Ukhta direction. Spatial data of the Ukhta region

Ukhta (Komi Ukva)- city (since 1943) in the Komi Republic Russian Federation, the largest settlement of the urban district of Ukhta.

The population of the city is currently 99.6 thousand people, while in 2002 it exceeded 100 thousand people. After Syktyvkar, it is the second largest city in the Komi Republic by the number of inhabitants.

Population

As of January 1, 2010 (excluding settlements that are part of the municipality), there were 103,675 people in Ukhta, and the city was included in the List of Russian cities with a population of more than 100 thousand inhabitants (161st place among Russian cities), but According to the census data for December 2010, there were 99,642 people in the city (in total, in the city of Ukhta with settlements subordinate to its administration - 121,596 people).

Census data: Population

• 1939 - 3 000
• 1959 - 36 154
• 1970 - 62 923
• 1979 - 87 467
• 1989 - 110 548
• 2002 - 103 340
• 2010 - 99 642

Location

The territory of the municipal formation "City of Ukhta" is located in the central part of the Komi Republic.

It borders on the municipalities "City of Sosnogorsk", "Izhemsky District", "Knyazhpogostsky District", "Ust-Kulomsky District", "Ust-Tsilemsky District", "Kortkerossky District".

Ukhta is located on a gently sloping, hilly plateau, dissected by rivers and streams of the Izhma River basin. The largest tributaries of the Izhma are the Ukhta, Sedyu, Tobys, and Kedva rivers. Watershed spaces are swamped.

The urban area lies on the watershed and in the valleys of the Ukhta River and its tributary, the Chibyu, within the lower part of the Timan Ridge.

Administrative device

• Urban district "Ukhta" on the map of the Komi Republic
• Urban district "Ukhta" includes:
• city ​​of Ukhta
• urban-type settlement of Borovoy - 1,798 people (2007)
• urban-type settlement Vodny - 6,651 people (2007)
• Shudayag urban-type settlement - 3,579 people (2007)
• Yarega urban-type settlement - 8,544 people (2007)
• urban-type settlement Dalniy - 3,564 people (2007)

Village councils:

• Izvailsky - the village of Kemdin
• Kedvavomsky - the village of Kedvavom
• Sedyusky - the village of Sedyu

The area of ​​the urban district is 10,300 sq. km, population - 127,100 people (2007).

Vegetation

The vegetation cover is quite diverse, characterized by the predominance of spruce and pine forests.

Among the spruce forests on the higher elevations, green mosses predominate, on the lower ones - swampy sphagnum types of spruce forests.

Pine forests are predominantly lichen-green moss and green moss, and in depressions and along the edges of the swamps they are swampy.

The swamps are distributed in small small areas throughout the area.

There are many secondary small-leaved, mainly birch, forests.

Animal world

Theriofauna is represented by 35 species of mammals from 6 orders and 15 families. A significant part of mammals is of practical importance, being either objects of fishing or hunting objects of commercial predators (small mouse-like rodents). Commercial mammals include: squirrel, fox, brown bear, pine marten, ermine, European mink, river otter, elk, wild boar. Like game birds, these animals are only objects of amateur hunting. Brown bear, river otter, elk and wild boar, according to the rules of hunting of the Republic of Komi, are hunted only with special permits (licenses).

The avifauna is represented by 115 species from 12 orders and 35 families. The most numerous order is the Passeriformes, which includes up to 58 species, which is ~50% of the list composition of the avifauna.

Monuments of nature

Rocky outcrops of the Timan Ridge with remains of vegetation and relic insects along the banks of the rivers Ukhta, Sedyu, Domanika, Chuti.

Outcrops with minerals and fossils of the Devonian, Carboniferous and Jurassic periods on the rivers Ukhta, Domanik, Chuti, Sedyu, Suzu, Izhma, Bad'iol.

Karst (karst basins, sinkholes, caves and disappearing rivers and streams) on the Timan, on the rivers Chuti, Sedyu, Izhma, Ukhta, Ukhtarka.

Ukhta geological monument, created on March 29, 1984. It is located along the Ukhta River from the Sirachoy tract to the mouth of the river. The sediments of the lower part of the Ukhta Formation of the Frasnian Stage of the Upper Devonian are limestones and dolomites with interlayers of clays, siltstones, less often sandstones. Has scientific value.

The Lyayolsky geological monument is located in the middle reaches of the Lyayol River and in the lower reaches of the Sedyu River - the left tributaries of the Izhma River. The bedrock outcrops of the Frasnian stage of the Upper Devonian: the Lyayolskaya suite, are represented by Domanik-type limestones, bituminous marls. A unique co-occurrence of deep sea and normal marine fossil fauna: ammonoids, brachiopods, ostracods, conodonts, spores and pollen. It has exceptional scientific value.

Neftyolsky geological monument, established on March 29, 1984. It is located on the right bank of the Ukhta River between the mouths of the Neftiel Creek and the Yarega River. The stratotypical section of the Timan Formation of the Upper Devonian is represented by variegated clays with thin lenses and interlayers of organogenic limestone. Rich complex of brachiopods, pelicepods, gastropods, ostracods, conodonts.

Chutinsky geological monument, created on March 29, 1984. It is located on the right bank of the Ukhta River near the mouth of the Yarega River, on the right bank of the latter, 1 km from the mouth and on the left bank of its tributary, the Chut River, in the area of ​​the bridge. The section of the stratotypical Upper Devonian Ust-Yarega Formation is represented by deposits of greenish-gray clays with interlayers of knotted organogenic limestones. A rich complex of fossil fauna of marine organisms: brachiopods, ostracods, corals, etc.

The Chutinsky complex reserve was established on October 24, 1967 to preserve favorable conditions for the reproduction of valuable game animals. It is located in the upper reaches of the Chut River, the left tributary of the Ukhta River. Spruce and pine forests, bilberry, long moss and sphagnum forests predominate. There are larch-blueberries. The height of the stand is 12-18 m, the maximum is up to 30 m, the average diameter of pine is up to 22, spruce is 20-24, larch is up to 24 cm.

Belaya Kedva, complex reserve. It is of particular value; multiple populations of rare species of plants, lichens, vertebrates and invertebrates have been found on its territory.

Paraskina lakes, Ukhtarka, Ukhta, Ust-Ukhta lake.

Mineral springs with healing water, located in the area of ​​the city.

Base

The settlement was founded on August 21, 1929 as the Chibyu camp site (named after a small river flowing into the Ukhta), in July 1939 it was renamed the working settlement of Ukhta, and on November 20, 1943 it received the status of a city.

Foundation of the city

In 1929, the OGPU sent a large expedition to Ukhta. From Arkhangelsk, the expedition arrived by sea on a steamboat at the mouth of the Pechora, then by river boats to the village of Shchelyayur, and then to the village of Izhma, where the equipment was again overloaded, and the expedition set off up the Izhma and Ukhta rivers.

On August 21, 1929, the expedition, which included 125 people - prisoners (political, criminals, "household workers"), dispossessed, exiled, civilian workers, security guards - arrived at the mouth of the Chibyu River. The construction of the village began, which received the name Chibyu (since 1939 - Ukhta). By the time the expedition arrived, there were only two old buildings on the shore. A 12-hour working day was introduced without days off, logging for buildings was carried out, a telephone line was installed in Ust-Ukhta.

In October and December 1929, 2 more stages of prisoners arrived, and by the beginning of 1930, according to the Ukhta local historian and historian A. N. Kaneva, there were about 200 people here. In six months, 2 barracks, a kitchen, a punishment cell, etc. were built. In November 1929, a camp power structure took shape; Ya. M. Moroz was the head of the camp point. In official documents, the Chibyu Labor Colony was called the Base of the Ukhta Expedition of the OGPU.

In October 1929, a prominent geologist N. N. Tikhonovich arrived in Ukhta. The expedition drilled several shallow structural wells. By the spring of 1930, a drilling rig (No. 5) was built. In the autumn of 1930, the well produced a commercial flow of Devonian oil.

At the same time, a chemical laboratory was built 20 km from Chibyu (now the village of Vodny), in which radioactive water, natural and associated gases, and drilling processes were studied. As a result, in 1931, it was possible to organize a fishery, in which radium concentrate for the first time in world practice began to be extracted from underground mineralized waters (the fishery was called - Water fishing; later the word "fishing" fell into disuse, the settlement became known as the Water Village, and then officially - the village of Vodny).

Soon the construction of the Ust-Vym - Ukhta highway with a length of 260 kilometers was started, then the Kotlas - Vorkuta railway. Ukhta oil received access to the industrial centers of the country.

On June 6, Ukhtpechlag was created. On July 1, 1933, there were 4,666 prisoners in Chibyu, 206 civilians, 421 colonized, 313 special settlers.

Main article: Ukhtpechlag

In 1932, a small power plant was built to illuminate the village, the first school for civilian children was opened, a working camp for special settlers and colonized people was laid, a state farm 1 km from the mouth of Chibyu (in Ydzhyd).

In 1936, Chibyu had two-story wooden houses for civilians and colonized, barracks for prisoners, a school, an educational building and a hostel of a mountain technical school, a theater club (a theater troupe of prisoners was organized in the camp), a park with a summer theater, a department store, a stadium, a canteen, a hotel, there were water supply, sewerage, radio network.

In 1937, there were 1,220 civilian employees in Chibyu.

On October 26, 1938, the village of Chibyu in the Izhemsky district of the Pechora district of the Komi ASSR was transformed into a working settlement; the camp authorities gave way to the leadership of the civil administration.

Ukhta. Streets of the World, Pervomaiskaya and Studencheskaya, Pervomaiskaya Square in the early 1960s. Bird's eye view.

In 1939-1940, according to A. Sivkova, the leadership of the Komi ASSR put forward the idea of ​​moving the capital of the republic from Syktyvkar to Ukhta in order to bring the republican authorities closer to the northern regions, the development of which was actively carried out at that time; it was assumed that the transfer of the capital would contribute to the "further advancement of culture to the north." The arrangement of the new capital of the Komi ASSR was to be carried out in 3 years by the forces of prisoners gathered from all the camps of the republic. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR postponed consideration of this proposal until 1941, and the outbreak of war prevented the implementation of the plan.

