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Folkoxa B., Neil E. (1971). Circulation, New York, Oxford University Press, 593 pp.
Hamilton W. F., Dow P. (eds.) (1962, 1963, 1965). Handbook of Physiology, sect. 2, Circulation, vol. 1, pp. 1-768 (1962); vol. 2, pp. 759-1786 (1963); vol. 3, pp. 1787-2765 (1965).
MacFartane R. G. (ed.) (1970). The Haemostatic Mechanism in Man and Other Animals. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, no. 27, London, Academic Press, 248 pp.
Martin A. W. (1974). Circulation in invertebrates, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 36, 171-186.
Merrill E. no. (1969). Rhology of blood, Physiol. Rev., 49, 863-888. Taylor M. G. (1973). Hemodynamics, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 35, 87-116.
PART TWO
FOOD AND ENERGY
FOOD, FUEL AND ENERGY
Animals need food 1) as a source of energy to maintain life and carry out their functions, and 2) as a material for building and updating their cellular structures and metabolic apparatus.
Most plants use the energy of sunlight and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to synthesize sugars and - indirectly - all the complex compounds that make up the plant. All animals use as sources of energy and building materials chemical compounds; animals must obtain these compounds from the outside - either directly from plants, eating them, or eating other organic materials. Ultimately, the chemical energy and those organic substances that animals need have their primary source: plants and thus - indirectly - the energy of sunlight.
The acquisition and consumption of food is called nutrition. Almost all food, both plant and animal origin, consists of very complex compounds that cannot be incorporated into the body or used as fuel without being broken down into simpler compounds. These complex substances usually cannot even be absorbed into the body without this breakdown, called food digestion (digestion).
A variety of chemicals can be used to generate energy, but, in addition, animals have specific needs for substances that they cannot synthesize themselves, - for amino acids, vitamins, some mineral salts, etc. As a need for food to provide energy, and the needs for specific food components are the subject of the science of nutrition.
Ways to eat 187
In this chapter, we will look at food and its consumption, starting with the nutritional mechanisms that precede digestion, which makes complex substances available to the body, and then briefly describe some food quality requirements and specific nutritional needs. Finally, we will discuss how plants can protect themselves by producing substances that make them inedible for many animals.
FOOD WAYS
There are various mechanical methods for obtaining food, and they determine the nature of the food that a given animal can receive and use. In table. 5.1 lists the main mechanisms of nutrition and gives examples of animals using one or another method of obtaining food.
SMALL PARTICLES
Microscopic algae and bacteria can enter directly into cells (for example, into the digestive vacuole of an amoeba). Many animals, even quite large ones, catch microorganisms with the help of cilia. A number of animals, especially tunicates and some gastropods, retain small suspended particles with a layer of mucus; this mucus is then swallowed and the body digests the food it contains.
Holothurians get food with the help of tentacles. They burrow into the silt and expose their tentacles above its surface. The tentacles catch small particles, and the animal occasionally draws them into the mouth, where material is removed from them that can be digested.
Small planktonic crustaceans, such as copepods, as well as amphipods, sponges, and bivalves, are characterized by a variety of filtering devices. Very few vertebrates (from fish to mammals) also use filtration to obtain food, but their filters usually filter out food larger than the microscopic particles commonly used by invertebrates.
Many pelagic fish feed on plankton. Herring and mackerel have gill ridges designed to act as a sieve to trap plankton, mainly small crustaceans. Some of the largest sharks - the basking shark and the whale shark - feed exclusively on plankton, which is strained from the water that enters the mouth and flows over the gills. According to estimates, the giant
188 Chapter 5
Table 5.1
Methods used by various animals to obtain food, grouped according to the nature of the food
food type
Feeding method
Animals using this method
small particles
Large particles or masses
Fluids or soft tissues
Dissolved organic material
Many representatives of the animal world of our planet are endowed with completely unusual ways of protection. This is the purposeful structure of the body, and defensive behavior, which provides security to a living being, and passive-defensive reactions (such as the use of protective coloring and shape).
Sometimes nature clearly warns that you have met a dangerous creature, but sometimes quite peaceful in appearance, inconspicuous creatures can cause a lot of trouble by using their secret weapons hidden for the time being.
The most interesting way of self-defense is used by the brachinus bug living in Africa, which is otherwise called the scorer.
This creature is capable of accurately dousing the enemy with a jet of burning liquid, which has the temperature of boiling water and the composition corresponding to that used in binary chemical weapons.
