The correct placement of stress is one of hallmarks literate and educated person. In Russian, there are a number of words in which many people put stress incorrectly. We suggest remembering how to age the stress in these words. Let's dwell on each of them in more detail.
How to put stress in the word "development"?
Always on the second "e". Remember the correct stress: "development".
What is the correct way to stress the word "contract"?
Always on the last "o". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: “contract”.
How to put stress in the word "domain"?
Always on "e". This word is English, so it is more correct to put the accent in the same way as in domain. Remember how to correctly stress: "domain".
What is the correct way to stress the word "call" ("call")?
Always start with the letter "i". In order to remember the stress in this word, keep in mind a line from Pugacheva’s song: “He won’t write letters, and he’s unlikely to call.”
How to put stress in the word "catalog"?
Always on the last syllable, on the letter "o". Remember and observe the correct stress: "catalog".
How to put stress in the word "quarter"?
Always on the final "a". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: "quarter".
How to put stress in the word "beautiful"?
Always on "and". Remember how to correctly emphasize: “more beautiful”.
How to put stress in the word "stroke"?
Only the letter "u". Remember how to correctly stress: "stroke".
How to put stress in the word "marketing"?
Only the letter "a"! A lot of people put the stress on this word wrong. Remember how to properly emphasize: "marketing".
How to put stress in the word "thinking"?
Only the first letter "e". Gorbachev incorrectly emphasized the word "thinking". Remember how to correctly emphasize: “thinking”.
How to put stress in the word "for a while"?
More correctly - on the first "o". Although even in poetry there is an emphasis on "a". We recommend putting the emphasis just like this: “for a short time”.
What is the correct way to stress the word "support"?
Always on the second "e". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: "provide", as well as "provide".
What is the correct way to stress the word "means"?
Always on "e". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: “means” (as in the word "mediocre").
How to put stress in the word "cottage cheese"?
More correctly - on the first "o". However, it is acceptable, although more colloquial, to stress the second "o".
What is the correct way to stress the word "request"?
Always on the first "a". Remember and strictly observe the correct stress: “intercession”.
An important part of the knowledge of any language is its orthoepy. This is the science that studies pronunciation. After all, it is she who gives the answer to the question of how to correctly place the stress in various cases. In the absence of such knowledge, competent oral speech will not be possible. Incorrectly placed stress not only makes a person awkward and funny in the eyes of his interlocutors, but also seriously complicates his communication processes, because in the end the word can simply change its meaning.
What is word stress?
Word stress is the emphasis of one syllable in a word with the help of voice. The pronunciation of stressed vowels requires a special tension of the organs of speech, as well as phonation.
Advice
To understand where the stress should be, you need to pronounce the word interrogatively. A syllable spoken from the very great strength, and is called shock.
Types of stress
syntagmic stress
It singles out one or another word in the composition of the syntagma. There is also a phrasal stress that highlights the syntagma in a phrase and a logical stress. It emphasizes a word in order to emphasize its dominance over others in a particular context.
word stress
Word stresses have their own subspecies. Their separation is made taking into account exactly what means or methods of staging are used in a particular case. They are different for all languages. For example, today they distinguish tonic stress, when the stressed syllable is pronounced with a higher or lower tone. There is a noisy and forceful accent, when the power of sound plays the main role. As for the quantitative stress, it is provided due to the time of its sounding. Simply put, the duration changes in the right place. This subspecies is also called quantitative. A qualitative variant of stress is the loss of reduction by a vowel sound. You need to understand that in the same type of stress, several variations of acoustics can be combined with each other at once. Yes and in different words from one sentence, the stress may appear more pronounced, or vice versa, almost not be noticed.
Accent notation
In addition to a number of features related to staging, there are also different ways their designations. For example, if we talk about the international phonetic alphabet, then it is supposed to indicate stress with a vertical line, or a line from above, right before the syllable. In Russian, stress is sometimes indicated by the icon "acut", it is placed directly above the vowel. For English alphabet in the course of a stroke at the very end of the stressed word. In some of the dictionaries, stress is indicated only by a combination of bold type with a capital letter.
Stressed syllables in Russian have a much longer pronunciation compared to other parts of the word. As for the height of the highlighted vowel, it can change. There are many languages among the world's languages where the stress is always stable and fixed. A striking example of this is French speech, which always highlights the last syllable in a word, but only when it is pronounced separately. If this is a whole phrase, then all words, except for the finishing one, will be unstressed. Only the last syllable in the rhythmic group will be highlighted. There are no such regularities for the Russian language. The stress in Russian phrases can fall on any of the syllables. Moreover, it can even change in word forms. Therefore, correctly placing stresses is rarely easy. And if a person is not a native speaker, he will make mistakes and this is inevitable.