In the prewar years, the first heavy oil mine was built at the Yaregskoye field. Significant reserves of natural gas have been explored at the Sedyolskoye field. In 1941, for the first time in the country, industrial gas production began, as well as the industrial production of channel soot at a plant near the village of Krutoy (now the village of Verkhneizhemsky, Sosnogorsk district).

In 1943, the working settlement of Ukhta received the status of a city.

After the war, the oil and gas and processing industries, industry building materials and construction industry. Pipelines were built to deliver oil and gas.

In 1959, the first large-panel house was built. And on July 23, 1960, TV screens in Ukhta lit up for the first time.

Currently, Ukhta has a developed industrial potential, a diverse and well-studied resource base, its economy is characterized by the predominance of processing industries, the presence of a well-developed industrial, construction and transport infrastructure.

In Ukhta, a qualified, including scientific and technical, personnel potential has been formed at the enterprises of oil refining, oil mining, mechanical engineering, and the construction industry. The city has several research and design institutes in the field of geological exploration, operation and design of oil and gas industry facilities.

Economy

The basis of the city's economy is the gas and oil industry.

Industry

• OOO Gazprom transgaz Ukhta is a subsidiary of OAO Gazprom.
• LLC LUKOIL-Ukhtaneftepererabotka (Lukoil) with a processing capacity of 3.2 million tons of oil per year.
• TPE LUKOIL-Ukhtaneftegaz is the largest oil and gas production enterprise in the south of the Timano-Pechora oil and gas province, part of OOO LUKOIL-Komi
• The Northern Branch of OOO LUKOIL-Severo-Zapadnefteprodukt is the largest branch of OOO LUKOIL-SZNP, which operates 88 filling stations in four constituent entities of the Russian Federation: in the Komi Republic, the Arkhangelsk Region, the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs.
• Ukhta Mechanical Plant
• The Ukhta branch of Gazprom Burenie LLC is the largest drilling company in the Komi Republic, operating in the Republic and abroad (in particular, on the Yamal Peninsula)
• OJSC "Northern Trunk Oil Pipelines" AK "Transneft" (Oil pipeline Usa - Yaroslavl): oil pumping station "Ukhta-1" and PSU "Ukhta"
• LLC Gazprom Pererabotka is an enterprise for the production, complex processing and transportation of oil, gas and gas condensate
• Ukhta Experimental Mechanical Plant

Transport

Railway station as part of the Sosnogorsk branch of the Northern Railway

Ukhta airport. Commercial passenger transportation is carried out by UTair and Gazpromavia.

Buses - urban, suburban, intercity routes.

The designers of the new general development plan propose to introduce trolleybus traffic in the city.

healthcare

State (municipal) healthcare institutions:

• City Hospital No. 1, located in the suburban village of Shudayag (formerly Sangorodok)
• Children's City Hospital
• children's Hospital
• Republican Center for Eye Microsurgery
• Mud bath
• Clinic № 1
• Clinic № 2
• dental clinic
• Ukhta interterritorial maternity hospital
• Dermatovenerological dispensary
• Non-state medical institution "Medical Center "Avalon""

Education system

General and additional education

The education system of the municipality of the city district "Ukhta" is represented by various types and types of educational institutions:

• 43 pre-school educational institutions attended by 6621 children in 2008
• 1 primary school-kindergarten
• 2 primary comprehensive schools: one in the village of Yarega, the second - a non-state school for disabled children named after. Trokhanovich
• 1 non-state basic comprehensive school "Rostok"
• 1 basic comprehensive school in the village of Yuger
• 2 lyceums: Technical Lyceum named after G.V. Rassokhin and Humanitarian-Pedagogical Lyceum
• 1 gymnasium - Gymnasium of foreign languages
• 3 secondary schools with in-depth study of individual subjects
• 17 secondary schools
• 1 evening (shift) general education school
• 1 special (correctional) general education school of the VIII type
• 1 interschool educational complex
• 1 municipal educational institution for children in need of psychological and pedagogical and medical and social assistance "Center for Psychological and Pedagogical Rehabilitation and Correction";
• 3 institutions of additional education (I and II children's music schools, children's art school.)

AT educational institutions 12,649 students study.

Technical schools and schools

• Ukhta Industrial and Economic Forest College.
• Ukhta Medical College.
• Ukhta College of Railway Transport.
• Ukhta Mining and Oil College.
• Ukhta Industrial College.
• Ukhta Pedagogical College.
• Personnel training center of OOO Gazprom transgaz Ukhta

Higher education

• Ukhta State Technical University (USTU) was founded in 1958 as an educational and consulting center of the Moscow Institute of Petrochemical and Gas Industry named after I.M. Gubkin
• Branch of the Moscow State University of Communications (MIIT), until 2009 Russian State Open Technical University of Communications (RGOTUPS)
• Management, Information and Business Institute (MIBI)
• Branch of the Capital Financial and Humanitarian Academy (SFGA)
• Branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy (SGA)

Museums

• The State Museum "Nature of the Earth", opened on April 30, 1948. The museum has a large collection of fish, mollusks and insects
• Ukhta Regional History Museum of Oil and Gas (Mira Street, 5b) with the office of A. Ya. Krems (Krems Street, 3)

Theaters

• Ukhta Folk Theater "Rovesnik" (official date of birth 1959), one of the best groups of the republic
• Theater-studio "Frescos" at the Ukhta State Technical University. The structure includes students and graduates of the university, other theater lovers. Theater-Studio is a laureate of theater festivals, including international ones
• Ukhta National Drama Theater of Vera Goi

Architecture

Surrounded on all sides by the spurs of Timan, Ukhta is beautiful in its own way, especially the part of the city that was built in 1952-1958. designed by architects P. K. Murzin and N. P. Zhizhimontov. The ensemble of Mira Street and the neighborhoods adjacent to it, called the “Old Town” by the residents of the city, captivates with its warmth, architectural unity, color solution, with its special inclusion of architectural details, landscaping and landscaping.

Separate buildings and structures fit into the development of Ukhta as beautiful monuments: in 1946, according to the project of L. I. Konstantinova, a mining and oil technical school was built, in 1949, according to the project of N. F. Rybin, a railway technical school.

According to the projects of N.P. Zhizhimontov and P.K. Murzin, the Office of the Ukhtkombinat (1950) was built on the sharp corner of Oktyabrskaya and Pervomaiskaya streets with a rotunda and pylons, the Central House of Culture of Oil Workers (1951). In 1953, according to the project of A.F. Orlov, the building of the city executive committee was built with columns in the center and risalits on the sides of the facade.

The building of the Palace of Science and Technology (architect O. G. Ni) has become one of the best built in Ukhta in recent years

War years

The Great Patriotic War demanded an immediate restructuring of the entire economic life, the mobilization of resources, the transfer of productive forces, the rise of the military economy. For this reason, much of what was planned in Ukhta could not be and was not carried out.

On May 7, 1941, Senior Major (later General) of State Security Semyon Nikolaevich Burdakov was appointed head of Ukhtizhemstroy and Ukhtizhemlag.

June 22, 1941 at a rally in connection with the attack of Nazi Germany on Soviet Union the oilmen of Ukhta adopted the following statement: “We, workers, employees, engineers, technicians and all the working people of Ukhta, in response to the unheard-of treachery of the fascist rulers of Germany, who attacked our beloved Motherland without declaring war, declare to our Bolshevik Party, to the Soviet government that at the first call, we will stand as one on defense of our socialist Fatherland. We declare that we will increase our energy, give all our strength to quickly solve the honorable task set before the Ukhta people - to give oil to the Motherland.

By decision of the Supreme High Command, the oil fields of the Kuban and Grozny were liquidated due to the threat of their capture by the Germans. The oil workers of the Komi ASSR were entrusted with the task of partially compensating for these losses.

The directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 29, 1941 determined the program for transferring the life of the country to a military regime. In the military economy, a large role was assigned to the industry of the Komi Autonomous Republic as a fuel, energy and raw material base.

The decision of the Bureau of the Komi Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated August 5, 1941 “On the course of restructuring the enterprises of Ukhtizhemstroy in a military way” said: “ With the reduction of the annual capital investment plan, Ukhtizhemstroy took the right direction of concentrating the remaining funds in the second half of the year on the main construction projects ... Consider it right decision the leadership of Ukhtizhemstroy to speed up drilling at a newly discovered oil site in the Lower Chut region, which gives light oil from a depth of 60-80 m at a relatively low cost and in a very short time. To oblige the head of the department of Ukhtizhemstroy, Comrade Burdakov, to concentrate at least 15 crelius rigs on this site, to drill and put into operation 80 wells during August-September. Establish an oil production plan for this field area by the end of the year 10,000 tons».

On February 7, 1942, a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the Komi ASSR "On the work of the Keltma geological exploration party of the Northern Geological Administration" was adopted, which set the task: "Given the favorable results of the work to establish the presence of oil in the area of ​​the Northern Keltma River and in order to determine its commercial reserves, ask the Committee for Geology under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to include in the work plan of the Northern Geological Administration for 1942 exploratory drilling of 2000 linear meters. m and the laying of 1-2 exploration and production wells, having allocated the necessary equipment and funds in the amount of 1,200 thousand rubles for this.

Old, previously abandoned oil wells were restored, drilling of new production wells began at Chibyu, Chuti, Lyaeli and deep wells at Pechora.

At Yarega, along with the acceleration of work to complete the construction of mine No. 1 in 1942, the construction of oil mine No. 2 was resumed and oil mine No. 3 was laid. By the end of 1941, mine oil production had quadrupled compared to 1940.

