Urinalysis for herpes. Blood test for herpes: who needs it? Decryption

Often a virus herpes simplex(HSV) proceeds latently, and is activated when the immune system is weakened. That is why it is necessary to donate blood for analysis on time. A laboratory study of its composition is part of a complex of a number of examinations that must be carried out, for example, during pregnancy. When diagnosing, they study the composition of urine, take a scraping, a smear. One of the methods for diagnosing herpes is PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

A blood test gives the most reliable result for the presence of the herpes virus.

PCR technique: advantages and disadvantages

One of the advantages of this method of studying blood composition is the ability to find a small amount this virus. An important feature of the study is the determination of herpes immediately after the infection has occurred, that is, before the onset of the first manifestations of the disease. Using the PCR method, differential diagnosis is carried out, viruses of the 1st and 2nd type are detected. However, the high-tech technique may give inaccurate results. If the wrong type of herpes is found in a patient, there is a high probability of violating the basic instructions during the sampling of the test material and the conduct of work. In such cases, the probability of obtaining false data is high. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose infections using several methods and repeat them if the doctor has doubts about the plausibility of the final results.

Types of PCR tests for herpes

PCR analysis helps to find a particle of viral DNA in a short time, and it is impossible to confuse one type of herpes with another. A day later, it will become known which virus this or that rash belongs to.

Simple

Studies and analyzes with which this type of herpes can be detected are carried out when rashes of an unknown nature occur. In addition, the doctor gives direction in case of suspicion of the presence of a genital herpetic rash and the herpes itself inside the body, to determine its variety. For analysis, you need to pass the following materials: blood, the contents of rashes, smears, urine, etc. When studying secretions (for example, in smears), experts add substances that cause the growth of all viral DNA molecules, which allows you to determine their number and presence.

Tests for herpes simplex also include swab sampling.

If a chronic exacerbation of genital HSV has occurred, then using this method (for example, with a smear or scraping), it is possible to determine what kind of danger the patient poses to the partner until the next relapse. The specialist will help you choose the right therapy. Women for a smear for the determination of HSV should visit a gynecologist. At the same time, a gynecological mirror and a brush are used to examine the contents of the cervical canal (if cervical herpes is suspected). Examine the secretions that are in the cervical canal. Men should visit a urologist to examine the urethra. The doctor must insert and then remove the tampon that is inside, using circular gentle movements. The analyzes take little time. The PCR technique will help to find HSV in case of relapse. Accurate data can be obtained using ELISA.

Shingles

The material is handed over to the laboratory and studied for the presence of DNA, RNA of herpes. For analysis, if there is a suspicion of a herpes zoster, the contents of the rash are taken, etc. The results allow us to determine the nature and type of infection. The outcome is either positive or negative.

Preparing for diagnostics

Before testing for the presence of herpes, morning urine should be prepared. They also study the contents of the bubbles that have formed on the skin, and other biological materials. The referral must be made by a physician. In addition, a day before the tests, doctors forbid eating fried foods, spices, drinking medications. If you can not stop taking regular medications, you should tell the specialist about it. Time for diagnosis is also important. The doctor sets the time, most often, the examination is carried out at 10 am. It is extremely undesirable to worry before the diagnosis. Worth avoiding physical activity because it will affect the results. Before the diagnosis, it is recommended to rest for 15 minutes in a calm environment.

Herpes is one of the most common viral diseases on the planet. According to statistics, at least 90% of the population are carriers of this virus. Clinical signs differ for different types of herpes, the disease can manifest itself on the skin and mucous membranes. Types 1 and 2 and deciphering the data is a way to identify the pathogen, determine its type and choose the appropriate treatment regimen.

What is a pathogen?

The causative agent of herpes is a DNA-containing virus. Most often it affects the skin, mucous membranes, genital organs, less often - tissues nervous system and internal organs.

Infection can occur in one of the following ways:

• contact (including when using common household items and personal hygiene);
• airborne;
• sexual;
• vertical (from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth).

After entering the body, the virus may not manifest clinically for a long time. The human immune system keeps the population of the pathogen under control, and it is not able to multiply. The first symptoms occur with a decrease in the level of immune protection, including seasonal immunodeficiencies. Therefore, herpes often accompanies other viral and bacterial diseases, fungal infections.

The patient may not know that he is a virus carrier, but at the same time infect others.

Herpesvirus type 1

Most often, the disease is localized on the skin of the face and body and is manifested by the following symptoms:

• redness of the skin at the site of activation of the virus;
• the appearance of a small rash (vesicles open on their own, and ulcers form in their place);
• itching and swelling.