In appearance, the brachinus is completely harmless. Nature did not endow the bug with any marks testifying to its extraordinary abilities and the fact that it emits an “explosive mixture” not once, but with powerful rapid-fire volleys. Therefore, many insectivores, when meeting with this creature, strive to immediately include it in their menu.
Only already lying on the ground with bulging eyes and burnt oral mucosa, the predator realizes that he was wrong and made a mistake with the choice of “dish”. In the future, the aggressor will prefer to bypass the literally explosive beetle by the tenth road. The brachinus also obtains food for itself by an original method: it shoots drops of liquid from the abdomen, with which, like artillery shells, it knocks down flies.
Scientists call this insect a direct challenge to the theory of evolution. A real "chemical laboratory" works in his body. An explosive mixture - hydroquinone (it is also the substrate of respiration) and a 25% solution of hydrogen peroxide - is produced by a special pair of glands. Both substances enter the storage bag with a valve and an opening muscle.
The third additional gland produces a special respiratory enzyme-catalyst hydroquinone oxidase, which is necessary for the components stored in the storage bag to enter into an oxidation reaction. The enzyme is contained in a so-called reactor chamber lined with fabrics very similar in properties to asbestos.
At the moment when the situation requires decisive action from the insect, the contents of the storage bag are thrown into the chamber and ... the substance immediately boiled up with a noise that resembles a shot from a scarecrow, flies out of the posterior end of the insect's abdomen and turns into a small puff of caustic "smoke".
So, shooting back from the ground beetle, the brachinus releases 12-15 "chemical volleys" with a slight interval. And in the event of a collision with a more dangerous enemy, the beetle is capable of producing from 500 to 1000 emissions per second! Such "shelling" leaves serious burns on the attacker's body.
By the way, scientists are convinced that such an original and effective apparatus of attack and defense did not “develop gradually” in the process of evolution (the first insects that decided to play with fire would have died before they had time to improve this weapon), but was part of the beetle’s body from the moment it appeared of this type. So, evolution has nothing to do with it, and there is Someone who provided a harmless and defenseless creature with a flamethrower? Perhaps, as always, we missed something in the structure of the universe.
The field horse beetle also has the ability to actively protect its life. This insect at the moment of danger prefers to simply run away to hell. At the same time, the baby not only flies fast, but also runs great. For a predator to catch such a sprinter lunch is not too much pleasure. Moreover, it is practically impossible to achieve a positive result of hunting in this case. But if the field horse can be caught, this will not bring joy either.
The beetle will begin to violently break out and bite furiously. The crescent-shaped powerful jaws of an insect can cause trouble even to humans, not to mention other representatives of the fauna! Medvedka behaves in a similar way in critical situations. But the earwig does not try to run. Instead, she takes on a menacing look and raises the ends of impressive pincers above her head. By the way, they are so strong that they pierce the skin of a person to the point of blood.
Many insects to intimidate predators and for hunting prefer to use poisons - secretions of special glands that can scare away, paralyze or kill the enemy. Wasps, bees, bumblebees and ants are familiar to everyone. These creatures received from nature as a gift special stings for injecting poison.
True, in the honey bee it is jagged and therefore gets stuck in the body of the attacker; the bee dies. So in this case, we can talk not about individual, but about social protection, which develops a persistent reflex in those around us in relation to a whole species of insects. But a wasp can easily sting many times in its life. And to remind you that there is a poisonous creature in front of you, nature has endowed bees and wasps with a special, warning color.
As for ants, representatives of some species of these insects not only pour formic acid on the enemy, but also add a mixture of two complex chemical compounds to the caustic “cocktail”.
They are specially synthesized in the body of an insect and have a pleasant smell of lemon.
This mixture itself is poisonous, besides, it promotes the penetration of formic acid through the outer integument of the animal. Interestingly, in the "chemical laboratory" of a small aggressor, not only "weapons" are created, but also many protective substances. Some of them can cope with the pathogens of cholera, tuberculosis and typhoid!
The ant does not have to bite the enemy at all. Many hit the enemy at a decent distance, spraying a poisonous mixture. For example, worker ants from the furmicin subfamily are able to “shoot” an aggressor who is half a meter away from them! This distance is 500 times the length of the body of the warrior insect itself.
With the help of poison, leaf beetles also protect themselves. They release a yellow-orange liquid with a pungent odor through the joints of their body. A microscopic dose of this substance, getting into the blood, kills a small animal. Larger enemies of the leaf beetle have big health problems, so that in case of recovery, the reflex to the "inedible" beetle is developed persistent.
