CLASS HOUR “ECOLOGICAL LESSON. ECOLOGY AND ENERGY SAVING IN OUR LIFE»
Completed by: teacher of biology and geography
Kaimova N.V.
Purpose: to consider possible options for energy saving at school and at home; motivate schoolchildren to an energy-saving lifestyle
Introductory part. Update.
The modern period of human development is sometimes characterized through three: energy, economy, ecology. Energy in this series occupies a special place.
Energy plays an important role in the development of society. The growth of the world's population from 6.5 billion people at present to an estimated 8.7 billion by 2050 will be accompanied by an annual increase in energy demand by 1.7%.
Therefore, a very serious question has arisen before modern society: what kind of energy of the future will it be? Energy, based on the use of hydrocarbons, has largely exhausted itself. The reserves of hydrocarbons are constantly declining, and their use as an energy source worsens the ecological situation on the planet. Energy consumption is growing exponentially, fossil fuel reserves are also rapidly declining. It is urgent to find new, if possible, cheap, abundant (eternal), sufficiently powerful and environmentally friendly sources of energy.
Teacher: What resources give us energy?
Students: oil, coal, natural gas, water reserves, ore, uranium reserves, as well as alternative energy sources: sun, water, wind.
Question to the class (oral survey): Therefore, what types of energy (energetics) do you know?
Students: thermal (CHP), nuclear (NPP), water flow energy (HPP), electric, wind, tidal, solar.
III. Main part
In 2009, the federal law “On Energy Saving” was passed in Russia, this law is aimed at reducing energy consumption and at the same time maintaining comfortable living and working conditions. These measures are being taken not only in our country, but throughout the world, in some European countries they reduce taxes or pay cash subsidies to enterprises that monitor the efficient use of energy.
What is energy saving? Energy conservation is a series of measures that are aimed at the efficient use of fuel and energy resources and the involvement of renewable energy sources in economic activities.
Student 1:
Living only for yourself does not mean living!
Therefore, we must try
Consume energy wisely
not only great-grandchildren should get it.
Energy is everywhere on earth:
In reserves of oil, gas, timber,
In the mighty winds, in the coal
And in the sun, in the depths of the sea.
Topic: "ECOLOGY AND CULTURE - THE FUTURE OF RUSSIA".
Target: draw the attention of each student to the need to "live in peace with the world around."
Tasks:
Draw students' attention:
1. problems of human interaction with the environment (air, water, soil pollution, man-made forest fires, waste problems, energy and agricultural problems in Russia and the world, etc.) - problems of modern Russia;
2. that "nature - perfect world"(the harmony of nature, the balance of natural processes "it was, is and should always be!");
3. culture as a way of human interaction with nature - as a scenario for the future of Russia.
Technology: group work, gaming technology, project activity.
During the classes:
- Introduction (problem update - 3 min ):
We know that our Earth is just an infinitesimal particle of the Universe, but only on it, one of all the planets explored by man, there is life.Today we are more than 7 billion people, it is clear that we cannot develop without interfering with natural processes. We need natural resources more than ever, because every year the needs of mankind are only growing. Humanity can and must develop, but can it develop without paying attention to the world? As a result, the natural balance is disturbed, rivers die, the climate changes, plants and animals disappear. This disaster is called the ecological crisis.
Today, the speed of development "does not fit" into natural processes, there are problems of man with the environment. In 1992, in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), at the initiative of the United Nations, representatives of most countries (193 out of 210) of the world adopted« Rio Declaration on Environment and Development» .
Severn Suzuki, a 12-year-old girl, who in 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, appealed to representatives of more than 100 countries of the world with a call to start negotiating and really solving environmental problems for the sake of all the children of the planet and their future. This performance went down in history as the performance of a girl who silenced the world for five minutes (http://netopalto.ru/vystuplenie-severn-suzuki.html; video attached).
MOVIE
- Question (3 min.)
- What do you know about human problems with the environment?
- Discussion “What is the future of Russia” (9 min.)
