Dictation No. 1
Wherever you step, wherever you look, there is water everywhere. Above the water-soaked, not yet melted snow, the first butterfly flutters in a gully, like a lemon-yellow leaf. Numerous streams and small rivers unite into foaming mad streams.
Birds returning from distant places are already looking for places for future nests. Some of them made nests and lined them inside with fluff and moss. And the crow hatched six gluttonous chicks, and from the nest one can hear their demanding squeak that does not stop for a minute.
On a thawed patch under a bush, a gray fluffy lump is swarming - this is a hare. He was born just recently, very funny, but he already knows how to hide from enemies in last year's grass.
At the end of April, aspen and hazel are completely hung with long catkins, in puddles and ditches there are huge clods of gelatinous frog caviar.
Near the road there is a heap of ants, near which thousands of small workers run back and forth. It seems as if the whole pile is moving and boiling.
And how much is new in the fields and gardens! As soon as the earth dries up a little, tractors will go, dragging harrows behind them. In the garden, near pears, cherries, apple trees and gooseberries, broken and dried knots are cut by hand, and hives with bees are put in the apiary.
Trees and shrubs are planted around the houses. This must be done with great skill: you need to dig a hole in such a way that the roots do not bend upwards - this position is unnatural - and then fill it with earth without drowning the root neck of the plant too deep in the ground, and only then level the earth around the trunk.
The planted tree will continue to require tireless care: watering, feeding. Fruit trees need special care - protection from codling moth larvae and other pests. No matter how hard the spring suffering is, everything pays for the harvest on the table and the joy of the results of the work done.
Dictation No. 2
The sun is warm in summer, but the grass has already turned a little yellow. In the dark green braids of birches, light yellow strands are visible here and there.
Above us is a pale blue sky, on the left is a forest, and on the right is an unmowed oat field, behind it is a small river in the distance. We pass the boundary and turn left into the forest.
The forest is still good. Willy-nilly, we, spellbound by its beauty, stop and then walk straight into the thicket.
We slowly move forward and suddenly we find ourselves in a clearing blown through by a light breeze.
There must be lingonberries here, and by all means it must be found.
Finally, I also notice lingonberries under the shiny leathery leaves. Yes, they are visible here! The meadow is completely covered with berries. We dispersed one by one and only occasionally call to each other. Gradually, the baskets were filled to the top, and we ourselves ate our fill.
However, lunch is still needed. The girls spread a newspaper folded in half on the grass, put bread, salt, hard-boiled eggs on it - all our modest dishes. We ate everything with gusto and stretched out on the grass.
We take baskets filled with berries and go out to the road. Despite being tired, everyone is walking quickly along the highway, looking anxiously at the sun that has not yet disappeared behind the forest. The branches of the trees are barely swaying, as if saying goodbye to us.
Dictation No. 3
The market was noisy. What we just did not see in the edible rows! Behind the counters white cabbage, behind the placers of golden onions, saffron carrots, behind barrels of pickled apples and pickles were sellers.
In the rows behind them, homespun linen towels flew in the wind, from which roosters crowed, clusters of viburnum blazed; linen tablecloths embroidered with allegorical scenes were immediately spread out.
From afar, a special woolen fabric was striking - a ryazanka, worked out in a clear checkered color on a black field, which is better than any tartan. Attracted the attention of brightly colored mittens, knitted in a herringbone pattern. But the surroundings of this town are famous not for dishes and needlework.
All peasant women have long known Skopinsky's "blues". “Bungies” is nothing more than a two-liter wide-mouthed, not at all drenched pot.
Who has not tried pink, ruddy, stewed in a rustic stove milk? Such fragrant milk cannot be obtained either in a glass or glazed jug. A good housewife will never take any other dishes if there is a pot of simple firing on the counter: in any other dish, milk “does not breathe” and soon turns sour.
For a long time Skopin has gained fame thanks to his ceramic art, such as no one has ever seen anywhere.
Even in Moscow, at the spring bazaars, outlandish products were snapped up, and not cheaply. Most often, these were vessels that struck with the elegant and expedient proportions of parts and the variety of silhouettes.
I was surprised by the ability of the tech to skillfully sculpt birds and animals, as if the masters had spied them by surprise in their natural movement. In the products, one could vaguely feel some kind of handwriting of ancient chased silver-plated dishes, which have not been preserved anywhere except in museums.
Moscow collectors and other ceramic antique dealers often visited Skopin for these masterpieces.
Dictation No. 4
In the early morning, when everyone was asleep, I tiptoed out of the stuffy hut and, as if I were not in the front garden, but went out into the quiet, inexplicable transparency of the water - such freshness seized me.
Tall, untouched grass raged behind the gate itself. I ran off the embankment to the left and went along the river towards its current. This river was unremarkable, except for the sandbanks, convenient for rest, and in some places sections of the river overgrown with reeds, where fishermen often gaped. And now a small company of amateur fishermen is located on the bank.
The path rounded the sand pit and led me to a spacious meadow, along which trees grew singly and in groups.
The still air, not yet sultry, pleasantly refreshes the larynx and chest. The sun, which has not entered into force, warms carefully and gently. In about half an hour I found myself near a pine forest. The road through this forest seems too well groomed. From time to time, along the sides of the sandy path, neatly laid light chocolate rugs of cuckoo flax, this indispensable inhabitant of pine forests, come across.
Some kind of bird was darting up and down along the trunk of an aspen tree with the briskness of a mouse. Soon the path narrowed completely and turned into a footpath. I came across a swamp with coffee-brown, but not at all muddy water. I got over it, jumping onto a slippery log, from a log to a log thrown by someone. And here is the river with such a cold water, despite the hot days.
The gatehouse, which I wanted to find at all costs, turned out to be nothing more than a log hut surrounded by a fence. On the one hand, a forest adjoined the gouging, on the other, a vast meadow was spread, dotted with Ivan-da-Marya.
Spring
Spring has come. Blue sky. April sun. a little bit about heat and lots of Sveta. The buds on the trees opened. Young green leaves appeared. The bee woke up. She woke up her friends. Bees flight e whether from the hive. Here they see under the bush e whether a blue flower. This about was blue and alka. She opened her cup e chku. There was sweet juice. The bees drank delicious juice and merrily flew home. Hello , Spring!
Grammar tasks
1. Emphasize the grammatical basis by indicating the parts of speech
Option 1 - 8 sentences (She woke up her friends)
Option 2 - 12 sentences (She opened her cup)
2. Write down the verbs used ...
1 option - in the singular (6)
Option 2 - in plural (6)
3. Choose verbs synonyms used in an indefinite form
1 option. Tell - ..., look - ...
