What height is considered a floor. underground floor

Above-ground floor - a floor when the floor level of the premises is not lower than the planning level of the ground.

Underground floor - a floor with a floor mark of the premises below the planning mark of the ground by more than half the height of the premises.

16. Industrialization, unification, typification, standardization.

Standardization - approvals for general use, tested by operation of typical designs of products and parts.

Typification is the reduction of types of structures and buildings to a reasonable small number.

Unification - bringing to uniformity the size of parts of buildings and the size and shape of their structural elements.

Industrialization is the maximum mechanization and automation of the processes of erection of building structures.

17. Types of dimensions of structural elements.

1. Coordination - the size between the coordination axes of the structure, taking into account parts of the seams and gaps. This size is a multiple of the modulus.

2. Structural - the size between the actual edges of the structure, excluding parts of the seams and gaps.

3. Full-scale - the actual size obtained in the process of manufacturing the structure differs from the design one by the tolerance value established by GOST.

18. Floor height (in multi-storey buildings, in single-storey buildings).

19. Define: floor, number of floors, number of floors.

Floors - the number of floors that determine the height of the building.

Number of floors - the number of all floors, including underground, basement, basement, aboveground, technical, attic.

Floor - part of the building in height, limited by the floor and ceiling or floor and cover.

20. Types of space-planning schemes of the building.

a. Enfiladnaya

b. Corridor

in. Sectional

Zalnaya

e. Mixed

21. Give the definition of ground floor above ground, basement floor.

Ground floor above ground - a floor, the floor level of which is not higher than the planning level of the ground by no more than half the height of the building.

Basement floor - a floor with a floor mark of the premises below the planning mark of the ground by more than half the height of the room.

22. What is style in architecture?

Style is a set of main features and signs of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects.

23. Floor height (in multi-storey buildings, in single-storey buildings).

Floor height (in multi-storey buildings) - the distance between the marks of the finished floor of the adjacent floor.

Floor height (in one-story buildings) - the distance between the floor and the bottom of the supporting structures of the coating.

24. Classification of premises by functional purpose (examples).

1. Residential buildings

2. Public and administrative buildings

3. Industrial buildings

4. Agricultural buildings

25. Main module M. Enlarged module. In what cases is the enlarged module used?

The enlarged module is equal to the main M, increased by an integer number of times. The following preferred range of enlarged modules has been established.

3M - 300 mm, 6M, 12M, 15M, 30M, 60M. (M-100mm)

The enlarged module is used when assigning the main structural and planning dimensions of buildings horizontally (axial distance between the supporting structures in the longitudinal and transverse directions, opening width) and vertically (heights of floors, openings), as well as types of sizes of large prefabricated products.

26. Industrialization, unification. Single modular system.

Industrialization construction can be carried out in two ways:

1. transferring the maximum volume of production operations to factory conditions: manufacturing of enlarged prefabricated elements with a high level of prefabrication on mechanized or automated production lines with labor-intensive mechanized assembly of these elements at the construction site.

2. preservation of all or most of the production operations at the construction site with a reduction in their labor intensity through the use of mechanized equipment, machines and tools (sliding, volumetric or planar inventory climbing formwork, concrete pumps, concrete pavers, etc.)

Unification- science-based reduction in the number of common parameters of buildings and their elements by eliminating functionally unjustified differences between them.

Unification ensures uniformity and reduction in the number of basic space-planning dimensions of buildings (floor heights, floor openings) and, as a result, uniformity in the sizes and shapes of structural elements and prefabrication.

Unification allows the use of the same type of products in buildings for various purposes. It ensures the mass character and uniformity of structural elements, which contributes to profitability and prefabrication.

The basis for unification in the geometric dimensions of products is Single modular systemin construction (EMC)- a set of rules for coordination (mutual agreement) of space-planning and structural dimensions of the building of building materials and equipment for their formation based on the multiplicity of a single value - modules. In most European countries, the value of 100 mm is adopted as a single main module "M".

27. Binding of structures to alignment axes

The development of modular coordination of sizes was the transition of linear series to modular, planning to spatial, space-planning grids, mutually intersecting modular planes. The lines of intersection of modular planes, combined with the supporting structures, form a grid of center axes, which are brought to the area during the construction process. This is called building stakeout or axis stakeout. Structures are tied to the axes i.e. determine their position using the dimensions of their axis or the boundaries of structures to the nearest center axis.