At what cost was this done? Oil production, which began at the Yaregskaya mine in 1939, was of an experimental nature. But the front was in need of oil ... Production was getting better with great difficulties. There was a lack of qualified specialists, and therefore a significant part of the graduates who graduated from the mining and oil technical school in 1941 were sent to Yarega. From the beginning of the war, there was an acute shortage of workers, both women and teenagers went to the mine. Having gone through the school of FZO (factory training), they joined the movement of the two hundred, who fought for the fulfillment of two norms in change.

The team of the yet unfinished Yaregskaya oil mine No. 1 took on the main concern for providing the oil refinery with raw materials.

During the war years, Ukhta became the only supplier of some types of raw materials in short supply. During the war years, the range of products manufactured by Ukhta oil refiners increased from 7 to 15 types, and some of them were not produced anywhere else.

The Ukhta oil refinery, which Anna Yakovlevna Moliy took over during the war years (she was the director of the plant for more than 20 years), fell under a huge burden, since the Grozny and Maikop oil-bearing regions of the country were destroyed.

For the first time in the Soviet Union, atmospheric processing of heavy oil was mastered here. The production of machine and spindle oils, autol, lubricating fuel oil, grease, nigrol was organized. During the war years, the processing of raw materials increased by 2-3 times, its total volume amounted to 550 thousand tons of oil - a huge amount of oil products at that time.

During the war, experiments on the processing of heavy Yarega oil were carried out, without stopping the production of marketable products for an hour. On worn-out old equipment, people worked wonders. In February 1942, oil refiners succeeded in producing wagon grease with a pour point of -55°C instead of the traditional pour point of -45°C. The resolution of the issue with ultra-frost-resistant grease ensured the uninterrupted operation of the Northern Railway and motor transport in severe winter conditions.

Bykov M.I.

In connection with the capture by the Germans in the summer of 1942 of the only plant in the country in Krasnodar, which produced varnish bitumen, the Ukhta Oil Refinery faced the question of organizing a completely new type of production. Under the guidance of the Honored Innovator of the RSFSR and the Honored Innovator and Inventor of the Komi ASSR Mikhail Ivanovich Bykov (from among the prisoners), laboratory work was carried out to obtain varnish bitumen from heavy oil tar. The creation of the lacquer bitumen plant was completed in the shortest possible time. This product was needed by the aviation, tank, electrical and paint industries of the country.

On February 8, 1941, the Republican Komi ASSR Office of the Main Directorate for the Sale of Petroleum Products of the People's Commissariat of Oil was formed in Ukhta.

By that time, the volume of oil production and refining in the republic had increased, and it became necessary to create an enterprise specifically engaged in the sale of petroleum products. The rapidly developing industry of the region also needed a timely supply of gasoline, kerosene, machine oil, which were produced at the Ukhta oil refinery.

In total, as of February 8, 1941, 16 people were in the staff of the control apparatus. In March 1943, the office was transformed into the Republican Komi ASSR Directorate of Glavneftesnab under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

In 1941, on the basis of the gas reserves of the Segyolskoye field, the construction of the Krutyansky soot plants began. On July 12 of the same year, the first Krutyansky gas field in the Soviet Union was organized on the basis of the Krutyansky drilling site, Plaksin was appointed head of it. The pace of construction of housing, production facilities, and infield roads has accelerated. On February 6, 1942, the Krutyansk carbon black plant produced the first industrial carbon black, and in the same year, the carbon black workers gave the state 1,753 tons of channel black - the most valuable raw material for the country's rubber industry.

Soot plant, village Krutaya

On January 31, 1941, order No. 50 for Ukhtazhemstroy was issued “On the construction of carbon black plants, gas pipelines and gas production in the area of ​​​​the village of Krutoy”, which provided for the organization in the Ukhtizhemstroy system of management for the construction of carbon black plants, the Krutaya-Ukhta gas pipeline, gas field on Krutaya and the completion of the construction of the Ukhta - Krutaya - Gasostroy tract as a trust.

After the war, the first steps were taken to form a civil administrative-territorial unit, when the civilian population began to grow rapidly due to front-line soldiers returning from the war, people arriving by organizational recruitment. On June 15, 1944, the Izhma Settlement Council was established.

Izhma asphaltite, discovered in 1904 by A.A. Chernov and explored in 1930-1933 by A.A. Anosov and B.R. Companzem is a mineral with high weather-resistant properties. It was widely used in the development of high-value insulating varnishes for coating critical parts of military vehicles.

In 1942, the asphaltite mine was reconstructed and, as a result, the production of asphaltite was increased.

The rapid industrial growth of the Ukhta region during the war led to the emergence of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of November 20, 1943 "On the transformation of the village of Ukhta into a city of regional subordination", already 16 thousand people lived there.

An oil refinery, a thermal power plant, a mechanical repair plant, a brick factory in the village of Dezhnev worked in the city and the region, a network of auxiliary enterprises for the production of ceramic products, building materials, skis, furniture, carts and other items of a wide range was widely deployed. consumption. The Chibyuskoye and Yaregskoye oil fields were successfully exploited. Gas plants operated on the basis of the Sedyuskoye and Voy-Vozhskoye gas fields near the village of Krutaya. A significant place in the economy of Ukhta was occupied by the production of asphaltites and radium.

In 1943, on the basis of the camp "Ukhtizhemstroy", the Ukhtokombinat was formed, which achieved significant production success. For 1943, the State Defense Committee set a task for him - to bring oil production to 120 thousand tons and gas to 442 million m 3. In fact, 100.6 thousand tons of oil and 365.7 million m 3 of gas were produced. But it has already been a great success. Production capacities have increased, oil mine No. 1 has reached its design capacity.

Overfulfillment of the plan allowed the Ukhtas in November 1943 to send two additional echelons of oil as a gift to Leningrad, in May 1944 three more echelons of oil left for the city, which was freed from the blockade ring.

In 1943, a gas fountain was obtained from well No. 1/30 at the Voyvozhskaya structure near the Segyolskoye field. Three years later, in those places, a fountain of light oil will be obtained ...

As early as 1944, Yaregskaya heavy oil became the main type of oil produced in the Ukhta region. So, with the Ukhtokombinat's oil production plan of 100,000 tons, one oil mine No. 1 produced 81,000 tons.

Oil Shaft No. 1 supplied over 60% of all oil produced in the Ukhta region during the war years. In November 1943, mine No. 1 for the first time fully met the oil production plan in all respects and reached its design capacity. In March 1944, the first in the Soviet Union and the largest oil mine No. 1 was accepted by the state commission for commercial operation. The successful development of oil extraction by the mine method showed the effectiveness of this method of oil extraction, which prompted in 1943 to begin the construction of a new mine.

This is how the production of Yarega oil grew: 1941 - 25 thousand tons, 1942 - 55 thousand tons, 1943 - 68 thousand tons, 1944 - 101 thousand tons, 1945 - 143 thousand tons.

In March 1944, the following telegram was sent to the State Defense Committee: “In the far North, in the Komi ASSR, during the war years, the Ukhta Combine built the first experimental oil mine in the Soviet Union. A team of workers, engineering and technical workers and employees at the time of putting it into commercial operation contributes 350 thousand rubles to the Red Army armament fund. We ask you to use the funds raised by us to build tanks "Oilman of the Komi ASSR". To put these tanks into action, we ask you to accept three echelons of excess oil produced by our mine in the first quarter of 1944.

The response of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief stated: “I ask you to convey to the workers, workers, engineering and technical workers and employees of the oil mine, who collected 350 thousand rubles for the construction of tanks “Oilman of the Komi ASSR” and handed over three echelons of oil to the Red Army fund, my fraternal greetings and thanks to the Red Army. I. Stalin.

In May 1944, the staff of the Ukhtokombinat was awarded the second prize of the State Defense Committee, and in August - the challenge banner of the State Defense Committee. For the successful completion of tasks for the production of oil and gas, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on December 13, 1944 awarded orders and medals large group Ukhtkombinat workers.

Among the awarded - S.M. Bondarenko, B.C. Barykin, A.S. Balvanov, P.R. Bataykin, P.G. Voronin, V.G. Vasiliev, I.K. Drozdov, S.F. Efstafev, P.Z. Zvyagin, S.F. Zdorov, N.I. Inkin, Yu.A. Kamenev, I.A. Ligshn, I.A. Makhotkin, V.K. Nosov, N.I. Potetyurin, E.S. Smirnov, I.S. Safraliev, V.M. Svintsov, V.V. Ulyanov, V.K. Fedchenko, P.S. Khorokhorin, B.F. Kharitonenko, V.N. Starodubtsev, V.R. Chernyakov, Z.G. Shupletsov.

The oilmen of the republic fulfilled the state plan of 1944 in all respects, and in the final year of the Great Patriotic War The Ukhta plant achieved even greater success - 172.5 thousand tons of oil and 468.9 million cubic meters were produced. m of gas.

For a practical solution to the problem of a sharp increase in oil production, on their own, they organized the manufacture of wooden casing pipes for underground oil wells instead of steel ones that had ceased to be supplied, the extraction of casing pipes from old wells, the production of cement, gypsum, liquid glass, calcium carbide and calcium chloride.

In those years, the Ukhta Mechanical Plant mastered the production of complex units and parts for the repair of transport, drilling and oilfield equipment. The production of high-performance drilling bits, oil and gas equipment, equipment for drilling underground oil wells was launched.

Geological expeditions continued during the war years, which were carried out by forces not only of Ukhta geologists. A great contribution to the study of the northern territories of the region was made by the explorers of the bowels of the Northern Geological Administration, who, in particular, carried out topographic and geodetic work on the territory of about 700 thousand km 2, examined the Keltma oil field. Their main attention was paid to the areas of the upper reaches of the Kosyu and Kozhim rivers, the Middle Pechora and the upper reaches of the Ilych. The accumulated geological material required serious theoretical understanding and generalization.