Option 2. Work - ..., see - ...
Control dictation on the topic: "Vocabulary, phonetics, grammar, spelling and speech development"
Encounter with a viper
A narrow path led us into the wilderness. Rare about here pr about nikal sunbeam. Huge firs and pines stood gloomily about. They lowered mighty branches. Suddenly an old stump e commanded. There was a viper hole. We went to a forest clearing. Joyful songs of birds greeted us. Zhu LJ Ali hairy bumblebees. The forester appeared. He reassured us. A car pulled up and we sent and l and go home. hiss g a Dukes sounded in my ears. G a Dukes about pasny.
Grammar tasks
1. Emphasize the grammatical basis. Define the parts of speech.
Option 1 - in 4 sentences (They lowered mighty branches)
2. Write down the nouns in the nominative case, determine the gender
Option 1 - from the first part of the text
Option 2 - from the second part of the text
3. * For the highlighted words in phrases, select words - antonyms, write down new phrases.
1 option. Tall house - ... .. house, laugh out loud - loud ...
Option 2. Wide ribbon - ...... ribbon, long talk - long ......
Knowledge control for the 1st quarter.
Farewell to autumn.
October is wet weather. It rains all month long. The autumn wind is blowing. Trees rustle in the garden.
It stopped raining at night. The first snow fell. It's light all around. Everything around became elegant. Two crows sat on a birch. Fluffy snow fell. The road is frozen. Leaves and grass crunch on the path near the house.
Words for reference: it became, froze.
Grammar task:
In the first sentence, underline the subject and the predicate.
Disassemble the composition of the word: autumn, garden.
Write out from the text a word in which there are more letters than sounds.
Control of knowledge for the 2nd quarter.
Snowman.
It's a wonderful winter day. Light snow is falling. The trees are dressed in white coats. The pond sleeps under the ice crust. Bright sun in the sky.
A group of guys ran out. They began to build a snowman. They made his eyes out of light ice floes, his mouth and nose out of carrots, and his eyebrows out of coals. Joyful and fun for everyone!
Grammar task:
Underline the main terms in the second sentence.
Disassemble the words according to the composition (1st option: winter, fur coats; 2nd option: white, carrots).
Find in the text words with a checked unstressed vowel in the root. Choose test words for them. Write these words.
Knowledge control for the 3rd quarter.
First days of spring.
The bright sun shines over the fields and forests. Darkened in the fields of the road. Ice turned blue on the river. The brooks murmured in the valleys. Resinous buds puffed out on the trees. Soft down jackets appeared on the willows.
A timid hare ran out to the edge. An old moose cow with a calf came out into the clearing. The mother bear took her cubs for the first walk.
Grammar task:
Disassemble by members of the proposal: Option 1: the fourth sentence; Option 2: Fifth sentence. Underline the main members of the sentence, write out the phrases.
Choose adjectives that are opposite in meaning.
Option 1: narrow stream - ...; diligent student - ...; Option 2: cowardly boy - ...; tall bush...
Knowledge control for the 4th quarter.
Spring morning.
It happened in April. The sun woke up early in the morning and looked at the earth. And there, overnight, winter and frost brought their own rules. The fields and hills were covered with snow. Icicles were hung on the trees.
The sun shone and ate the morning ice. A talkative brook ran through the valley. Suddenly, under the roots of a birch, he noticed a deep mink. A hedgehog slept sweetly in a mink. Hedgehog found this secluded place in autumn. He didn't want to get up yet. But the cold stream crept into the dry bed and woke the hedgehog.
Grammar task:
Disassemble the members of the 7th and 9th sentences.
Disassemble the words according to the composition: 1 option: lit up, morning, birches; Option 2: hung, cheerful, place).
Determine the time, number and gender of the verbs: ran, looked, covered.
Knowledge control.
Dictation for the year.
Morning in the steppe.
Early spring morning. The steppe is cheerfully full of flowers. Gorse turns bright yellow. Bluebells chime softly. White fragrant chamomile. Wild carnation burns with crimson spots. In the morning coolness, the bitter, healthy smell of wormwood is poured.
Everything happily reached for the sun. The steppe woke up and came to life. Larks fluttered high in the air. The grasshoppers raised their hasty chatter.
Grammar task:
Write out two words from the text with unstressed vowels in the root. Write test words for them.
Write down two words with prefixes. Select attachments.
Disassemble the 2nd and 4th sentences by members (by options).
Russian language dictations Grade 3
In late autumn, I planted young apple trees. A friendly spring has come. Water gurgled under the roads. The snow fell quickly. The puddles shone brightly in the sun. I came into the garden and examined my apple trees. The branches and twigs were all intact. The kidneys burst. The scarlet edges of flower leaves appeared. Wonderful songs of birds were heard in the garden. The songs sounded the joy of meeting with warmth and spring. It was easy and calm in my heart.
Words for reference: descended, came, calmly.
Snowdrops.
Along the edges of the forests, in the forest clearings illuminated by the sun, the first forest flowers bloom. These are snowdrops. They look like the joyful smile of spring. Good at this time in the awakened forest. The forest is filled with cheerful bird voices. The odorous resinous buds swelled and puffed out on the trees. On the tops of tall birches, spring guests whistle loudly. Everyone is happy with the sun, the arrival of spring.
(According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov).
The street is dull and chilly. The wind hits the trees with force and tears last leaves. The jackdaws scream loudly. Near cold. A ray of sunshine splashed. But this smile of autumn was sad. Here comes the heavy rain. The birch grove choked with rain. A sharp chill rarely peeks into the thicket. We made a fire. The red fire danced merrily.
Words for reference: sad, choking, beam, fire.
Grandfather Ivan Petrovich lived on our street. He loved hunting and fishing. From mushrooms he recognized only white mushroom. It was autumn. The coolness of the forest kept the night still. Branches of bushes swollen from water. Mist wafted from the river. Grandfather took us to his mushroom places. By noon our baskets were full. The youngest milk mushrooms flaunted in the grandfather's wickerwork.
Words for reference: flaunted.
Tits have appeared at the sawmill. They were clever and brave birds. They were not afraid of the noise and screech of the saw. The tits examined each log. They put their beaks in the cracks and pulled out pests. Birds worked from morning to evening. The frost was getting stronger. They flocked to warm themselves on the warm tire of the tractor.
(According to A. Musatov).
Words for reference: sawmill, examined, pulled out, warmed up.
When are animals treated?
