In terms of volume, this textbook approaches the textbooks normative grammar for language universities. However, it differs from them mainly in being less detailed. theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is not intended for training teachers of English language , and for the training of specialists related in their practical work with English.
Year: 1998
Publisher: UNVES
Format: PDF
Download
The size : 36,3
Mb
K. N. Kachalova, E. E. Izrailevich - English Grammar, 1998
The textbook highlights basic grammatical phenomena, found in both household and business colloquial speech, and in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions system of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as participle, infinitive and gerund, elaborated in more detail than other sections.
In terms of volume, the textbook approaches the textbooks of normative grammar for language universities
Since their detailed study is especially important for the accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are built not only on everyday vocabulary, but also on the most commonly used political, economic and foreign trade vocabulary.
In terms of volume, this textbook approaches the textbooks of normative grammar for language schools. However, it differs from them mainly in less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is intended not for the training of English teachers, but for the training of specialists related to their practical work with the English language.
But it differs slightly from them in its theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena.
The textbook covers the main grammatical phenomena occurring both in everyday and business conversation, as well as in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the Ministry of foreign Trade. Some sections, such as the sacrament, the infinitive, and the gerund, have been developed in more detail.
But it is not intended for the training of teachers of English.
Since their detailed study is especially important for accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are based not only on everyday vocabulary, but also on the most common political-economic and foreign trade vocabulary.
Practical English Grammar- Volume 1 - Kachalova K.N., Izrailevich E.E. - 2003.
The proposed textbook is a unique publication among the mass educational literature in English language. Its versatility lies in the method of presenting the material. This textbook covers all sections of morphology, syntax and punctuation that exist in modern English and its American dialect and is the most complete publication on this topic. Many generations of students and teachers have studied this book. A feature of this edition is the presence of keys to the exercises.
For students, students of schools, colleges, universities, everyone who wants to study English on their own. The textbook will be of great benefit to entrepreneurs, businessmen working in the field of international business.
Volume One covers all phenomena related to the morphology of modern English.
General information 8
Number 11
Case 17
Gender 22
Article (The Article)
Place of the article 48
General information 50
General information 60
Pronoun
General information 67
Pronouns some and any 89
Pronouns for and priest 93
Pronouns much and many 94
Pronouns little and few 96
Pronoun all 97
Pronoun both 99
Pronouns each and every 102
Pronoun other SW
Pronoun one. 104
Verb
General information 106
Basic verb forms 108
Mood Ill
Pledge (Voice) Ill
Perfect 138 times
General information 194
Verb to be 195
verb to have 199
verb to do 204
General information 220
The verb can (could) 221
The verb may (might) 224
must verb 229
Verb ought 232
Need verb 232
General information 240
Infinitive with particle to 244
Infinitive without particle to 245
Gerund (Gerund) 260
General information 260
General information 276
The use of the sacraments 279
Past Participle Passive 284
Preface 3
MORPHOLOGY
Frequency of speech 7
Noun
General information 8
Proper nouns and common nouns 9
Nouns countable and uncountable 10
Number 11
Plural formation of nouns 11
Special cases of plural formation of nouns 13
Plural of compound nouns 15
Nouns used only in the singular 16
Nouns that are used only in the plural 17
Case 17
The Common Case 17
Possessive Case 19
Gender 22
Nouns as definitions 24
Determinatives 24
Article (The Article)
Forms of articles and their pronunciation 26
The use of the article with common nouns. . 27
Using the indefinite article and the pronouns some and any with countable nouns 27
Using the definite article with countable nouns 32
The use of the article with countable nouns that carry a definition 34
Using the article with uncountable nouns 33
The use of the article and the pronouns some and any with real nouns 33
The use of the article and pronouns some and any with abstract nouns 41