Stress for individual words
Often there are difficulties in the word "cottage cheese". Some pronounce it with an emphasis on the first "o", others - on the second. The very term for this fermented milk product, pronounced in different time differently. And the dictionaries of the nineteenth century described the norm, where the stress is the second syllable. While the linguist Dahl still insists on the first. No less textbook example of frequent and incorrect pronunciation should be considered the word “ringing”.
Conclusion:
In Russian, it is not so easy to correctly place the stress, as it seems. In addition to the basic rule, there is also a list of words that it is desirable to simply memorize and not make mistakes in pronunciation in the future.
Stress in Russian
Stress in Russian, unlike, for example, French or Polish, is free. It can fall on any part of the word: be at its beginning, stem or end. Therefore, difficulties with its correct placement can be not only for those for whom Russian is foreign, but also for native speakers.
In contact with
Difficulties and annoying mistakes
Almost every person experienced uncertainty about how to properly stress a particular word. AT - words with movable stress. This means that its placement can change when the word form changes.
Therefore, people often doubt how to pronounce: FROM AIRPORT OR AIRPORT, directory or directory, cakes or cakes, clog or clog - that is, put the stress on the second or third syllable. In words, doused and turn on at the end or at the base? The list of doubts goes on.
A textbook example of an ingrained error in the masses is phrase you pr BUT you who persist in saying you are right, or calls instead of ringing. In official speeches, reports, etc. often instead of contract, you can hear the contract. You can make a list of office and stationery» words that are incorrectly pronounced by quite literate people, moreover, in their own language. Mistakes are repeated, fixed and become typical.
Correct speech says a lot about degree of education of a person, professionalism, intelligence and personal qualities. How to avoid annoying mistakes?
What to do?
How to put stress on borrowed words x in languages with static stress is easy to remember, since there is a single rule of orthoepy. For example, in French, firmly established in our everyday life: blinds, chassis, coupe, - the stress always falls on the last syllable.
In Russian, there is a single rule about how to put stress in "difficult" words, missing. Of course, how to check the correct accent with orthoepic dictionary, everyone knows. For reference, you can use both electronic and paper versions. But not everyone knows that there are other methods. They can not only check word stress, but also to fix in memory correct pronunciation.
You can check the correct stress using the spelling dictionary.
Memory is different
Specialists highlight different types memory. Each of them plays a role in the formation of human literacy:
- Visual memory will help preserve the visual image. Correct stress, highlighted with a bright marker, will be remembered for sure. The list can be hung both at home and in the office.
- Always putting the emphasis correctly in "difficult" cases will help auditory memory. To do this, you need to say the words aloud several times or even sing them. The arrangement will "settle" in memory. After all, it is no coincidence that the lines of hits are so easy to remember.
- speech motor memory with the help of physical organs of speech will help to remember , how to put the correct stress in a particular case. The word must be clearly pronounced aloud several times. Muscle memory will store the pattern of the movement made.
Attention! All methods of memorization are based on certain types of human memory. Usually, each person is dominated by some particular type of memory. Therefore, it is important to know which memory is most developed in you.
Memorization methods
Always in sight
Easier to remember words correct accent accompanied by funny pictures. They can be printed or drawn and kept in a conspicuous place.
Words with the correct stress of frequently used words business you can include in such a list and hang at home or in the office:
- rolled O G;
- including And t;
- virgins E lopment;
- provide E chenie;
- quart BUT l;
- move BUT Thainess;
- prin I in;
- on Wednesdays BUT m;
- money BUT mi;
- great danes O R.
Before a speech or report, it is enough for the owner of the list to run through the list with his eyes, and in the word the stress on the last syllable will be deposited in the memory.
Correct word stress.
Attention! Competent public speech with thoughtful construction logic, correct pronunciation and intonation will make the desired impression on the audience.
funny rhymes
arrangement syllabic stress very important for the formation of poetic rhyme. Therefore, rhyme can be used to determine, in case of doubt, the stress that is the norm. In most cases, rhymed verses will help determine the stress in words.
funny memory rhymes – good way remember how to pronounce the words that cause difficulties. For example:
- My blouse is off BUT, it turned out that it wasn't.
- I will go to Courchevel to eat shchav there E l.
- I drank in a hurry BUT and poured water BUT sing!
- The one who loves O mouths, don't wear shorts!
- If you are with money BUT we are going to Miami!
- I took into account our agreement and drew up a dog O R!
- Little came today I r, and yesterday the table came I R.
- Ouch! Just look: on my wall - graff And you!
- My ears are ringing or someone is ringing to me And t?
- He was tired and sat on a stump, tightened his rem E n.
As can be seen from the funny rhymes, it is not at all difficult to determine the normative stress in "insidious" words. Similar verses for memory training can be found on the Internet, in specialized literature, or you can come up with your own. This the easy way memorization is often used by graduates when passing the Russian language.