When the animals are sick, they are given medicine. The medicine is put into the jam for the bear. Obyazyana drinks it with sweet tea. The zoo has an animal hospital. Veterinarians treat animals there. And what about the tiger? Here the doctors go to the trick. The animal is placed in a very narrow cage. The cell walls are close. The tiger is pinned against the wall. He submits to man.
(According to M. Ilyin and E. Segal).
Words for reference: zoo, veterinarian, close, submits.
I stopped near an aspen. An unusual picture opened up on the largest branch. A marten was chasing a squirrel. Here, grab her. The flexible body of the marten lay on a branch. The tail was extended. The squirrel ran to the edge of the branch. She was ready to jump. How did this fight end? I look at the tree and smile. The blizzard worked well. Wonderful forest animals!
Words for reference: unusual.
The forest was solemn, light and quiet. The day seemed to be dozing. Lonely snowflakes fell from the sky. We wandered through the forest until evening. Bullfinches were sitting on the mountain ash. We plucked a frost-caught red rowan. It was the last memory of summer, of autumn. We came to the lake. There was a thin strip of ice along the coast. I saw a school of fish in the water. Winter has begun to come into its own. Heavy snow fell.
(According to K. Paustovsky).
Snow Maiden.
The last snow has melted. Bloomed in the forests, flowers in the meadows. Birds have come from the south. And the Snow Maiden is sad, sitting in the shade. Once a large hailstorm fell. The snow girl rejoiced. But the hail quickly became water. The Snow Maiden cried.
House under the snow.
I'm skiing through the woods. The trees are quiet. Ancient pines and firs are covered with snow. The clearing was crossed by hare tracks. It was the whites that ran to the river. There they feast on willow branches. Capercaillie takes off quickly. He raised a column of snow dust with his wings. In severe frosts, capercaillie burrow into a snowdrift. There they spend the night. Warm birds under the snow.
Words for reference: feast on, burrow.
It happened in the morning. I walked out of the forest. Suddenly, a lark flew out from under his feet. I bent down. There was a nest under a small pine tree. There were four gray testicles. Another bird made its nest in the clearing. The nest was in dry grass. A bird sits in its house, and it is not visible.
Fox gossip.
The fox has sharp teeth, ears on top. The gossip-fox has a warm fur coat. She walks quietly. The fox wears its fluffy tail carefully. The little fox looks kindly, shows white teeth. The fox digs deep holes. They have many entrances and exits.
(According to K. Ushinsky).
Spring rain.
A wet wind blew for three days. He ate snow. Arable land was bare on the hillocks. The air smelled of melted snow. It rained during the night. Wonderful sound of night rain. He hurriedly drummed on the glass. The wind in the darkness tore the poplars in gusts. By morning the rain had stopped. The sky was still covered with heavy gray clouds. Nikita looked out the window and gasped. There was no trace of snow left.
(According to A. Tolstoy).
The bravest.
The fields are all dark. One field is bright green. Cheerful sprouts on it. When did they wake up from their winter sleep? When did you grow up? This is winter rye. Collective farmers sowed it in autumn. Before frost, the grains had time to germinate. Fluffy snow covered them. Spring came. The first sprouts got out of the snow. That's how brave they are! Now they are basking in the sun.
(According to E. Shim).
Forest musicians.
It was early spring. We walked through the forest along our path. Suddenly, quiet and very pleasant sounds were heard. We spotted red jays. They sat on the branches of trees, singing and chirping. The Jays put on a real concert. We began to listen to wonderful forest music. In our footsteps, the dog Fomka rushed and scared the jays away. We were very angry with stupid Fomka.
Everything woke up.
I opened my eyes. The dawn had not yet blushed, but it had already turned white in the east. Everything became visible. The pale gray sky brightened, grew colder, turned blue. The stars twinkled faintly and disappeared. The leaves are sweating. A liquid, early breeze has already begun to roam and flutter over the earth.
(According to I. Turgenev).
One night the first frost came. He breathed cold on the glass in the house, sprinkled grainy frost on the roof, crunched underfoot. As if painted, there were Christmas trees and pines covered with snow. From the lacy birches, a light, shiny frost fell on hats and behind collars.
The rainy autumn days are over. A fluffy carpet of snow lay down on forest paths and paths. The pond sleeps under the ice crust. Birds are hungry in winter. So they fly to the dwelling of a person. Feel sorry for the guys feathered friends. They made feeders for them. Bullfinches and titmouse flocked to the feeders. Help the birds too. Birds are our friends.
A blizzard whistles. Winter flies in full swing. Bushes and stumps drown in white waves. Low clouds creep over the forest. In autumn, in the wilderness, the bear chose a place for a den. He brought soft fragrant needles to his dwelling. It's warm and cozy there. Frost crackles. Strong winds blow. And the bear is not afraid of winter.
Once a white cloud rose over the Russian land. It went across the sky. The cloud reached the middle and stopped. Then lightning flew out of him. Thunder boomed. It rained. After the rain, there were three rainbows in the sky at once. People looked at the rainbows and thought: a hero was born on Russian soil. And so it was. He got to his feet. The earth trembled. The oaks rustled with their tops. A wave ran through the lakes from shore to shore.
A large frozen Christmas tree was dragged into the living room. It blew cold from it, but little by little the compacted branches thawed it. She got up, fluffed up. The whole house smelled of pine. The children brought boxes of decorations, put a chair up to the Christmas tree and began to decorate it. She was entangled with a golden cobweb, hung with silver chains, put candles. She shone all over, shimmered with gold, sparks, long rays. The light from it was thick, warm, smelling of pine needles.
In autumn, severe frosts hit early. They chilled the earth. The pond was covered with hard ice. In the bare glades, the grass wept in the wind. It was chilly for young trees. But then the fluffy snow fell. In the forest, every bush and stump put on snow caps. The winter grains have ceased to chill. They are warm and calm under the snow.
Words for reference: chilly, calm.
We continue to acquaint you with lessons in the development of speech, the publication of which will begin in August 2003.
Topic."A.I. Kuprin. "In the bowels of the Earth" (excerpt). Change of perfect and imperfective verbs by tenses. Generalization of knowledge about the verb as a part of speech."
Goals. Continue to develop students' skills in working with text; develop the ability to change the verb at times, taking into account the question it answers (taking into account the aspect); improve knowledge about the verb, the ability to use verbs in the text; develop students' creative thinking; enrich vocabulary.