28. Visibility .... the condition of unhindered visibility ..

Visibility- this is the possibility of complete or partial observation of an object, i.e. such a mutual arrangement of the object and the observer, in which the rays of vision from the observer's eye pass to all or to part of the points of the observed object.

unobstructed visibility- when the entire object of observation is in the field of view of each viewer. At limited visibility only part of the object of observation is in the field of view, and the rest is obscured by people sitting in front. Minimum limited visibility- when the visible part of the object is minimal, but it is possible to see this obscured part of the object when the viewer deviates to the side within 0.4 of the width of the place.

The conditions for unhindered visibility in the vertical plane are provided by such a mutual arrangement of the object of observation and the audience, in which the rays of sight from each viewer to all parts of the object pass over the heads of the people sitting in front. This is achieved in the following ways:

The location of the audience seats on a horizontal plane, and the object - at such a height at which the rays of vision from each viewer to all parts of the object pass over the heads of the people sitting in front;

By successively raising the rows for spectators in such a way that all the rays of vision to all parts of the object pass over the head of the people in front of them;

Raising the object of observation and places for spectators.

When constructing the location of seats for spectators in a vertical plane, to ensure unhindered visibility, the lowest point of the object of observation is selected, which is the most unfavorable for visibility. The rays of vision from it should pass over the head in front of the seated person. This point is called calculated point of view.

29 Anthropometry.ergonomics

Ergonomics- a branch of science that studies the movements of the human body during work, energy costs and labor productivity of a particular person. The results of ergonomic research are used in the organization of workplaces, as well as in industrial design.

Anthropometric requirements in ergonomics The shape and functional dimensions of the entire objective environment, its three-dimensional structures are inextricably linked with the dimensions and proportions of the human body throughout the history of civilization. With the advent of the metric system of measures, the dimensions of building elements, architectural details, and structures as a whole began to lose their living connection with the dimensions of a person. Le Corbusier used the Modulor proportioning system in practice. In modern practice, preference is given to the anthropometric characteristics of a person. Anthropometry- a system of measurements of the human body and its parts, morphological and functional features of the body. Anthropometric signs are divided into: 1.Classic are used in the study of body proportions, age structure, to compare the characteristics of different population groups.

2.Ergonomic are used in product design and labor organization. Ergonomic anthropometric features are divided into: static and dynamic. Static signs are determined with a constant position of a person. They include the dimensions of individual parts of the body, as well as overall dimensions, i.e. the largest, sizes in different positions and postures of a person. These dimensions are used when designing products, determining minimum passages, their values ​​​​for different genders and nationalities are different. Dynamic is the dimensions measured when moving the body in space. They are characterized by angular and linear movements (angles of rotation in the joints, the angle of rotation of the head, linear measurements of the length of the arm when it moves up, to the side, etc.). These signs are used in determining the angle of rotation of the handles, pedals, determining the visibility zone.30. What is emergency evacuation? The movement of people is one of those functional processes that are typical for buildings of any purpose. It is very important to consider this movement with a large number of people and in emergency situations (fire, earthquake). At the same time, human flows arise, the movement of which may be forced. This movement is called emergency evacuation.

For the movement of people in the premises, passages between the equipment are provided, and in the buildings - communication rooms, which occupy a relatively large area. Therefore, knowledge of the patterns of movement of human flows is necessary for the proper design of buildings.

31. The procedure for calculating human flows ....

The movement of human flows is a complex process, which is greatly influenced by the psychological state of the people participating in the movement. Movement can be normal and emergency, chaotic and streaming, coordinated (walking in step) and inconsistent, long and short, free and cramped. For design, normal, mass, in-line, inconsistent, constrained, long-term movement is of the greatest importance.

Moving in one direction, people form a human stream 5 wide and long l . The parameters of the flow and the path of movement are shown in fig. 12.8. The dimensions of people in the form of a projection of a person on a horizontal plane are shown in fig. 12.9. They depend on age, clothing, carried cargo. The number of people in the stream can be expressed as the sum of their horizontal projections on the floor surface, i.e.

32. The speed of movement of human flows ..

Travel speed human flow v depends on its density and the type of path (Fig. 12.10, 12.11). These dependences are obtained as a result of a large number of natural observations and their subsequent processing by methods of mathematical statistics. Average values ​​are shown. The lower the density, the greater the deviation from the average values. In the zone of high densities, deviations do not exceed ±10 m/min.