The disease manifests itself locally, but some patients also complain of fever, chills, weakness and muscle pain. During the period of herpes recurrence, the patient is most dangerous to others, since the pathogen is in the contents of the vesicles.

Herpesvirus type 2

Herpes type 2 is classified as a sexually transmitted disease. In addition, there are also contact, household and vertical transmission routes. Clinically, the disease is manifested by a rash on the genitals and skin of the thighs. Research on herpesvirus is mandatory during pregnancy. The virus is dangerous for the fetus: there is a risk of developing pathologies, as well as infection of the baby during childbirth.

When do you need to contact the laboratory?

During a recurrence of the disease, the herpes virus types 1 and 2 can be determined by a simple examination. A characteristic itchy rash that has a specific localization is the only symptom that will be the basis for a diagnosis. In addition, bubbles often appear in the same place, on the same side.

It is only necessary to donate blood to the laboratory for analysis in a few cases:

1. if herpes manifests itself non-standard, in an erased form or with complications;
2. during pregnancy planning;
3. if you need to find out the period of infection (for example, during pregnancy to assess the potential risk to the fetus).

A rash can be a sign of a large number of diseases of an infectious and non-infectious origin. According to the blood test, you can determine the type of virus, verify the diagnosis and prescribe treatment if necessary.

Methods for determining the herpes virus in the blood

There are several detection methods. They are effective in controversial situations, as well as in cases where the disease is asymptomatic. During a relapse, the contents of the vesicles, skin scrapings, or swabs of the mucous membranes can also be examined. The attending physician will determine which tests to take, based on the capabilities of the laboratory and the financial situation of the patient.

There are several standard rules that will allow you to get the most accurate result. Tests are taken on an empty stomach. Most often, blood is collected in the morning, from 8 to 10 hours. On the eve, you should not eat fatty foods and alcohol. Also, the result of the tests can be affected by stress or any other emotional overstrain.

Analysis for herpes types 1 and 2 is most often carried out by two methods - PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and ELISA (enzymatic immunoassay). Other methods may also be used, depending on the equipment of the laboratory and its technical capabilities.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

PCR is a sensitive reaction that allows you to detect the DNA of viral cells in the test material. The essence of the method is that a certain gene is repeatedly copied, as a result of which the presence and type of pathogen can be detected. It is important that the reaction will not occur if the studied DNA is not present in the material.

The polymerase chain reaction makes it possible to detect the virus immediately after infection, long before the disease begins to manifest itself clinically. It is also prescribed in cases where it is necessary to determine a specific type of virus, and not just its presence.

The laboratory provides forms with indicators that are easy to decipher on your own. the result indicates the presence of the virus in the blood, negative - the absence. This is the most reliable and sensitive analysis that detects even the smallest concentration of the pathogen. Polymerase chain reaction gives one of the most reliable results, therefore it is considered expensive. The forms also contain information about the type of herpes.

Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA)

ELISA is a reaction that is based on the isolation of an antigen-antibody complex. Herpes virus type 1 or 2 is an antigen for the body (foreign substance), in response to which the immune system releases special proteins - antibodies (immunoglobulins or Ig).

Antibodies are carried in the bloodstream through the body to the focus of the disease and there they begin to fight the infection. There are several main classes of immunoglobulins that can be detected during a herpes test:

• IgM are the first antibodies that are formed in the patient's body. They can be found in the patient's blood within 2 weeks from the moment of infection. In addition, these proteins appear during the awakening of the virus in chronic herpes.
• IgG are antibodies, on the basis of which we can talk about a chronic infection that has been in the patient's body for a long time. The number of immunoglobulins of this class increases sharply with the next recurrence of herpes.
• IgG to the early early proteins of the herpes virus are antibody proteins that occur in the blood after IgM and also indicate the presence of the disease in an acute or chronic form.
• They also evaluate such an indicator as. It characterizes the ability of this immunoglobulin to bind to the virus and form an antigen-antibody complex. At the beginning of the disease, this indicator is weakly expressed, but in the active phase of the disease it increases sharply.

The doctor will interpret the results. Each laboratory has its own standard values. The patient receives a form in which his antibody values ​​\u200b\u200bare indicated, as well as those from which it is necessary to build on. If the amount of immunoglobulins is below normal, the result is negative; if it is higher, it is positive.

