built...

You probably know everything about Jack, so aboutread another text and try to figure it out. ATI. A. Goncharov’s novel contains the following sentence:The apartment I occupy is on the second floor of a house in which you supposed to produce some construction... The disadvantage of this proposal, as it is easy to see, is the repetition of the sameallied wordwhich the in accessory parts it is difficultth sentence under the so-called sequentialsubordination (one subordinate clause depends on the other). ATIn this case, the writer used stylisticallyunsuccessful design for speech characteristicsOblomov, writing a letter to the manager of the house.It is no coincidence that in the next sentence the text stylesstatic error repeats:Known through the crepe my dear man, Zakhara Trofimova, what do you say tell me that the apartment I occupy... Avtor of writing, suffering from laziness of thought, himself admittedhis "incoherent", since "here twice in a rowwhat, and theretwicewhich the".

Often such proposals are found inscientific works, for example: “Dobrolyubov said,that many young people entering into lifeyut yourself these questions that what you are doing now,it's not that there is something better, something extraordinaryvenous, that which you should aspire to."

However, such constructions that violate the normswe writing, often used in writinglems for the speech characteristics of actors(as in "Oblomov") or in order to give acolloquial connotation, approximate the authorspeech to the speech of the characters:Sobakevich so said in the affirmative that he had [Chichikova]have money that he pulled out another piece of paper (N. Gogol); L. Tolstoy:He did not know, that Levin felt that wings had grown in him; Quiet solitary life in our rural wilderness with the possibility ability to do good to people who find it so easy to do good good to which they are not accustomed. F. M. Dostoevskyputs in the mouth of the negative character Stavrogina (from the novel "Demons") a phrase that should emphasize the deliberately unfinished, repulsively unfinishednice syllable:I was so low that I trembled heart with joy that withstood the character and waited, that she came out first.

2.. Cossack horses,which were covered in foam

Word order in a complex sentencenom in the title, such that the relative pronounniewhich the formally can be attributed to the nearestto the previous nounCossacks andit takes some effort to get it right.understanding of the text (to get rid of, so to speak, fromits initial perception). It should be borne in mindthat when reading, and even more so when listening to suchsentences, initial understanding, as it were, onasks for itself, but it may be wrongnym: after all, in our example, foam was coverednot Cossacks, but horses. Correction of this suggestionniya does not cause difficulties: it is enough to replaceappendageny defining part of the complex pre-sacramental knife(... the horses of the Cossacks, according to covered with foam).

In some cases word order creates a double meaningproposition: “Continued success benefitsthere are books of writers that reflect our moderntemporality" (books or writers reflect modernness?). And here the privy can come to the rescueturnover:...reflecting our modernity or...from reflecting our modernity.

True, in fiction oftenmeet complex sentences, in whichrelation of the subordinate attributive part and opof the noun being divided is based on the realtheir meaning or on the preceding context, and notin formal word order:Porfiry put the puppy on the floor, which, stretched out on all four paws, sniffed the ground (N. Gogol) (it is clear that it stretched out for everythingfour paws puppy, not gender);There was an Armenian-bo gach, patronized by Dr. Andreevsky, to who kept vodka at the mercy of him and was now fussing about contract renewal (L. Tolstoy) (kept on fromcoupe vodka, of course, a rich Armenian, not Dr. Andreevsky).

3. Pleaseto you comewould

A proposal should be considered unsuccessful if the particle is used twice in itwould for expressionwishes:to... would. Such a repetition of a particlewould in the subordinate part of the sentence, in which the predicatemine is expressed in the form of a conditional subjunctive oncloning, most often found in oral-colloquialspeeches:"If you immediatelywould write me about it, I couldto help you"; "You probably needto you askedwould brother." However, in literary, in writtenspeech, such usage is considered a violationnorms.

Such a construction of a complex sentence canbut to meet in the works of artliterature, where it is used to give a highnaming a colloquial tone:To the coachmen of the benches that I will give in rubles, so that like a courier, rolled and songs would be sung (N. Gogol). More often particlewould used with the second predicate, more distantfrom the unionto orif, when you loosen up a bitthere is an expression of a wish or condition:She sent

Vitya a second time, so that he accurately knows the address of Oz nobishina and straight from the office would go to this address (K. Fedin);I don't want you to pretend and smile I would force myself (A. K. Tolstoy).