Rice. 12.10. The speed of movement along horizontal paths depending on the flow density for different traffic conditions:

1 – emergency; 2 – normal; 3 – comfortable

Rice. 12.11. The speed of movement of human flows depending on their density:

1 - openings; 2 – horizontal paths; 3 - stairs (descent); 4 - stairs (lift)

The ratio of the speed of people in emergency (or comfortable) conditions to the speed in normal conditions is called the coefficient of traffic conditions and is denoted by μ. For example, when driving along horizontal tracks and through openings in emergency conditions, μ = 1.36: 1.49. In comfortable conditions μ = 0.63 + 0.25D. When going down the stairs in emergency conditions, μ = 1.21, and in comfortable conditions - 0.76. When climbing stairs in emergency and in comfortable conditions, the value of μ is equal to 1.26 and 0.82, respectively. When driving under normal conditions, for any kind of movement paths, μ = 1. With the help of these coefficients, knowing the speed of movement of people under normal conditions, it is easy to obtain the speed values ​​for forced evacuation or comfortable movement.

The value relating the flux density D, the speed ν and the width of the path δ, is throughput Q , those. the number of people passing through the "section" of the path of width δ per unit time:

The product of the flow density and the speed of its movement is called intensity (or amount) of movement q:

33. Calculation of the design of human flows ...

All the regularities considered can be estimated by the time spent on overcoming the emerging obstacles, and with a sufficient degree of accuracy, the time of evacuation of people from the building can be calculated. Calculation and design of the ways of movement of human flows are carried out according to the calculated limit states. The first design limit state called such a state of the ways of movement, in which they cease to satisfy the operational requirements for them in terms of the time of movement, i.e. when the traffic paths cannot pass a specified number of people at a given time, for example, in the event of a forced evacuation of people:

Second Design Limit State is called such a state of the ways of movement, in which they cease to satisfy the operational requirements for them in terms of ease of movement, i.e. when such flow densities are created on the paths of movement D , which exceed the established limiting densities D np for this building according to the requirements of convenience and comfort of movement:

34. Accumulation and decompression of flows. Merging streams...

During the movement of the human flow across the border of adjacent sections, with a crowd of people, decompression flow. It consists in the fact that during the formation of a cluster in front of the boundary and at the boundary with density D max density in the next section after the boundary turns out to be significantly less than Dmax. The decompression of the flow is explained by the fact that in the range of densities determined for each type of path, one value of the traffic intensity ( q ) correspond to two density values ​​( D ) (Fig. 12.12, 12.13). The decompression of the flow occurs only in cases where the second section has a certain length. In apertures where the path length is small, flow deconsolidation does not appear.

merger human flows occurs in those places of the building where different paths of movement converge (Fig. 12.14). The confluence of human streams implies that either the head parts of the streams approach the confluence at the same time, or, which is much more common, the streams approach the confluence at different times. In this case, one stream, as it were, wedged into another. As a result, in the section along which the combined flow moves, the latter acquires different parameters. It seems to consist of several parts, going one after another and having different densities and speeds of movement. With further movement, the density and speed of movement of these parts are aligned and a flow with uniform parameters is formed. This process is called reformation human flow.

35. Functional diagram

For the correct location of the premises in the building, it is necessary to draw up functional, or technological, diagram.

It is a conditional representation of premises in the form of rectangles, their grouping and connections between them. Rectangles should have an approximate area corresponding to the purpose of the premises. Links are shown with arrows.

Rice. 12.1. Functional scheme of the library-reading room:

1 - vestibule; 2 – lobby; 3 - wardrobe; 4 - toilet; 5 - communications; 6 - administration; 7 - directories; 8 - reading room; 9 – book depository; 10 - lending books at home; 11 - conference hall; 12 – buffet

36. Foundation. Classification. Measures to protect against ground moisture.

Foundations serve to transfer loads from the own weight of the building, from people and equipment, from snow and wind to the ground. They are underground structures and are arranged under load-bearing walls and pillars. The soil is the basis for foundations. The base must be strong and slightly compressible when loaded. The upper layers of the soil, as a rule, are not strong enough. Therefore, the sole of the foundation is placed (laid) at a certain depth from the surface of the earth. The depth of the foundation is determined not only by the strength of the soil, but also by its composition and climatic features of the area. So, in clayey, loamy sandy soils and in fine sands, the depth of the foundation should be below the freezing depth of the soil. This depth is given in SNiP 29-99 "Construction climatology". in heated buildings

the depth of the foundation can be reduced depending on the thermal regime in the building (central or stove heating, calculated internal temperatures), since the heated building warms up the soil under it and the freezing depth decreases. The above types of soils are subject to heaving. Water accumulating under the base of the foundation freezes and increases in volume. This leads to uneven bulging of the soil and the appearance of cracks in the foundations and walls.