Biologists had to observe how a toad or a lizard, accidentally grabbing this insect, try to spit it out as soon as possible, and then wipe their tongues and muzzles for a long time and carefully. various items and plants.
Skolopendra are also seriously "armed". Poison centipedes living in Africa, according to eyewitnesses, reach 47 centimeters in length. But we can reliably speak only about 5-30-centimeter specimens. Usually these creatures sit in the ground or under a stone in anticipation of prey - spiders, worms, cockroaches.
The centipede's venom also kills frogs and lizards that inadvertently tried to eat centipedes. But the mouse already has a chance to survive. A person after a scolopendra bite feels general malaise, pain and fever. A serious threat to children is posed only by giant individuals that dig into the neck with poisonous jaws.
Bug bugs, despite their small size, are very dangerous. Their poison is so strong that even large domestic animals, having eaten this crumb along with the grass, often die.
In the old days, pharmacists used dried abscesses to make an abscess patch.
Poisonous foam protects some wingless grasshoppers. In case of danger, foam begins to climb from their mouth and breast with a whistling hiss - a mixture of quinine, air bubbles and phenol. The cicada larvae do the same. But sawfly larvae have even more original "weapons" against aggressors.
Feeding on needles, they collect tree resin in special bags associated with the intestines. In a moment of danger, the caterpillar allocates a piece of the "strategic reserve", inflates it and shoots at the enemy. The sticky substance glues the legs of the ants and makes the birds lose interest in such a "nervous" prey.
In addition to poison, predators can also be scared away by the smell. And not any, but especially unpleasant. In the "arsenal" of many insects there are special glands responsible for the formation of a secret that emits a rare stench and leaves the enemy with long memories of the meeting.
To scare away enemies, insects often use some behavioral techniques. For example, the Apollo butterfly, in case of extreme danger, falls to the ground, begins to cross its legs and hiss menacingly. At the same time, she strenuously spreads her wings, on which there is a sign notifying the attacker that the insect is poisonous - bright red spots.
But the praying mantis, if necessary, rises, assumes a threatening pose, spreads its hind wings, begins to creak with its abdomen and click with grasping legs. After that, there are few people who want to get acquainted with the main "argument" of the praying mantis - its jaws. Defensive postures (often combined with a frightening odor or poison) are also widely used by various caterpillars.
Marine inhabitants also know how to defend themselves from an attack. Many of them are extremely poisonous. Needles, skin, mucus, special stinging threads, unexpectedly sharp "scalpels" filled with poisons, before which the possibilities of even the famous curare fade - all this "arsenal" of a number of representatives of the sea people is dangerous not only for animals, but also for humans. And the electric stingray is quite capable, if not to kill, then to stun its victim. As for the electric eel, it’s better not to meet such a “living power plant”!
Unlike other "armed" inhabitants of the sea, the octopus is quite an intelligent creature. He does not try to stun the enemy with a current or treat him with a horse dose of poison. If a cephalopod encounters danger, it prefers to… evaporate by releasing a dark cloud. The ink-like liquid, which the octopus “shoots out of a special bag, quickly spreads into a dirty fog, hiding the escape route of the marine life.
True, there is no rule without exceptions. An extremely cute, but malicious, tiny ringed octopus, a resident of the Indian Ocean, can cause the death of a person. Its poison, injected with a sharp "beak", in a matter of seconds causes paralysis of the heart muscle.
Snakes are a separate article. Many of the reptiles are dangerous because of their poison. At the same time, there are individuals that can cause major trouble or even kill both with a bite and ... spitting! But among the poisonous creatures, the famous black mamba stands out, "from the bite of which a person dies five minutes before the bite."
Believe me, this is just the case when there is only a fraction of a joke in a joke ... And non-poisonous individuals - by the way, the vast majority of them - use serious muscle strength to attack, which allows the snake to strangle its prey. "Secret weapons" are also endowed with some lizards and members of the spider family, such as the notorious "black widow", crosses, tarantulas and scorpions.
In mammals, too, you can find unusual ways of self-defense.
The mammals of the skunk family are probably best known for their way of protecting themselves from predators. Skunks usually do not try to hide from enemies. Instead, the animal first raises its fluffy tail and sometimes stamps its paws on the ground.
If the warning does not help, the skunk will turn its back on the enemy and "shoot" at him with an oily yellowish liquid, usually aiming at his eyes. Some skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are able to hit the enemy from a distance of more than 6 m.