Equipment. Portraits of A.I. Kuprin, A.M. Gorky; illustrations depicting various methods of mining, wildflowers: gorse, dodder, chamomile, bluebell, wormwood, wild carnation; sound recording of the chirping of grasshoppers.
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STUDY PROCESS
I. Organizational moment
II. Lesson topic message
Teacher. Today in the lesson we will continue to get acquainted with the work of Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, we will read an excerpt from the story "In the depths of the Earth."
III. Statement of the learning task
U. In the lesson, we will work on changing perfective and imperfective verbs, generalize everything we know about the verb as a part of speech.
IV. opening talk
U. Guys, what do you think, what could be the story of Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin "In the depths of the Earth"? What is "subsoil"?
Children. The interior of the earth is what is below the earth's surface. Most likely, this story is about what minerals our Earth is rich in.
U. You are on the right track. Can you tell me what the expression "development" means?
D. Mining.
U. Guys, how are minerals mined?
D. In different ways: with the help of special installations, excavators, people (go down into the mine).
The teacher shows illustrations different ways mining.
U. Which method do you think is the most dangerous for human life?
D. When a man descends into the mine.
U. Why do you think?
D. The mine may collapse.
U. Quite right. In mine ( teacher showing illustration) deep underground mined minerals - coal, ore and others.
The work of miners is very hard and dangerous. They have to go down several tens of meters. The miner knows that his work involves a lot of risk. We must bow before the work of these people. Now the work of miners is a little easier due to modern mechanisms that help to extract minerals. But earlier, at the time when Kuprin lived, the workers did everything manually, with the help of hammers and sledgehammers (large hammer). Their work could truly be called hard labor.
The story of Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin ( the teacher shows the book in which there is this work) - about the hard labor of miners. Do you know that in tsarist Russia the work of young children was widespread, who earned their livelihood. Remember "Vanka Zhukov" by Chekhov, "Spit" by Mamin-Sibiryak, etc.
The heroes of Kuprin's story "In the bowels of the Earth" are a twelve-year-old boy Vasily Lomakin and a man of about forty, Vanka Grek, who worked in a mine.
And then one spring a tragedy happened at the mine: the ceilings collapsed. Vasya, risking his life, saves Vanka the Greek, who suddenly began to have a fit during the tragedy (he was sick). Vasya could have run away and left him, but he didn't! The boy understood that at any moment the millions of pounds of earth hanging over his head could collapse, collapse - and crush him like a midge, like a speck of dust. And even this fear of death did not stop the boy, he still fought for the life of the Greek. In the end, both survived. "These two people have become family forever," writes Kuprin.
The boy's deed can be admired. Why do you think?
Children speak up.
– The story begins with a description of the steppe. Guys guess why?
D. The mine was most likely located under a vast expanse of steppe.
U. It is no coincidence that Kuprin begins the story with a description of a spring morning in the steppe, in order to show first life on Earth with all its bright and delicate colors, peace and quiet, then the other side of the Earth with dirt, danger and hard labor of people underground. Such a contrast emphasizes even more the difficulties of the life of miners.
The steppe is beautiful in spring. And this charm of the steppe was able to convey the great master of the word Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin.
V. Vocabulary work
U. Before reading the description of the steppe, let's analyze the words that will be found in the text.
A record of the words selected for vocabulary work opens on the board.
On the desk:
VI. Primary perception of the text
U. Get ready to listen carefully to an excerpt from the story "In the bowels of the Earth." Try to imagine the picture that Kuprin describes.
The teacher reads a passage:
"It's an early spring morning, cool and dewy. Not a cloud in the sky. Only in the east, from where the sun was now floating in a fiery glow, dovey predawn clouds still crowd, pale and melt every minute. The whole boundless expanse of the steppe seems to be showered with fine golden dust. In the dense lush grass here and there trembling, shimmering and flashing with multi-colored lights, diamonds of large dew. The steppe is merrily full of flowers: the gorse turns bright yellow, the bluebells modestly turn blue, the fragrant chamomile turns white with whole thickets, the wild carnation burns with crimson spots. the smell of wormwood mixed with the gentle, almond-like aroma of dodder.Everything shines, and basks, and joyfully reaches for the sun.Only here and there in deep and narrow beams, between steep cliffs overgrown with sparse shrubs, still lie, reminding of the departed nights, wet bluish shadows.
High in the air, invisible to the eye, larks tremble and ring. The restless grasshoppers have long ago raised their hasty, dry chatter.
The steppe woke up and came to life, and it seems as if it is breathing deep, even and powerful sighs.
- What picture did you imagine?
D. Early spring morning.
- Steppe. The sun rises.
- The steppe is full of flowers. Grasshoppers chirp. The larks are calling. Steppe woke up.
U. Did you like the description of the steppe? Why?
Children speak up.
VII. Work with text
The teacher gives the children the text of an excerpt from the story "In the bowels of the Earth."
U. Read the text on your own and identify the topic and type of text.
Children read the text.
- What is the theme?
D. Steppe awakening.
U. What type of text is this passage?
D. To the description.
U. What is the object of description?
D. Steppe.
U. Read the beginning of the description.
D. Early spring morning, cool and dewy.
U. What epithets does Kuprin use to say what kind of morning it is?
D. Early, spring, cool and dewy.
U. What can you say about morning by these adjectives?
D. It was early in the morning when the sun was just rising. It was spring.
– There was not much heat yet, it was cool in the mornings, after the night there was dew everywhere.
U. Imagine this morning?
D. Yes.
U. Kuprin could personally observe the same early morning. In general, watching the awakening of nature after a night's sleep is very interesting. How did Kuprin see that morning? What was the sky like?
D. The sky was clear.
U. What words from the text did you guess about it?
D. Not a cloud in the sky.
U. But what unusual did Kuprin notice in the sky?
D. The pre-dawn clouds were still gathering in the east.
U. Read this sentence.
D."Only in the east, from where the sun was now sailing out in a fiery glow, are the gray predawn clouds still crowding, turning pale and melting every minute."
U. Do you like this offer?
Children speak up.
- The proposal is very nice. See how many epithets and personifications Kuprin used in this sentence.
What does the expression "fiery glow" mean?
D. When the sun shines, it is like fire.
U. Which verb conveys movement in nature, the beginning of the day?
D. Came out (the sun).
U. What is said about the clouds?
D. They crowd (personification), turn pale and melt every minute.
U. This sentence shows how the night is replaced by day: the clouds are leaving, the sun is coming up.
Why do you think Kuprin uses the word "tay"? After all, snow, icicles, snowflakes usually melt?