IgM	IgG to early early proteins	Late IgGs	Result
-	+	+	If the patient has not previously had herpes, this result indicates a primary acute infection. During pregnancy, in this case, there is a threat to the fetus. If a person is a carrier of the virus (the disease was previously manifested clinically or was detected by a laboratory method), we are talking about a recurrence of herpes. The mother's immune system during pregnancy provides protection to the fetus, but it may need to be treated.
-	-	+	The patient is a carrier of the herpes simplex virus, and his body has developed immunity that does not allow the disease to manifest itself clinically. This result is found during periods of remission of herpes.
+	+	-	Such data indicate the first stage of the development of herpes infection. In this phase, there is a threat to the life of the fetus.
+	+	+
-	-	-	A person has never encountered the herpes virus, and his immune system does not provide protection against it. If this test is performed during pregnancy, doctors worry about infection and the development of acute herpes. In this case, the condition of the fetus will be at risk.

Separately, decoding of analyzes for IgG avidity is carried out. Possible results presented in the table:

Avidity index, %	Result
50-60%	This indicator is a threshold zone and cannot speak about any result. Studies must be repeated after 14 days.
Below 50%	The result indicates the presence of low-avid immunoglobulins. They are found during primary infection.
Above 60%	Highly avid immunoglobulins were found. Such a result may appear in chronic herpes or in carriers of the virus.
negative	The patient's body has never come into contact with the virus. During pregnancy, it is necessary to monitor the indicators, since the immune protection of both the mother and the fetus is absent.

Test results may vary from laboratory to laboratory. They depend on the equipment and other factors, but, in general, are reliable.

Immunofluorescence reaction (RIF)

RIF is another way to detect a virus in the test material, including blood. This reaction shows the most accurate result if the concentration of the pathogen is high. The essence of the method is to add special dyes with antibodies to the substrate (blood) and its subsequent microscopy. If the virus is present, it reacts chemically with the antibodies and glows under the microscope.

Deciphering a blood test for herpes by RIF is the result of microscopy. A characteristic glow indicates the presence of a pathogen. The accuracy of the data will be affected not only by the amount of the herpes virus, but also by the presence of another infection in the blood. If it is there in high concentration, you can get a false positive result.

This method consists in isolating the virus from the test material and infecting biological objects (cell cultures, chicken embryos) in the laboratory. The method is time consuming and is not used in normal situations. Most often it is used for scientific research. For its implementation, a specially equipped virological laboratory is required to isolate the pathogen in the room and prevent its spread.

Conclusion

Herpes is one of the most common diseases in the world. Its characteristic feature is that the pathogen remains in the patient's blood for many years and only occasionally causes clinical manifestations of the disease. It does not pose a danger to an adult, but can provoke pregnancy pathologies and be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. The best way herpes prevention - support own immune system, which will control the virus population and prevent the onset of symptoms of the disease.

An analysis for herpes is performed to detect this virus in clinical manifestations or if it is suspected that the infection has been living in the body for a long time. With the help of tests, you can find out whether a person has previously had herpes or the virus is currently active, suggesting the duration of the disease. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method makes it possible to detect the genetic code of an infection in various biological materials - in serum, in whole blood, saliva, urine, on the oropharyngeal mucosa, on the genitals, etc. The detection of RNA makes it possible to judge the active process. Laboratory tests are important for differential diagnosis, determining treatment tactics.

Scale of the problem

The main problem is that it is impossible to recover from many types of herpes infection. For years people get sick without knowing it. At this time, the disease is not clinically manifested, but affects the cells of organs and mucous membranes, weakens the immune system. At medical seminars, scientists put forward the theory that patients who are ill with herpes viruses for a long time are more prone to cancer. It is dangerous to get sick with HSV (types one and two) or (type five) for pregnant women. If the virus crosses the placental barrier, the fetus may die or be born with severe pathologies.

When to get tested for HSV

Tests for the herpes virus are given in a number of cases:

• With a fever of unknown origin, to determine its cause, especially with subfebrile figures.
• During pregnancy for early dates and before childbirth.
• For deviations in general analysis blood (increased ESR, leukocytosis, changes in the leukocyte formula).
• For diagnosing recurrence of the disease.
• In immunodeficiency states.
• With rashes on the skin and mucous membranes of non-allergic origin.
• Women with itching and profuse vaginal discharge, when other sexual infections are not confirmed.

HSV in adults often manifests itself in the form of wounds on the lips or nasal mucosa, diagnosed by a doctor with a simple examination. Approximately 30% of infected people are asymptomatic. Therefore, it is recommended to be examined for antibodies to different types of herpes viruses in any case, even when there are no specific indications.