Does it make sense for Russia to change its path of development?
After all, our country is the first in area, we are leaders in the reserves of many natural resources. They may last for decades to come.
And why should our country be responsible for all the countries of the world and spend money on solving environmental problems?
4 . The leading condition for humanity to overcome the ecological crisis and survive on Earth is the preservation of biological and cultural diversity on the planet. It was created over thousands of years, ensuring the evolution of life on Earth and the progressive development of mankind. Cultural and biological diversity go hand in hand. This understanding was born only in the last quarter of the 20th century and was reflected in a number of international agreements.
Losses from disappearing without a trace species and entire layers of culture are irreplaceable. It is no coincidence that the world is sounding the alarm: the UN Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, and the Convention on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage have been adopted. For the second time in a row, the UN is announcing the Second Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples. The Earth Charter was adopted - an agreement of the people of the planet on joint actions to preserve the cultural and natural heritage.
Student messages
FROM UN CONVENTIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE (1972).
General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, stating that cultural and natural heritage is increasingly threatened by destruction,pay attention to,that the damage or disappearance of any cultural or natural heritage constitutes a detrimental impoverishment of the heritage of all the peoples of the world, counting that the existing international conventions, recommendations and resolutions in favor of cultural and natural properties testify to the importance for all peoples of preserving unique and irreplaceable values, regardless of which people they belong to,pay attention tothat, in view of the scale and severity of the new dangers that threaten them, the entire international community should be involved in the protection of natural and cultural heritage
accepts this Convention.
Each state recognizes that the obligation to ensure the preservation, promotion and transmission to future generations of its cultural and natural heritage rests with itself.
FROM EARTH CHARTERS (2000).
(The idea for an Earth Charter dates back to 1987, when the International Commission on Environment and Development of the United Nations called for a new charter that would set out the fundamental principles of sustainable development. The text was created during a six-year worldwide debate (1994-2000). Final version of the text of the Earth Charter was adopted at the meeting of the Earth Charter Commission at UNESCO Headquarters in March 2000).
…Our world is becoming more interdependent and fragile… It is time for us to realize that with a huge variety of cultures and life forms, we are one family and one community with a common destiny. We must unite and create a sustainable society based on respect for nature, human rights and a culture of peace. …
Here are some of the principles of the Charter:
- Respect the Earth and life in all its diversity.
- Create a culture of tolerance, non-violence and peace.
- Realize that the world is one whole, which is based on respect for ourselves, other people, other cultures, other life, the Earth and for all the great unity of which we are a part.
- We have a choice - a universal partnership to support each other and ensure life on the planet, or the threat of disappearing along with all the diversity of life.
- To ensure mutual understanding and cooperation among all nations and peoples. Prevent violent conflict resolution, peacefully resolve environmental problems and other contentious issues.
In our country, the environmental problem is also acute. The peculiarity of the cultural wealth of Russia is in its multinationality, which is represented by the diversity of specific traditional cultures.
culture is a characteristic of human life.
Cultural diversity is also threatened with impoverishment - where people do not remember their history, forget their ancestors, are ashamed of their language, folk songs and dances, thoughtlessly bow to a different culture and do not honor their own.
Culture can be viewed as various achievements of mankind (painting, music, architecture, etc.), a way of interacting with the environment (various types of management in the historical process).
folklore – obligatory component environmental education and upbringing. It is based on mythological images, tales, legends and effectively complements the methods of scientific persuasion. For comparison:
from the point of view of science, “It is impossible, just for fun, to pick flowers in the steppe, because its flora is difficult to restore” - from the point of view of mythology “Do not pick flowers in the steppe, these are the eyes of your ancestors, with which they look at the sky”;
the scientific conclusion that “You can’t remake nature to please your whims” - and the image of the “Great Spirit of Nature’s Life, whose peace must not be disturbed, otherwise it will leave you”;
scientific evidence that “Man is not the king of the Earth, but only a part of its global ecological system” - and the non-random belief of our ancestors that “Even in his own house, a person is not an absolute master (in the house - a brownie, in the forest - a goblin , sacred animals, plants, springs), etc.