Absence of an article before common nouns - countable and uncountable 43
The use of the article with proper nouns .... 45
Place of the article 48
The use of the article in some combinations and expressions 43
Adjective name (The Adjective)
General information 50
Degrees of Comparison 51
Transition of adjectives into nouns 53
Place of an adjective in a sentence 5J
Numeral name (The Numeral)
General information 60
Cardinal Numerals 61
Ordinal Numerals 64
Fractional Numerals 6b
Pronoun
General information 67
Personal Pronouns 70
Possessive Pronouns 72
Reflexive Pronouns 74
Reciprocal Pronouns 76
Demonstrative Pronouns 77
Interrogative Pronouns 80
Relative Pronouns 84
Cases of absence of relative pronouns 88
Indefinite Pronouns 89
Pronouns some and any 89
Pronouns derived from some and any 91
Pronouns for and priest 93
Pronouns much and many 94
Pronouns little and few 96
Pronoun all 97
Pronoun both 99
Pronouns either and neither 101
Pronouns each and every 102
Pronoun other SW
Pronoun one. 104
Verb
General information 106
Personal and impersonal forms of the verb 107
Basic verb forms 108
Regular and Irregular Verbs ... Yu8
Semantic, auxiliary verbs, linking verbs and modal verbs 110
Mood Ill
Pledge (Voice) Ill
Personal forms of the verb (Finite Forms of the Verb). , 112
Person and Number 112
Indicative mood (The Indicative Mood) Ш
Active Voice (The Active Voice) . 113
Active voice tenses FROM
Times of Indefinite 116
The Present Indefinite Tense (Present Indefinite Tense). . 116
The Past Indefinite Tense (Past Indefinite Tense). . . 120
The Future Indefinite Tense (Future Indefinite Tense). . . 123
The Future Indefinite in the Past Tense 125
Group Times Continuous 12o
The Present Continuous Tense (Present Continuous) .... 126
The combination of the Present Continuous verb to go with the infinitive ... 128
The Past Continuous Tense 130
The Future Continuous Tense 133
The Future Continuous in the Past Tense (Future Continuous in the Past) 137
Perfect 138 times
The Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect) 138
The Past Perfect Tense 144
The Future Perfect Tense 150
The Future Perfect in the Past Tense 152
Group Times Perfect Continuous 153
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 153
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 157
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense 159
The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense (Future Perfect Continuous in the Past) 160
Comparison of Russian and English indicative tenses 161
Transitive and intransitive verbs (Transitive and Intransitive Verbs). . 162
The Passive Voice 164
Formation of tenses of the passive voice. 164
Real and passive revolutions 165
The use of passive phrases 166
The use of passive tenses 168
Different meanings of the combination of the verb to be with Past Participle 170
Comparison of the compound predicate, expressed by the combination to be + Past Participle, with the tenses of the Perfect passive voice group 170
Ways to translate passive phrases into Russian 173
Translation of Russian expressions expressing the passive voice into English 175
Features of the use of passive phrases in English 178
Passive phrases with a formal subject it ......... 184
Sequence of Tenses 185
Sequence of tenses in complex sentences with several subordinate clauses 188
Cases of deviation from the rules of the sequence of times 189
The Imperative Mood 191
The Subjunctive Mood 192
The use of forms of the subjunctive mood 193
Auxiliary and modal verbs 194
Auxiliary verbs (Auxiliary Verbs) 194
General information 194
Verb to be 195
verb to have 199
verb to do 204
The verbs shall (should) and will (would) 206
Modal verbs (Modal Verbs) 220
General information 220
The verb can (could) 221
The verb may (might) 224
must verb 229
Verb ought 232
Need verb 232
A summary of the ways of expressing an obligation using a combination of modal verbs with an infinitive 234
The use of auxiliary and modal verbs to avoid repetition of the preceding verb-predicate 237
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb 240
Infinitive (The Infinitive) 240
General information 240
Formation of forms of the infinitive 241
Active Infinitive and Passive Infinitive 242
Infinitive in Indefinite and Perfect 243
Continuous and Perfect Continuous Infinitive 244
Infinitive with particle to 244
Infinitive without particle to 245
The use of the infinitive in various functions 246
Turnover for -f- noun(or pronoun) + infinitive.... 250
Objective with the Infinitive 251
Nominative with the Infinitive 256
Independent infinitive turnover 260
Gerund (Gerund) 260
General information 260
Gerund in active voice (Active Gerund) and passive voice (Passive Gerund) 262
Gerund in the form of Indefinite and Perfect 263
The use of the gerund in various functions 264
Use of the gerund after prepositions 264
The use of a gerund without a preceding preposition 269