Signs of herpes

The herpes family includes dozens of types: herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV), cytomegalovirus infection(CMVI, or type 5), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, or type 4), the third type, which causes chickenpox and shingles, etc.

In children, diseases caused by herpes have a pronounced picture. With the defeat of EBV, infectious mononucleosis develops. At the same time, cervical or other lymph nodes increase, body temperature rises to 40 degrees, atypical mononuclear cells are found in a clinical blood test. With CMVI, the oropharynx, urinary system, and liver are more often affected. A cyst may form in the liver, which is difficult to treat.

If the virus is not treated, the patient is greatly weakened. defensive reactions body, frequent colds begin.

The infection proceeds differently in each patient, depending on the strength of the immune system, the presence of concomitant chronic diseases and age. There are several signs of an active course of a persistent (prolonged) infection or primary infection:

• Rise in temperature to various numbers. Some patients carry the virus with subfebrile temperature, in others it rises to very high numbers.
• The presence of blisters on the lips, which quickly crust over, is characteristic of HSV 1.
• Rashes on the genitals are more often associated with HSV-2 or CMVI.
• An increase in one or more lymph nodes is characteristic of EBV.
• Cytomegalovirus infection can occur with frequent exacerbations of cystitis, pyelonephritis, conjunctivitis, as it affects the epithelial tissue.

The stronger the immune system, the faster the clinical manifestations pass. Children get sick more often and more severely, as their unstable immunity is not able to quickly neutralize the virus and put it into a "sleeping" state.

Viruses 1, 2 and 5 can be transmitted during pregnancy from mother to child. In this case, newborns have single pimples or multiple rashes on the body, deviations from the nervous system are observed. AT severe cases defeat leads to fetal death.

In order to prescribe treatment to the mother and child in time, it is necessary to periodically take tests to detect antibodies.

Tests for the herpes virus in pregnant women

When registering for pregnancy, the doctor prescribes a number of studies to the woman. Among them, tests for TORCH infections are mandatory. This group of diseases, which radically affects the course of pregnancy and fetal development. Screening for TORCH infection includes tests for herpes. It is optimal to take these tests during pregnancy planning for both spouses.

What analysis to pass on herpes:

• Immunoglobulins M and G in relation to HSV 1, 2 and CMVI.
• If Ig M is positive, it is necessary to undergo a PCR test for herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus. An informative biological environment for research is blood serum.
• If there is a history of EBV, herpes type 6 or 8, it is necessary to observe the titer of antibodies to these viruses.
• If a woman is sick with genital herpes, then a blood test for Ig M and G to HSV2 is recommended. A scraping is also done from the genital mucosa for PCR testing to detect the HSV-2 gene code.

With a positive result on the initial examination of antibodies to a virus of any type, further diagnostic tactics are determined by an immunologist or infectious disease specialist. The final diagnosis is made after a comprehensive examination.

Types of tests for herpes

What tests are given for genital herpes:

1. Blood for Ig M if a recent infection is suspected or for Ig G when a chronic infection is diagnosed. It is more informative to take a total test for both types of antibodies. According to these analyzes, an immune response to infection, that is, a “trace” of the disease, is detected.
2. A blood test for avidity for genital HSV-2 suggests a fraction of the likelihood of contracting the virus a month ago or earlier.
3. PCR analysis of a smear from the urogenital tract shows the presence or absence of HSV at the time of the study, that is, it is assessed in real time.
4. The RIF method examines the glow that the herpes virus gives.

At different situations the doctor directs for a blood test or smear examination. The tactics of examination for genital herpes is determined by a gynecologist or an infectious disease specialist.

PCR blood test

PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. This method of molecular biology is aimed at identifying the DNA or RNA of the pathogen.

Unlike the determination of the antigen of the virus, PCR allows you to detect the gene code of the herpes itself. The information content of the method is over 90%.

It is used to diagnose the active phase of the disease, that is, when the virus multiplies and grows not in the cell, but outside it, and is capable of harming the body.

To detect herpes, various biological substances are examined. The doctor can prescribe a PCR test from any mucous membranes (conjunctiva, oropharynx, upper respiratory tract, urethra, vagina, cervical canal, etc.), serum or whole blood. If necessary, laboratories can examine CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) and other biomaterial obtained during a surgical organ puncture by PCR.

The conclusion of the analysis can be qualitative (detected / not detected) or quantitative, that is, how many copies are found in a conventional unit of biomaterial. A quantitative result is necessary for the doctor to select the appropriate dose of the drug.