In Syktyvkar on December 21-26, 1942, the 1st Geological Conference of the Komi ASSR was held, convened by the decision of the Bureau of the OK of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the Republic. Representatives of all geological organizations working on the territory of the Komi ASSR took part in its work: the Syktyvkar base of the USSR Academy of Sciences, People's Commissariats of the Oil Industry and Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR, the State Planning Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Main Directorate of Railway Construction of the NKVD of the USSR and other departments. The conference was also attended by representatives of the geological services of the Ukhtokombinat, the Vorkuta Combine, as well as the academic base for the study of the North, created during the war years.

The conference summed up the results of the study of the geology and minerals of the Pechora Territory and outlined the tasks for further research aimed primarily at meeting the needs of wartime and the accelerated development of the productive forces of the Komi ASSR. It became the beginning of a tradition that continues to this day - regular republican geological conferences.

By order of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences No. 390 dated June 3, 1944, the Base for the Study of the North was reorganized into the Komi Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences with a seat in Syktyvkar, Academician V.N. samples. She united the efforts of scientists from various fields, the leading among which was geological. As part of the Komi Base, a department of geology was created, headed by Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor A.A. Chernov. The department consisted of 11 employees, including two doctors and three candidates of sciences. In 1949, by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 7 and the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences of October 6, the Komi Base of the USSR Academy of Sciences was transformed into the Komi Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Almost all the leading geologists from the departments of the combine were invited to the extended geological meeting in Ukhtizhemlag, which took place on September 6, 1944. N.N. Tikhonovich and A.N. Rozanov proposed to start exploration work for oil and gas in the northern half of the Pechora depression and the Pechora ridge. In the report of N.N. Tikhonovich expressed the idea of ​​going out with the search for oil and gas to the western side of the Pechora syneclise and the Pechora syneclise, to the east of the then known fields of Sedyol and Voyvozh. For the first time, the question was raised and assessments of the prospects for the oil and gas potential of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra began. This meeting also discussed new methods of conducting geological prospecting and exploration work.

In December 1944, the Komi government held a second geological conference with the invitation of scientists from Moscow and Leningrad, as well as geologists from field parties. This conference and the previous meeting largely ensured the discovery of new oil and gas fields in subsequent years.

During the years of the Great Patriotic War, the Ukhta people gave the country 576.4 thousand tons of oil, 16 thousand tons of gas soot, about 7 thousand tons of varnish bitumen, 880 tons of natural asphaltite and a number of other important types of military raw materials, which had a large national economic and military-economic meaning.

The design capacity of the first oil mine in the USSR was closed by 12.5%, oil refining increased by 225%, the volume of mining operations more than tripled.

The period of the Great Patriotic War was of particular importance for the Ukhta region in terms of further development industry. In a letter addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria, sent in 1946, the leadership of Ukhtokombinat emphasized the all-Union importance of the enterprise, noting: "Almost all enterprises of Ukhtokombinat were built and put into operation during the Great Patriotic War."

The letter presented a comprehensive plan for the development of industry developed by the plant's specialists “based on 148 million tons of Yaregskaya oil reserves and 25 billion cubic meters. m of gas in the bowels of the Verkhneizhemsky region", which provided for the joint processing of these minerals and the production of "new types of gas thermal soot, aviation and motor fuels from heavy oil by hydrogenation, as well as conducting extensive geological prospecting and exploration work » to discover new oil and gas fields. At the same time, the future of the region was seen in its integrated development.

Something tells me it's a pity and I hope it's not,
that this post will be of interest to few people and I am writing it rather for self-development ...

Already approaching the most memorable place of Kis-Kis, either on the left or on the right, numerous trenches, trenches and other defensive structures of the Soviet, Finnish and German troops began to be seen along the road. Then there is an information stand on the road and around the corner - a memorial monument, which was built by the forces of the border guards and the public of the region during the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Great October Revolution.

It's amazing, but what's so amazing about it? , but the battles in the Ukhta direction could only be fought along the roads, since the forests did not seem passable either for the troops or for the equipment, which has changed over the past 70 years - everyone knows that the roads in Karelia were what they were before the war and during, and remained so. In fact, the battles were fought on the strips of 20-30 km, isolated from each other by 30-200 km. The road base of the Ukhta direction is the Ukhta tract (Kem - Ukhta), its continuation to Voynitsa, as well as two roads to the border after a fork: Voynitsa - Voknavolok - Vazhenvaara and Voynitsa - Lonkka

4. Theater of operations and the scheme of battles 07/01 - 08/17/1941

The main task in this direction was to defend the Ukhta and Rebolsk directions and cover the Kirov railway on the Kem-Kochkoma section. The fighting in the direction began on July 1, 1941, and by July 30, our troops retreated to a more advantageous defense line between the lakes Big Kis-Kis, Chirkiyarvi, 10 km west of Ukhta, which had been rebuilt just the day before by the forces of local residents and sappers of the division.

This was the Kis-Kis line - the place and height where the troops were stopped and where the front line was stabilized from 41 to 44 years.

Here now concrete staircase more than 100 meters long, a monument to a soldier and a gun on a pedestal.

We stopped at this place for literally 5 minutes to quickly take photos. The place was remembered by the silence and starving mosquitoes, perhaps it was here that we met the most cruel mosquitoes, which, during those 5 minutes of parking, simply ate us.

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Introduction

1 Physical and geographical position of the Ukhta region

1.1 Geographic location

1.2 Relief

1.3 Climate

1.4 Hydrological regime

1.5 Flora

1.6 Ground cover

1.7 Animal world

2 Geographic information systems

2.1 Historical prerequisites for the emergence of geographic information systems

2.2 Characteristics of geographic information systems

2.3 Sectoral use of GIS

3 Geoinformation systems of the Ukhta region

Literature

INTRODUCTION

The city of Ukhta is located in the central part of the Komi Republic. It borders on Izhma, Knyazhpogost, Kortkeros, Ust-Kulom, Sosnogorsk regions. The urban area lies on the watershed and in the valleys of the Ukhta River and its tributary Chibyu within the lower part of the Timan Ridge, 333 km northeast of Syktyvkar.

It is characterized by a rich and diverse natural resource potential, and first of all, by the presence of valuable minerals. Although the Ukhta region occupies a small area, it has a fairly large economic potential.

Ukhta is the birthplace of Russian oil. The first written mention of the presence of oil in Russia dates back to the 16th century, when it was discovered off the banks of the Ukhta River, which flows in the northern part of the Timan-Pechora region.

The mineral resources of the Ukhta region include deposits of oil, gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, various types of mineral construction raw materials, as well as fresh and medicinal mineral groundwater.

The city has an ancient Finno-Ugric origin, as evidenced by the widespread use of the names Ukhta and its variant Okhta in the hydronymy of the North of the European part of Russia. Apparently, the term ukhta "river, channel" existed.

Using modern computer technologies for mapping and analyzing real world objects, it is possible to examine the Ukhta region in the most detail.

The relevance of this work is to most naturally display the spatial data of the Ukhta region using GIS technologies.

The purpose of the course work: to give a physical and geographical description using GIS technologies.

Objectives of the course work:

Collection of information and compilation of physical and geographical characteristics;

Familiarization and application of geographic information systems;

Geoinformation systems of the Ukhta region.

1 PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICALPOSITIONUkhtaREGION

1.1 Geographicposition

Ukhta (Komi Ukva) is a city (since 1943) in the Komi Republic of the Russian Federation, the largest settlement of the Ukhta urban district. Area 13.2 thousand square meters. km, the population as of 01.01.2000 - 128.1 thousand people. The population is dominated by Russians, Ukrainians, Komi. There are 18 settlements in the region: 1 city. 4 urban-type settlements, 7 settlements, 1 village, 5 villages.

The administrative center is the city of Ukhta.

Coordinates:

Latitude - 63 degrees, 34 minutes;

Longitude - 53 degrees, 48 ​​minutes;

Height above sea level - 147 meters.

The city is located in the southern part of the Timan Ridge, in the valley of the river. Ukhta and its tributary Chibyu (Pechora basin), 333 km northeast of Syktyvkar.

The territory of the district is a gently sloping, hilly plateau, dissected by rivers and streams of the river basin. Izhma. Watershed spaces are swamped. The general slope of the surface is to the north and northeast. Gley-podzolic soils predominate. Podzolic-marsh, soddy-podzolic and acidic non-podzolized soils are also widespread.

The rivers belong to the river basin. Izhma. The largest tributaries of the Izhma - p. Ukhta, Sedyu, Tobys, Kedva.

The area of ​​forest land has reached 1270 thousand hectares with a total timber reserve of 105 million m 3 or 4% of the total timber reserve of the republic. The main part of the reserves are conifers (78%).

Forests belong to the subzones of the middle and northern taiga. Spruce forests predominate. There are also pine forests, birch and aspen. Moose, squirrels, partridges, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouses live in the forests. Diverse species composition of fish. There are 2 nature reserves on the territory of the Moscow Region: "Belaya Kedva" and "Chutinsky".

The mineral resources of the Ukhta region include deposits of oil, gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, various types of mineral construction raw materials, as well as fresh and healing mineral underground waters. Deposits of oil, gas, asphaltite, oil shale, titanium ores, bauxites, building materials, drinking and mineralized waters have been discovered.

1.2 Relief

Relief - a set of uneven land, the bottom of the oceans and seas, diverse in shape, size, origin, age and history of development. It is composed of positive (convex) and negative (concave) shapes.

The Timan Ridge stretches from the southeast to the northwest of the Komi Republic. In the northern part of the Timan Ridge, the height of the relief reaches up to 350 m, in the central part there are low plains (31-75 m), in the south there are uplands (176-225 m).

Ukhta is located on the forts of the Timan Ridge - the remains of ancient destroyed mountains - at an altitude of 147 meters above sea level. It is a hilly lowland, overgrown with forest.

The forest surrounding the city is the middle taiga of semi-mountain type. In the Ukhta region, the relief is an elongated hill with a flat, slightly convex top and gentle slopes. The relief is predominantly flat.