Gerund with preceding noun or pronoun. 272
Translation of the gerund into Russian. , 274
Verbal Noun 275
The Participle 276
General information 276
Formation of participatory firms 277
The use of the sacraments 279
Present Participle Active 279
Perfect Particle Active 282
Present Participle Passive 283
Past Participle Passive 284
Perfect Participle Passive 287
The place of the Present and Past Participle in the definition function 287
Translation of Russian participles and participles into English. . . 288
Translation of English participles into Russian... 293
Turnover "objective case with participle" 294
Objective case with present participle. . . . . 294
Objective with past participle 295
Independent participle turnover 297
The Adverb
General information 300
Classification of adverbs by meaning and their use 301
Adverb Forms 305
Comparisons of adverbs 307
Place of adverb in sentence 309
Preposition (The Preposition)
General information
Simple, compound and group prepositions. . 315
Prepositions similar in form to adverbs 315
Place of a preposition in a sentence 316
The use of individual prepositions and adverbs that coincide with them in form:
About C17). Above C18). Across C18). After C19). Against C19). Along C20). Among C20). At C20). Before C22). Behind C23). Below C23). Beside C23). Besides C24). Between C24). Beyond C24). By C25). Down C26). During C27). Except C27). For C27). From C30). In C31). Comparison of prepositions in and at C33). Inside C33). into C33). Of C34). Off C36). On, upon C37). Out of C39). Comparison of prepositions out of and from C40). Outside C40). over C40). Past C41). Round, around C41). Since C42). Matching the prepositions since and from C42). Through C43). Till, until C43). To C44). Comparison of prepositions to and into C46). Towards C46). Under C46). Up C47). With C49). Comparison of prepositions with and by C50). Within C50). Comparison of prepositions for, during, in, within C51). Without C51). Group prepositions C52)
Union (The Conjunction)
General information 353
Coordinating conjunctions 354
Subordinating conjunctions 355
Allied words 357
Conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs similar in form 358
The Interjection 358
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In terms of volume, this textbook approaches the textbooks normative grammar for language universities. However, it differs from them mainly in being less detailed. theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is not intended for training English teachers, and for the training of specialists related in their practical work with English.
Year: 1998
Publisher: UNVES
Format: PDF
Download
The size : 36,3
Mb
K. N. Kachalova, E. E. Izrailevich - English Grammar, 1998
The textbook highlights basic grammatical phenomena, found both in everyday and business colloquial speech, and in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the system of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as participle, infinitive and gerund, elaborated in more detail than other sections.
In terms of volume, the textbook approaches the textbooks of normative grammar for language universities
Since their detailed study is especially important for the accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are built not only on everyday vocabulary, but also on the most commonly used political, economic and foreign trade vocabulary.
In terms of volume, this textbook approaches the textbooks of normative grammar for language schools. However, it differs from them mainly in less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is intended not for the training of English teachers, but for the training of specialists related to their practical work with the English language.
But it differs slightly from them in its theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena.
The textbook covers the main grammatical phenomena occurring both in everyday and business conversation, as well as in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the Ministry of foreign Trade. Some sections, such as the sacrament, the infinitive, and the gerund, have been developed in more detail.
But it is not intended for the training of teachers of English.
Since their detailed study is especially important for accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are based not only on everyday vocabulary, but also on the most common political-economic and foreign trade vocabulary.
Download Soviet textbook
© VNESHTORGIZDAT
Moscow 1957
Format: djvu, File size: 16.1MB
Preface 3
MORPHOLOGY
Parts of speech 5
Noun
General information 6
Proper nouns and common nouns 7
Countable and uncountable nouns 8
Number 9
Plural Formation of Nouns 10
Special cases of plural formation of nouns 11
Pluralization of compound nouns. 13
Nouns used only in the singular 14
Nouns used only in the plural 15
Case 16
See full table of contents...