Linked immunosorbent assay

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is based on a specific antigen-antibody reaction. The method detects various low molecular weight compounds formed in the body in response to an infection. The detected specific molecule is called an antibody and is part of the immunoglobulin produced during infection with herpes.

In the first 2 weeks, Ig A or M are formed. The period of their presence in the blood is about 1-2 months. Gradually, they are replaced by Ig G, which are usually diagnosed from the second month of illness. Their titer increases with prolonged recurrent herpes. The lifetime of antibodies is approximate, depending on the individual immunity.

The analysis is carried out from blood serum. First, venous blood is taken from the patient, it is defended and unscrewed in a centrifuge.

With genital herpes, an ELISA is prescribed for Ig M and G to HSV-1 and 2. The doctor uses this method of diagnosing a herpes infection to determine the primary infection and chronic course. By reducing the number of immunoglobulins, a specialist can judge a successful treatment. With the recurrence of the disease, the antibody titer increases.

RIF (immunofluorescence reaction)

This is a rapid method for the detection of antigen or antibodies. The analysis is based on the ability of a specific serum to glow in ultraviolet light when combined with a virus. The information content of the method is less than 50%. This is an outdated diagnostic method, which is rarely used in modern medicine.

If herpes appeared on the lips, then saliva can be used for primary rapid diagnosis. The RIF method can detect a fluorescent glow when a special reagent is added to the saliva for the detection of HSV-1. To make a final diagnosis, it is necessary to identify herpes in the body by PCR.

Other methods for diagnosing herpes

When a patient is diagnosed with HSV, infectious mononucleosis or cytomegalovirus, it is necessary to periodically take tests to assess the dynamics of the course.

After taking antibiotics or antiviral drugs 7-14 days should pass before the analysis, if the doctor does not stipulate a study on the background of treatment.

If necessary, find out how long ago the infection occurred, the doctor prescribes an analysis for herpes avidity. Avidity can be determined to HSV 1, 2, to EBV or to CMVI.

How to take tests for herpes: preparation and sampling of material

Take a blood test for herpes in the morning on an empty stomach. It is allowed to take blood during the day 4 hours after taking a light meal.

swab for herpes intimate area rented under the following conditions:

• on the eve you can not live a sexual life;
• women should not douche, only washing the external genital organs without soap is permissible;
• when smearing from the urethra, there should be no urination 2-3 hours before taking the biomaterial.

Deciphering the results

Once the virus enters the body, the immune system recognizes it and begins to fight. At the same time, protective antibodies to the virus are produced - immunoglobulins, abbreviated as Ig. By the presence of these immunoglobulins in the blood, the doctor judges the infection of the patient with one or another herpes virus.

First, immunoglobulins of the Ig M class appear, the average duration of their circulation in the blood is from 2 weeks to 2 months. Developed to the herpes virus type 4 antibodies last longer. If the analysis shows the presence of Ig M, then the infection with the virus was recent or chronic herpes was activated.

Then Ig G is produced. They begin to be fixed in the blood a month after the introduction of the virus and are sometimes present all their lives, which indicates chronic course illness.

What to do if herpes is found in the body

Positive tests for herpes indicate the presence of this disease. It is necessary to be observed by an immunologist who will select the tactics of treatment. A prophylactic course of therapy in the inactive phase is supposed to take place at least 1 time per year.

How much does an examination cost in diagnostic centers in Moscow

A comprehensive examination for Ig class M and G for one type of virus costs approximately 1200-1600 rubles. PCR diagnostics of one type of herpes from a specific localization varies in the price lists of Moscow laboratories from 250 to 400 rubles.

How much research is done

Diagnosis by ELISA is very fast. This study is carried out on analyzers and takes 20-40 minutes. The PCR and RIF method requires a certain preparation of the biomaterial, so the analyzes are performed in a few hours.

In order to quickly and correctly cure herpes, it is necessary to conduct a study of herpes in a timely manner. An analysis for the virus can be taken at any time to make sure whether the virus is present and what type of it has settled in the body. There are several types of herpes. Three types are considered the most common: herpes on the lips and other parts of the face, genital herpes, chickenpox or shingles. A blood test for herpes will help to test for the presence of the virus. A person may have no external manifestations, but he is a carrier of the infection. Diagnosis of herpes is important when planning a pregnancy. Since the transmission of the virus from a woman to an unborn fetus can cause serious complications.

Classification of analyzes

Herpesvirus infection is difficult to confuse with other viral diseases. A characteristic feature of any type is: the formation of bubbles with liquid that burst and form wounds, then they are tightened with a crust. After a while, they fall off and the skin heals.