7. The future of Russia. There are at least two scenarios for the development of our country(discussion of options) - 2 minutes:
1. We do nothing, the problems keep getting worse, and we keep doing nothing.
2. We look for practical solutions and solve problems. This scenario suits us, but we must understand that existing and all emerging environmental problems are not easily solved.
Conclusion: the first scenario does not suit us; the second - suits, but we must remember that existing and all emerging environmental problems are not easily solved. We cannot solve these problems alone. They can only be solved together, but at least a small step towards solving environmental problems should be taken by each of us.
The idea of consolidation to solve environmental problems is relevant not only for our country. People of all countries and peoples came forward with an initiative to unite efforts to preserve life on Earth and created the EARTH CHARTER.
The Charter is a public document, a declaration, a statement, the result of a common agreement on the goals and principles of joint action.
- What can each of us do individually, and what can we do together. Discussion.
The class is divided into groups. Each group is given no more than 5 minutes to discuss.
Is it possible to use the "Earth Charter" as a set of ethical standards in order to change the attitude of Russian society to nature
What can we do to solve this problem.
Each group gives short answer:
Save water:
1. Close taps when you don't need water.
2. If you see a broken faucet or a broken pipe with flowing water, go to adults, tell them about it, ask them to fix it.
3. When possible, collect and use rainwater (for irrigation and household needs, but not for drinking!).
4. Showers use less water than bathtubs - better take a shower!
Reference: in many countries where drinking water is less, or it is more expensive than in Russia, people have learned how to save water very well. For example, in London 20 years ago they spent 350 liters, and now only 160! It's not because Londoners are washing less or washing dishes worse. They have learned to do it more economically. We can learn this too!
We save electricity, heat (and fuel!):
1. Tape window frames at home and at school during the cold season.
2. There should be springs on the doors leading to the street so that the doors close themselves and do not release heat.
3. If steam has come out of the ground and jets of hot water are beating, this is not a geyser, but an accident. Most likely, the pipes have burst: run and tell the adults.
4. Turn off the lights, TV, electrical appliances if no one is using them.
5. The less things we consume and produce garbage, the more energy we save - for the production and transportation of goods, their packaging, garbage collection. Do not throw away glass bottles, jars and used paper - recycle them.
Think, look around, maybe other "thrifty" ideas will come to your mind!
The output of the lesson will be the document “OUR ENVIRONMENTAL CHARTER” compiled by the class.
Her example is:
We, students of 10 "A", realizing that
It is important to preserve the diversity of plants and animals, regardless of their benefit to us, and their habitat;
To preserve our natural heritage, it is necessary to study the science and culture of our multinational Motherland;
It is important to take care of the culture of your people and appreciate other cultures, not to allow a disrespectful attitude towards them;
People of different nations must learn to act together in order to preserve the natural and cultural heritage countries,
decided to agree:
Show sincere interest in the ecological wisdom of your culture and the cultures of our multinational country, studying their myths, fairy tales, legends, because ...;
Take care of the holy natural places of different peoples of Russia (trees, springs, mountains, etc.), sacred animals and plants, because ...;
Peacefully resolve disputed issues among themselves, not leading to conflicts, not allowing offensive attacks against representatives of other nationalities, because ...
To study the ways of the sustainable way of life of our ancestors, scientifically explain them and use them in Everyday life to reduce their "ecological footprint" in nature, because ...;
Try to give old things a second life (…), because…
Don't buy extra plastic bags because...
Do not set fire to garbage, because ...
Save electricity by turning off unnecessary electrical appliances and de-energizing them, because ...
In the fight against insects, rodents, use not poisonous, but repellent substances, maintain cleanliness in your environment, because ...
It is pointless not to destroy the living, just for the sake of your pleasure or beyond the need for life, because ...
Save paper because...
Turn off the taps when we don't need water, because...
... (children complete their sentences).