The book is talentedwritten and which everyone praises

4. A violation of the literary norm is a connectiondefinition as homogeneous syntactic constantssentence member instructions(skillfully written) andclause of a sentence(which many hwa lyat). Brings them together the same definitive signless, but only a few can be homogeneoussame syntactic level: or members beforeclauses, or subordinate clauses of a sentence. Neravillegal elements in this respect, beforelist as homogeneous members, should be “reduced to the same denominator”, i.e. use either twoparticipial turnover, or two subordinate parts.

PFor example, the sentence "The Tale of a Hero, having madeshem unparalleled feats that deserves blahthe gratitude of descendants" is corrected as follows:about the hero administering.and deserving. or:about the hero ry has accomplished a feat and deserves ...

Here are a few more examples that violatenorm, since there is no special style associated with themtask: “The arrested person was worried about the family,taken under the supervision of the police and which he left withouttenacious livelihoods" (instead oftaken under supervision... and left by him...); "The old generation obvinyalo Turgenev in nihilism and that he is in solidarity with Bazarov" (possible options: 1)...accused of nigi lizma and in solidarity...; 2) accused of nihilism and that that he is in solidarity ...); “Plyushkin lived in a house that hadneglected view and in which almost all the windows were boarded up or shuttered" (instead of...koto ry had. ..and who has...).

Violation of syntactic homogeneity (membersentences and clause clause syntaxially unequal) is observed very oftenko, including writers:I was already thinking about the shape of the plan And what will I name the hero? (A. Pushkin);Let's remember your last name Leah and that they were in Moscow (A. Herzen) - unionand connthe addition and the subordinate explanatory clause are missing. Tasome constructions are colloquial in nature.

5. The student said thatI not yet prepared for the answer

Suggestions like the one in the titleoften found in colloquial speech. Sourceerrors - mixing direct speech with indirect. Herefrom direct speech(Student said: “I have not prepared yet to answer") taken personal pronounI, and from indirectlyNoah(The student said that he had not yet prepared for the answer that) - explanatory conjunctionwhat.

Other examples of mixing direct speech with indirectNoah: “The stationmaster announced to those waiting forriding passengers thatI unable to provideread all tickets "; "A friend introduced me tomy fiancee and said that I would marry her soon"(it turns out that I'm going to marry someone else's notnews).

In written speech (mainly in artistic and journalistic texts), it is true that there isunity in one construction of direct and indirectquestionowls:We even suspect that these eleven happy verses an occasion to join him throughout the poem... (V. Belinsky);I'm hunting with a gun did not even dare to ask, although I thought that why not Shouldn't I go hunting with Shurka? (S. Aksakov). In business prose, the unionwhat in both cases would be redundant.

Building complex syntactic constructions, notit should be forgotten that cumbersome labor proposalsbut are perceived not only by ear, but alsoresearch institutes. Remember: in the exemplary prose of A. S. Pushkin,M. Yu. Lermontov, A. P. Chekhov a significant place forunderstand simple sentences, and complex sentences are transparent in their structure, relativelysmall in volume.

I was approaching my destination. Aroundsad deserts stretched me, crossednye hills and ravines. Everything was covered with snow.The sun was setting. The kibitka rode along the narrow road,or more precisely, along the trail laid by the peasantsled. Suddenly the coachman began to look at a hundredronu, and finally, taking off his hat, turned to me andsaid...

( A. Pushkin)

Lesson in preparation for the exam. "Syntactic Norms"

Lesson in preparation for the exam. syntactic rules.

Syntactic norms are the norms for constructing syntactic constructions - phrases and sentences.

1. Errors in sentences with homogeneous members

2. Mistakes in sentences with participial turnover

Attention should be paid to the agreement of the definition expressed by the participial turnover with the word being defined.

3. Errors in the construction of complex sentences

4. Mistakes in the use of prepositions

5. Proper names in a sentence

The names of books, newspapers, magazines, etc., enclosed in quotation marks, do not change if they refer to a common noun:This was written in the newspaper Arguments and Facts. Interview for the newspaper "Arguments and Facts".Materials published by the newspaper "Arguments and Facts" Not properly: This was written in the newspaper Arguments and Facts.