In buildings with a basement, the depth of the foundation depends on the height of the basement.

The sole of the foundation must have such an area that the load transferred to the soil does not exceed the stress allowed for this soil, which is usually 1–3 kg/cm2. Foundations are usually made of waterproof material (concrete blocks, monolithic reinforced concrete). In buildings of historical development, foundations were usually made of natural stone (buta) or rubble concrete. Brick was practically not used, with the exception of a very well-fired so-called engineering brick, which practically did not absorb water.

The main types of foundations are as follows: strip, columnar, pile and in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab for the entire building.

Tape foundations are divided into prefabricated and monolithic. Monolithic are made of masonry rubble stone.

They are labor-intensive to manufacture and are currently used for low-rise construction.

columnar foundations are used in the construction of low-rise buildings that transmit less than the normative pressure to the ground, or in the construction of frame buildings (Fig. 13.3). Column foundations can be monolithic or prefabricated.

pile foundations are used mainly for weak soils. According to the method of immersion in the ground, driven and stuffed piles are distinguished. Driven - pre-made reinforced concrete piles driven into the ground with the help of pile drivers.

The structures of foundations, basement walls and ceilings above the basement are called zero cycle structures. They require a waterproofing device. The choice of a constructive solution for waterproofing depends on the nature of the impact of ground moisture, which can be non-pressure (capillary moisture and water from rainfall and snow melt) and pressure (when the groundwater level is above the basement floor).

Between the wall of the foundation and the basement and the wall and the ceiling above the basement, horizontal waterproofing is arranged to protect the wall from moisture from capillary moisture. Currently, as a rule, pasted over vertical and horizontal waterproofing is made of rolled bituminous or synthetic materials. Coating with hot bitumen is allowed only at the GWL significantly below the basement floor. In this case, under the concrete basement floor slab, it is desirable to arrange a layer of coarse gravel covered with waxed paper, which prevents the rise of capillary moisture from the soil into the basement floor slab due to large voids between the gravel, interrupting the capillarity. The waxed paper prevents cement milk from penetrating into the gravel layer, which, when hardened, will create capillary suction.

The plinth part of the wall is protected by finishing plates that increase the durability of the plinth. To drain rainwater, a concrete pavement is arranged around the building, which is often covered with asphalt concrete. The blind area should be 0.7-1.3 m wide with a slope i = 0.03 from the building. It prevents the penetration of surface water to the base of the foundation, keeps the soil near the basement wall dry and serves as an element of external improvement (Fig. 13.6).

37. Walls. Location classification. By the nature of the perceived loads.

Walls are divided into load-bearing, self-supporting and non-bearing (mounted and infill walls). According to the location in the building, they can be external and internal. Load-bearing walls are commonly referred to as capital (regardless of their capitality, this word means the main, main, more massive). These walls rest on foundations. Self-supporting walls transfer the load to the foundations only from their own weight. Curtain walls carry the load from their own weight only within one floor. They transfer this load either to the transverse bearing walls or on interfloor floors. Internal non-load-bearing walls are usually partitions. They serve to divide large rooms within the floor, bounded by main walls, into smaller rooms. They, as a rule, do not rely on foundations, but are installed on ceilings. During the operation of the building, without violating its structural integrity, partitions can be removed or transferred to another location. Such adjustments are limited only by administrative provisions.

38. Overlaps.

Overlappings are horizontal load-bearing structures based on load-bearing walls or pillars and columns and perceiving the loads acting on them. The ceilings form horizontal diaphragms that divide the building into floors and serve as horizontal stiffening elements of the building. Depending on the position in the building, the floors are divided into interfloor, attic - between the upper floor and the attic, basement - between the first floor and the basement, lower - between the first floor and the underground.

In accordance with the impacts, various requirements are imposed on floor structures:

Static - ensuring strength and rigidity. Strength is the ability to withstand loads without breaking. Rigidity is characterized by the value of the relative deflection of the structure (the ratio of deflection to span). For residential buildings, it should be no more than 1/200;

Soundproof - for residential buildings; ceilings must provide sound insulation of the divided premises from airborne and impact noise (see section IV);

Thermal engineering - are applied to ceilings separating rooms with different temperature conditions. These requirements are set for attic floors, ceilings over basements and driveways;

Fire protection - are installed in accordance with the class of the building and dictate the choice of material and structures;

Special - water and gas tightness, bio- and chemical resistance, for example in sanitary facilities, chemical laboratories.