Through these joint actions, we will contribute to the preservation of the wealth of the country for the sake of our common future.
9. Summary of the lesson (3 min.):
At the command of the teacher, all students close their eyes (It is important to warn you that you cannot ask questions during the assignment).
The teacher asks to bend the sheet twice and alternately tear off the corners.
Lesson summary: to achieve a common goal - we must equally understand what to do. It is necessary to develop general rules, such could be the Earth Charter.
You, man, loving nature,
Feel sorry for her sometimes
On fun trips
Do not trample its fields.
In the station hustle of the century
You hurry to evaluate it
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Gas pipeline secondary school
All-Russian environmental lesson
Completed:
biology and chemistry teachers
Lapkina T. S. and Lepenkina A. A.
With. Pochinki
2017
All-Russian environmental lesson
"Ecology starts with us"
Actual problems of ecology
Today, environmental problems are becoming not only the main ones in the implementation of the sustainable development of society, but also very acute for the very survival of man. And this is not surprising. Anthropogenic impact on the environment has reached an alarming level. Deforestation, destruction of the biosphere, assimilating solar energy, the barbaric exploitation of natural resources, harmful emissions and discharges, production and consumption waste violate the environmental and energy balance of our planet and lead to global climate change on Earth, which is becoming more and more noticeable every year. A person who called himself “Homo sapiens” (reasonable person) very often behaves far from being a reasonable person. Often the thirst for profit, the desire to satisfy one's needs at any cost prevail in the behavior and actions of a person. The main reason for this is the imperfection of the socio-economic structure of our society, where the idea of maximizing profits dominates.
The purpose of the lesson
acquaintance with the concepts of ecology, environmental problems, ways to solve them, the development of cognitive interest in environmental problems, creative and logical thinking, the ability to express one's point of view.
Ecology
Greek Oikos - home, dwelling, refuge, homeland
Logos - concept, doctrine, science
First defined by Ernest Haeckel in 1866
The science of the relationship of organisms with the environment.
Five main historical stages.
1. The period of pure biological study of the relationships of individual organisms with each other and with the environment.
2. 1920 - the term "ecology" is applied to the study of communities of organisms.
3.1950 - the terms “ecosystem” and “biogeocenosis” defining for ecology as a science were introduced.
4. 1970 - the object of close study is the global ecosystem - the biosphere.
5. Up to the present - the stage of recognizing the responsibility of society for the fate of the entire biosphere.
Examples of natural pollution
earthquakes
Volcanic activity
Forest fires
Biological self-pollution of water bodies (water bloom)
Soil erosion, soil salinization
Chemical ecology
It is necessary to know the chemical mechanisms of interaction between humans, the environment and individual ecosystems
Ecosystem - a set of different organisms living together, as well as physical and chemical components of the environment necessary for their existence or being products of their vital activity
Physical - pollution , which affect the physical characteristics of the OS: temperature, illumination, noise level, and others.
Chemical - pollution , which change the chemical composition of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.
Biological - pollution , which are characterized by the introduction of living organisms that are not desirable or not characteristic of this ecosystem.
Some types of pollution
Harmful emissions – dust, smoke, ash, soot, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, CO, CO 2 , FROM X H at and etc.
Wastewater some enterprises, livestock farms, domestic waste water containing inorganic, organic substances, microorganisms.
Pollution of the aquatic environment, soil oil products, mineral salts, heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu)
Distribute OS pollution by types depending on their nature:
heavy metal ions in drinking water; Loud noise;
Colorado beetle in the garden; Vibration;
An increase in the temperature of the water in the lake due to the discharge of warm water into it from the thermal power plant; Oil film on the surface of the sea;
Cornflowers and poppy in the grain field; Excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; Pesticides used in agriculture.
Divide the given examples into natural and anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution:
Carbon monoxide emitted by an internal combustion engine at idle. Fertilizers washed from the field into the reservoir;
Hydrogen sulfide, as a waste product of anaerobic bacteria;
Ash remaining after burning coal;
Methane coming out of cracks in the earth's crust;
Calcium chloride effluents from soda production;
SMS residues falling into the city sewer;
Sulfur dioxide released during a volcanic eruption.