Type 1 virus can infect all people, even newborns. Genital herpes during sexual activity. By oral contact, type 1 and type 2 viruses can be transferred to the lips, to the intimate organs.

A blood test for herpes infection is often offered to pregnant women and those who are planning a child. The study determines the presence of antibodies to herpes infection.

Blood for herpes is taken using a laboratory method, which consists of several stages:

1. Immunofluorescence reaction (RIF).
2. Virological examination.

These methods determine the exact result, but due to the high cost, a herpes test is rarely taken.

Blood for the determination of herpes can be donated by other methods, more accessible and common:

• serological examination (only helps to detect the virus, but does not determine what type, especially types 1 and 2);
• specific immunodot glycoprotein (the study establishes herpes and its type).

Diagnostic methods

Diagnosis of virus types 1 and 2 is carried out by two methods: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

With ELISA, the presence and number of antibodies, which are called immunoglobulins, are established. For any virus, different antibodies are subdivided. For example, when a virus is present in the human body, immunoglobulins M (IgM) are detected. They can be detected within 14 days of infection. In some cases, the presence of IgM indicates the activation of an infection that has entered the body for a long time and was there in a dormant state.

In a chronic disease, IgG immunoglobulins are detected in a blood test for herpes. When the virus becomes active, as a rule, IgG is elevated. IgG to the early early proteins of the virus are also distinguished.

When a person becomes infected with a herpes virus infection, antibodies are produced in the blood. By ELISA it is possible to identify them. First, IgM antibodies appear, then IgG. Their total number helps determine the stage of the disease. The interpretation of the tests is as follows: if the level of antibodies is low, then the result is negative. Usually IgG means a positive titer. IgM and IgA titers are negative. The titer rate shows IgG (1:4) and IgM (1:5). When it is exceeded, this indicates a relapse of the disease.

Analysis indicators

The ELISA method gives a 100% result, and can also reveal which types of herpes (type 1 and 2) are present in the body.

There are two methods for determining the herpes virus:

• qualitative. ELISA helps to determine the presence of antibodies and what type of virus is present in a person;
• quantitative. With its help, it is possible to detect the antibody titer, the state of human immunity.

If the antibody titer is high, then this indicates a positive result and that the person has recently had the disease.

The PCR method helps to identify the virus in the blood, saliva, urine or sputum. It can be detected at the initial stage of infection. The ELISA method reveals only the presence of antibodies in the body (IgG and IgM), and not the diagnosis of herpes. Therefore, the PCR method is additionally used, which can establish the causative agent of the disease.

The examination includes the determination of the virus in a PCR smear and a blood test for the presence of antibodies to HSV. It should be noted that diagnostics using PCR does not detect types of viruses. And a blood test can accurately detect which type of virus is present.

Deciphering a blood test for herpes PCR gives a conclusion: a negative titer (there is no pathogen) and a positive titer (there is an infection). Sometimes there can be a very positive result. This method helps to detect even a small amount of virus in the blood using a titer. The advantage of PCR is the detection of herpesvirus infection type 1 and 2 immediately after infection, when it still does not manifest itself.

A blood test for herpes should be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Before blood sampling, you can not eat for 8 hours, and also exclude fatty and oil-cooked dishes, alcohol and medications from the diet during the day.

Need to lower physical activity, do not be nervous. It is recommended to sit in a calm position for half an hour before donating blood.

It is worth taking a responsible approach to the delivery of the analysis. The wrong approach can give distorted information: the titer can be too high or too low. Then the treatment will be ineffective.

Blood for analysis is taken from the cubital vein. Urine is rarely taken from a child or adult to determine the type of virus.

What the results mean

Deciphering the tests will help determine the presence of the virus in a child or adult. It is better if such a conclusion is given by an experienced specialist. On a piece of paper, indicators with numbers will be indicated, as well as what antibody content is required in the norm in an adult and in a child.

When the indicators are less than the norm, this is a negative result, and if more, then a positive result. There are cases when a strongly positive result is obtained. Then it is recommended to retake the analysis to make sure the correct diagnosis. Perhaps the patient violated the rules for passing the analysis, so the number of titers showed an overestimated result.