According to the constructive solution, the floors can be divided into beam and beamless, according to the material - into reinforced concrete slabs (prefabricated and monolithic) and floors with steel, reinforced concrete or wooden beams, according to the installation method - into prefabricated, monolithic and precast-monolithic.

Beamless (slab) floors are made of reinforced concrete slabs (panels) with various structural support schemes (Fig. 13.23–13.25). When supported on four or three sides, the plates work like plates and have deflections in two directions. Therefore, the supporting reinforcement is located in two mutually perpendicular directions. These plates are solid. Slabs supported on two sides have working reinforcement located along the span. To facilitate them, they are most often made multi-hollow (Fig. 13.26). In the case of slab support at corners and other atypical support schemes, slabs are reinforced in a certain way with increased reinforcement at the support points.

Roof protects premises and structures from atmospheric precipitation, as well as from heating by direct rays of the sun (solar radiation). It consists of a load-bearing part (rafters and lathing in buildings of traditional structures) and reinforced concrete roof slabs in industrial buildings, as well as an outer shell - roofing, directly exposed to the weather. The roof consists of a waterproof so-called waterproofing carpet and a base (battens, flooring). The material of the waterproofing carpet gives the name of the roof (tiled, metal, onduline, etc.), since such qualities of the roof as water resistance, fire resistance and weight depend on its properties. Roofs are sloped to drain rain and melt water. The steepness of the slopes depends on the material of the roof, its smoothness, the number of joints through which water can penetrate. The smoother the material, the fewer joints and the tighter they are, the flatter the roof slopes can be. Snow lying on the slopes during thaws is saturated in its lower layers with melt water, which flows through the leaks of the roofing material into the building. Therefore, in tiled and metal roofs, the slopes must be significant. However, with an increase in the slope of the roof, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe roof and the volume of the attic increase.

For lighting and ventilation of attics are made dormers, which should be located closer to the roof ridge and serve to extract air from the attic. For the inflow of ventilation air into the attic space, it is necessary to arrange bugs - openings or slots in the eaves of the roof.

40. Structural scheme

Foundations, walls, frame elements and floors are the main load-bearing elements of the building. They form the supporting frame of the building - a spatial system of vertical and horizontal load-bearing elements. The load-bearing frame carries all the loads on the building. In order for it to be stable when exposed to horizontal loads (wind, seismic, crane equipment in industrial buildings), it must have the necessary rigidity. This is achieved by arranging longitudinal and transverse walls - stiffening diaphragms, rigidly connected to the frame columns or with load-bearing longitudinal or transverse walls. Rigidity is also ensured by special ties and horizontal floor discs.

The carrier frame defines constructive scheme building.

Upper underground floor. (See: MGSN 5.01 01 2001. Parking cars.) Source: Dom: Construction terminology, M .: Buk press, 2006 ... Construction dictionary

Basement floor- floor when the floor level of the premises is lower than the planning level of the ground by more than half the height of the room. Source: SNiP 31 03 2001: Industrial buildings Basement floor when the floor level of the premises is below the planned ground level by more than ...

floor- 3.44 floor: Part of the house between the marks of the top of the ceiling or floor on the ground and the mark of the top of the ceiling located above it. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Underground floor- 2.2 Underground floor A floor with a floor mark of the premises below the planning mark of the ground for the entire height of the premises Source: SNiP 31 01 2003: Residential buildings Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Underground floor- 3.49. Underground floor: a floor, the floor level of the premises of which is located below the planning level of the ground for the entire height of the premises ... Source: SP 4.13130.2009. Set of rules. Fire protection systems. Limiting the spread of fire to ... ... Official terminology

Floor, or level (in some cases) (French for étage) the level of a building above (or below) ground level. Floor space, the volume of the building between the floor and the ceiling, where the premises are located. The floor of the next and the ceiling of the previous floor ... ... Wikipedia

Underground (basement) floor - a floor with a floor mark of the premises below the planning mark of the ground by more than half the height of the room. (See: MGSN 3.01 01. Residential buildings.) Source: Dom: Construction terminology, M .: Buk press, 2006 ... Construction dictionary