Some ways to protect against pollution
Acid oxides of sulfur and nitrogen are neutralized by substances of the basic character Ca (OH) 2 , МgО, Na 2 SO 3
catalytic reduction
4NO +CH 4 =2N 2 + CO 2 + 2H 2 O
catalytic oxidation
2CO + O 2 =2 CO 2
2SO 2 + O 2 = 2SO 3
Acid rain formation
Compose the reaction equations for the interaction of sulfur oxides (SO 3 , SO 2 ) and nitrogen (NO 2 ) with water
The results of the impact of environmental pollutants on the atmosphere
Greenhouse effect
The problem of the greenhouse effect is especially relevant in our century, when we destroy forests to build another industrial plant, and many of us cannot imagine life without a car. We, like ostriches, hide our heads in the sand, not noticing the harm from our activities. Meanwhile, the greenhouse effect is intensifying and leading to global catastrophes. The phenomenon of the greenhouse effect has existed since the appearance of the atmosphere, although it was not so noticeable. Nevertheless, its study began long before the active use of cars and fuel combustion.
P 
arnica effect
- an increase in the temperature of the lower layers of the planet's atmosphere due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases. Its mechanism is as follows: the sun's rays penetrate the atmosphere, heat the surface of the planet. The thermal radiation that comes from the surface should return to space, but the lower atmosphere is too dense for them to penetrate. The reason for this is greenhouse gases. Heat rays linger in the atmosphere, increasing its temperature.
History of greenhouse effect research
For the first time they started talking about the phenomenon in 1827. Then Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier's article "Note on the Temperatures of the Globe and Other Planets" appeared, where he detailed his ideas about the mechanism of the greenhouse effect and the reasons for its appearance on Earth. In his research, Fourier relied not only on his own experiments, but also on the judgments of M. De Saussure. The latter conducted experiments with a glass vessel blackened from the inside, closed and placed under sunlight. The temperature inside the vessel was much higher than outside. This is due to such a factor: thermal radiation cannot pass through darkened glass, which means it remains inside the container. At the same time, sunlight boldly penetrates through the walls, since the outside of the vessel remains transparent.
Multiple Formulas
The total energy of solar radiation absorbed per unit time by a planet with radius R and spherical albedo A is: E = πR 2 ( E 0 over R 2 ) (1 - A), where E 0 is the solar constant, and r is the distance to the Sun. In accordance with the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the equilibrium thermal radiation L of a planet with radius R, that is, the area of the radiating surface 4πR 2 : L=4πR 2 σTE4, where TE is the effective temperature of the planet.
Causes
P 
The nature of the phenomenon is explained by the different transparency of the atmosphere for radiation from space and from the surface of the planet. The atmosphere of the planet is transparent to the sun's rays, like glass, and therefore they easily pass through it. And for thermal radiation, the lower layers of the atmosphere are "impenetrable", too dense to pass through. That is why part of the thermal radiation remains in the atmosphere, gradually descending to its lowest layers. At the same time, the amount of greenhouse gases condensing the atmosphere is growing. Back in school, we were taught that the main cause of the greenhouse effect is human activity. Evolution has led us to industry, we burn tons of coal, oil and gas, we get fuel, the roads are filled with cars. The consequence of this is the release of greenhouse gases and substances into the atmosphere. Among them are water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide. Why they are so named is understandable. The surface of the planet is heated by the sun's rays, but it necessarily "gives" some of the heat back. Thermal radiation that comes from the Earth's surface is called infrared. Greenhouse gases in the lower part of the atmosphere prevent heat rays from returning to space, delaying them. As a result, the average temperature of the planet is increasing, and this leads to dangerous consequences. Is there really nothing that can regulate the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? Of course it can. Oxygen does this job well. But here's the problem - the number of the planet's population is growing inexorably, which means that more and more oxygen is being absorbed. Our only salvation is vegetation, especially forests. They absorb excess carbon dioxide, emit much more oxygen than humans consume.