The Common Case 16 Possessive Case 18 Gender 21 Nouns in the definition function 22 Determinatives 23 Article (The Article) General information 25 Pronunciation of articles 27 Place of the article 28 The use of the article and pronouns some and any with common nouns 29 Using the article and pronouns some and any with countable nouns 29 The expression in Russian of the meanings conveyed by the article, the pronouns some and any, as well as possessive pronouns, before countable nouns 29 Using the classifying article and the pronouns some and any with countable nouns 35 Using the individualizing article with countable nouns 41 The use of the article with countable nouns that carry a definition 46 The use of the article and the pronouns some and any with uncountable nouns 51 Use of the article and pronouns some and any with real nouns 51 The use of the article and pronouns some and any with abstract nouns 54 Absence of an article before common nouns - countable and uncountable 56 The use of the article with proper nouns 59 The use of the article in some stable combinations 61 Adjective name (The Adjective) General information 63 Degrees of Comparison 65 The use of adjectives in the meaning of nouns 72 Place of an adjective in a sentence 74 Numeral name (The Numeral) General information 76 Cardinal Numerals 77 Ordinal Numerals 80 Fractional Numerals 82 Pronoun General information 84 Personal Pronouns 86 Possessive Pronouns 89 Reflexive Pronouns 91 Reciprocal Pronouns 93 Demonstrative Pronouns 94 Interrogative Pronouns 99 Relative Pronouns 103 Cases of absence of relative pronouns 107 Indefinite Pronouns 107 Pronouns some and any 107 Pronouns derived from some and any PO Pronouns for and priest 112 Pronouns derived from through 113 Pronouns much and many 114 Pronouns little and few 115 Pronoun all 117 Pronoun both 120 Pronouns either and neither 122 Pronouns each and every 123 Pronoun other 124 Pronoun one 125 Verb General information 128 Personal and impersonal forms of the verb 129 Basic verb forms 130 Regular and Irregular Verbs 130 Semantic (independent), auxiliary and semi-auxiliary verbs 132 Mood 133 Pledge (Voice) 134 Finite Forms of the Verb 134 Person and Number 134 The Indicative Mood 135 Active voice (The Active Voice) 135 Active voice tenses 135 The Times of Indefinite 139 The Present Indefinite Tense 139 The Past Indefinite Tense 142 The Future Indefinite Tense 146 The Future Indefinite in the Past Tense 148 Group Times Continuous 149 The Present Continuous Tense 149 Present Continuous of the verb to go 4- infinitive 152 The Past Continuous Tense 153 The Future Continuous Tense 157 The Future Continuous in the'Past Tense (Future Continuous in the Past) 161 Perfect 162 times The Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect) 162 The Past Perfect Tense 169 The Future Perfect Tense 178 The Future Perfect in the Past Tense 180 Perfect Continuous Times 181 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 181 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Past Perfect Continuous) 185 The Future Perfect Continuous Tense 188 The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense (Future Perfect Continuous in the Past) 189 Summary of methods for translating English verb tenses into Russian 189 Comparison of Russian and English indicative tenses 192 Sequence of Tenses 194 Summary of ways of translating English verb tenses into Russian in a subordinate clause depending on the main one with a verb-predicate in the past tense 199 Comparison of Russian tenses with English tenses in a subordinate clause depending on the main with a verb-predicate in the past tense 201 Sequence of tenses in complex sentences with several subordinate clauses 203 Cases of deviation from the rules of time sequence 204 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 206 The Passive Voice 208 Formation of passive tenses 208 Real and passive revolutions 209 The use of passive phrases 210 The use of passive tenses 212 Various meanings of the combination of the verb to be with Past Participle 215 Comparison of the compound predicate, expressed by the combination to be -f- Past Participle, with the tenses of the Perfect Passive group pledge 216 Ways to translate passive phrases into Russian 219 Translation into English of Russian phrases expressing the meaning of the passive voice 221 Features of the use of passive phrases in English 226 Passive phrases with the formal subject it. 234 Imperative Mood (T h e ImperativeMood) 235 The Subjunctive Mood 236 Auxiliary and modal verbs 243 Auxiliary Verbs 243 General information 243 Verb to be 244 verb to have 248 verb to do 254 The verbs shall (should) and will (would) 256 Modal Verbs 267 General information 267 The verb can (could) 269 The verb may (might) 273 Verb must 277 Verb ought 280 Need verb 281 A summary of the ways of expressing an obligation by combining modal verbs with an infinitive 282 The use of auxiliary and modal verbs to avoid repetition of the preceding verb-predicate 285 Nan-Finite Forms of the Verb 289 General information 289 Infinitive (The Infinitive) 292 General information 292 Formation of infinitive forms 293 Infinitive with particle to 294 Infinitive without particle to 295 The use of the infinitive in the form of the active voice (Active Infinitive) and the passive voice (Passive Infinitive) 296 The use of the infinitive in the forms Indefinite, Perfect, Continuous and Perfect Continuous 293 Indefinite