Funny rhymes like emoticons
Stories to remember
Get rid of doubts about correct accents short stories will help. For example, to remember what is removed in a word BUT the correct stress is placed on the last syllable, we come up with a plot: the thing is quickly removed because not TA. The consonance of the main (in which the stress is problematic) and the auxiliary word helps to remember the stressed syllable. In addition, the figurative-plot series is also included in the work of memory.
Another option is to present a story-picture. For example: "We draw THAT I sew THAT flu." Thus it is easy to remember that the stressed syllable in the word "t At flask" - " THAT».
Emphasis on words. How right?
We learn to put stress in a word. Literacy education
Conclusion
Sometimes even educated people encounter stress problems: they make mistakes or are not quite sure of right choice your option. Simple and affordable ways will help to get rid of these doubts forever.
curator of belles-lettres
Himself Grammar Nazi
In order to be sure that you are right and bring the light of knowledge and culture to the masses, you will have to start with yourself - to clean up the "flaws" of your own speech. Our editorial staff decided first of all to take on the stresses, and we got a kind of rating of 30 words with which “shock” difficulties most often arise. Here it is in alphabetical order and with a hint for the correct accent:
indulge, indulge, indulge
bartender
barrel
water pipeline, gas pipeline, garbage pipeline, oil pipeline, but: electrical wire
contract (and contracts)
blinds
enviably
catalog
quarter
more beautiful
culinary and culinary ( both options are equal)
marketing
masterful
extended
newborn
security
ease
uncork
loop (loop - Appropriate in everyday speech)
call, call, call
pullover
beet
dancer, dancer
cottage cheese and cottage cheese ( both options are equal)
tiramisu
cakes
immediately
shoe
phenomenon
scoop
What is written in pen...
The insidiousness of all the rules and lists is that they do not linger in the head: read - forgot. There are several ways to remember useful information, in our case - words with the correct stresses.
#sing now. A difficult word for you needs to be said out loud loudly, clearly, several times (you can also sing) and ... in front of witnesses. Let friends or colleagues support you and join your shock flash mob with their problematic words (“Venice is more beautiful than Paris, more beautiful, more beautiful, more beautiful than Paris”, “they call me, they call me”, “my boyfriend is a barmen, barmen, barmen”). This is our psychology: what we do not alone is better remembered.
#wonderful moment. For those who have a developed imagination, it is easiest to involve associations and images associated with it in memorizing any information. Here, for example, is a healthy beetroot vegetable, and its ruddy grandmother Fyokla sells it. And a great marketing specialist knows everything about how to keep the brand!
#graphomania. Remember how at school, studying foreign language, we made up dialogues and stories with new words, picked up rhymes for them or came up with funny poems? The principle also works for the native great and mighty, you just need to give free rein to your imagination! A lot of ready-made cheat sheets are circulating on the Internet, take note: “We ate cakes for a long time - the shorts didn’t fit”, “You don’t bring us curtains, we will hang blinds”, “Phenomen calls on Wednesdays, having accepted an agreement for years”, “The ringer is calling, they are calling in a bell, so that you can remember correctly!
And, of course, dictionaries and reference books will always help out: a spelling, spelling dictionary (translated from ancient Greek, “orthoepy” means correct pronunciation), a dictionary of stresses. Online resources will not let you down either: Gramota.ru portals (be sure to check out the “Memory” section) and gramma.ru, Yandex.Dictionaries, orfogrammka.ru website, which, unlike print publications, are always at hand thanks to the ubiquitous Internet. Let's talk nice!
1. Verbs in the indefinite form in modern Russian tend to shift the stress to the beginning of the word.
For example, earlier the norm of pronunciation was glue. Now the standard pronunciation is glue.
This trend is most clearly manifested in two- and three-syllable verbs: to banish, to force.
In polysyllabic words, along with this, there is a tendency to the so-called balance of syllables, when the stress is placed in the middle of the word:
subscribe, dose, copy, tack, mount, motivate, telegraph, transport, electrify.
However, as in other cases, these processes occur in the language inconsistently and with different intensity (they are most clearly manifested in vernacular and colloquial speech). Sometimes both pronunciations coexist in literary language as equal or as basic and permissible, that is, less desirable.
note
Pay attention to the place of stress in the following verbs:
a) the only normative option is with an accent at the end of the word: cheer up, cheer up, cheer up, cheer up, cheer up(but: hollow out), sparkle, sour, lighten, tickle, powder, powder, powder, powder, speed up, speed up, deepen, deepen, simplify, simplify, turn purple, occupy, start, understand, accept, mischievous, pamper, spoil, indulge, bombard, bombard seal, reward, equip;
b) the only normative option is with stress at the beginning and in the middle of the word: echo, silt, clog, clog, uncork, uncork, sugar, vulgarize, compel, coerce, strengthen, mold, mold, scoop, exhaust (!), run out, asphalt, asphalt, block, block, copy, compost;
in) equal options - with stress at the end of the word, in the middle and at the beginning of the word: swirl and swirl, sparkle and sparkle, oxidize and oxidize, oxidize and oxidize, rust and rust, rust - rust, rust - rust, corrugate and corrugate;
G) the main option is with an accent in the middle or at the beginning of a word, but it is acceptable - an accent at the end of a word: pepper - pepper, pepper - pepper, chill - chill.