Greenhouse effect and Earth's climate
When we talk about the consequences of the greenhouse effect, we understand its impact on the Earth's climate. The first is global warming. Many equate the concepts of "greenhouse effect" and "global warming", but they are not equal, but interrelated: the first is the cause of the second. Global warming is directly related to the oceans. Here is an example of two causal relationships. The average temperature of the planet rises, the liquid begins to evaporate. This also applies to the World Ocean: some scientists are afraid that in a couple of hundred years it will begin to “dry up”. At the same time, due to high temperature glaciers and sea ice will begin to melt actively in the near future. This will lead to an inevitable rise in the level of the World Ocean. We are already seeing regular floods in coastal areas, but if the level of the World Ocean rises significantly, all nearby areas of land will be flooded, crops will die.
Impact on people's lives
Do not forget that the increase in the average temperature of the Earth will affect our lives. The consequences can be very serious. Many territories of our planet, already prone to drought, will become absolutely unviable, people will begin to migrate en masse to other regions. This will inevitably lead to socio-economic problems, to the beginning of the third and fourth world wars. Lack of food, destruction of crops - that's what awaits us in the next century. But is it necessary to wait? Or is it still possible to change something? Can humanity reduce the harm from the greenhouse effect? Marshy lands are able to prevent the greenhouse effect, the largest swamp in the world, Vasyugan. Read about other global environmental issues here. When oil is extracted, a lot of associated gas is burned, http://greenologia.ru/eko-problemy/proizvodstvo-neft/neftyanye-mestorozhdeniya-mira.html by clicking on the link, you will find out how much oil is produced all over the world.
Actions that can save the Earth
To date, all the harmful factors that lead to the accumulation of greenhouse gases are known, and we know what needs to be done to stop this. Do not think that one person will not change anything. Of course, only all of humanity can achieve an effect, but who knows - maybe a hundred more people are reading a similar article at that moment?
Forest conservation
Stop deforestation. Plants are our salvation! In addition, it is necessary not only to preserve existing forests, but also to actively plant new ones. Everyone should understand this problem. Photosynthesis is so powerful that it can provide us with a huge amount of oxygen. It will be enough for the normal life of people and the elimination of harmful gases from the atmosphere.
Use of electric vehicles
Refusal to use cars on fuel. Every car emits a huge amount of greenhouse gases every year, so why not opt for a healthy environment? Scientists are already offering us electric vehicles – environmentally friendly cars that do not use fuel. Minus the "fuel" car - another step towards the elimination of greenhouse gases. All over the world they are trying to accelerate this transition, but so far the current developments of such machines are far from perfect. Even in Japan where greatest use of such cars are not ready to completely switch to their use.
Alternative to hydrocarbon fuel
Invention alternative energy. Humanity does not stand still, so why are we "stuck" on the use of coal, oil and gas? The burning of these natural components leads to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, so it's time to switch to an environmentally friendly form of energy. We cannot completely abandon everything that emits harmful gases. But we can contribute to an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere. Not only a real man must plant a tree - every person must do this! What is the most important thing in solving any problem? Don't close your eyes to her. We may not notice the harm from the greenhouse effect, but future generations will definitely notice. We can stop burning coal and oil, preserve the natural vegetation of the planet, abandon the conventional car in favor of an environmentally friendly one - and all for what? In order for our Earth to exist after us.
Ozone holes
AT 
We all know that our planet is enveloped in a rather dense ozone layer, located at an altitude of 12-50 km above the earth's surface. This air gap is reliable protection all living things from dangerous ultraviolet radiation and avoids the harmful effects of solar radiation.
It was thanks to the ozone layer that microorganisms once managed to get out of the oceans onto land and contributed to the emergence of highly developed forms of life. However, since the beginning of the 20th century, the ozone layer began to break down, as a result of which ozone holes began to appear in some places in the stratosphere.