D. Here is a figurative expression: that is, they disappear before our eyes, they disappear.
U. The sun comes into its own. What did the entire boundless expanse of the steppe look like from the rays of the sun?
D. The steppe seems to be showered with fine golden dust.
U. Kuprin again uses a figurative expression. We know that in reality there are craftsmen who cover products with gilding. But here such an impression is created thanks to the sun, the rays that illuminate everything around.
So, the sky is clear, the sun is like a fiery glow. What else attracted the attention of the writer?
D. Flowers.
U. Read the description of flowers to yourself and write down epithets, comparisons, personifications in a notebook.
Children read from the words "In the thick lush grass ..." to the end of the paragraph. Write out in a notebook:
diamonds dew tremble and flare up colorful lights, steppe fun dazzles, bluebells modestly turn blue, carnation lit crimson spots, the smell of wormwood spilled, the smell of wormwood is similar to almonds, everything basks.
Students can write down other epithets from the text (for example, thick lush grass, etc.).
U. See how the writer managed to say about flowers. What colors immediately rise before your eyes?
D.Yellow(gorse), blue(bells) white(chamomile), red(carnation), different shades from the color of dew (diamonds).
U. Only flowers showed us in this passage Kuprin?
D. No, also smells. Fragrant chamomile, bitter smell of wormwood, dodder aroma.
U. See how adjectives ( fragrant, bitter
) and nouns ( smell, fragrance
) help the writer convey the atmosphere of the steppe. We, reading these sentences, involuntarily also imagine its tart smells.
What mood do you create when you present such a picture?
D. Joyful.
U. What words in the text express the attitude to the beginning of a new day? Read.
D. Everything shines, and basks, and joyfully reaches for the sun.
U. With what or with whom can nature be compared?
D. With a living being, with a person.
U. Usually, when a person just wakes up in the morning, he basks, stretches and, willy-nilly, raises his hands up, also reaches for the sun, for life.
What else does Kuprin notice in the steppe?
D. Sounds.
U. The first spring sounds in the steppe are birds and insects. What did Kuprin hear?
D. Larks that fluttered and chimed.
- Restless grasshoppers.
U. Guys, have you ever heard the chirping of grasshoppers?
D. Yes.
U. Do you want to listen?
D. Yes.
VIII. Physical education minute
U. Let's get some rest. Close your eyes and imagine the steppe that Kuprin writes about.
The teacher turns on the sound recording with the chirping of grasshoppers.
IX. Working with text (continued)
U. Guys, who guessed what other sounds Kuprin heard in the steppe?
D. Sighs of the steppe.
U. Prove with words from the text.
D."She seems to be breathing deep, even and powerful breaths."
U. Kuprin compared the steppe with a man. But why is the expression "mighty sighs" used?
D. The steppe is huge, like a giant man.
U. So, the steppe woke up and came to life. What do you think main idea this passage?
D. The steppe is beautiful in spring.
U. Well done boys!
X. Working with the verb as a part of speech
U. Thanks to what part of speech did Kuprin manage to tell about everything he saw and heard in the steppe?
D. Thanks to the noun - sky, morning, steppe, flowers.
U. With the help of what part of speech does he specify all the finest characteristics of these objects?
D. With the help of adjectives.
U. What part of speech brings the picture to life?
D. Verb.
U. What is a verb?
D. A verb is a part of speech that answers questions. what to do? what to do? Changes in tenses, persons, numbers. Changing verbs in persons and numbers is called conjugation.
U. There are many verbs in the text. All of them are divided into two groups - perfect and imperfect type.
Write down in your notebook in one column the verbs of the imperfect form, in the other - the perfect form, determine their time.
Children work in a notebook.
Imperfect verbs:
floated up (past), crowd (present), seems (present), tremble (present), dazzles (present), turns yellow (present), turn blue (present), turns white (present), lit (present), spilled (present), shines (present), basks (present), stretches (present), lie (present), tremble (present), are ringing (present), breathes (present).
Perfect vila verbs:
raised (past), awoke (past), came to life (past).
U. Look at your notes. Think about it, is it by chance that only three verbs in the text are perfective?
D. Most of the verbs are imperfective, that is, they talk about events taking place at the moment (with the exception of the verb "surfaced"). These verbs allow you to show movement, an action that is happening now.
Perfective verbs help to talk about actions that have already taken place.
U. Pay attention to the tense of the verbs. What tense is missing from the text?
D. Future.
U. Why do you think?
D. It was important for Kuprin to show the steppe in this moment, that is, what appeared to his eyes now.
On the desk:
U. Fill the table.
One student is at the blackboard, the rest work with signal cards (checking work).
Record on the board (the result of the work done).
– We have seen once again that imperfective verbs change by tense (present, past and future), and perfective verbs can only be used in the past and future tense.
XI. linguistic experiment
U. But in the text you need to use a verb of a certain form very accurately. What happens if you do not follow this, we will see with you if we now read the text by changing the form of the verb or its tense.
The children are doing the work.
– We made sure that the text became inexpressive. See how important the correct choice of each verb is in order to convey the thought in accordance with your intention!
XII. word drawing
U. Let's try to verbally draw a verbal picture for this part of the story.
The teacher discusses with the children an imaginary picture according to the plan:
1. What will be drawn? (Content)
2. How will the objects in the picture be arranged? (Composition)
3. What paints do we use for the painting? ( Color solution)
Work execution and verification.
XIII. Working with the textbook
Performing exercise No. 517, p. 221 (according to the textbook by T.G. Ramzaeva. "Russian language", 4th grade).
On the board is a portrait of A.M. Gorky.
U. Read the text and say where Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky met the morning.
Children read the text:
The best thing in the world is to watch the day come to life!
The first ray of the sun flashed in the sky. Night darkness quietly hides in the gorges of mountains and cracks of stones. And the peaks of the mountains smile with a gentle smile. The waves of the sea raise their white heads high, bow to the sun.
The good sun laughs.
Flowers sway wildly. They smile proudly as they stretch towards the sun. Its rays burn in drops of dew. And golden bees and wasps are already circling above them.
The day has come."
- Where did Gorky meet the morning?
D. By the sea, in the mountains.
U. What did you notice in common in the descriptions of Kuprin and Gorky?
D. The sun has risen, the darkness of the night is quietly hiding, the flowers are swaying and stretching towards the sun, the rays are burning in drops of dew.
U. Did you like the description of Gorky?
Children speak up.
– Every writer, poet sees in his own way the world conveys feelings in his own words. But all these descriptions are wonderful. We still have a lot to learn from the great classics.