If there is no common noun, the proper name can change:In "Arguments and Facts" there was a note about this case.

6. Unjustified inversion

7 . Direct word order:

1) the subject precedes the predicate ( It's raining)

2) the agreed definition comes before the word being defined ( cold rain )

3) inconsistent definition comes after the word being defined ( oak leaves)

4) the complement is after the control word ( soaked leaves)

5) the circumstance of the mode of action stands before the verb-predicate ( pouring heavily)

Training exercises

1. Point out the sentence with a grammatical error

1. By the decree of the governor of the region, families with many children are granted privileges in the choice of land plots for summer cottage construction.
2. The events of those years left a deep imprint in his memory.
3. Four graduate students completed their dissertations.
4. Polina Borisova managed to receive the title of laureate of the competition for young violinists "Ovation" for the fourth time.

2. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. The doctor did not find any signs of illness in the patient.
2. There is no denying the positive side of the job.
3. I don't often write letters to my parents.
4. None of us took part in the lottery.

3. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. He respects and cares about his parents.
2. The book teaches courage and respect for people.
3. There were tables, chairs and a bookcase in the room.
4. I read not only newspapers, but also magazines.

4. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Twenty-one students passed the exam.
2. Thousands of books received.
3. Ten years have passed.
4. These three cars drove in the same direction.

5. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Half a lifetime has passed.
2. Brother and sister went to the village.
3. It has been cold and rainy all summer.
4. Coffee has risen in price by ten rubles.

6. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Inspire confidence for a favorable outcome.
2. Pay attention to parents.
3. Worry about children.
4. operate with facts

7. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Will receive an award
2. pay for goods
3. Based on the airfield
4. Distinguish between truth and lies.

8. In what case is a syntax error made?

1. Blame misunderstanding
2. Marvel at his diligence
3. Operate with facts.

9. Indicate the option without a grammatical error.

1. Blame for being rude
2. Understand the need for treatment
3. Explain the director's decision
4. Instill confidence in a favorable outcome.

10. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. His negligence had sad consequences: the painting was not subject to restoration.
2. During the period of pedagogical practice, unfortunately, the opinion about the students did not develop.
3. Smiling, they walked towards each other.
4. After the expiration of the statute of limitations, the documents were archived.

11. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. The ancient ritual - to put on a ring on the day of marriage - means the desire and obligation to live in peace and harmony with your chosen one.
2. Many children say that the new teacher explains things more clearly.
3. According to the instructions, it was decided to send the defective device to the control department.
4. This year, pupils of the Suvorov military schools will be on duty at the memorial.

12. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. It was not difficult for the speaker to substantiate his position, since he had picked up the arguments in advance.
2. Mom dressed the child in a coat and took her out into the yard.
3. Words that sounded like an insult trampled on the honor and dignity of journalism.
4. Our neighbor is kind, attentive, friendly with others.

13. Indicate the sentence with a grammatical error.

1. In connection with the increase in the number of traffic accidents, the patrol service was also instructed to take action.
2. The festive mood is created by the spring decoration of the house.
3. If ownerless bags and other items are found, it is forbidden to move and open them in order to avoid an explosion.
4. The traveler's report was submitted to the accounting department.

14. Indicate a sentence with a grammatical error?

1. Living in society, it is necessary to learn the norms of morality, otherwise he will be rejected by others.
2. In general, the project was adopted, it was decided to eliminate particular shortcomings in a working order.
3. Members of the Board of Directors made a proposal to expand the scope of the holding.
4. According to the director's order, the cross will take place on Saturday.

15. Indicate a sentence with a grammatical error?

1. Try to formulate the theme of the essay yourself.
2. Arriving from Moscow, he talked for a long time about the peculiarities of life in the capital.
3. The soldier did not soon stop yearning for his family, only private letters from his parents helped to calm down.
4. Only one member of the plant administration took the side of the strikers.

Answers: 1 - 3 , 2- 2 , 3- 1, 4 - 2, 5 - 4 , 6 - 1 , 7 - 3 , 8 - 2 , 9 - 4, 10 - 2 , 11 - 2 , 12 - 4, 13 - 4 , 14 - 4, 15 - 2 .