What are ozone holes?
Contrary to popular belief that the ozone hole is a hole in the sky, in fact it is a site of a significant decrease in ozone levels in the stratosphere. In such places, it is easier for ultraviolet rays to penetrate to the surface of the planet and exert their destructive effect on everything living on it.
Unlike places with a normal concentration of ozone in holes, the content of the "blue" substance is only about 30%.
Where are the ozone holes located?
The first large ozone hole was discovered over Antarctica in 1985. Its diameter was about 1000 km, and it appeared every year in August, and disappeared by the beginning of winter. Then the researchers determined that the concentration of ozone over the mainland was reduced by 50%, and its largest decrease was recorded at altitudes from 14 to 19 km.
Subsequently, another large hole (smaller) was discovered over the Arctic, now hundreds of such phenomena are known to scientists, although the largest one is still the one that occurs over Antarctica.
How are ozone holes formed?
P 
Since long polar nights are observed at the poles, in these places there is a sharp decrease in temperature and the formation of stratospheric clouds containing ice crystals. As a result, molecular chlorine accumulates in the air, the internal bonds of which are broken with the onset of spring and the appearance of solar radiation.
The chain of chemical processes that occur when chlorine atoms rush into the atmosphere leads to the destruction of ozone and the formation of ozone holes. When in full force, air masses are sent to the poles with a new portion of ozone, due to which the hole is tightened.
Why do ozone holes appear?
There are many reasons for the appearance of ozone holes, but the most important of them is human pollution. In addition to chlorine atoms, ozone molecules destroy hydrogen, oxygen, bromine and other combustion products that enter the atmosphere due to emissions from factories, plants, flue gas thermal power plants.
Nuclear tests have no less effect on the ozone layer: explosions release a huge amount of energy and form nitrogen oxides, which react with ozone and destroy its molecules. It is estimated that from 1952 to 1971 alone, about 3 million tons of this substance entered the atmosphere during nuclear explosions.
The emergence of ozone holes is also facilitated by jet aircraft, in the engines of which nitrogen oxides are also formed. The higher the power of a turbojet engine, the higher the temperature in its combustion chambers and the more nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere. According to studies, the annual volume of nitrogen emitted into the air is 1 million tons, of which a third comes from aircraft. Another reason for the destruction of the ozone layer is mineral fertilizers, which, when applied to the ground, react with soil bacteria. In this case, nitrous oxide enters the atmosphere, from which oxides are formed.
What consequences for mankind can lead to ozone holes?
Due to the weakening of the ozone layer, the flow of solar radiation increases, which in turn can lead to the death of plants and animals. The effect of ozone holes on a person is expressed primarily in an increase in the number of skin cancers. Scientists have calculated that if the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere falls by at least 1%, then the number of cancer patients will increase by about 7,000 people a year.
That is why environmentalists are now sounding the alarm and trying to do everything necessary measures to protect the ozone layer, and designers are developing environmentally friendly mechanisms (aircraft, rocket systems, ground vehicles) that emit less nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
Ozone screen
H 
atmospheric zone located at an altitude of 10 - 50 kmwith the maximum amount of ozone. It owes its existence to the activity of photosynthetic plants (the release of oxygen O 2
) and the action of ultraviolet rays on oxygen:
3O 2 +285kJ=2O 3 .
A layer of the atmosphere characterized by a high concentration of ozone and absorbing ultraviolet radiation fatal to organisms. The highest density of the ozonosphere at an altitude of 20-25 km.
Demonstration of the experience "Volcanic eruption».
Aerosol effect
An aerosol is solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere that are larger than molecular particles.
Aerosols are distinguished from cloud and raindrops mainly by chemical composition. Whereas cloud and raindrops are almost entirely water, aerosols contain significant amounts of other materials. Aerosols also differ from cloud and raindrops in size and concentration. In English terminology, aerosols are often called Particulate Matter (PM) to emphasize that their main property is the substance content.
There are various types of atmospheric aerosol.