SNiP 31-01-2003: Residential multi-apartment buildings- Terminology SNiP 31 01 2003: Residential multi-apartment buildings: 3.12 Parking By title = Residential single-apartment houses Definitions of the term from different documents: Parking 3.13 Mezzanine A site in the volume of a double-height room, with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bno more than 40% ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

SP 54.13330.2011: Residential multi-apartment buildings- Terminology SP 54.13330.2011: Residential multi-apartment buildings: 3.19 Parking By title= Single-apartment residential houses Single-apartment residential houses Definitions of the term from different documents: Parking 3.20 Mezzanine A platform in the volume of a double-height ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

SP 4.13130.2009: Fire protection systems. Limiting the spread of fire at protected facilities. Requirements for space-planning and design solutions- Terminology SP 4.13130.2009: Fire protection systems. Limiting the spread of fire at protected facilities. Requirements for space-planning and design solutions: 3.1 open-type car park: Car park without external wall ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

It is quite difficult to unequivocally answer the question of what the height of the basement should be, since it depends on many factors. An example is the location of the basement. If it is created separately from the house, its height may be greater, since it does not depend on the height of the foundation. The purpose of the basement also affects. The height of the wine storage will be different from the height of the basement of a residential building or garage. It is worth noting that anything can be placed in the basement - from a greenhouse to a dwelling. At the same time, it is important to take into account the characteristics of the soil on the site, since the durability of the entire structure depends on this.

Subfloor Features

There are several options for building a basement building. They may differ in height and purpose. If the room is to be used for storing supplies and wines, it may just be a basement that differs from a full cellar in size. Its height is usually up to 170 cm.

The underground can store canned goods, wine and vegetables. It is worth remembering that it makes no sense to store products in a subfield whose temperature does not fall below +12 degrees, since the crop must be stored at a temperature approaching zero. It will not work to reduce it, since the space under the floor will heat up due to the heating of the room from above, and also because of the low height of the basement of a residential building.

General information about technical floors

Technical floors are equipped on the basis of a house project approved by professional builders. The size of the underground depends on the total number of floors of the house. It is worth noting that the technical floor can be located in the attic, in the basement or between residential floors.

In standard apartment buildings, the technical floor is located in the basement. It is worth noting that if the building has more than 16 floors, the technical floor should be located every 50 meters.

The following equipment is located on these floors:

• boilers;
• water pipes;
• building heating systems;
• sewer pipes;
• electrical equipment;
• ventilation equipment;
• air conditioners.

It should be borne in mind that the height of the technical floor depends on the height of the equipment to be installed. Since the equipment can make a lot of noise, the room should be soundproofed. Vibration-absorbing materials are used where necessary. This will keep the building intact and create comfortable conditions for residents in the house.

Features of the technical underground

The premises that are located under the house and are used only to accommodate communications are called the technical underground. The height of such rooms is usually about 1.8 m. But it should be borne in mind that the height of many boilers exceeds 2 meters, so it is important to foresee this in advance. In this case, you need to add about 30 cm to the height of the device.

If the basement is large, additional appliances are placed in it. An example is a washing machine. Sometimes homeowners install a shower in the basement. Also, when arranging a technical underground, it is necessary to take into account some recommendations:

1. Its height must be at least 1.6 m.
2. The underground must have a through passage with a width of at least 1.2 m for equipment maintenance and repair work.
3. It is important to create holes in the partitions of the underground compartments. They are essential for communication. In this case, it is important to take into account the diameter, taking into account the insulation.
4. Artificial lighting should be installed along the passage in the technical underground.
5. If the passage between the compartments of the underground passes over the pipes, wooden walkways must be made above them.
6. The technical underground must be equipped with a ladder with a door leading to the outside.
7. When creating metal structures, only moisture-resistant fittings should be used, since condensation can accumulate in the room.

When arranging the technical underground, it is important to install pipes and communications in such a way that, if necessary, repairs can be carried out without difficulty.

Underground ventilation system

To prevent condensation in the technical underground, fresh air must constantly enter the room. Ventilation openings are placed symmetrically on both sides.

Often, dry isolated chambers are made in technical undergrounds, in which ventilation equipment is installed. It is important to provide access to the equipment so that it can be repaired if necessary. In winter, it is worth keeping the temperature in the basement at least 5 degrees. It is worth noting that the humidity in the room should not exceed 70 percent. To eliminate heat loss in the room, it is worth strengthening the floors and walls.