This fluid is the secret of two glands located to the right and left of anus skunk, and is a mixture of sulfur-containing organic substances (methane and butaniols (mercaptans)), which have an exceptionally strong, persistent and unpleasant odor. The muscles surrounding the mouths of the glands make it possible to accurately shoot the secret at a distance of 2-3 m. The main component of the skunk "jet" - butylselenomercaptan (C4H9SeH) - can be determined even in the amount of 0.000000000002 g.
If it gets into the eyes, this liquid causes a burning sensation and even temporary blindness. However, the glands of a skunk contain liquid for only 5-6 "charges", and it takes about 10 days to restore them, so the skunk spends the "charges" reluctantly, preferring to scare away potential predators with its contrasting coloring and threatening postures. As a rule, skunks are attacked by young predators who are unfamiliar with their method of protection. The exception is the virgin eagle owl, which hunts skunks systematically.
The smell of a skunk is so persistent that the spoiled clothes, as a rule, have to be burned. Folk remedies like tomato juice, vinegar or gasoline do not destroy the smell, but only mask it. Dry cleaners use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to combat it.
The platypus is one of the few venomous mammals (along with some shrews and flint teeth that have toxic saliva, as well as slow lorises, the only genus of known venomous primates).
Young platypuses of both sexes have rudiments of horn spurs on their hind legs. In females, by the age of one year, they disappear, while in males they continue to grow, reaching 1.2-1.5 cm in length by the time of puberty. Each spur is connected by a duct to the femoral gland, which during the mating season produces a complex "cocktail" of poisons.
Males use spurs during courtship fights. Platypus venom can kill a dingo or other small animal. For a person, it is generally not fatal, but it causes very severe pain, and edema develops at the injection site, which gradually spreads to the entire limb. Pain (hyperalgesia) can last for many days or even months.
Other oviparous - echidnas - also have rudimentary spurs on their hind legs, but they are not developed and are not poisonous.
Slow lorises are the only known genus of venomous primates and one of only seven known venomous mammals. The poison is secreted by glands on the forelimbs.
Mixed with saliva, the venom is either smeared over the head to scare off predators, or held in the mouth, allowing the loris to bite especially painfully. The poison of slow loris can cause suffocation and death not only in small animals, but even in humans.
So, many of our "smaller brothers" own a whole arsenal of sometimes very unexpected means of defense and attack. In this way, nature made life easier for them and forced larger predators to respect the little "warriors".
The question of animal intelligence is always vexed by those who consider humans to be separate super-beings. Unfortunately for these people, it's simply impossible to deny the fact that animals are pretty smart - and often, they're a lot smarter than we think they are.
One of the most amazing cognitive abilities of animals is their ability to use various objects. Below are ten examples of animals that, finding that nature did not supply them as they would like, found a way to compensate for these shortcomings.
10 Wrasse Uses Anvils
We all know how frustrating it is when we lay eyes on a tin can with delicious contents and find that we do not have an opener at hand. Or worse, we have a bottle of good wine, but no corkscrew. However, these situations are not limited to humans.
The wrasse have found a way to overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of their delicious meal. They usually eat small invertebrates that don't put up much resistance, but sometimes they find something that requires force to get to the tasty part. Scientists have noticed that they occasionally pick up bivalve mollusks from the bottom, which they usually cannot eat, and, using stones as anvils, break the hard shells of mollusks.
9Octopuses Build Mobile Homes
Humans are very spine-centric in their view of animal hierarchy. However, there are a huge number of very intelligent animals that do not have a backbone. For example, on this moment, scientists are zealously studying the brain of octopuses, and all because these animals have shown extraordinary abilities in the ability to solve problems and overcome obstacles.
In fact, they are so smart that a law has been introduced in the UK that makes octopuses an honorary vertebrate in terms of protecting themselves and their habitat. Octopuses use their flexible bodies to slither into hard-to-reach places in pursuit of food, but their soft bodies offer little protection from predators. However, reef octopuses have found a solution to this problem, they dig up coconut shells and use them as shelter. They crawl into an empty shell and carry it, giving the impression that they are "walking" on the sea floor, wearing shells that protect them from attacks by predators.
8 Crows Use Cars
It is widely known that ravens and all their relatives are among the most intelligent birds. They demonstrate a whole range of different talents, so at the moment scientists are actively studying them. But is it too much to say that crows use cars?