Infinitive 293 Perfect Infinitive 303 Continuous Infinitive 305 Perfect Continuous Infinitive 306 Turnover for -f- noun (or pronoun) -f- infinitive 306 Objective with the Turnover "nominative with the infinitive" (Nominative with the Infinitive) 315 Independent infinitive turnover 324 Gerund (The Gerund) 324 General information 324 The use of the gerund in the form of active voice (Active Gerund) and passive voice (Passive Gerund) 326 The use of the gerund in the form of Indefinite and Perfect 327 The use of the gerund in various functions 328 The use of the gerund after prepositions 328 The use of a gerund without a preceding preposition 334 Gerund with preceding noun or pronoun 337 Translation of gerund into Russian 340 The difference between a gerund and a verbal noun 341 The Participle 342 General information 342 Formation of participle forms 341 Simple forms of the sacrament 344 Compound participle forms 345 The use of the sacrament 346 Simple forms of the sacrament 346 Present Participle Active 346 Past Participle Passive 351 Place of Present Participle Active and Past Participle Passive in the definition function 356 The use of Present Participle Active and Past Participle Active and Passive forms to form complex verb forms 357 Compound participle forms 357 Perfect Participle Active 357 Present Participle Passive 359 Perfect Participle Passive 362 Summary of ways to translate English participles into Russian 363 Translation of Russian participles and gerunds into English 364 Independent participle turnover 373 Turnover "objective case with participle" 377 Objective with present participle 377 Objective with past participle 379 The Adverb General information 380 Adverb Forms 381 Classification of adverbs by meaning and their use 384 Adverbs of place 384 Adverbs of time 387 Adverbs of measure and degree 391 Adverbs of manner 394 Adverbs that give words additional semantic shades 395 Adverbs related to the sentence as a whole 397 Adverbs that serve as interrogative words 398 Adverbs used to connect sentences 399 Comparisons of adverbs 339 Place of adverb in sentence 402 Preposition (The Preposition) General information 405 Prepositions similar in form to adverbs 409 Place of a preposition in a sentence 410 The use of individual prepositions and adverbs that coincide with them in form: About(411). Above (413). Cross (413). After(414). Against (415). Along (415). Among (415). At (416). Before (418). Behind (418). Below (419). Beside (419). Besides (419). Between (420). Beyond (420). By(420). Down (422). During (423). Except (423). For(424). From(426). In (427). Comparison of prepositions in and at (430). Inside (430). Into (430). Of(431). Off (433). On, upon (434). Out of (436). Comparison of prepositions out of and from (437). outside (437). over(438). Past (439). Round, around (439). Since(440). Matching the prepositions since and from (440). Through (441). Tifl, until (441). To(442). Comparison of prepositions to and into (444). Towards (444). under (445). Up (446). With(447). Comparison of prepositions with and by (449). within(450). Comparison of prepositions for, during, in, within (450). Withput(451). Compound prepositions (451). Union (The Conjunction) General information 453 Coordinating conjunctions 454 Subordinating conjunctions 455 Allied words 460 Conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs that match in form 430 The Interjection 461 SYNTAX The Sentence 462 General information 462 The Simple Sentence Unextended and Extended Sentences 463 The main members of the sentence and their expression 464 The Subject 464 Formal subject it 465 Turnover it is. that and it is, since 466 Indefinite subjects one, they, we and you 468 The Predicate 469 Simple predicate 469 Compound nominal predicate 469 Compound verbal predicate 471 Predicate expressed by turnover there is 472 Agreement of the predicate with the subject 476 Secondary members of the sentence and their expression. 480 Supplement (The Object) 480 Direct Complement (The Direct Object) 480 The Indirect Object 481 The Prepositional Object 481 Formal complement it 482 Definition (The Attribute) 482 Circumstances (Adverbial Modifiers) 486 Compound members of a sentence 488 Sentences with Homogeneous Parts 489 Words not grammatically related to the sentence (Independent Elements) 490 Declarative Sentences 491 Word order in a declarative sentence 491 Location of additions in sentence 492 Unprepositional indirect object and indirect object with the preposition to 493 Location of circumstances in sentence 495 Deviations from the usual arrangement of the main members of the proposal 496 Deviations from the usual arrangement of minor members of the sentence 499 Declarative negative sentences 500 Interrogative Sentences 504 General Questions 504 Answers to common questions 506 Negative form of general questions 507 Disjunctive Questions 508 Special Questions 510 Answers to special questions 511 Matters relating to the subject or its determination 512 Special questions with a compound nominal predicate 513 Negative form of special questions 514 Alternative Questions 515 Imperative Sentences 516 Exclamatory Sentences (517 Difficult sentence Compound sentence (The Compound Sentence). 518 Complex-subordinate sentence (The Complex Sentence). 