If condensation appears after the installation of the technical underground, it is necessary to additionally waterproof the room and ventilate the room through doors and windows.

Vulnerabilities of technical subfields

Before equipping the technical underground, it is worth remembering that high humidity often remains in such rooms, due to which the metal fittings begin to rust. At high humidity, heat-insulating materials are also destroyed. It is worth noting that with insufficient drainage, the room may be flooded.

During the arrangement of the underground, it is important to pay attention to the following problems:

1. Ventilation failure. Because of this, the level of humidity in the room can rise significantly.
2. Destruction of heat-insulating and waterproofing materials on pipes. This can lead to rust on the metal.
3. Failed electrical wiring.
4. Clogged drainage system.

Often, during troubleshooting, homeowners have to increase the height of the basement. Sometimes additional equipment supports are installed to prevent problems. It is worth remembering that all work in the basement must be carried out according to a pre-prepared building plan.

Arrangement of a residential basement

Some site owners equip the basement as a living area or gym. If desired, the cellar can be equipped with an office or a living room with a wine cellar. When working on these rooms, it is worth remembering that they are subject to the same requirements as for floors located above ground level.

It is worth noting that due to the lack of windows in the basement, it is necessary to make lighting around the entire perimeter of the room. Often, homeowners install recessed lights on the basement ceiling. It is important to consider that the height of the basement, equipped as a living space, should be about 2.65 m. This is necessary to fix the fixtures and equip the ventilation system.

In some cases, it is not possible to increase the height by deepening into the ground. This is usually due to the fact that groundwater is located at a small distance from the soil surface.

Design

Before starting work on creating a house with a basement, you need to perform several actions that are mandatory. First, it is worth determining the type of soil and its bearing capacity. The choice of the type of structure installed on the site will depend on these data. Only after that you can start creating a basement project. If these works are neglected, the structure may begin to collapse in the first month of operation.

Important! When building a basement below ground level by more than 1.5 m, you may encounter such a problem as flooding the premises.

If the foundation of the house is located below the groundwater level, it is necessary to create effective system water drainage. It is best to create a system of artificial lowering of the groundwater level on the site.

Ways to create basements

Most often, the basement is created according to a pre-designed house project. It is worth noting that any house with a basement is created on strip base. Such a foundation is a reinforced concrete strip laid under each wall of the future structure.

There are several ways to create a basement:

1. Digging a pit. When choosing this option, the pit is created using specialized equipment.
2. Creation of concrete walls. For this, trenches are created along the perimeter of the building.
3. Creation of a basement in an already finished residential building.

Important! Before digging a pit, it should be borne in mind that its size around the entire perimeter should exceed the dimensions of the building by 0.5 m.

After creating the pit, its bottom is covered with a pillow of sand and gravel. At the next stage, a slab is laid on this material. After carrying out the described work, a waterproofing material is laid on the slab. Only after that the concrete layer is poured.

Various materials can be used to create walls. Concrete blocks or bricks are often used. The basement floor is usually reinforced concrete slab. When choosing this option, it is worth remembering that heavy construction equipment will be required to perform the described work.

If the basement is created by the second of these methods, trenches are created on the site. Their depth is usually from 1.5 to 2 meters. The width of such ditches should be approximately 0.6 m. At the first stage of creating walls, the trenches are filled with sand, which is then compacted. After that, the concrete is poured. At this stage, a wooden frame is created in which the reinforcement is installed.

At the next stage, the waterproofing of the created structure is carried out. at the bottom of the pit, a sand cushion is created between the walls, which is necessary to create a concrete base.

If the basement is being built in an already finished building, it is worth equipping the basement only under part of the building. In this case, the walls of the basement will not be connected to the walls of the building. At the same time, less money is spent on such a structure. To create a basement in one of the premises of an already finished building, along its perimeter, the soil is first excavated, after which asbestos-cement sheets are laid. They are subsequently covered with waterproofing materials. At the next stage, the reinforcing mesh is laid and it is poured with concrete mortar.

Basement wall calculation

In order to correctly calculate, several important factors must be taken into account. these include:

• depth of groundwater;
• the height of the future building;
• soil properties on the site;
• availability of communications.

Before carrying out work on creating a basement, the following calculations are made:

• calculation of the lateral load acting on the basement walls;
• the calculations required to select the reinforcement used to create the basement walls;
• calculation of pressure under the sole.