Bibliography

1. Golub I.B. Unified State Examination 2010. Russian language without a tutor: we pass without problems! / I.B. Golub. – M.: Eksmo, 2009.
2. Goltsova N.G., Shamshin I.V. Russian language. Difficult questions of morphology. 10 - 11 classes. - M .: LLC "TID" Russian word– RS”, 2006.
3. Gosteva Yu.N. USE. Russian language. Thematic workbook FIPI / Yu.N. Gosteva, V.V. Lvov. - M: Exam publishing house, 2010.
4. Issers O.S. Intensive Russian language course: 1000 tests to prepare for the All-Russian USE testing; Spelling. Punctuation. A culture of speech. language system. expressive means. Text analysis / O.S. Issers, N.A. Kuzmin. – 5th ed. – M.: Flinta: Science, 2007.
5. Issers O.S. Intensive Russian language course. Why do they say so in Russian: a guide to the culture of speech / O.S. Issers, N.A. Kuzmin. – M.: Flinta: Science, 2007.
6. Issers O.S. Intensive course of the Russian language: a guide for preparing for testing and writing in rules, algorithms and cheat sheets / O.S. Issers, N.A. Kuzmin. - 4th ed. – M.: Flinta: Science, 2007.
7. Mamona T.N. USE. Russian language. Workshop on the implementation of standard test items USE: teaching aid / T.N. Mamona, E.S. Sergeeva, E.M. Mikhailova, E.L. Erokhin, G.T. Egoraev. - M: Exam publishing house, 2010.
8. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B. Russian language. Spelling. Punctuation. - 3rd ed., Rev. - M .: Iris - press, 2002.
9. Senina N.A. Russian language. Unified State Examination - 2008. Entrance tests: Educational and methodological guide. - Rostov n / a: Legion, 2007. Tsybulko I.P. USE 2010. Russian language: training tasks / I.P. Tsybulko, S.I. Lvova, V.A. Kokhanov. – M.: Eksmo, 2009.

Syntactic norms are a sphere of speech culture that regulates the construction and use of syntactic constructions in speech,

provided by the language system. This type of norm is most closely connected, of course, with the syntactic structure of the language, but it reveals connections with both the morphological structure and vocabulary.

The initial concept of syntactic norms is given by examples of their violation. Here are the most simple examples: * feedback on the article; *performance review; * characteristic per student. We observe mismanagement in all three phrases: noun review must govern the non-accusative case with a preposition on the, but prepositional with a preposition about (review of the article), and the noun review - vice versa (review of the performance); noun characteristic must govern the genitive without a preposition (characteristics of the student).

Every adult, for whom Russian is his native language, as a rule, quite satisfactorily knows the laws of constructing phrases and sentences and does not, in particular, make mistakes in management (for example, he will not say * Get in the car instead of Get in the car won't write * Book under the artist's life instead of Book about the artist's life etc.). But in the structure of the language there are such areas where different - sometimes close, even synonymous - models of syntactic constructions enter into a relationship of competition, and often one model, trying to displace another, meets with serious resistance. As a result, hesitation arises, and the speaker (writer) experiences difficulty: he does not know which of the two - and sometimes more - options he should choose. In addition, sometimes a disservice to the speaker or writer is done by analogies with which the language is literally permeated: for example, the words review and response close in meaning, but have different controls (respond can o anything, a respond to something). Wrong phrase *review pa statgiao - the result of just such hesitation, caused by the action of analogy and the ignorance of the speaker or writer, which of the two options, which seem to him equally possible, is correct.

It is in such cases that syntactic norms come into play, prescribing which variant should be chosen.

However, one should not think that syntactic norms are just rules for constructing sentences and phrases in complex, variant cases. After all, you can build a lot of sentences without violating any law of the syntactic system, but at the same time clearly deviating from the norms and causing an unplanned effect - most often comical, although it also happens that a phrase against the will of the author becomes ambiguous, incomprehensible or even meaningless. In such cases, one also has to talk about a violation of syntactic norms.

Consider, for example, one phrase from a school essay:

* There is a fortress on the Danube, and Yaroslavna stands on the fortress.

Indeed, in this phrase, from the point of view of the actual syntax, everything is correct, not a single law of constructing syntactic constructions is violated here: the subjects are consistent with the predicates, the word order is correct, the prepositional-case forms of nouns-circumstances are chosen unmistakably. But from the point of view of syntactic norms, this sentence is far from being all right: it is no coincidence that when reading, a comic effect arises, to which the author did not aspire at all. This effect is due to several reasons, which will be discussed below.