Karst relief forms are developed (craters, fields, caves). Karst - karst hollows, sinkholes, caves and disappearing rivers and streams on the Timan - the Chut, Sedyu, Izhma, Ukhta, Ukhtarka rivers.

1.3 Climate

The climate is a factor of the natural environment and affects the geographical distribution of vegetation, soil and water resources, and also affects the living conditions and human health. The climate is formed under the influence of several factors that provide the atmosphere with heat and moisture and determine the dynamics of air currents. The main climate-forming factors are the position of the Earth relative to the Sun, the distribution of land and sea, the general circulation of the atmosphere, sea currents, and the topography of the earth's surface.

The Ukhta region is under the influence of Arctic and boreal (Atlantic and continental) air masses. The number of days with cyclonic and anticyclonic activity is almost equal.

The location of the main baric centers of action of the Icelandic and Azores lows and the Siberian maximum during the year determine the prevailing wind direction - south and southwest, in summer (May - August) north and northwest winds become predominant. In winter they are northern, with maritime arctic air. In summer, the air comes from temperate latitudes, continental.

The climate is temperate continental. Summer is cool. The average annual temperature varies from -2.5 to -1.5 degrees, the average January temperature is -17, July +14. The lowest temperature was -56, the highest +48.

The mode of precipitation distribution is also determined by cyclonic activity. The most abundant precipitation is associated with the southern cyclones. Western cyclones bring less precipitation. The average amount of precipitation per year is 700 mm, of which 30% falls on the cold season, 70% on the warm season (24 mm - minimum, observed in February; 64 mm - maximum, in August and September).

Snow cover appears on average in the first decade of October. The formation of a stable snow cover is noted in the last week of October, and its destruction, on average, falls on the last week of April. The final snowmelt occurs in mid-May. The average number of days with snow cover is 188-193 days.

Depth of soil freezing - up to 2-2.1 m; no permafrost.

On average, there are 32 foggy days per year.

Unfavorable and dangerous weather phenomena: snowstorms, thunderstorms, hail and ice. On average, there are 43 days with a blizzard, 17-19 days with thunderstorms and up to 55 days with icing of all types per year.

1.4 Hydrology

The rivers of the region belong to the Barents Sea basin. Swamps are widespread, among which riding ones predominate. Most of the swamps are the sources of rivers.

River and lakes of mixed nutrition, with a predominance of snow. The share of snow supply - 50-80%, rain - 15-30%, groundwater - 15-25%. The river flow has a high spring flood, sometimes there are summer and less often autumn floods (rain). In winter and summer - low water. The largest river is the Ukhta, the left tributary of the Izhma. The height of the water level in its lower reaches during the spring flood rises by 12-14 meters.

Many small rivers and streams flow into the Ukhta River. The largest tributaries are the Chut and Tobys rivers. The rivers are very winding, so their length varies from 2 (R. Krokhal) to 96 km (R. Chibyu). The type of rivers is semi-mountainous with rifts and rapids alternating with reaches. Few old people. The lakes are not numerous, part of their karst origin. The ice cover on the rivers is established in late October - the first half of November. Opening - in late April - early May.

Ukhta is a river in the Komi Republic, the left tributary of the Izhma River (one of the ancient fixations of this hydronym is in the “Book of the Big Drawing” (1627) - “the Ukhna River and fell into the river in Yzhma”). The source is the Timan Ridge, the mouth is Izhma.

The length is 199 km, the basin area is 4,510 km². The width of the river is up to 60-100 m, the depth is 0.7-2.0 m, the flow velocity is 0.6-0.8 m/sec.

Meals are mixed, with a predominance of snow. The average annual water flow near the city of Ukhta is 47.1 m3/s, the largest spring flood is 957 m3/s, the smallest winter flood is 8.58 m3/s. Freezes in early November, opens in late April - May. High water from April to June.

Ukhta is formed from the confluence of the Voyvozh (29 km long) and Lunvozh (29 km long) rivers, which originate from the eastern spurs of the Timan at an altitude of 240 and 210 m.

The river bed is full of rapids and rocky rifts throughout. Previously, timber was rafted along the river.

The main tributaries of the Ukhta: Loim (27 km), Slightly (48 km) - left, Tobys (106 km) - right. The relief of the Ukhta catchment area is a gently sloping, hilly plateau, dissected by rivers and streams. The watershed spaces are flat marshy plains alternating with hilly elevations with absolute elevations up to 140-160 m. The Ukhta basin is composed of Paleozoic rocks of the Devonian and Permian age.

Before the confluence of the right tributary of the Tobys, the Ukhta flows mainly from north to south through a wooded, sparsely populated area. In the upper reaches to the mouth of the Ydzhyd'ol River, Ukhta crosses the distribution area of ​​carboniferous limestones and shale. There is no floodplain, the banks are up to 20-30 m high, the current speed is 0.7-0.8 m / s, the channel slope is 0.5 m / km.

Below, to the confluence of the Ulys'yol River on the right, Ukhta cuts through the Devonian sandstones. In some areas, a floodplain is developed, the height of the banks is up to 20 m, the flow velocity is up to 0.7 m / s. Below, to the mouth of the Tobys River, Ukhta crosses either Permian or Carboniferous deposits with its bends. In this area, a floodplain is developed in some places, but the banks are predominantly steep and steep, up to 20-30 m high.

Below the confluence of the Tobys River (87 km from the mouth of the Ukhta), the Ukhta turns sharply to the east and holds this direction until the mouth. At the mouth of the Ruchyol River (59 km from the mouth of the Ukhta) there is a large rift Karayol-Kos. Below the confluence of the Chut River (35 km from the mouth of the Ukhta), there are many rapids in the channel that impede navigation.

In the section from the mouth of the Krokhal River to the Domanik River, the valley narrows. The banks are steep and high, the current speed is about 0.7 m / s. Near the confluence of the Domanik River (21 km from the mouth of the Ukhta), the steepest and fastest threshold is located in the channel. Below the river valley expands, the slopes become gentle. The floodplain, mainly on the left bank, is occupied by meadows, the riverbed is winding, sandy-gravelite.

In the lower reaches, it sequentially flows through the village of Yarega, the city of Ukhta, and near the city of Sosnogorsk (in the village of Ust-Ukhta) flows into Izhma. The entire upper reaches of the Ukhta and large tributaries were photographed for the first time (1889) by the geologist N.I. Lebedev during the Timan expedition of the Geological Committee of 1889-1890.

1.5 Vegetablecover

Ukhta district is entirely located in the taiga zone. Spruce forests predominate, most often green mosses. There is a significant admixture of downy birch in the long mosses. Siberian fir is found singly in green moss forests. On the soil, thickets of forest horsetail, ferns, and several types of green mosses are not uncommon. The height of the stand is 25 meters. On the banks of the rivers there are frequent thickets of willows, gray alder, bird cherry, mountain ash, honeysuckle, meadowsweet, Siberian juniper, less often European. The drooping and winding birch is rarely found.

Pine forests are less common. Their lower tiers are formed by lichens, green mosses, cranberries, blueberries, or sphagnum mosses, wild rosemary, blueberries, willows (14 species of willows have already been found in the area), sometimes dwarf birch and sedges. Siberian pine (cedar) is found only in artificial plantations in Ukhta. Siberian larch forests are also not uncommon. On the soil - forbs from aconite, larkspur, alpine Saussurea, forest geranium, Ivan - tea.

Swamps are also frequent, often with sphagnum mosses. On them - abundant dwarf birches, cranberries, willows, rosemary, podbel, sedges, oregano, crowberries, blueberries.

Meadows are small, more common in floodplains. Herbage from cereals - meadow bluegrass, red and meadow fescue, bent grass, meadow foxtail and others. Abundant species of herbs: yarrow, chamomile, nivyanik, buttercups, meadow geranium, hellebore, river gravilate, cuffs, clover, meadow rank, mouse and other peas. In damp places, meadows are abundant in sedges and canaries. In the upland meadows, in addition to those listed, many forest grasses, as well as hairy sorrel, reed grasses are not uncommon.

On the calcareous rocks of the rivers Sedyu, Chuti, Ukhta, communities of mountain plants are found, identical with the Urals: koroda onion, thyme, adonis. Also peony Maryin root, Perm anemone, sleep grass. In the spruce forests, along their edges, in the marshes, a number of orchids grow: spotted and yellow venus slippers, calypso bulbous, orchids, two-leafed love. All of them are listed in the Red Book.

1.6 soilcover

In the northern part of the Ukhta region, peaty-podzolic gleyic and peaty-podzolic gley soil types predominate.

Peat-podzolic gley. They differ from podzolic-gley soils in the presence of a peat horizon, the thickness of which is usually 15-30 cm. Below lies a gleyed eluvial horizon with an abundance of small ferruginous nodules.

They form on poorly drained surfaces of the northern and middle taiga, occupying relief positions that contribute to surface waterlogging.

In the central part, most of the podzols are illuvial-humus-ferruginous, and a little is occupied by bog peat mosses.

The southern part is dominated by alluvial bog and alluvial sod-gley soils. There are also mountain taiga acidic podzolized and peat-podzolic-gley

1.7 Animalworld

In the Ukhta region, 10 types of animals known in the Komi Republic, 30 classes (only sponges have not been found yet) and more than 10,000 species have been found, the bulk of which are insects and arachnids.

There are 5 species of insectivorous mammals in the region, this is a rather rare mole, and 4 species of shrews. Predatory 10 (out of 16) - wolf, fox, arctic fox (in winter), brown bear, pine marten, ermine, weasel, black ferret, wolverine, otter, lynx. 13 species of rodents were found (out of 29) - this is a hare, a flying squirrel, an ordinary squirrel, a chipmunk, a forest leming, the rest are a gray rat, a mouse, mice - voles. Of artiodactyls - elk.