First of all, it is worth noting that the ravens, of course, do not drive them. But there is clear evidence that the crows carried or threw hard nuts onto the road in the expectation that cars would pass over them and crack them, and as soon as this happened, they immediately swooped down to peck at the kernels. There is still academic debate about whether this behavior is intentional on the part of crows - but all evidence indicates that crows are quite capable of such actions, given all the other manifestations of their relatively developed intelligence.
7 Predators Create Armor 
In the merciless battle of everything against everyone that exists in nature, good protection can play a major role both in catching prey and in not becoming prey itself. An assassin always needs a good escape plan, and a predator is no different.
This predatory beetle preys on ants and other small insects. When he captures them, he sucks out their innards and keeps their shells for himself. This beetle then glues empty shells to its back and wears them as armor against any predator it may encounter.
Due to the fact that heaps of corpses can be quite an impressive mass, a predator is more likely to attack her than the beetle itself. At this point, the armor falls off the beetle, allowing it to escape and live another day. Ablative armor is a fairly new trick in the human arsenal - and presumably insects have used it before us.
6 Elephants Use Mirrors
What could be easier than using a mirror? Nothing - at least for us. But animals and very young children are usually unable to understand that they are looking at their own reflection and not at another animal.
The ability to perceive oneself while looking in a mirror is called the "mirror test". Scientists have tested elephants to see if they have enough self-awareness to use mirrors by painting marks on their heads. Surprisingly, when they were shown mirrors, they immediately began to touch with their trunks those signs on their heads that scientists had drawn for them, and not their reflection in the mirror.
5. Sea otters use rocks
We have already seen how wrasses use stones to open the hard shells of bivalves. Sea otters, on the other hand, have the advantage of working limbs, so they can carry stones in their paws. They scour the bottom looking for rocks of a certain size and shape, possibly showing their ability to recognize shapes and use their imagination, and then carry those rocks under their armpits.
When sea otters catch clams that are too well protected to reach their flesh, they hit the clams with rocks until they break open and then eat them. Moreover, they demonstrate the ability to change the strength and direction of their blows depending on the shape of the stone they use.
4. Orangutans use whistles
Some of the abilities of animals that we have already described can be considered innate, so the most important question remains: can animals learn to use objects? It turns out that not only they can, but they do it.
Orangutans are incredibly similar to humans in many ways, and their ability to learn is one of them. When the orangutan feels in danger, he makes a whistling sound with his nose to scare away an intruder. All orangutans do this. However, in some groups, orangutans take the leaves and use them to make sounds louder. This behavior is a skill that is passed down from generation to generation and the elders teach it to the young, in addition, this skill was seen in only a few groups that are related by family ties.
3. Naked diggers use mouthguards
Looking at naked mole rats gives the impression that they turned out to be the wrong offshoot of evolution. Living in colonies where only one female can breed, all other members of the colony spend their days looking for food. Foraging involves poking their snout into the dirt until they find something to eat. In order to alleviate their plight, they have invented a method of excavation that makes their lives a little more pleasant. Naked mole rats take a piece of bark or part of a plant and put it in their mouth. This method prevents dirt and dust from entering their mouths while they tunnel with their teeth.
2 Spiders Use Stones To Signal Intruder Presence
Corolla spiders live in small burrows in the desert. They jump out to grab any prey that comes too close to their burrow - this way of hunting greatly limits their capabilities. Therefore, in order to increase the area in which they can detect prey, spiders choose seven or eight stones of the same size and form a circle around their hole from them. Given a choice of stones of different breeds, they almost always choose quartz. Spiders can sense vibrations through rocks, allowing them to attack prey that is outside their normal hunting range.
1. Phronims create terrifying children
Is there anything more tender than a mother's love for her children? So what could be more beautiful than the sight of a mother trapping another animal, tearing out its intestines, and using the empty shell of its body to carry her children? This is exactly what Phronima does.
Phronims are small invertebrates that live in the sea. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, she catches a salpa, a small gel-like creature, and kills her by eating her insides. After dinner, she is left with an empty body in which she can carry her eggs and young until they can live on their own.
Today, when technological progress is moving by leaps and bounds, environmental issues are acute. As you know, the human body is a kind of energy-information object, which is influenced by various frequencies, vibrations, waves and other factors. Even what we wear directly affects our physical and spiritual condition. However, unfortunately, not everyone knows how synthetic clothing affects the human body.
It is known that the composition of the fabric and its colors, in contact with the body, transfer a certain energy. The main problem is clothing created from unnatural, artificial synthetic fabrics.