To master syntactic norms, it is not enough just to learn how to build phrases and sentences correctly; it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the construction, the connection of syntax and vocabulary, syntax and morphology. Very often, when examining one or another violation of syntactic norms, one has to be convinced that in an unsuccessful phrase, the laws of syntax are not so much violated as its interaction with vocabulary and morphology is not taken into account. And this interaction is infinitely diverse, because the vocabulary of the language is practically inexhaustible, and the variety of morphological forms and syntactic models in the Russian language is very large.

Syntax violations can be divided into two categories:

• 1) violations of the rules for constructing syntactic constructions in complex cases, associated with the presence of variants in the structure of the language;
• 2) grammatically correct, but poorly built constructions that cause an undesirable side effect (ambiguity, misunderstanding, comic effect, etc.).

It is easy to guess that if violations of the first type can be described quite fully, even given as a list, then any complete enumeration of failures of the second type is fundamentally impossible. This is what prompted some scholars to propose another concept that should exist along with the concept of a syntactic norm, without mixing with it: this concept normalization. Violations of the second type, in which not so much direct deviations from the laws of the linguistic structure and syntactic norms are found, as the unsuccessful use of linguistic means within the limits of the syntactic construction, are precisely the object of normalization.

Further presentation in this section will be built in accordance with the distinction between two types of violations of syntactic norms: first, those sections of the syntactic structure of the Russian language, which are characterized by fluctuations and the presence of variants, will be described, then - violations of the second type.

Task 7. Syntactic norms. Agreement norms. Management norms

Types of errors

examples of violation of syntactic norms, some rules

Incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition (describe about accidents and, pay per tickets)

rule

Prepositions ACCORDING TO, DESPITE, THANKS TO are used only with the dative case (to whom? to what?)

Pretext ON in the meaning of "after something, as a result of something" is used with a prepositional case (about whom? about what?)

Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate. (All who are late apologized.

rule

The subject and predicate must be used in the same form! (Correct option: All who are late apologized.)

Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application. ( In the painting "The Sleeping Shepherdess" Venetsianov conveyed all the charm of Russian nature.)

rule

Inconsistent applications expressed by proper names (names of newspapers, magazines, films, paintings, etc.) are used in the nominative case if they are preceded by a common noun (in the novel "War and Peace"). If there is no common noun, then the proper name changes (in "War and Peace").

· Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech .

(Nekrasov wrote that "I dedicated the lyre to my people.")

rule

In sentences with indirect speech, only third person pronouns are used in the subordinate clause. (Correct: Nekrasov wrote that he "dedicated the lyre to his people.")

An error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members.

Incorrect construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. ( As we climbed the mountain, it became very cold. As I passed the station, my hat fell off.)

rule

The action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the participle must be performed by one person. (Correct: As I climbed the mountain, I felt it was getting cold. I lost my hat as I passed the station.)

Violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover. (Poachers who violate the law face a serious fine. A boat moored to the shore aroused suspicion.)

rule

The participle must agree with the word being defined. (Correct: Poachers who break the law face heavy fines.)

The word being defined should not break the participial phrase. (Correct: A boat moored to the shore aroused suspicion.)

Error in building a complex sentence (Geralt talked about the past and when he was still a young witcher. We address our problem to Irina Ivanovna, who cannot but excite us all.)

The appearance of syntactic speech defects is due to ignorance of 1) the order of words in a sentence, 2) the coordination of the subject and the predicate, 3) the coordination of definitions and applications, 4) the rules of management, 5) the rules for using participial and adverbial phrases.

1. In Russian, there is a relatively free order of word arrangement, that is, there is no strictly fixed place for one or another main or secondary member of the sentence. However, there is a more or less accepted order of the members of the sentence in declarative, motivating and interrogative sentences - the direct order and deviations from it - the reverse order (inversion - lat. inversio - permutation). Inversion is used in colloquial speech and in works of fiction to give speech a special expressiveness.