Currently, orthoepic dictionaries give as valid pronunciations - aggravate, aggravate, however, such a pronunciation is still undesirable. It is preferable, especially in a formal setting, to pronounce - aggravate, aggravate.
The pronunciation of many of these verbs is an indicator of a person's speech culture. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the words: cheer up, hollow out, facilitate, deepen, begin, understand, accept, indulge, vulgarize, force, mold, scoop, exhaust.
2. The past tense forms of verbs usually keep the same stress on the same syllable as in the indefinite form:
clog - clogged, speed up - speeded up, invest - invested, infect - infected, seal - sealed.
At the same time, in the formation of past tense forms for many monosyllabic and disyllabic verbs, a model is used that is characteristic of monosyllabic and disyllabic short adjectives: when forming the feminine form, the stress falls on the ending, in other cases - on the stem:
start - started, started, started, started; to tear - tore, tore, tore, tore; understand - understood, understood, understood, understood; accept - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted.
note
Type forms started, understood, understood etc. not only are non-normative, but also indicate a very low culture of the speaker!
According to this model, past tense forms of verbs are also formed:
take, twist, drive, tear, wait, live, occupy, call, elect, curse, lie, pour, drink, swim, tear, blow up, be known, sleep and etc.
Basically, according to the same model, past tense forms are formed for the verbs to take, give, weave, but here, as with short adjectives, there are some deviations from the model:
take - took, took, took and took, took; give - gave, gave, gave and gave, gave; weave - weave, weave and weave, weave, weave.
When forming prefixed verbs, the pattern is usually preserved, but the stress is often transferred from the root to the prefix ( give - gave, gave, gave, gave), although in recent decades there has been a tendency to preserve the stress on the root (along with the pronunciation gave away, gave away pronunciation allowed gave away, gave away).
note
It should also be noted that not all one- and two-syllable verbs form the past tense according to this model. In particular, the stress in the forms of verbs is unchanged. put, lay and their derivatives ( laid, laid, laid, laid; made, made, made, made). Moving the accent to the endings ( put) indicates a very low culture of the speaker!
Certain fluctuations are also observed in the formation of past tense forms in reflexive verbs.
Pay Special attention into verbs be born, begin, take on, drink in, take on, hire: born and was born; has begun(not properly - started, started); took, took(possibly outdated - took, not properly - took); dug into(possibly outdated - got drunk), got drunk, got drunk(not properly - got drunk, got drunk); got busy(not properly - got busy), started(permissible - accepted, wrong - started).
3. In the present and future simple, the stress tends to move to the beginning of the word:
whiten - whiten, twirl - twirl, pray - pray, lay - lay, befriend - befriend, deserve - deserve, heal - heal, ship - ship, cook - cook.
But such a movement is not always the literary norm. So, pronunciation is considered a very gross mistake hammer instead of the normative hammering. The pronunciation is wrong turn on, close, call, infect and etc.
The following pronunciations are standard:
invigorate - invigorate, cheer - cheer up, drill - drill, loosen - loosen, impute - impute, excite - excite, yell - yell, muffle - muffle, muffle - muffle, call - call, call, call - call - call call back, turn on - turn on, turn on - turn on, conclude - conclude, connect - connect, reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconciles), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconciles), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconcile), reconcile - reconcile(admissible - reconcile), to reconcile - to reconcile, to powder - to powder, to infect - to infect, to become infected - to become infected, to facilitate - to facilitate, to fasten - to seal a document with his signature, to fasten - to hold together, to deepen - to deepen, to diminish - to diminish, to aggravate - to aggravate(since the form is acceptable, but still undesirable - aggravate, then the form - aggravate).
Stress may also depend on the meaning of the word.
For example, the verb bring down in the meanings of "make fall, overturn" and colloquial "shift responsibility, blame on someone" in the present tense has an emphasis on the basis ( The lumberjack cuts down a tree; The defendant blames others). Homonym verb bring down- “go, move in a crowd”; "to go, fall or rise in a solid mass, stream" ( The people are pouring in; Snow falls in flakes) - in the present tense it has two standard pronunciation options: the main one - with an accent on the ending ( knocks down), and less desirable, but acceptable, with an accent based on ( knocks down).