Birds number up to 200 species. A number of species in the area do not nest, but only occur on migration or vagrant. Black-throated diver nests on forest lakes, red-throated diver was observed only on migration. Anseriformes were noted 14 (out of 22 in the Komi Republic), diurnal predators - 13 (out of 17). The most interesting were the finds of the honey buzzard, the black kite, the white-tailed eagle, the red-footed falcon. The gray crane is occasionally seen. There are 15 species of waders, 6 species of gulls, 1 species of cuckoos, 58 owls, swifts, passerines.

Of the reptiles in the Ukhta region, only one species is the mountain lizard. Amphibians are more abundant - 4 species, these are the Siberian salamander, the gray toad, grass and moor frogs.

Fish and cyclostomes recorded 17 species (out of 45)

The world of insects is peculiar, many species of the republic were found only in the Ukhta region on the Timan Ridge. So only in Ukhta was found the dead head hawk moth, new Angara mother-of-pearl butterflies and the sailboat Mnemosyne.

2 GEOINFORMATIONALSYSTEMS(GIS)

2.1 historicalbackgroundoccurrencegeoinformationsystems

Geoinformatics, within which geoinformation systems are created and developed, is a new young branch of science. Like ecology, which absorbed the foundations of several sciences, geoinformatics appeared as a result of the development of its predecessors, among which it should be especially noted:

Cartography (program-targeted mapping);

Monitoring of the state of the environment and cadastre;

system dynamics;

Development of the computer industry.

Cartography is an ancient science, it has developed over several centuries with different intensity and in different directions, depending on the specific tasks and goals.

Large-scale economic development of territories in different countries in 60-70 years. of the last century led to the need for cartographic work for the purposes of territorial planning. The results of such studies were implemented in the form of large cartographic works - atlases. Thus, by the end of 1975, 40 countries of the world had their own national atlases or separate editions of them. They were general educational, educational, but mainly created for planning purposes. In structure, content, methods of cartographic representation, many of them were identical. Usually maps were grouped into several sections:

Natural conditions - maps that reveal the relief, climate, soils, vegetation, landscapes, hydrogeology, mineral deposits;

The structure of production - maps that reflected the features of industry, construction, transport, trade, the production structure of agriculture, soil fertility and livestock productivity;

Population and settlement structure - maps revealing the employment of the population in industry, agriculture, construction, its mobility, socio-economic structure and other demographic features;

Technical infrastructure - maps characterizing road congestion, the state of water supply and communications;

Formation of the environment - maps of the state of rivers, conservation and recreational zones, suburban recreation areas, etc.;

Administrative section - maps reflecting the administrative division, the most important cities and villages, the dynamics of their growth.

When creating atlases, the goal was to provide easily comparable information on the natural and socio-economic conditions of the regions with a demonstration of all development factors that must be taken into account in planning. Many atlases were supplied with contour maps, which planners could use to plot newly built facilities or to develop projects for the development of the planning area. Overlays were also used additional cards made on a transparent basis, which made it possible to compare different thematic maps. And in this, elements of modern geoinformation technologies were already visible. However, it became clear that the main difficulty in the development of this direction was the insufficient efficiency of updating the cartographic material in accordance with rapidly changing real situations, the irrational use of the accumulated statistical material, the complexity of its generalization and mathematical processing.

2.2 Characteristicgeoinformationsystems

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a modern computer technology for mapping and analyzing real world objects, ongoing and predicted events and phenomena. Geographic information systems most naturally display spatial data.

A GIS combines the traditional database operations of query and statistical analysis with the rich visualization and geographic (spatial) analysis benefits that a map provides. This feature provides unique opportunities for using GIS in solving a wide range of problems related to the analysis of phenomena and events, forecasting their likely consequences, and planning strategic decisions.

Data in geographic information systems is stored as a set of thematic layers, which are combined based on their geographical location. This flexible approach and the ability of geographic information systems to work with both vector and raster data models is effective in solving any problems related to spatial information.

Geoinformation systems are closely related to other information systems and use their data to analyze objects.

GIS is distinguished by:

Advanced analytical functions;

Ability to manage large amounts of data;

Tools for input, processing and display of spatial data.

Components of a GIS

A working GIS includes five key components: hardware, software, data, executors and methods.

Hardware. This is the computer running the GIS. GIS are currently working on various types computing platforms, from centralized servers to individual or networked desktops.

GIS software contains the functions and tools needed to store, analyze and visualize geographic (spatial) information. The key components of the software products are: tools for entering and operating geographic information; database management system (DBMS or DBMS); tools for supporting spatial queries, analysis and visualization (display); graphical user interface (GUI or GUI) for easy access to tools.

Data. This is probably the most important component of a GIS. Location data (geographical data) and associated tabular data may be collected and prepared by the user, or purchased from vendors commercially or otherwise. In the process of managing spatial data, a GIS integrates spatial data with other types and sources of data, and can also use the DBMS used by many organizations to organize and maintain the data at their disposal.

Performers. The widespread use of GIS technology is impossible without people who work with software products and develop plans for their use in solving real problems. GIS users can be both technical specialists who develop and maintain the system, and ordinary employees (end users) who are helped by GIS to solve current everyday affairs and problems. Methods. The success and efficiency (including economic) of the use of GIS largely depends on a properly drawn up plan and rules of work, which are drawn up in accordance with the specifics of the tasks and work of each

A GIS stores information about the real world as a set of thematic layers that are grouped together based on geographic location. This simple yet highly flexible approach has proven its value in a wide variety of real-world applications, such as tracking vehicles and materials, detailed mapping of real situations and planned events, and modeling global atmospheric circulation.

Any geographic information contains information about a spatial location, whether it is referenced to geographic or other coordinates, or references to an address, postal code, constituency or census district, land or forest lot identifier, road name, and so on. When using such links for automatic detection location or locations of the feature(s) a procedure called geocoding is applied. With its help, you can quickly determine and see on the map where the object or phenomenon you are interested in is located, such as the house where your friend lives or the organization you need is located, where the earthquake or flood occurred, which route is easier and faster to get to the point you need or at home

2.3 IndustryusageGIS

geoinformation system Ukhta district

The capabilities of geoinformation systems can be used in a variety of fields of activity. Here are just a few examples of the use of GIS. Administrative-territorial administration:

Urban planning and design of facilities;

Maintenance of cadastres of engineering communications, land, urban planning, green spaces;

Forecast of emergency situations of technogenic and ecological character;

Management of traffic flows and routes of urban transport;

Building environmental monitoring networks;

Engineering-geological zoning of the city.

Telecommunications:

Trunk and cellular, traditional networks;

Strategic planning of telecommunication networks;

Choosing the optimal location of antennas, repeaters, etc.;

Determination of cable laying routes;

Network status monitoring;

Operational dispatch control.

Engineering Communication:

Assessment of needs in water supply and sewerage networks;

Modeling the consequences of natural disasters for engineering communications systems;

Design of engineering networks;

Monitoring the state of engineering networks and preventing emergencies.

Transport:

Automobile, railway, water, pipeline, air transport;

Management of transport infrastructure and its development;

Vehicle fleet management and logistics;

Traffic management, route optimization and cargo flow analysis.

Oil and gas complex:

Geological exploration and field survey work;

Monitoring of technological modes of operation of oil and gas pipelines;

Design of main pipelines;

Modeling and analysis of the consequences of emergency situations.

Power departments:

First responders, armed forces, police, fire services;

Planning of rescue operations and security measures;

Simulation of emergency situations;

Strategic and tactical planning of military operations;

Navigation for first responders and other law enforcement agencies.

Ecology:

Assessment and monitoring of the state of the natural environment;

Modeling of environmental disasters and analysis of their consequences;

Planning of nature protection measures.

Forestry:

Strategic Forestry Management;

Logging management, forest approach planning and road design;

Maintenance of forest cadastres.

Agriculture:

Planning the processing of agricultural land;

Accounting for landowners and arable land;

Optimization of transportation of agricultural products and mineral fertilizers.

3 GEOINFORMATIONALSYSTEMSUkhtaREGION

A project of the Ukhta district was created in the ArcView program, which includes views, tables, layouts.

Fragments of the maps from which the project was made were cut along the contours of the administrative region. Legends were made, where one or another characteristic is indicated in different colors, and they were assembled for the project. Projects make it easy to store any combination of related ArcView components - views, tables, charts, layouts, and programs (assuming you have Avenue) - in one convenient place.

The source of the cartographic material was the electronic and digital maps presented on the GISSSU website. These maps were created in Syktyvkar State University at the Department of Ecology on two atlases. Atlas of Climate and Hydrology of the Komi Republic and Atlas of the Komi ASSR.

The view represents a set of topics, each of which is a separate thematic map. A view is an interactive map that allows you to display, explore, discover, and analyze geographic data in ArcView.

A view describes the geographic data you use and how it is displayed, but it does not include the geographic data files themselves. Instead, the view references these data source files. Therefore, the view is dynamic because it reflects the current state of the data source. If the data source changes, the view that uses that data will automatically reflect those changes the next time the view is retrieved.

View 1 is represented by climate maps:

Average long-term precipitation:

Annual average long-term precipitation;

Winter average long-term precipitation;

Summer average long-term precipitation;

Average long-term precipitation in January;

Average long-term precipitation in March;

Average long-term precipitation in April;

Average long-term precipitation in May;

Average long-term precipitation in July;

Average long-term precipitation in August;

Average long-term precipitation in November;

Average long-term precipitation in December;

Sunny day length:

Sunny days in July and December

Air temperature:

Average annual;

January air temperature;

March air temperature;

May air temperature;

July air temperature;

August air temperature;

October air temperature;

December temperature.

View 2 represents hydrology.

Hydrological regime:

Average long-term river runoff (l/s s km²);

Total runoff layer for the flood (mm);

Average annual runoff of suspended sediments.

View 3 presents terrain, land cover, and vegetation maps.