In declarative sentences with direct word order, the subject precedes the predicate, and the topic (initial information) is the rheme (new information). If this provision is not observed, we get an ambiguous sentence and hardly understand its content. For example, sentences with the same forms of the nominative and accusative cases in the subject and object: “The sun covered the cloud. - "The cloud covered the sun", "The bicycle crashed the bus" - "The bus crashed the bike." The topic in meaning here can only be the words “cloud” (it could cover the moon, stars, mountains, lakes, etc.) and “bus” (it could break a motorcycle, car, pole, etc.). But in the sentences “A tram crashed a bus” or “A bus crashed a tram”, only submission to the direct word order allows us to understand the true meaning of the information. Compare the sentences: “The truck is towing a dump truck” and “The dump truck is towing a truck”, “The paddle hit the dress” and “The dress hit the paddle”. How does the meaning of statements change in connection with a change in theme and rheme?

In the declarative sentence “There is a bookcase in the corner”, the theme (initial information) is the predicate “stands” and the circumstance of the place “in the corner”, and the rheme ( new information) - subject "cupboard". If the subject and circumstance are interchanged (“The closet is in the corner”), the ratio of the rheme and theme will change, and, consequently, the meaning of the transmitted information.

The subject can be placed after the predicate if:

• 1) denotes a period of time or a natural phenomenon with a predicate with the meaning of being, becoming, the course of an action - “Autumn has come”, “A day has passed”, “It was an early winter”;
• 2) the text is descriptive: “The sea sings, the city hums, the sun shines brightly, creating fairy tales” (M. Gorky);
• 3) in the words of the author, standing after or inside a direct speech: “We will have to spend the night here,” said Maxim Maksimych, “you won’t move through the mountains in such a snowstorm” (M. Lermontov); "Why aren't you eating?" I asked the driver impatiently” (A. Pushkin).
• 2. Coordination (lat. con - with, together, jointly + ordinatio - ordering, arrangement) (in school course the term "agreement" is used) of the subject and predicate - this is a syntactic connection in which there is a complete or partial assimilation of word forms. The laws of coordination are generally well acquired in a natural way, but there are cases that cause difficulties. They are associated with fluctuations in the forms of number and gender. The verb can take both the singular form and the plural form in the following cases: if the subject is expressed by a word or phrase with the meaning of quantity - “two came (came), “some of the students did not appear (did not appear)”; if the subject is expressed by a combination with the meaning of compatibility - “brother and sister came (came)”; if the subject is expressed by the pronoun “who”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, “someone”, indicating many, - “Everyone who came (came) settled in the stands ". The norm prescribes to use only the singular form of the verb-predicate when: a) subjects expressed by the phrase “noun of quantitative-collective meaning + noun in the genitive plural case”: “A flock of swans flew to warm lands”; b) with a subject expressed by the phrase “indefinitely quantitative numeral + noun”: “He brought up several wolf cubs in his yard.”

Gender fluctuations can occur when the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination - “very few letters have survived (preserved)”; a masculine noun, naming a person by occupation, but in this sentence referring to a female person, - "the doctor came (came)".

In sentences with a link "was" or with a semi-significant verb, if the generic and numerical meanings of the names in the subject and predicate do not match, there may be fluctuation in the generic forms of the verb - "the wedding was (was) a joyful event."

3) According to the norm literary language the gender of the definition for nouns of the general gender depends on the gender of the person in question. Therefore, about a girl, a girl, a woman, we will say: “She is a terrible confusion (a bastard, dirty, sweet, etc.)”, and about a boy, a young man, a man: “He is an incorrigible bully (a couch potato, an evil one, a sleepyhead, etc.)”. In colloquial speech, it is permissible to use the definition of the feminine gender to characterize the quality of a male person: "He is such a bungler."

Special rules exist in the use of the case. When the definition refers to the phrase “numeral “two” (three, four) + noun” and stands between its elements, the following forms of agreement are used:

• 1) with masculine and neuter nouns, the definition is put in the form of the genitive plural, for example, “four deep wells”, “twenty-two small windows”;
• 2) with feminine nouns in this position, the nominative plural form is more often used, for example, “three lush lilac branches”, “twenty-four diligent students”. It is acceptable to use the genitive plural with a feminine noun (“two dark boats”, “three large rooms”), but this form is less common. If the definition is before or after the phrase “numeral “two” (three, four) + noun”, then most often it is put in the form of the nominative case, for example, “next three years”, “any four definitions”, “two doors, boarded up tightly”, “four bags filled with groceries”.