The decoding of the indicators is as follows:

• anti-HSV Igg. High rates indicate a herpes infection in the body. Indicators are normally detected in the absence of infection;
• anti-HSV IgM. Exacerbation of the disease, a very positive result is possible;
• anti - HSV IgM - and HSV Igg -. Absence of antibodies. This result is bad for pregnant women, as they are necessary for protection against herpes;
• anti-HSV IgM+ and Anti-HSV Igg+. If the titers are positive, then this indicates the initial stage of infection with the virus or exacerbation. There is a danger of infecting the baby during pregnancy;
• anti - HSV IgM - and Anti - HSV Igg +. This indicator is normal, it indicates the remission of the disease. It is impossible to infect an unborn child, but in order to prevent it, it is necessary to carry out treatment.

When detecting IgM antibodies to genital herpes type 2, low titer indicates an incipient infection or an exacerbated form of the disease. In order to make an accurate diagnosis, it is recommended to retake the analysis after a while and compare the titer. At least a 4-fold increase in titer is necessary, then only an exacerbation of the disease can be confirmed.

The interpretation may vary in different laboratories, as different reagents are used and special standards are established for units of measurement (titres).

The need for analysis

Why get tested for herpes?

This question worries many people. After all, with a visual examination, the doctor can diagnose the disease by external signs. But genital herpes can only be recognized by laboratory tests.

There are many infectious diseases that are sexually transmitted. Therefore, with the help of tests, herpes can be detected and timely therapy can be started. The danger of herpes is that it will be transmitted to the child through the birth canal, and the consequences for babies can be severe. Therefore, pregnant women repeatedly donate blood for the detection of herpes types 1 and 2.

In addition, if people are often worried about herpes sores, you need to identify its cause. A qualitative method helps to study the human immune system and the ability to fight the virus. Subsequently, you can adjust the immune system. For this, it is recommended to healthy lifestyle life, avoid stress, eat right.

A blood test is necessary, as specialists not only detect the virus in the human body, but also establish the primary or latent infection.

Herpes is one of the most common viral infections. According to the WHO, up to 98% of the world's population is infected with various types of herpes viruses and are asymptomatic carriers. Herpetic infection causes non-sterile immunity and belongs to opportunistic diseases. After recovery, the pathogen is in the cells of the spinal ganglia in a latent state throughout a person's life. An exacerbation of the disease occurs against the background of a decrease in the immune forces of the body. In most cases, the herpes virus does not negative impact on health. Severe forms of the disease with generalization of the pathological process are characteristic of immunodeficiencies. A blood test for herpes is carried out to diagnose the disease and to a contingent of people with a high risk of complications of a herpes infection.

Currently isolated and studied, the most common of which are the first 3 types of infection.

For a blood test for herpes, venous blood is donated.

1. Type 1 - . Widespread in the population different countries peace. Infection occurs early childhood. The pathogen causes the appearance of a characteristic vesicular (vesicular) rash with serous contents on the oral mucosa, skin of the lips and face. It is transmitted mainly by contact-household and airborne droplets.
2. Type 2 - . Infection occurs through unprotected sexual contact. Newborns become infected while passing through the mother's birth canal. The pathogen causes the formation of a vesicular rash on the skin of the external genitalia, perineum, inner thighs, mucous membrane of the urethra, vagina, cervix.
3. Type 3 is a herpesvirus that causes chickenpox in childhood, and during an exacerbation of the disease. Infection occurs by airborne and contact-household way. With chickenpox on the skin of the face, limbs and trunk, separately located large bubbles are formed on the hyperemic base of the skin. With herpes zoster, rashes are formed more often in the intercostal spaces on one side of the body, painful, small in size, prone to merging with each other.
4. Type 4 - . Causes the development of infectious mononucleosis. Infection occurs by contact-household, airborne, blood transfusion (during blood transfusion), during transplantation of bone marrow and internal organs. The disease proceeds with fever, herpangina, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver.
5. Type 5 is cytomegalovirus. It causes a mononucleosis-like syndrome with damage to the lymphoid tissue, as with infection with the Epstein-Barr virus. In severe cases, generalized forms of the disease develop with damage to the visceral organs, the nervous system, the organ of hearing and vision. Infection occurs by transplacental, contact, hemotransfusion, during organ transplantation.
6. - herpesvirus, which in childhood causes a sudden exanthema, and in adult patients - malignant diseases (lymphoma, lymphosarcoma).
7. leads to chronic fatigue syndrome.
8. - herpesvirus, which is more common in AIDS patients and is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma.

What method to diagnose this or that type of pathogen is decided by the doctor in each case. Blood is most often examined, less often other biological fluids of the body.

Methods for testing blood for herpes

A blood test for herpes is carried out to directly identify the genetic material (DNA) of the pathogen and markers of its presence in the body. Immunological methods are used - ELISA, molecular biological - PCR, cultural - inoculation of biological fluid on nutrient mixtures.