LITERATURE

1. Avsyuk Yu.N. Tidal Forces and Natural Processes (Moscow: OIFZ RAN, 1996).

2. Atlas on climate and hydrology of the Komi Republic - M.: Bustard; DiK, 1997 - 116 p.

3. Atlas of the Komi Republic - M.: Feoria, 2011 - 448 p.

4. Berlyant A.M. Geoinformation mapping. - M.: 1997.

5. Davydov L.K. River runoff. - 25 s.

6. DeMers M.N. Geographic information systems. Fundamentals / Per. from English. M.: Data +, 1999. - 491 p.

7. Dobrovolsky G.V., Taskaeva A.I., Zaboev I.V. Soil Atlas of the Komi Republic. - Syktyvkar 2011. - 356 p.

8. Dobryakova V.A. MAPINFO Basics. Guidelines on the course "Geographic information systems". - Tyumen: Publishing House of Tyumen State University, 1999. - 38 p.

9. Zhurkin I.G., Shaitura S.V. Geoinformation systems. - Moscow: KUDITs-PRESS, 2009. - 272 p.

10. Ilyina L.L., Grakhov A.N. Rivers of the North. L., Gidrometeoizdat, 1987.

11. Historical and cultural atlas of Ukhta, Ukhta 2009 - 507 p.

12. Kirusheva N.S., Ostroshenko U.N. At the origins of the chemical industry of the Ukhta region - Ukhta 2001. - 52 p.

13. Konovalova N.V., Kapralov E.G. Introduction to GIS. Tutorial. - M., LLC "Biblion", 1997, - 160 p.

14. Lurie I.K. Geoinformatics. Educational geoinformation systems: Educational and methodical manual M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta, 1997. - 114 p.

15. Toolkit by Arcview. - 48 s.

16. Mikhailov V.N., Dobrovolsky A.D., Dobrolyubov S.A. Hydrology. - M.: Higher school, 2007. - 463 p.

17. Postnikov V. G. Ukhta - business card - Ukhta 1995 - 35 p.

18. Vegetation of the European part of the USSR, 1980. - 429 p.

19. Peat resources of the Komi Republic. - Syktyvkar 2000. - 613 p.

20. Ukhta. Photo album, Syktyvkar, 1979; Kozulin A.N., Glow over Timan. The city of Ukhta from its foundation to the present day, Syktyvkar, 1987.

21. Chernov Yu.I. Natural zonality and animals of the land world. - M., 1975. - 262 p.

22. http://soils.narod.ru/taxon/.

23. http://komi.allnw.ru/uhtinsky.

24. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki.

25. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki.

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Murmansk direction. In the Murmansk direction, the German units went on the offensive on June 29, 1941. The German troops managed to break through the defenses of the 95th Rifle Regiment and, having entered the battle with a company of tanks, capture the bridge across the Titovka River. The 35th Division took part in these battles and lost all military equipment. reconnaissance battalion Tank company and armored company of the 62nd division. reconnaissance battalions were unable to take combat positions due to impassability and were involved in the first days of the war to guard the headquarters of the 112th Rifle Regiment and reconnaissance on the flanks of units of the 52nd Rifle Division. On July 8, 1941, both companies took part in a counterattack along with units of the 52nd Rifle Division in the area of ​​the Zapadnaya Litsa River. Small amphibious tanks of the tank company of the reconnaissance battalion (company commander Lieutenant A.P. Kosarev) in these battles were often used to transport ammunition off-road.

According to the order of August 8, 1941 for the 1st TD, the 14th Army received from the 1st TP: 2 KV, 5 T-28, 23 BT-7, 2 radio-equipped T-26, 9 flamethrower T-26, 1 passenger car M-1, 6 GAZ-AA (2 trucks, 1 container, 1 tank and 2 gas generators), 17 ZIS-5 (12 trucks, 1 grocery, 1 tank, 3 ARS vehicles), YaG-6 tanker, ZIS tanker -6, workshop type "A" based on GAZ-AAA and workshop type "B" based on ZIS-6. From the units of the 1st SME, by the same order, 40 T-27s, 4 BA-10s, 11 BA-20s and more than 300 vehicles were transferred to the 14th Army.

On the Rybachy Peninsula, Soviet tanks apparently did not participate in active operations, and "survived" in good condition until the winter of 1942.

The Germans used tanks in this direction again in early September 1941 during the assault on Hill 314.9 against units of the 205th Rifle Regiment of the 52nd Rifle Division. The artillery fire of this regiment knocked out 2 tanks. On September 7, 1941, four SS battalions, two battalions of the 136th and 137th mountain rifle regiments of the 2nd Guards Rifle Division, supported by 8 tanks, attacked the junction of the 112th and 58th Rifle Regiments of the 52nd Rifle Division. Our units repulsed the attack and knocked out two tanks.

Kandalaksha direction. The main battles with the use of tanks unfolded in the Kandalaksha direction. The actions of tanks in this direction were complicated by very rugged terrain, impassability, rocks, steep hills and marshy swamps. The battles had to be fought in small groups of tanks, platoons and even individual vehicles.

The German 211th Tank Battalion was advanced to the border, which was covered by the 122nd Rifle Division from the Soviet side. The 104th Rifle Division was located on the second line of the Soviet defense in the Kairala region along the line of lakes Kuolojärvi and Apayärvi. The tank units of the 1st TD were scattered battalion-by-battalion from Kuolojärvi to Alakurtti. The 2nd TB of medium tanks was transferred to the reserve of the 715th joint venture of the 122nd rifle division. The 1st (heavy tanks) and 3rd tank battalions were in Alakurtti along with the 1st SME.

As part of the units of the 122nd SD was the 153rd Division. reconnaissance battalion Tankers from a tank company (company commander senior lieutenant Miroshnichenko) and two armored platoons (armored company commander senior lieutenant Churkin) on June 22, 1941 ambushed the border and destroyed a group of German motorcyclists that had fallen into it.

On July 1, 1941, after artillery preparation and an air strike, units of the 169th infantry division of the Wehrmacht, supported by 50 (according to other sources, 30) tanks, attacked the positions of the 3rd battalion of the 420th rifle regiment and the 3rd battalion of the 715th rifle regiment in the area of ​​Mount Keinuvara and on road Kotala-Kuolojärvi. According to Soviet data, on the first day of the German offensive, part of the attacking German tanks were flamethrowers, but anti-tank artillery did not allow them to reach our positions, where they would be more effective. Several flamethrower tanks were knocked out, but the survivors set fire to dry grass and peat, in which the resulting fire destroyed the field telephone lines Soviet troops. The Germans managed to marginally push our units in these directions. Units of the 378th Infantry Regiment reached the Korya-Kuolojärvi road, but were driven back by the battalions of the 420th and 596th Rifle Regiments. On July 2, the Germans attacked our units along the front, and the 392nd Infantry Regiment again went through the swamps to the Korya-Kuolojärvi road. To eliminate the breakthrough, the 2nd TB and a company of the 596th joint venture were introduced into the battle with the support of artillery of the 3rd division of the 369th howitzer. app. Along the front, the 3rd Battalion of the 715th Rifle Regiment repulsed all attacks and destroyed 6 German tanks (one was hit by fire from the 9th Battery of the 369th Howitzer Ap.). The battles in the border area continued until July 7, 1941. During these battles, the German units only in front of the units of the 715th Rifle Division lost about 20 tanks knocked out, and in total in the battles against the units of the 122nd Rifle Division from July 1 to 6, the Germans lost about 50 wrecked tanks and more than 6 thousand wounded and killed soldiers. During these battles, units of the Red Army not only repelled attacks, but also went over to counterattacks. So on July 4, the 3rd Battalion of the 420th Rifle Regiment, with the support of tanks, drove the Germans off Mount Keinuvaara, but failed to hold it. Four battalions of the 122nd joint venture, the 2nd tank and motorized rifle battalions were allocated for the second attack scheduled for July 6. For the attack, they decided to involve the tanks of the 1st and 3rd tank battalions located in Alakurtti. The tanks of these battalions set out from Alakurtti only on July 6 and were attacked by aircraft along the way and suffered losses. In connection with these facts, they did not arrive on time and units of the 122nd Rifle Division, together with the tanks of the 2nd Battalion, struck, but after suffering losses in manpower and tanks, they retreated to their original positions. Armored vehicles of the 153rd division. The reconnaissance battalion was originally used to liaise the regiments of the division, but was later used in defensive battles. So the armored company in full force supported the 420th joint venture. and on July 5, during an enemy air raid, the BA-10 of the company's political instructor was temporarily disabled. On July 6, all serviceable armored vehicles were assembled at the divisional command post and sent to help the 420th joint venture, but along the way they were fired upon by 4 fighters and lost four armored cars and two tankers killed. The fifth armored car was already shot down at the front line. Of the five, two have been destroyed and three are in need of repair. Two more BA-10s sent to help the 596th Rifle Regiment did not return - one was hit by the Germans, and the other, without fuel and ammunition, was destroyed by the crew. Many feats in the battles of July 1-6 were performed by the tankers of the 1st Tank Regiment. The first in these battles were the tankers of the battalion of Captain A. Z. Oscotsky. One of the companies of this battalion (commander Senior Lieutenant S. K. Pechnikov) 11 German tanks, 4 mortars and up to an infantry battalion were destroyed in four days. Personally, Pechnikov's crew (driver Sapryko, turret Babaev) destroyed 5 tanks, 4 mortars and 3 heavy machine guns. During these battles, the crew of Lieutenant Smirnov's platoon commander performed the feat. In battle, he knocked out 2 tanks, but the Soviet tank was also knocked out and caught fire. The driver V. Volk and the tower F. Semilet began to put out the fire, and Smirnov fought while he was conscious. He knocked out another German tank, but his crew failed to extinguish and the crew had to leave the car. The tanker of the 2nd battalion, senior sergeant A. M. Borisov, on July 3 - 4, in a battle near the bridge over the Kuolojärvi river, destroyed up to 40 Germans and 2 guns, and in the battle on July 6 in the village of Kuolojärvi he knocked out an enemy tank, but his tank also hit 5 shells. The crew died, and Borisov himself was wounded. Sergeant Sadyrin's tank towed the wrecked tank from the battlefield, but Borisov died from his wounds. For the battle, Borisov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

During the battles along the front, units of the 169th Infantry Division cut the Kuoloyarvi-Alakurti road in the rear of the Russians and semi-surrounded the 715th Rifle Regiment and the 369th Howitzer Ap. The command of the Soviet units decided to withdraw the 122nd Rifle Division to the second line of defense, where the 104th Rifle Division was stationed. The retreat, which took place on July 6-7, was covered by the surviving armored cars of the 153rd detachment. reconnaissance battalion, and on July 8 they arrived in Alakurtti for a temporary rest, where they handed over for repair the damaged armored cars towed by the company (they were repaired by July 20).