How to use the number of definitions when agreeing? Quite often there are nouns that have two definitions with them, which indicate the type of objects.

In the singular, the definition is put in the following cases:

• 1) if the noun does not have a plural form: "scientific and technological progress", "happy and carefree childhood";
• 2) if the noun takes on a different meaning in the plural: “electronic and space communication” (compare, “close ties”);
• 3) if the definitions characterizing the noun are related (contrasted or contrasted) with each other (“right” - “left”, “male” - “female”, “perfect” - “imperfect”, “upper” - “ lower") and together with the noun form a combination of a terminological nature: "on the right and left sides", "singular and plural verbs", "first and second order equations". A plural noun is used when several objects are emphasized, for example, "wooden and plastic frames", "Japanese and Chinese dictionaries”, “basketball and football teams”.

There are expressions where one definition refers to two or more nouns: "my father and mother", "brother and sister". What should be followed to avoid mistakes? We use the definition in the singular, if it is clear in meaning that it refers not only to the first (nearest) noun, but also to the rest: “road bustle and confusion”, “winter cold and cold”, “night silence and peace”. In the plural, we use the definition when it may be unclear whether it refers only to the nearest noun or to the entire series of homogeneous members: “A multi-storey house and a school were built on a wasteland (and a multi-storey house and school)” - “A multi-storey building was built on a wasteland and a school (a multi-storey building, but no school).

When coordinating applications, difficulties arise, as a rule, when you need to choose a case form geographical name, acting as an application. The names of cities usually agree in all cases with the word being defined: “in the city of Kazan”, “near the city of Vitebsk”, “to the city of Rostov”. Acceptable agreed and inconsistent forms for the names of cities on -O: "in the city of Zverevo" and "in the city of Zverevo". The compound names of the cities do not agree: “near the city of Velikie Luki”, “to the city of Velikie Luki”, “with the city of Nizhny Novgorod”, “in the city of Nizhny Novgorod”.

The names of the rivers, as a rule, are consistent with the word being defined, only little-known and compound names do not change: “between the Volga and Don rivers”, “near the Lena river”, but “on the Shilka river”, “Aksay river tributary”, “with the Seversky river Donets". The names of bays, straits and bays, islands and peninsulas, mountains and mountain ranges, deserts do not agree. The only exceptions are well-known names, which are often used without a generic word. Compare: “to the Yamal Peninsula”, “along the lakes Elton and Baskunchak”, “near the Bosphorus”, “to the Golden Horn Bay”, but “on the Kamchatka Peninsula” - “the southern part (peninsula) of Kamchatka”.

The names of ports, stations, foreign administrative-territorial units, astronomical names do not agree: “at the Kropotkinskaya metro station”, “in the port of Murmansk”, “in the department of Bordeaux”, “in orbit of the planet Jupiter”. The names of the streets in the form of the feminine gender are agreed (“on Ordynka Street, Ostozhenka”) and the rest are not agreed (“near Krymsky Val Street, Krinichny Proyezd”). Titles foreign countries, including the word "republic", are consistent if they end in -YA: "agreement with the Republic of Zambia", "trade relations between Russia and the Republic of Nigeria", "traveled in the Republic of Cyprus".

4) Knowledge of the rules of management allows, using case forms and prepositions, to correctly build phrases. Consider the constructions in which errors are most often encountered.

The verb "pay" has the meaning "to pay someone for something" and forms a phrase with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition using control: "to pay expenses (bill, travel, food, accommodation, work)". Most often these are nouns that do not denote a specific subject. The verb "to pay" means "to give money in return for something" and is used in a phrase with a noun in the accusative case with the preposition "for": "to pay for tickets (for food, for furniture)". In this case, we are dealing with nouns denoting specific objects. The verbs "to pay" and "to pay" form an unprepositional construction with the noun "tax": "to pay taxes, pay taxes."

Mastering the rules for constructing phrases with control, you need to remember about such phenomena as synonymy and variability in the meanings of prepositions. “In” (inside something) and “on” (on the surface of something) are close in meaning in the phrases: “to ride a tram - ride a tram”, “fly in an airplane - fly in an airplane”. However, they cannot be recognized as identical - the use of the preposition "in" indicates the presence inside a specific named object, and the preposition "on" indicates the vehicle used. In the vast majority of cases, the prepositions "in" and "on" are used in accordance with their meanings.

