Need your advice. Unlike most, I decided to first ask for advice on whether it is possible to break walls, and then to deal with this exciting process. =)
Input data:
Apartment in a new building, in St. Petersburg. I don’t know the type, and I don’t even know / don’t understand where to look.
No gas, underground parking
The house looks like this:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/21678677/1.jpg
23rd floor, I'm on the 18th floor.
Floor plan:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/21678677/2.jpg
The apartment is on the top right.
Plan of the apartment:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/21678677/3.jpg
What would you like to do:
1. I want to swap the kitchen with room number 2. I need to switch communications. To do this, you need to drill the wall between the kitchen and room number 2 ( purple marked on the plan), for exhaust (100mm), drain from the sink (50mm), cold water and hot water pipes (16mm metal-plastic). This wall is 190mm. Concrete. Where I suppose the holes, see the 2 pictures below.
2. In addition, I want to redo the electrics. Replace the shield in the apartment, and extend the extra. cables. If everything is clear with the rest of the apartment (gypsum partitions are everywhere, then again questions arise with room No. 2 just because of the fear of making holes in this 190mm wall. I bought NYM 2.5mm cables, they have plastic corrugation, I will just nail plastic to the ceiling fasteners, a corrugation with a cable into it, I will close everything with a stretch ceiling.
In room number 2 I want to bring:
cable 2.5mm2 for sockets.
3x6mm for hob.
3x6mm for oven.
2.5mm for sockets kitchen apron.
2.5mm separately for refrigerator.
I suppose that it is best to place the cable holes above the door to room 2 (from the hallway along the ceiling of the corridor I’ll just stretch it to the door to room number 2, and there I’ll go through the 190mm wall) then I’ll stretch it around the room, again there are two photos below , you can see it there.
3. I want to install air conditioning on the balcony. Yes, right on the balcony. With a glazed balcony, when the air conditioner is working, you just need to open the window on the balcony. I want to hang the prefix itself (the one that hangs in the room and blows cold - I forgot what it is called) in the upper right corner (on the plan) of room No. 2. Accordingly, for this it is necessary to make holes in the outer wall, and the wall between the kitchen and room No. 2, for all sorts of tubes and wires. On the plan, these places are marked with red dots.
Having mastered 100 pages of this thread (I couldn’t do it anymore), I concluded: horizontal strobes are prohibited, only vertical ones are allowed. The builders got an apartment with plaster - vertical strobes are easier to make - this is already a plus. For a strobe, I will call a team equipped with a strobe cutter with a vacuum cleaner =). When I redo the electrics, I will put all the wires on the ceiling, and then I will put them in the same place stretch ceiling. For through holes in the wall, I will call the masters of diamond drilling.
Photos:
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/21678677/4.jpg
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/21678677/5.jpg
Accordingly, the questions that torment on this moment(the points):
1. Is it possible to drill the wall between the kitchen and room number 2 at all? Is she a carrier? Yes, and in so many holes?
1.1 If it is possible to make holes in it, then how is it more correct to do it? For the hood, I’m going to make a 100mm hole, I’ll insert a sleeve into it, and an 80mm exhaust gas duct into the sleeve (the flue itself is wider, I just want to narrow it just in case when I pass the wall). For cold water, hot water, and drain from the sink, you can make one hole 80mm, insert an iron sleeve into the hole, and push two pipes of cold water and hot water into the sleeve and drain from the sink. Or is it better to make different holes for each pipe?
1.2 What is the best way to position these holes? Strictly one under the other? To the left or right of each other?
1.3 At what distances from the ceiling is it permissible to make a hole for the hood? From the doorway?
1.4 Hole for cold water, hot water, drain from the sink at what height is it permissible to make? From the doorway?
2. What is the best way to make holes for cables? Is it possible to make many holes horizontally above the door? Or one big one? Or a couple of medium but vertical? How to do it right?
3. What is the best way to make a hole in the outer wall for the air conditioner? How to make a hole for the air conditioner in the wall between the kitchen and room number 2
4. If you call specially trained people to examine the possibility of making these holes, how much can it cost? At least approximately? Maybe someone in St. Petersburg will advise? I don’t want to get involved with anyone, otherwise they will take the money, but I’m not fucking sure about their qualifications. Not sure even for big firms. And it’s not so scary if the money disappears, woe to the experts, because they will give the wrong conclusion. Does it make sense to legitimize these holes, as well as moving the kitchen to room number 2?
I apologize for a lot of information, I wanted to clarify the problem as clearly as possible for you (specialists) in order to get a more correct answer. Mind you, I haven't done anything yet. I want to find out first, then build ...
Thanks a lot in advance. You will help me a lot.
First of all, decide on the size of the opening or hole that is necessary for your purposes. It is important to determine the width, height and depth if the hole is not through and acts as a niche.
Contact the nearest construction and design agency to develop a design and plan for the opening or opening. For reinforcement, metal corners, I-beams or channels are used, depending on the material of the wall, the load on it and the size of the opening to be made. All this is determined by the builder-designer, who draws up the redevelopment project. After receiving the project documentation, approve the changes made to the design of the load-bearing walls of your apartment or house in the relevant government agencies. Only after all organizational issues have been resolved, proceed with the construction of fortifications at the site of the future opening.
Construction works
First, build a frame from the selected metal structures for both sides of the opening. Using a grinder with a diamond wheel or by sampling the front row of bricks in the wall, cut a slot along the perimeter of the future opening on both sides. The depth of the slot must comply with the design plan and not exceed sufficient reinforcement for laying the frame. If the frame is assembled directly on site with subsequent welding, then first lay the horizontal elements, and then the vertical ones. All metal structures must be primed before mounting.