It is worth noting that such work must be trusted to professional builders so that after the construction the structure is reliable. Since the walls are subjected to lateral pressure, a shear force is generated that can lead to structural failure.

If the building is created by oneself, a professional builder should be hired for the calculation, since if the drawings are not drawn up correctly, the house may begin to collapse in the first year of use. That is why you should not save at this stage of creating a structure.

Basement waterproofing

Before waterproofing the basement, it must be remembered that all materials must be displayed in the building plan. This is necessary to determine the exact dimensions of the room.

Protecting basements from moisture can be done in different ways:

• horizontal;
• vertical;
• combined.

The latter method allows you to more reliably protect the basement from moisture penetration. Vertical waterproofing is used in areas with a high level of groundwater. When choosing this option, waterproofing is carried out along the base.

It is worth remembering that horizontal waterproofing is created in any case. It is needed to protect the basement from flooding. This can happen when the groundwater level rises after heavy rainfall.

Before creating a protective layer for the basement, it is worth considering several types of waterproofing for the walls of the room. Each of them has its own characteristics. Waterproofing can be:

• roll;
• penetrating;
• made with liquid rubber;
• membrane.

If the house is created on sandy or loose soil, to protect the basement, it is necessary to equip the perimeter around the building with a blind area. If this is not done, moisture can penetrate the walls of the basement and gradually destroy the structure.

To reliably protect the house from groundwater, it is worth creating a drainage system on the site. It must be done based on data on the height of groundwater and the amount of precipitation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the drainage system, you can try to partially fill the area with a hose. If the water stagnates, it is necessary to improve the drainage system. At the same time, it is important to ensure that moisture does not penetrate into the basement, but is immediately removed from the building.

Thermal insulation and ventilation

Before creating a basement, it is necessary to take into account the thickness of thermal insulation materials. It is worth remembering that their installation affects the height of the room. thermal insulation is necessary to prevent condensation in the basement, as well as heat loss in winter.

It should be noted that the thermal insulation of the walls is made only after waterproofing. For the insulation of basement walls, extruded polystyrene foam is most often used. When insulating the ceiling of a room, glass wool is usually used.

To create a ventilation system for the room, holes of about 14x14 cm in size are created in the walls. The exhaust hole is located under the ceiling of the room. The exhaust pipe is led to the roof of the building along with other ventilation ducts. The supply vent is created opposite the exhaust. In this case, the pipe is led to the base of the building.

Advice! Given that the hood is weak in the summer, it is worth equipping the hole with a fan.

If necessary, in addition to pipes, ventilation windows are mounted in the basement. When developing a basement project, it is necessary to determine the location of the ventilation ducts in advance so as not to make holes in the finished walls and ceiling.

Basement floor installation

When calculating the height of the basement, the height of the floors must be taken into account. There are 2 ways of the device: on the ground and on the logs. The choice of a particular option depends on the level of groundwater on the site and the purpose of the basement. In addition, it is worth considering the financial possibilities.

Before creating floors in the basement, it is necessary to clear the site of debris and level it. After that, the process of compacting the soil is carried out. Floors on the ground are divided into 2 types: adobe and concrete. When choosing the first option, crushed stone with clay is laid on the bottom of the pit, which is subsequently carefully compacted. Laying of these materials must be done in 2 layers. It is worth noting that each layer should have a thickness of about 10 cm.

When erecting concrete floors, it is necessary to take into account the features of such work. First, a concrete base is created on the ground, on which expanded clay is poured after hardening. After the work done, a cement screed is created.

The thickness of the concrete and insulation layer should be about 12 cm. After creating the floor, materials such as linoleum, tile, fiberboard and others can be used for finishing.

It is important to remember that when high level groundwater, it is necessary to use another material for floor insulation. This is due to the fact that it is waterproof. Instead of the specified material, polystyrene foam is often used, which is not afraid of moisture.

If the basement will be used as a living space, it is worth laying the floors along the logs. When choosing this option, after compacting the soil at the bottom of the pit, it is necessary to build fired brick columns on it, which will have a height of about 20 cm. This should be taken into account when designing the building in order to know the height of the basement in advance. When placing the lag, a waterproofing material is laid under them. Wooden blocks should be used to level the position of all products.

After laying the log, a wooden floor is created on them. It is worth remembering that the wood used must be pre-treated with protective compounds that prevent decay. To understand how high the basement should be in a particular building, it is necessary to carefully design the cellar, taking into account the factors described above.