516 Types of subordinate clauses 520 Subject Clauses 522 Subject clauses beginning with that 523 Predicative Clauses 525 Additional subordinate clauses (Object Clauses) 525 Additional subordinate clauses depending on verbs expressing demand, advice, offer, agreement, order 527 Additional subordinate clauses depending on verbs expressing a feeling of regret, surprise, indignation, joy, etc. 528 Additional subordinate clauses depending on the verb to wish 529 Direct and indirect speech (Direct and Indirect Speech) 531 Converting direct speech into indirect speech 532 Declarative sentence 532 Interrogative sentence 536 Imperative sentence 539 Attributive Clauses 541 Adverbial Clauses 545 Adverbial Clauses of Time 545 Adverbial Clauses of Place 548 Adverbial Clauses of Cause 549 Adverbial Clauses of Manner 549 Adverbial Clauses of Result 551 Adverbial Clauses of Concession 552 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 552 Adverbial Clauses of Condition 554 Conditional Sentences 555 The first type of conditional sentences 555 The second type of conditional sentences 557 The third type of conditional sentences 559 The use of could and might in the main part of conditional sentences of the second and third types 560 Conditional sentences formed from elements of the second and third types 561 Conditional sentences with an unexpressed condition or consequence 562 Unionless conditional sentences 562 Summary of ways to express the predicate in conditional sentences 564 The sequence of tenses in complex sentences, including conditional sentences 564 Compound-subordinate sentence with two or more subordinate clauses 566 Punctuation Marks 567 The Comma 567 Comma in a simple sentence 567 comma in complex sentence 569 Semicolon (The Semicolon) 570 Colon (The Colon) 570 Point (The Full Stop or the Period) 571 Question mark (The Note of interrogation) 571 The Note of Exclamation 572 Quotes (The Inverted Commas) 572 Apostrophe 572 Hyphen or dash (The Hyphen) 572 Applications: I. Word formation 573 II. Tables of personal and impersonal forms of the verb 594 III. Table of irregular verbs 607 IV. List of the most common prepositions, conjunctions, allied words, as well as adverbs that coincide in form with prepositions and conjunctions, and adverbs that serve to connect sentences 612 V. List of some of the most common adverbs and combinations that perform the function of adverbs 615 Exercises 619 Index of words and combinations analyzed in textbook 707
Download the free textbook of the USSR - Practical Grammar of the English Language (Kachalova, Izrailevich) 1957
Cm. Textbook excerpt...
FOREWORD
In this edition, the textbook has been revised and expanded. Many sections have been revised, and some have been written almost or even completely from scratch. These sections include: the article, the sequence of tenses, the subjunctive mood, general information about impersonal forms of the verb, infinitive, participle, adverb, subject clauses, subordinate clauses. In other sections, more or less changes and quite significant additions have also been made. At the end of the textbook are lists of the most common prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs, as well as an alphabetical index of words and combinations analyzed in the textbook. The number of exercises has been increased, and some new types of exercises have been introduced, such as sections on the article, word formation and some others.
Particular attention was paid to the revision of the section on the article, which is one of the most difficult sections in English grammar. An attempt was made to link the system English articles with some Russian pronouns compared with articles in terms of their meanings and functions in the sentence. Many years of experience confirms that this way of explaining the use of articles makes it much easier for students to master this difficult topic.
Much attention has also been paid to reworking the section on adverbs, which is usually given little attention in existing grammar books. Although the material in this section is simple, since the adverb does not have any grammatical categories, the assimilation of this section presents difficulties for students. Although in many cases these difficulties can be attributed to vocabulary rather than grammar, it seems to us methodologically justified to reflect them in a practical grammar book.
As you know, in English the question of the subjunctive mood is extremely complex and there is no consensus on this issue both in the scientific literature and in educational grammars. In the previous edition, the Subjunctive mood section did not reflect, as critics rightly noted, a complete picture of the forms expressing the meanings of the subjunctive mood. In this edition, all these forms are given in a specific system. This section has a methodological note on the order of passage of the forms of the subjunctive mood. It is recommended not to go through the subjunctive mood as one grammatical topic, but to attribute the various ways of expressing the subjunctive mood to the corresponding types of sentences in which they are used, thus transferring the passage of the subjunctive mood from morphology to syntax. The Subjunctive mood section is recommended to be completed after all cases of its use have been learned. Such a passage of the subjunctive mood seems to us, on the basis of many years of practice, methodically the most appropriate.
Request to all persons using this textbook, especially to teachers of English, to report their critical remarks to the address: Moscow, Oruzheyny per., 25-a, V/O "Vneshtorgizdat".