In the places marked in the project metal frame drilling holes for fasteners. Depending on what was chosen by the designers, fittings, anchors of sufficient length or ready-made studs can act as fasteners.
Use a perforator to drill holes in the walls to the depth of the fasteners. If the wall is brick, then arrange the holes so that they do not fall on the joints between the rows into the mortar, but only in the middle of the bricks.
Lay the fasteners and secure them to the metal structure. Dismantle the wall material inside the frame and form a hole or opening. Connect two frames installed on both sides of the opening with jumpers. To do this, use metal strips or reinforcement, depending on what is indicated in the project. Finally fix the reinforcement frame to the wall using anchors or rebar. Fill with concrete all the voids formed between the frame and the wall.
Diamond drilling can make a hole in anything: concrete, wood, brick - any material is not an obstacle. Are there any barriers to a diamond rig at all? And what does the law say about it? We understand where it is possible and where it is impossible to drill holes.
Types of holes in walls
Holes in the walls can be divided into two types: through, passing through the entire thickness of the wall, and deaf, reaching only to a certain depth.
blind holes in the walls are intended, as a rule, for fastening objects, for example, hanging shelves, mirrors, cabinets, paintings. Such holes have a diameter of about 15 mm and are made using a drill or puncher. There are also blind holes for socket boxes with a diameter of about 65 mm. To make such a hole, a crown of the appropriate diameter is put on a drill or puncher.
through holes are needed, as a rule, in three cases:
- to install an air conditioner (split system)
A hole in the outer wall with a diameter of 40-60 mm is made in order to lay refrigerant pipes between the external and internal units of the air conditioner. - for ventilation equipment
Any ventilation device (with the exception of window inlets) requires. The difference is only in the number of holes and their size. For example, for a heat exchanger, you will have to drill either two holes with a diameter of 80-90 mm, or one wide one - 225 mm. Supply valves and ventilators are installed on one hole with a diameter of 90-150 mm. Under, too, one hole of 132 mm is made. - for laying pipes
The need to drill holes for water, sewer or gas pipes often arises during the construction of a private house or cottage.
How to drill through holes? If the wall is thin, and the diameter of the hole is small, up to 60-70 mm, then a drill or puncher will suffice, on which, if necessary, a crown is installed. In all other cases, it is preferable to use for drilling. She is able to make a through hole of large diameter in a wall of any thickness. With all this, drilling will be fast and clean.
What holes can be made in an apartment building by law
There are some legal restrictions on drilling holes in apartment buildings. They concern mainly through holes. Blind holes for fasteners and socket boxes do not threaten the integrity of the structure of a residential building and do not affect appearance facade, so the drilling of such holes is not regulated in any way.
Through holes are somewhat more difficult. In this case, the answer to the question "Is it possible to drill a hole in the wall?" will depend on:
- hole diameter,
- structural load of the wall (bearing or not),
- whether the building has a special status (object cultural heritage, an architectural monument).
Let's deal with all the cases in order.
Hole diameter
According to current legislation, a permit to drill a through hole is not required if the hole diameter does not exceed 200 mm.
This provision is enshrined in some local laws. Let us refer, for example, to Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg dated January 31, 2017 N 40 entitled “On approval of the Rules for the improvement of the territory of St. Petersburg in terms of aesthetic regulations for improvement objects and improvement elements”. It says the following: "The placement of air conditioning and ventilation systems without an outdoor unit with air supply through a hole in the wall with a diameter of up to 0.20 m is allowed on all facades without developing a project for an architectural opening."
If the diameter of the required hole exceeds 200 mm, then the function of the wall becomes more important. Walls in apartment buildings may or may not be load-bearing.
Load-bearing walls are a kind of backbone of a building. Covers are based on them. And the load-bearing walls, in turn, rest directly on the foundation and transfer the load from the weight of the ceilings and from their own weight to it. Bearing walls are responsible for the integrity of the entire structure.
Curtain wall, on the contrary, does not affect the stability of the "skeleton" of the building. Such walls are supported by floors within the same floor and do not take on the load of other structural elements.
Often the question "Can I drill a hole?" arises in relation to outer wall. Are the outer walls load bearing? There is no single answer: it all depends on the design of the building. For example, in frame panel houses external walls are load-bearing, but in monolithic buildings they are not.
Bearing walls are protected by the Housing Code of the Russian Federation. It prohibits any unauthorized actions that may lead to "violation of the strength or destruction of the supporting structures of the building." This prohibition also applies to drilling holes in excess of the permitted diameter of 200 mm. If you need such a hole or you want to make an opening, arch, niche in the load-bearing wall, you will have to obtain permits. In different cities they are issued by different institutions. You can start by contacting the architectural department in the local administration or the regional housing inspectorate.
What about walls that are not load-bearing? Logically, through holes in them do not affect the stability of the building. However, it all depends on the size of the hole. If it is so large that it borders on an opening (in general, the size of a door or window), then coordination will still be required.
Special status of the building
Requirements for the use of houses, which are architectural monuments, are enshrined in the Federal Law of June 25, 2002 N 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation."
The owners of living space in a building belonging to cultural heritage sites sign a security obligation. This document lists all elements of the building that are under state protection. For example, if the facade of a house belongs to such elements, then changes in its external appearance may require coordination with the authorized bodies. Such body may be the regional Ministry of Culture or some special institution. For example, in St. Petersburg it is the Committee for State Control, Use and Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments.