On July 6, units of the 6th Infantry Division of the Finns infiltrated through the area of ​​​​the lakes Apayarvi-Vuojärvi into the Kairaly region and entered the rear of the 104th Infantry Division. In the rear, a group was created from units of the 715th Rifle Regiment, the 101st Border Detachment, two battalions of the 420th and 273rd Rifle Regiments and a group of tanks, apparently from the 163rd Detachment. reconnaissance battalion. This battalion, having a company of amphibious tanks and an armored company (attached to the 104th rifle division), carried combat guards along the Vuorijarvi-Mikola road. One small amphibious tank of the battalion (junior sergeant A. M. Gryaznov) on July 7 fought with the Finns on this road and was hit. When trying to capture the crew, the tankers blew up the tank along with themselves and nine Finns. On July 8 - 12, a group of Soviet units defeated units of the 6th Finnish division and threw their remnants beyond the defense line. During this period, military equipment was being repaired in the rear areas, and the armored cars of the 153rd reconnaissance battalion conducted reconnaissance on July 12 on the right flank of the divisions' defense.

From July 9-10, units of the 1st Panzer Division were withdrawn to the Alakurtti area in reserve. The 1st motorized rifle regiment, the 3rd battalion of the 1st tank regiment and the VKhM company from July 11 became part of the 42nd sk. Motorized riflemen covered the direction from the south in the Vuojärvi area. The armored vehicles of the reconnaissance battalion of the motorized rifle regiment were partially destroyed in the July battles, and part of it was transferred to the 14th Army in early August. The armored units of the tank division did not take an active part in the battles in this direction, and a few days later they departed for the Luga area. In the battles in the Kandalaksha area, the 1st Tank Regiment lost 70 tanks (T-28 - 1, T-26 - 2, BT-5, BT-7 - 67), of which only 33 burned down and remained on the battlefield. The greatest losses were suffered on July 6 - 45 vehicles. In the overhaul and medium repairs after the battles in the Kandalaksha area on August 8, there were:

The 1st tank regiment survived in good order after the battles 117 BT-7, 17 T-28 and 6 BA-20. According to order No. 013 of July 28, on the 1st TD, 12 KV were received from the factory and transferred to the 1st TP, 12 KV and 10 T-50s to the 2nd TP, and 4 BA-10 to the reconnaissance battalion. According to the same order, the 2nd TP was already replenished as part of the 7th Army - 23 ZIS-5 (18 trucks, 3 tanks, 2 container) were transferred from the motor transport battalion and 3 T-28, 5 BA from the 1st tank regiment -10, 2 BA-20, 2 passenger cars M-1, 15 GAZ-AA vehicles (refrigerator, ambulance, bus, 8 trucks, 2 A-type workshops, 2 5AK radio stations), 28 ZIS-5 vehicles (22 trucks, 3 tanks, container, 2 grocery), 1 PZS vehicle on the GAZ-AAA chassis, 2 workshops of type "B" and one VMZ on the ZIS-6 chassis. The 2nd TP, which was in reserve, on July 23, 1941, departed for the 7th Army, and the fairly thinned 1st TP arrived in the Luga direction in early August, where already on the 11th they entered the battle in the Krasnogvardeisk region. Later, on September 30, these units were reorganized into the 123rd brigade. But even earlier, by order of August 8, 1941, 10 BT-7s, 8 ZIS-5s (7 trucks and a tank), an A-type workshop based on GAZ-AAA and 2 tanks based on ZIS-6.

In August, the 107th brigade was formed from the combat vehicles of the 1st TP remaining in the 42nd sk, which included, among other 13 T-28 tanks.

Until the end of August, local battles took place in the Kandalaksha direction, in which armored cars of the 153rd division participated on July 20-27 and August 10-19. reconnaissance battalion. One of the two BA-10 armored cars on August 19 in the battle near Mount Aunisrova was hit and one tanker was killed. The armored car was evacuated second for repairs.

On August 22, 1941, German and Finnish units bypassed the defenses of the 42nd sk from the flanks and broke through to the Alakurtti area. On August 24, units of the 42nd SC with fighting retreated to Alakurtti and settled along the line of the Tuntsayjoki River to Lake Kilis. Tanks of the 163rd reconnaissance battalion and armored cars of the 153rd reconnaissance battalion took part in these battles, by that time only 5 BA-10s had survived in the latter. The withdrawal to this line passed almost without losses, although the German tanks managed to destroy three lorries with radio stations cut off from the main forces near Mount Lysaya. In the reserve of the corps in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bMount Vojta and siding number 6 was the 1st SME (without armored vehicles), the 101st border detachment and the 107th brigade. On September 1, the German-Finnish units occupied Alakurtti. Counterattacks by the corps reserve did not bring success. During the fighting from August 29 to September 1, the Soviet command made a decision to retreat the corps to a new line in the area of ​​the Voita River. By September 2, parts of the corps withdrew to the designated area and took up defense from Lake Upper Verman to Lake Orijärvi, where the front line did not change until 1944. There were almost no armored vehicles left in the units of the 42nd sk. On September 1, the 107th brigade included 3 T-28s, 12 BT-5s, 5 T-26s and 5 OT-133s. Tankers often had to fight on foot, so the crews of the armored company of the 153rd rezvedbat on September 12-13 participated in the battle against units of the 392nd German infantry regiment. On October 17, 1941, the 153rd division was disbanded. reconnaissance battalion The surviving three BA-10s were distributed to the headquarters - one to the army headquarters and two to the headquarters of the 122nd rifle division. In December 1941, the 1st SME departed from the Kandalaksha region, which by that time had neither armored vehicles nor transport.

In April 1942, the command of the 19th Army planned to launch an offensive with the aim of taking Kuolojärvi. For combat operations, the 429th tank battalion was allocated from parts of the front. However, due to the non-arrival of reinforcements, the offensive was postponed.

Ukhta direction. On the Ukhta direction, the fighting began on June 30, 1941. On July 1, the 10th outpost of the 1st Ukhta border detachment at 0440 was subjected to shelling, and then at 0545 it was bombed by 11 aircraft and finally at 0650 the border guards were attacked by two battalions of Finns and Germans . The border guards began to retreat and, as they retreated, 13 German tanks began to pursue them. Bundles of grenades hit two tanks and the rest retreated. In this direction, the 6th SS Regiment of the NORD division of the Germans and the 53rd Finnish infantry regiment broke through to the Loukhi railway station through the Kestenga area between the Pyaozero-Topozero lakes. From the Soviet side, this direction was covered by the 242nd joint venture from the 104th rifle division with an artillery division and a group of border guards from the 72nd border detachment. Initially, the offensive was slowed down here, and only on August 8, the Finns and Germans approached Kestenga, but having suffered heavy losses, they were forced to wait for reserves. From the Kandalaksha direction, the 7th SS regiment of the NORD division and the 211th detachment were transferred here. tank battalion, and then the tanks of the 40th armored battalion, together with the regiment of the 3rd Finnish infantry regiment. From the Soviet side in early August, a company of tanks and the 1087th joint venture from the Kandalaksha direction and the formed 5th brigade arrived here. On August 9, our units left Kes-tenga. On August 11, the 88th Rifle Division unloaded in Loukhi, parts of which counterattacked the enemy on September 2-12, 1941 in order to occupy Kestenga. It was possible to push the enemy back 13 km and inflict serious losses on him, only 2 tanks, 4 howitzers, 7 anti-tank 37-mm guns were taken as trophies by the 88th rifle division. German tanks united in a light tank group participated in the battles quite actively. On September 4, in a battle, in the Pingosalmi area, one German tank was hit by soldiers of the 147th detachment. reconnaissance battalion. On September 11-12, German tanks stopped units of the 758th Rifle Regiment of the 88th Rifle Division near the Tuoppajärvi shore, to which our units made their way during the offensive. In October, there was relative calm on both sides. From October 25 to November 18, the Finnish-German units launched several counterattacks in this direction, as a result of which they managed to surround and push the formations of the 426th and 611th joint ventures, both from the 88th divisional division. During the battles of November 1 - 7, the artillerymen of the 426th joint venture knocked out 7 German tanks. On November 5, more than 10 German tanks with infantry tried to shoot down units of the 611th Rifle Regiment of the 88th Rifle Division from the Kestenga-Lukhi road and, having lost 2 tanks, withdrew. On November 11, units of the 88th Rifle Division were again attacked by German tanks along the highway, but again the attack was repulsed. By the morning of November 12, the German offensive in the area had fizzled out. According to Soviet data, the number of German tanks in this direction on November 19 was 30 tanks. On the Soviet side, the tank units almost did not prove themselves in battles, and only at the beginning of 1942 did the 374th tank battalion arrive in this direction, and in April 1942 the 263rd and 186th divisions arrived. On April 24, the Soviet offensive began along the Kestenga-Lukhi road. The tank battalion advanced along the road along with the 263rd Rifle Division (without one regiment). Parts of the 23rd Guards acted most successfully in these battles. sd (former 88th). From the German side, German tanks of the 40th armored battalion took part in the counterattacks (April 24). The fighting continued until May 7-8, but after a series of successes, the advance of the Soviet units stalled and the front stabilized here until 1944. The last time German tanks, along with assault guns that arrived to the north, were used in August 1943 during attacks on units 205th Rifle Division and 85th Marine. SBR of the 26th Army.