Immunological diagnostics

ELISA (enzymatic immunoassay) is laboratory method examination that detects antibodies to herpesvirus in the blood. After the pathogen enters the body, the immune system synthesizes specific immunoglobulins aimed at destroying the infectious agent. In the first 7-10 days, early antibodies are produced - class M immunoglobulins (Ig M). In a later period, class G immunoglobulins (Ig G) appear in the blood, which perform the function of immunological memory. Upon reinfection or exacerbation of the disease, class G antibodies lead to a rapid immunological response.

Deciphering a blood test for herpes by ELISA:

• Ig M (+), Ig G (-) - primary infection, acute phase of the infectious process;
• Ig M (+), Ig G (+) - the peak of the disease during the primary infection or exacerbation of the disease;
• Ig M (-), Ig G (+) - latent course of infection;
• Ig M (-), Ig G (-) - no infection.

There is a qualitative serological method that detects antibodies in the blood, and a quantitative method that detects antibody titer to determine the level of immunity to the pathogen.

When detected, the ability to bind to the herpes virus.

1. Avidity is low (less than 40%) - indicates in favor of an acute process.
2. Avidity is doubtful (40-60%) - re-examination is prescribed after 7-10 days.
3. Avidity is high (more than 60%) - testifies in favor of the recovery period.

Immunological diagnostics is always prescribed to detect infectious diseases, including herpes. For examination, venous blood is taken in the morning on an empty stomach after refraining from eating for 8-10 hours. Diagnostics does not require special preparation.

Molecular biological diagnostics

PCR method (polymerase chain reaction) determine the presence in the blood of fragments of the genetic material (DNA) of the pathogen. The analysis has a high degree of informativeness and specificity, rarely gives false results. A blood test for the herpes virus using the PCR technique can detect a negligible amount of the pathogen in the body.

What method to diagnose this or that type of pathogen is decided by the doctor in each case.

The isolated DNA fragment is subjected to repeated copying (amplification) using primers and the DNA polymerase enzyme. As a result, a sufficient amount of genetic material is obtained to determine the species. The polymerase reaction is carried out in real time, which helps to determine the activity and severity of the pathological process.

Deciphering the analysis by PCR:

• negative - no herpesvirus DNA was detected in the blood;
• positive - fragments of herpesvirus DNA were found in the blood.

In the latent phase of herpes infection, the pathogen is not detected in the blood. Diagnosis of the disease is carried out by several research methods - PCR and ELISA. For analysis, venous blood is taken on an empty stomach.

To determine the body's defenses for herpes, an analysis of the immune status can be prescribed.

Cultural method

Sowing on nutrient media or the cultural method has a high degree of information content and does not give false diagnostic results. However, the examination is carried out quite rarely due to the high cost and long waiting period for results (10-14 days). Viruses can only grow and multiply in living tissues. Sowing the pathogen is carried out on chicken embryos, after which damage to the cells of the nutrient medium is analyzed when viewed under a microscope. For research, venous blood is taken after abstinence from eating for 8-10 hours.

Immunological status

How herpes behaves in the body depends on the functioning of the immune system. Strong immunity keeps the virus under control in a latent state, it does not harm health. When the body's defenses are suppressed, an insufficient amount of antibodies is produced, which allows the pathogen to actively multiply and infect new cells. This leads to the progression of the disease, the generalization of the infectious process, the development of severe complications.

To study the work of the immune system, an analysis is prescribed to determine the immunological status. Diagnostics allows you to identify the number of immunocompetent cells and their ratio, the ability to produce immunoglobulins. If violations in the work of the immune system are detected, they are prescribed. Strengthening the immune system helps to reduce the frequency of relapses of the disease and the risk of infection becoming severe.

Other tests for herpes

There are a number of examinations that are less commonly used to diagnose herpes infection in domestic laboratories. The techniques are used in private clinics, usually studies are prescribed in European and American hospitals.

1. Dot hybridization - the technique resembles PCR diagnostics.
2. Pokit is a type of express diagnostics of herpes simplex viruses.
3. Western blot - used during pregnancy and in scientific research.
4. Herpeselect is a highly informative method, often prescribed during the period of gestation.

Comprehensive diagnosis of herpetic infection allows you to accurately determine the type of pathogen and the severity of the disease.

A blood test for herpesvirus is prescribed by a doctor. The specialist deciphers the results of the diagnosis, explains how to take the test, and prescribes the treatment.

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