Guys, try someday to observe the arrival of a new day in this world. I am sure you will discover a lot of new, interesting and mysterious.
XIV. Lesson summary
U. Guys, did you like the lesson? What new did you learn?
Children's statements.
XV. Homework
U. Draw an illustration for an excerpt from Kuprin's work.
Note. The story (excerpt) is taken from the book: Kuprin A.I. Emerald: Stories, tale. - L .: Det. lit., 1981. - 169.
Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) For my part, I only changed the names of some of the characters in this story and gave the oral story a written form.
2) Only a dragonfly in such a heat feels good and, as if nothing had happened, she dances tirelessly in the fragrant needles.
3) With its ridges and bumps with forests and copses, the taiga has dozens of microclimates.
4) Everything shines and basks and joyfully reaches for the sun.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's put punctuation marks.
1) For my part, I only changed the names of some of the characters in this story and gave the oral story a written form. (Simple with homogeneous)
2) Only a dragonfly in such a heat feels good, and as if nothing had happened, she dances tirelessly in the fragrant needles. (SSP)
3) With its ridges and potholes, with forests and copses, the taiga has dozens of microclimates. (Pairwise homogeneous)
4) Everything shines, and basks, and joyfully reaches for the sun. (2 commas are put according to scheme A, and B, and C, where ABV are homogeneous predicates)
5) In ancient times, the question of life and death often depended on a random combination of circumstances or the balance of power between people and animals.
Answer: 2, 3.
Answer: 23|32
Source: USE - 2015. Early wave
Rule: Task 16. Punctuation marks in SSP and in a sentence with homogeneous members
PUNCUNCATION IN A COMPOUND SENTENCE AND IN A SENTENCE WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
In this task, knowledge of two punctograms is tested:
1. Commas in a simple sentence with homogeneous members.
2. Commas in a compound sentence, parts of which are connected by coordinating unions, in particular, the union I.
Target: find TWO sentences in which you need to put ONE comma in each. Not two, not three (and this happens!) commas, but one. In this case, it is necessary to indicate the numbers of those sentences where the missing comma was PLACED, since there are such cases that the sentence already has a comma, for example, with adverbial turnover. We don't count it.
You should not look for commas at various turns, introductory words and in NGN: according to the specification, only three indicated punctograms are checked in this task. If the sentence needs commas for other rules, they will already be placed
The correct answer will be two numbers, from 1 to 5, in any sequence, without commas and spaces, for example: 15, 12, 34.
Legend:
OC - homogeneous members.
SSP is a compound sentence.
The task execution algorithm should be as follows:
1. Determine the number of bases.
2. If the sentence is simple, then we find ALL series of homogeneous terms in it and turn to the rule.
3. If there are two bases, then this is a complex sentence, and each part is considered separately (see paragraph 2).
Do not forget that homogeneous subjects and predicates do NOT create a complex, but a simple complicated sentence.
15.1 PUNICATION WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS
Homogeneous members of a sentence are those members that answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members of a sentence (both main and secondary) are always connected by a coordinating link, with or without a union.
For example: In the Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson, S. Aksakov describes both summer and winter pictures of Russian nature with truly poetic enthusiasm.
In this sentence, there is one row of OCs, these are two homogeneous definitions.
In one sentence there can be several rows of homogeneous members. Yes, in the proposal Soon a heavy downpour hit and covered with the noise of rain streams and gusts of wind, and the moans of a pine forest. two rows: two predicates, hit and covered; two additions, gusts and groans.
note: each row of OC has its own punctuation rules.
Consider various schemes of sentences with OC and formulate the rules for setting commas.
15.1.1. A number of homogeneous members, connected ONLY by intonation, without unions.
General scheme: OOO .
Rule: if two or more OCs are connected only by intonation, a comma is placed between them.
Example: yellow, green, red apples.
15.1.2 Two homogeneous members are connected by the union AND, YES (in the meaning of AND), OR, OR
General scheme: O and/yes/either/or O .
Rule: if two EPs are connected by a single union AND / YES, a comma is not put between them.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and red apples.
Example 2: Everywhere she was met cheerfully and friendly..
Example 3: Only you and I will stay in this house.
Example 4: I will cook rice with vegetables or pilaf .
15.1.3 Last OC added by union I.
General scheme: O , O and O .
Rule: If the last homogeneous member is joined by the union and, then a comma is not placed in front of it.
Example: The still life depicts yellow, green and red apples.
15.1.4. There are more than two homogeneous members and the union And repeated at least twice
Rule: For various combinations of allied (clause 15.1.2) and non-union (clause 15.1.1) combination of homogeneous members of the proposal, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members and the union And is repeated at least twice, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members
General scheme: Oh, and Oh, and Oh.
General scheme: and O, and O, and O.
Example 1: The still life depicts yellow and green and red apples.
Example 2: The still life depicts and yellow and green and red apples.
More complex examples:
Example 3: From the house, from the trees, and from the dovecote, and from the gallery- long shadows ran far away from everything.
Two unions and four points. Comma between OCH.
Example 4: It was sad in the spring air, and in the darkening sky, and in the car. Three unions and, three och. Comma between OCH.
Example 5: Houses and trees and sidewalks were covered in snow. Two unions and, three och. Comma between OCH.
Note that there is no comma after the last EP, because it is not between the OC, but after it.
It is this scheme that is often perceived as erroneous and non-existent, keep this in mind when completing the task.
note: this rule only works if the union AND is repeated in one row of OC, and not in the entire sentence.
Consider examples.
Example 1: In the evenings they gathered at the table children and adults and read aloud. How many rows? Two: children and adults; gathered and read. The union is not repeated in each row, it is used once. Therefore, commas are NOT put according to rule 15.1.2.
Example 2: In the evening Vadim went to his room and sat down reread letter and write a response. Two rows: left and sat down; sat down (why? for what purpose?) to re-read and write.
15.1.5 Homogeneous members are connected by the union A, BUT, YES (= but)
Scheme: O, a / no / yes O
Rule: In the presence of the union A, BUT, YES (=but), commas are put.
Example 1: The student writes quickly, but sloppily.
Example 2: The baby no longer whimpered, but wept uncontrollably.
Example 3: Small spool but precious .
15.1.6 With homogeneous members, unions are repeated NO NO; NOT THAT, NOT THAT; THAT, THAT; OR EITHER; OR OR
Scheme: O, or O, or O
Rule: with a double repetition of other unions (except And) neither, nor; not that, not that; then, then; or either; or, or a comma is always placed:
Example 1: And the old man paced the room, now humming psalms in an undertone, now impressively instructing his daughter.