TYPES OF FABRICS
According to the type of raw materials, all fabrics are divided into three groups: synthetic, artificial and natural.
NATURAL MATERIALS are fabrics that are made from fibers of animal and vegetable origin, such as linen, cotton, jute, hemp, wool, silk and others.
ARTIFICIAL MATERIALS include fabrics derived from natural organic substances, such as proteins and cellulose, as well as from inorganic substances, such as metal and glass. These fabrics include acetate, viscose and fabric with the addition of lurex and metal thread.
SYNTHETIC FABRICS are produced from chemical polymer yarns as a result of a chemical synthesis process. It can be polyamide fabrics, such as chemlon, capron, dederon, silon; polyester fabrics - slotter, tesil, diolen; polyvinyl and polypropylene fabrics - cashmere, dralon; polyolefin fabrics - polypropylene, as well as polyurethane fabrics such as spandex. Synthetic fibers include nylon and capron. There is also man-made viscose fiber, fiberglass and asbestos.
For the production of synthetic fabrics, high-molecular compounds are used, such as polymers obtained by synthesis from low-molecular natural substances, such as oil and coal. From this we can draw a disappointing conclusion that synthetic and artificial fabric is a dead material that even nature has not learned to decompose, which means that there are very big doubts about the suitability of such materials.
HARM OF SYNTHETIC FABRIC
Synthetic fabrics are made using coal, oil, glass, chemicals and dyes, which have a rather negative effect on the human body.
Artificial synthetic matter practically eliminates the presence of pores, which significantly limits the access of air, thereby disrupting the free communication of the human body with the outside world. It is known that it is through natural communication that a person can be charged with primary energy. It should be noted that synthetic fabrics cover and block the natural exit of moisture from the body, which is a rather important process of life.
Clothing made from synthetic fabrics accumulates static electricity, causing dust to stick to such clothing, which can cause electric shock and generate sparks. One can only assume with horror all the consequences of wearing such electric charges on one's body.
It should be noted that artificial synthetic fabric is not able to conduct heat, so synthetics do not cool the human body in summer and do not warm it in winter.
Synthetic fibers are created in the laboratory without the help of the sun, air, water and earth, so such fabrics are considered inanimate and have nothing to do with living matter. Synthetics are not energetically protected, since they do not have their own personal energy, which is born exclusively in natural conditions.
CLOTHES FROM NATURAL MATERIALS
There are a lot of natural fabrics. The most common among them are: linen, cotton, silk, wool, jute, hemp, agave, ramie, abaca, nettle, kenaf, as well as bamboo fiber fabrics. Natural fabric has a positive effect on the human body, allowing the body to enjoy the sun's rays, air and contact with all nature. source natural materials are living natural cells that breathe and pulsate, preserving the natural structure and interacting with the natural elements of the surrounding world. Natural fabrics do not impose any destructive programs on the human body, while giving away part of the natural heat and energy.
COTTON PROPERTIES
Cotton is one of the most popular and commonly used materials for tailoring, as it is considered hygienic, absorbs water well, is breathable and has a warming effect. At all stages of its growth, cotton interacts with the energy of the earth, water, sun and air, absorbing all the vibrations of nature from birth.
Cotton fabric is hygroscopic, therefore it is able to breathe, having a positive effect on human skin.
PROPERTIES OF LINEN
Linen fibers are extracted from the skin of flax stalks, which, like cotton, lives in the rhythm of nature, absorbing all its energy in order to subsequently transfer it through clothes.
Linen products are washed well enough, are highly hygienic, have the ability to absorb moisture and maintain the optimum temperature at any time of the year. Flax is also widely used in medicine, as it is an excellent bactericidal agent.
PROPERTIES OF SILK
Silk is obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm. The density and quality of the fabric depends on the type of caterpillars and the leaves they feed on. The silkworm cocoon is a skein of thread, capable of reaching 1 kilometer, and natural glue. In order to unwind such a coil, the cocoon is lowered into a container with hot water, which allows you to freely pull the thread. Since one thread is too thin, 8-10 such threads are taken, which stick together when wound, forming raw silk.
This is the only natural fabric with such amazing thermoregulating properties: in the heat it pleasantly cools the body, provides good breathability, and warms in winter. That is, natural silk things can be worn all year round. All silk fabrics absorb moisture from the surface of the human body equal to half its own weight and remain dry. Silk fabric is very durable, pleasant to the touch, soft fabric, with good wear resistance.