MORPHOLOGY
PARTS OF SPEECH
All words are divided into categories called parts of speech. Words belong to one or another part of speech depending on the following features: 1) their meaning, 2) functions in a sentence, 3) forms of word formation (suffixes) and 4) forms of inflection (grammatical endings).
In English, the forms of word formation and inflection are very often not signs that distinguish one part of speech from another, since a huge number English words does not have characteristic suffixes indicating their belonging to a particular part of speech, and the number of grammatical endings is extremely limited.
The following parts of speech are distinguished:
1) Noun (the Noun)
2) Adjective name (the Adjective)
3) Numeral name (the Numeral)
4) Pronoun (the Pronoun)
5) Verb (the Verb)
6) Adverb (the Adverb)
7) Preposition (the Preposition)
8) The Conjunction
9) Interjection (the Interjection)
The noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb and adverb are significant (independent) parts of speech. They denote objects, their qualities, actions, etc., and are members of the sentence. Prepositions and conjunctions are service parts of speech. They show different relationships between members of a sentence or sentences, but are not themselves members of a sentence.
Interjections do not refer to either significant or auxiliary parts of speech, since they differ in their meaning and function in a sentence from both those and others.
NOUN (THE NOUN)
GENERAL INFORMATION
§ 1. 1. A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object. A subject in grammar is anything that can be asked: who is this? who is it? or what is this? who is it? For example: who is this? who is it? - a man, a girl, an engineer; what is this? what is this? - a house, wheat, darkness, work.
2. Nouns are usually accompanied by articles or other determiners and are often combined with prepositions. Articles and other determiners, as well as prepositions, are signs of a noun: a table, the table; this book my pencil in the room; with sugar.
3. Nouns have two numbers: singular and plural: a table (singular) table, tables (plural) tables; a book (singular) a book, books (plural) books.
4. Nouns have two cases: common and possessive: worker (general case), worker's (possessive case); father (common), father's (possessive).
5. The gender of nouns in English is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning. Nouns denoting animated objects are either masculine or feminine, depending on the gender they designate: a man (masculine) is a man, a woman (feminine) is a woman. Nouns denoting inanimate objects are of the neuter gender: a chair chair, water water, a window.
6. Nouns are simple, derivative and compound.
Simple nouns include nouns that do not have either prefixes or suffixes in their composition: ship ship, town city, book book, wheat wheat.
Derived nouns include nouns that have suffixes or prefixes in their composition, or both at the same time: darkness, misprint, unemployment.
The most characteristic suffixes of derived nouns include:
Age: passage, marriage
Ance, -ence: resistance
Dom: freedom, wisdom wisdom
Er: worker worker, writer writer
Hood: childhood, neighborhood
Ion: restriction
Ment: development, government
Ness: happiness happiness, kindness courtesy
Ship: leadership, friendship friendship
Ty: safety, certainty
Ure: departure departure, pleasure
Nouns have almost no characteristic prefixes. The prefixes of nouns basically coincide with the prefixes of verbs and adjectives, since they occur mainly in nouns formed from these parts of speech: reconstruction reconstruction, disarmament disarmament, uneasiness anxiety, inequality inequality.
Compound nouns are nouns formed by combining two words into one. They are written together or with a hyphen (dash): bedroom, newspaper, dining-room. Some compound nouns consist of two words with a preposition between them: commander-in-chief commander-in-chief, mother-in-law mother-in-law, mother-in-law.
(See appendix 1 - page 573)
7. Nouns can be used in a sentence in a function:
a) subject to:
The train leaves at six o'clock. The train leaves at six o'clock.
b) the nominal part of the compound predicate:
Not is a teacher. He is a teacher.
c) additions (direct, unprepositional indirect and prepositional indirect):
I've received a telegram. I received a telegram.
We've sent the buyers a let-
I'll speak to the manager. I'll talk to the manager.
d) definitions:
This is the manager's room. This is the manager's room.
e) circumstances:
There is a hospital in the village. - There is a hospital in the village.
NOUNS OWN AND COMMON
§ 2. Nouns are divided into proper (Proper Nouns) and common nouns (Common Nouns).
1. Proper nouns denote objects and phenomena that are one of a kind: the Volga Volga, the Caucasus Caucasus, London London, the French Revolution French Revolution. Proper nouns also include personal names: Peter Peter, John Smith John Smith.