Please note that there are also homogeneous circumstances and additions in the proposal, but we do not single them out for a clearer picture.
There is no comma after the predicate “paced”! But if instead of the union AND THAT, AND THAT would be just AND, there were three commas (according to rule 15.1.4)
15.1.7. With homogeneous members, there are double alliances.
Rule: With double unions, a comma is placed before its second part. These are unions both ... and; not only but; not so much... how much; how... so much; although... but; if not... then; not that ... but; not that ... but; Not only not, but rather... than others.
Examples: I have an assignment how from the judge So equals and from all our friends.
Green was Not only great landscape painter and storyteller, but It was still and very subtle psychologist.
Mother not that angry, but she was still dissatisfied.
There are fogs in London if not everyday , then in a day for sure.
He was not so much upset , How many surprised by the situation.
Please note that each part of the double union is BEFORE OC, which is very important to consider when completing task 7 (type “error on homogeneous members”), we have already met with these unions.
15.1.8. Often homogeneous members are connected in pairs
General scheme: Scheme: O and O, O and O
Rule: When combining secondary members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (the union AND acts locally, only within groups):
Example1: Alleys planted with lilacs and lindens, elms and poplars led to a wooden platform.
Example 2: The songs were different: about joy and sorrow, the past day and the day to come.
Example 3: Books on geography and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria.
15.1.9.They are not homogeneous, therefore they are not separated by commas:
A number of repetitions that have an intensifying shade are not homogeneous members.
And the snow came and went.
Simple compound predicates are also not homogeneous.
He said so, I'll go check it out.
Phraseologisms with repeated unions are not homogeneous members
Neither this nor that, neither fish nor meat; neither light nor dawn; neither day nor night
If the offer contains heterogeneous definitions, which stand in front of the word being explained and characterize one object from different sides, it is impossible to insert a union between them and.
A sleepy golden bumblebee suddenly rose from the depths of the flower.
15.2. PUNCIATION MARKS IN A COMPOUND SENTENCE
Compound sentences are complex sentences in which simple sentences are equal in meaning and connected by coordinating conjunctions. The parts of a compound sentence do not depend on each other and form one semantic whole.
Example: Three times he wintered in Mirny, and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.
Depending on the type of the coordinating union that connects the parts of the sentence, all compound sentences (CSP) are divided into three main categories:
1) SSP with connecting unions (and; yes in the meaning of and; neither ... nor; also; also; not only ..., but also; both ..., and);
2) BSC with divisive unions (that ..., then; not that ..., not that; or; or; either ..., or);
3) SSP with opposing unions (a, but, yes in the sense of but, however, but, but, only, same).
15.2.1 The basic rule for setting a comma in the SSP.
A comma between parts of a complex sentence is placed according to the basic rule, that is, ALWAYS, with the exception of special conditions that limit the effect of this rule. These conditions are discussed in the second part of the rule. In any case, in order to determine whether a sentence is complex, it is necessary to find its grammatical foundations. What should be taken into account in this case:
a) Not always every simple sentence can have both a subject and a predicate. So, frequency sentences with one impersonal part, with the predicate in indefinite personal offer. For example: He had a lot of work to do, and he knew it.
Scheme: [to be], and [he knew].
The doorbell rang and no one moved.
Scheme: [they called], and [no one moved].
b) The subject can be expressed by pronouns, both personal and other categories: I suddenly heard a painfully familiar voice, and it brought me back to life.
Scheme: [I heard ] and [it returned ]. Don't lose a pronoun as a subject if it duplicates the subject from the first part! These are two sentences, each with its own basis, for example: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests, and he was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.
Scheme: [The artist was familiar], and [he was surprised]. Compare with a similar construction in a simple sentence: The artist was well acquainted with all the guests and was a little surprised to see a face unfamiliar to him.[O Skaz and O Skaz].
c) Since a complex sentence consists of two simple ones, it is likely that each of them can have homogeneous members in its composition. Commas are placed both according to the rule of homogeneous members, and according to the rule of a compound sentence. For example: Leaves crimson, gold fell silently to the ground, and the wind circled them in the air and tossed them up. Sentence scheme: [Leaves fell], and [wind O Skaz and O Skaz].
15.2.2 Special conditions for setting signs in a compound sentence
AT school course Russian language the only condition under which between parts complex sentence comma is not put, there is a presence common minor member.
The most difficult thing for students is to understand if there is common minor member of a sentence, which will give the right not to put a comma between the parts, or it does not exist. General means referring to both the first part and the second part at the same time. If there is a common member, a comma is not placed between the parts of the SSP. If it is, then in the second part cannot have a similar minor term, he is only one, stands at the very beginning of the sentence. Consider simple cases:
Example 1: A year later, the daughter went to school and the mother was able to go to work.
Both simple sentences can equally claim to be the adverb of time "in a year". What happened in a year? The daughter went to school. Mom was able to go to work.
Rearranging the common term at the end of the sentence changes the meaning: My daughter went to school, and my mother was able to go to work a year later. And now this minor member is no longer general, but refers only to the second simple sentence. Therefore, it is so important for us, firstly, the place of a common member, just the beginning of the sentence , and secondly, the general meaning of the sentence.
Example 2:In the evening the wind died down and start to freeze. What happened By the evening? The wind has died down. Start to freeze.
Now more complex example 1: On the outskirts of the city the snow had already begun to melt, and there was already quite a spring picture here. There are two circumstances in the sentence, each simple one has its own. That's why a comma is placed. There is no common secondary member. Thus, the presence of a second minor member of the same type (place, time, purpose) in the second sentence gives the right to put a comma.
Example 2: By night, my mother's temperature rose even more, and we did not sleep all night. There is no reason to attribute the circumstance "to the night" to the second part of the complex sentence, therefore a comma is placed.
It should be noted that there are other cases in which a comma is not placed between parts of a compound sentence. These include having a common introductory word, a common subordinate clause, as well as two sentences indefinitely personal, impersonal, identical in structure, exclamatory. But these cases were not included in the USE tasks, and they are not presented in the manuals and are not studied in the school course.