The use of the preposition "by" in combination with nouns and pronouns in the dative and prepositional cases causes great difficulty. In combination with nouns and personal pronouns of the 3rd person, the preposition "to" governs the dative case: "missing your loved ones", "missing her". If a pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person is used in the phrase, the same preposition requires a prepositional case, so you should say and write: “we miss you”, “miss us”, and not “for you” and “for us” as it is often heard and read. If the preposition "by" is used in the meaning of the preposition "after", then the noun must also be put in prepositional: “upon receipt of the order”, “upon the end of the session”, “upon the expiration of the term”.

Ambiguity can arise when a noun or pronoun in the genitive case is used in a sentence. This case can denote the one who performs the action expressed by the verb, be the so-called "genitive of the subject." It must be distinguished from the "parent object", which names the object of action, desire, achievement, expectation. In the sentence “Petrov's treatment turned out to be useless”, it is impossible to clearly understand whether the doctor Petrov is treating or Petrov's patient is being treated.

In written speech, there is also such a stylistic flaw as a “piling up” of genitive cases. D.E. Rosenthal and I.B. Golub cites in his manual a construction that describes the owner of a certain book in this way: “The book of the niece of the husband of the teacher of the son of my neighbor ...”. Rosenthal D.E., Secrets of Stylistics. Rules for good speech / D.E. Rosenthal , Golub I.B. - M., 1996. - S. 154. This speech deficiency is especially common when trying to express family relationships. The authors of the manual remind about the found by K.I. Chukovsky in a school manual on literature example: “Creative processing of the image of a courtyard goes along the line of enhancing the display of the tragedy of his fate ...” Ibid. - S. 155. .

In constructions with control, often with two control words there is a common dependent: “run and jump on the site”, “collect and scatter stones”. Such constructions are flawless if the verbs in them require the same control. However, there is a speech defect caused by the fact that the common dependent word is used with words that require different management: “treat and take care of the sick”, “love and be interested in music”: treat (who?) - take care (of whom?), love (what?) - be interested in (what?).

• 5) Proper use of participial phrases requires knowledge of the following rules:
  • a) the word being defined must come before or after the participial phrase. In the sentence "The facts presented in the report testify to the great successes of modern rocket science," the participial phrase "given in the report" refers to the word "facts" being defined, which is inside it. Such a construction violates the rules for using participial turnover;
  • b) a common mistake is the incorrect placement in the sentence of the participial turnover and the subordinate attributive: "There was a fireplace in the room, in which the fire had not been lit for a long time and served as a shelf for the residents." In this situation, the following options for conveying the content are possible: “There was a fireplace in the room, in which a fire had not been lit for a long time. He served the tenants as a regiment”; “There was a fireplace in the room, where a fire had not been lit for a long time. He served the tenants as a regiment.

The adverbial turnover usually moves freely in the sentence, i.e. can be at the beginning, middle or end. The most common mistake in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover is that the authors do not always clearly realize that the main action expressed by the verb and the additional action expressed by the participle are performed by one person (object). If we do not take this circumstance into account, we will get, for example, the following statement: "Approaching the city, a strong wind began." The main action expressed by the verb "began" is performed by the subject "wind". The additional "approaching", expressed by the gerund, is the author of the statement. A gerund can be used in an impersonal sentence if it contains an infinitive - "When sitting at the table, you must wash your hands with soap and water." In such sentences there is no subject of speech, and it is necessary to ensure that they always contain a verb in an indefinite form. Otherwise, such an impersonal sentence will arise: "When I opened the window, it smelled of pine trees." Some verbs do not form gerunds with the suffix -А(Я) in the present tense: “write”, “run”, “protect”, “beat” (the exception is the stable expression “beating oneself in the chest”), “smear”, “knit ”, “be able”, “reap”, “sing”, “scratch”, etc. In the 19th - early 20th centuries, such education was quite literary, therefore, A.P. Chekhov, for example, the gerund participle "pisha" is found, and V.V. Mayakovsky - "shaking your hand" Vashchenko E. D. Russian language and culture of speech / E. D. Vashchenko. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2003. - S. 34 ..