In English, proper nouns also include the names of days and months: Sunday Sunday, May May.
Proper nouns are written with a capital letter. If a proper noun is a combination of several words, then all words, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions, are capitalized: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2. Common nouns are a common name for all homogeneous objects: a boy is a boy, a country is a country, a house is a house, a river is a river.
Common nouns include:
a) nouns denoting individual objects - a book book, books books, a boy boy, boys boys, - as well as nouns denoting groups of persons or animals considered as one (collective nouns - Collective Nouns) - a family family , families families, a crowd crowd, crowds crowds, a herd herd, herds herds;
b) nouns denoting various substances (material nouns): water water, steel steel, wool wool;
c) nouns denoting signs, actions, states, feelings, phenomena, sciences, arts, etc. (abstract nouns): honesty honesty, bravery courage, darkness darkness, love love, work work, sleep sleep, winter winter, history history, music music.
Countable and uncountable nouns
§ 3. Common nouns can be divided into two groups: 1) countable nouns and 2) uncountable nouns.
1. Countable nouns include the names of objects that can be counted. They are used both in the singular and in the plural:
I have bought a book.
I have bought two books. I bought two books.
There is a library in this street.
There are very many libraries in Moscow.
There is a library on this street.
There are a lot of libraries in Moscow.
2. Uncountable nouns include the names of objects that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract nouns. Uncountable nouns are used only in the singular:
Coal is produced in many dis- Coal is produced in many tricts of our country. areas of our country.
Knowledge is power. Knowledge is power.
§ 4. In English, as well as in Russian, some real nouns can be used to refer to an object or objects consisting of a given substance or material; in this case they become countable nouns:
Not carried a brick (two bricks) in each hand.
Compare: Our house is built of brick.
The boy threw a stone (two stones) into the water.
Compare: The ground was as hard as stone.
He carried a brick (two bricks) in each hand.
Our house is built of bricks.
The boy threw a stone (two stones) into the water.
The ground was hard as stone.
Real nouns can be used, as in Russian, to refer to different varieties and types of substances. In this case, they also turn into countable nouns:
It is a good wine.
Do not prefer Caucasian wines to Crimean wines.
We export lubricating oils.
This is good wine. He prefers Crimean wines. We export oils.
§ 5. Abstract nouns turn into countable nouns when their meaning is specified:
Not made a speech yesterday.
His speeches are always interesting.
Cf.: Animals do not possess the power of speech.
There are very many amusements in the Park of Culture and Rest.
Cf.: He does that for amusement.
He gave a speech yesterday.
His speeches are always interesting.
Animals do not have the gift of speech.
There are a lot of entertainments in the Park of Culture and Leisure.
He does it for fun.
NUMBER
§ 6. In English, as in Russian, there are two numbers: singular and plural.
The singular form serves to designate one object: a table is standing, and a rap is a pen. The plural form is used to designate two or more objects: tables tables, pens pens.
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The purpose of this textbook is to help students master both translation skills and the skills of speaking and writing English. To achieve this sang, students must acquire a certain vocabulary and study the grammatical structure of the language. Since the student thinks in his native language, the close interaction of the native and foreign languages plays an important role in the learning process. The authors tried to note both the difference between grammatical phenomena in both languages and their similarities. Considering that students tend to transfer constructions characteristic of the Russian language into foreign speech, the authors make appropriate warnings in a number of sections in order to prevent typical errors that arise on this basis. The authors tried to rely as much as possible in the presentation of grammatical phenomena on the knowledge of students in the field of the Russian language, using definitions, formulations and terminology from Russian grammar, deviating from this in cases where it was required by the specifics of the English language.
PARTS OF SPEECH.
All words are divided into categories called parts of speech. Words belong to one or another part of speech depending on the following features: 1) their meaning, 2) role in the sentence, 3) forms of word formation (suffixes) and 4) forms of inflection (grammatical endings). In English, the forms of word formation and inflection are very often not signs that distinguish one part of speech from another, since a huge number of English words do not have characteristic suffixes indicating their belonging to one or another part of speech, and the number of grammatical endings is extremely limited.
The following parts of speech are distinguished:
1) Noun (the Noun)
2) Adjective name (the Adjective)
3) Numeral name (the Numeral)
4) Pronoun (the Pronoun)
5) Verb (the Verb)
6) Adverb (the Adverb)
7) Preposition (the Preposition)
8) The Conjunction
9) Interjection (the Interjection)
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