A.I. Kuprin
In the bowels of the earth
Early spring morning - cool and dewy. Not a cloud in the sky. Only in the east, where the sun is now emerging in a fiery glow, are the gray predawn clouds still crowding, turning pale and melting every minute. The whole boundless expanse of the steppe seems to be showered with fine golden dust. In the dense lush grass here and there trembling, shimmering and flashing with multi-colored lights, large dew diamonds. The steppe is cheerfully full of flowers: the gorse turns bright yellow, bluebells modestly turn blue, fragrant chamomile turns white with whole thickets, wild carnation burns with crimson spots. The bitter, healthy smell of wormwood mixed with the gentle, almond-like aroma of dodder is diffused in the morning coolness. Everything shines and basks and joyfully reaches for the sun. Only in some places, in deep and narrow beams, between steep cliffs overgrown with sparse shrubs, wet bluish shadows still lie, reminding of the bygone night. High in the air, invisible to the eye, larks tremble and ring. The restless grasshoppers have long ago raised their hasty, dry chatter. The steppe woke up and came to life, and it seems as if it is breathing deep, even and powerful sighs.
Sharply breaking the charm of this steppe morning, the usual six-hour whistle is buzzing at the Gololobovskaya mine, buzzing endlessly, hoarsely, with annoyance, as if complaining and angry. This sound is heard now louder, now weaker; sometimes it almost freezes, as if breaking off, choking, going underground, and suddenly breaks out again with a new, unexpected force.
On the vast verdant horizon of the steppe, only this mine with its black fences and an ugly tower sticking out above them reminds of man and human labor. Long red pipes smoked from above spew, without stopping for a second, clouds of black, dirty smoke. From afar, one can still hear the frequent ringing of hammers striking iron, and the lingering rumble of chains, and these disturbing metallic sounds take on some kind of stern, inexorable character in the silence of a clear, smiling morning.
Now the second shift should go down underground. Two hundred people crowd in the mine yard between piles of large pieces of shiny coal. Faces completely black, soaked in coal, not washed for whole weeks, rags of various colors and types, props, bast shoes, boots, old rubber galoshes and simply bare feet - all this was mixed up in a motley, fussy, noisy mass. Exquisitely ugly aimless swearing interspersed with hoarse laughter and a choking, convulsive, drunken cough hangs in the air.
But little by little the crowd diminishes, pouring into the narrow wooden door, over which is nailed a white plate with the inscription: "Lamp". The lamproom is packed full of workers. Ten people, sitting at a long table, are constantly filling with oil glass bulbs, dressed on top in protective wire cases. When the light bulbs are completely ready, the lampmaker puts a piece of lead into the ears connecting the top of the case to the bottom and flattens it with one pressure of massive tongs. Thus, it is achieved that the miner cannot open the light bulbs until the very exit back from the ground, and even if the glass breaks by accident, the wire mesh makes the fire completely safe. These precautions are necessary because a special combustible gas accumulates in the depths of coal mines, which instantly explodes from fire, there have been cases when hundreds of people died from careless handling of fire in the mines.
Having received a light bulb, the miner goes into another room, where the senior timekeeper marks his name on the daily list, and two henchmen carefully examine his pockets, clothes and shoes to find out if he is carrying cigarettes, matches or flint.
After making sure that there are no forbidden things, or simply not finding them, the timekeeper briefly nods his head and throws abruptly: "Come in."
Then, through the next door, the miner enters a wide, long covered gallery located above the "main shaft".
In the gallery there is an ebullient bustle of change. In a square hole leading into the depths of the mine, they walk on a chain thrown high above the roof through a block, two iron platforms. At the time when one of them rises, the other descends a hundred fathoms. The platform, as if miraculously, pops out of the ground, loaded with trolleys with wet coal, freshly torn from the bowels of the earth. In an instant, the workers pull the trolleys off the platform, put them on the rails and run them to the mine yard. The empty platform is immediately filled with people. A conventional sign is given to the engine room by an electric bell, the platform shudders and suddenly disappears from sight with a terrible roar, falls into the ground. A minute passes, another, during which nothing is heard except the chugging of the machine and the clanking of the running chain, and another platform - but no longer with coal, but chock-full of wet, black and shivering people, flies out of the ground, as if thrown up by some mysterious, invisible and terrible force. And this change of people and coal continues quickly, precisely, monotonously, like the progress of a huge machine.
Vaska Lomakin, or, as the miners called him, generally fond of biting nicknames, Vaska Kirpaty1, stands over the opening of the main shaft, constantly spewing people and coal from its depths, and, with a slightly half-open mouth, gazes intently down. Vaska is a twelve-year-old boy with a face completely black from coal dust, on which blue eyes look naively and trustingly, and with a funny upturned nose. He, too, must now go down into the mine, but the people of his party have not yet gathered, and he is waiting for them.
Vaska was only six months old when he came from a distant village. The ugly revelry and unbridled life of a miner had not yet touched his pure soul. He does not smoke, does not drink, and does not speak foul language, like his fellow workers, who all without exception get drunk on Sundays to the point of insensibility, play cards for money and do not let cigarettes out of their mouths. In addition to "Kirpaty", he also has the nickname "Mamkin", given to him because, entering the service, to the question of the foreman: "You, pig, whose will you be?", He naively answered: "A mamkin!" caused an explosion of thunderous laughter and a frantic stream of admiring abuse from the entire shift.
Vaska still cannot get used to coal work and miner's customs and habits. The magnitude and complexity of the mining business overwhelms his mind, poor in impressions, and, although he does not realize this, the mine seems to him some kind of supernatural world, the abode of dark, monstrous forces. The most mysterious creature in this world is undoubtedly the machinist.
Here he is sitting in his greasy leather jacket, with a cigar in his teeth and with gold glasses on his nose, bearded and frowning. Vaska can see it perfectly through the glass partition that separates the engine room. What is this person? Yes, complete: and is he still a man? Here he, without leaving his seat and without letting go of his cigar, touched a button, and in an instant a huge machine, still motionless and calm, came in, the chains rattled, the platform flew down with a roar, the whole wooden structure of the mine shook. Surprisingly! .. And he sits to himself as if nothing had happened and smokes. Then he pressed another bump, pulled on some steel stick, and in a second everything stopped, calmed down, calmed down ... "Maybe he knows such a word?" - Vaska thinks not without fear, looking at him.
The other is a mysterious and, moreover, a man invested with extraordinary power, senior foreman Pavel Nikiforovich. He is a complete master in the dark, damp and terrible underworld, where among the deep darkness and silence the red dots of distant lanterns flicker. On his orders, new galleries are being built and slaughterings are being made.
Pavel Nikiforovich is very handsome, but taciturn and gloomy, as if communication with underground forces has left a special, mysterious seal on him. His physical strength has become a legend among the miners, and even such "lucky" lads as Bukhalo and Vanka Grek, who give the tone to the violent direction of minds, speak of the senior foreman with a touch of reverence.