Aerosol particles contain inorganic and organic components, and can also be solutions. The largest part of the liquid aerosol, as a rule, is water. It serves as a solvent for soluble substances. Together they form a solution. Solutes may decay, or remain in their base form. Substances decomposed in solution form positive and negative ions.
Atmospheric aerosol has big influence on the climate.
Solving environmental problems
In the Pochinkovsky district, drinking water contains soluble salts of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions - sulfates and carbonates, which cause its hardness. Daily use of such water can lead to a number of diseases of the digestive tract. Which of the following substances can be used to reduce the hardness of Pochinkovo water:
potassium carbonate;
salt;
sodium phosphate.
Give a justified answer by giving the equations of the corresponding reactions.
The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere becomes dangerous pollution - leads to the greenhouse effect.
How much CO 2 gets into the atmosphere when burning 100 g of polyethylene (100 pieces of used bags)?
The composition of the alarm pheromone in ants - woodworms includes a hydrocarbon. What is the structure of a hydrocarbon if pentane and pentene are formed during its cracking, and 10 moles of carbon dioxide are formed during its combustion.
Acid rain is the result of human activity. When burning various fuels (gasoline, kerosene, oil, coal), a huge amount of sulfur dioxide SO is released into the atmosphere. 2 and nitrogen dioxide NO 2 . Interacting with atmospheric oxygen and atmospheric moisture, these oxides are converted into sulfuric and nitric acids. Determine the pH value of natural waters, which are obtained from gas emissions from a chemical plant containing 10 kg of nitrogen dioxide and 20 kg of sulfur dioxide. The volume of water in which the obtained nitric and sulfuric acids will be dissolved, take equal to 10,000 m 3 .
A broken thermometer containing 20.5 g (Hg) was thrown into the pond. Four months passed, and due to complex biochemical processes, about 5% of this dangerous metal passed into the water in the form of mercury salts. Is pond water dangerous if its volume in the pond is 80 m 3 , a sanitary norms provide for the content of mercury ions not more than 0.01 g/m 3 .
The content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of the Zhiguli car (idling mode) should not exceed
4.5% by volume. Does the engine operating mode correspond to the specified norm, if, when passing 25 liters of exhaust gases (CO content by volume 2
> 2 times more than CO) after 180.5 ml of 18% NaOH solution (density 1.197 g/cm) was the solution completely saturated?
The thermal power plant consumes 320 tons of coal per day. The average sulfur content in coal is 0.5%. Determine the maximum possible mass of sulfuric acid that can fall with rain as a result of the daily operation of this thermal power plant.
How to dispose of sulfur dioxide?
Juniper is able, like no other, to purify the air of harmful microbes. A well-known fact: a hectare of juniper plantations emits up to 30 kg of phytoncides per day! This is enough to clear the air of pathogens in a city with a population of 100,000 inhabitants. How many juniper bushes should grow around our school?
In one sunny day, a hectare of forest releases 201 kg of oxygen. How many kilograms of oxygen are emitted by 44,400 hectares of forests in the Pochinkovsky district? How many people will be provided with this oxygen for breathing?
C 2 H 4 +3O 2 =2CO 2 +2H 2 O
12CO 2
+ 11H 2
O = C 12
H 22
O 11
+ 12O 2
How much CO 2
digested green leaves of sugar beet to obtain 100 g of sucrose (C12H22O11), from which 10 candies can be made (one candy contains about 10 g of sugar)?
One small bat eats 500 mosquitoes per night. How many mosquitoes will a colony of 250 bats eat per night?
If a plant absorbs carbon dioxide with a volume of 662 liters (at N.C.) exhaled by one person per day, then how much oxygen will it release during photosynthesis.
MPC for lead in drinking water - 0.03 mg/dm 3 ; average daily water consumption is 2.5-3 dm 3 ; MPC of lead in the air - 0.003 mg/m 3 ; on average, in one minute, 10 dm passes through the lungs of a person 3 air.
Calculate how many kilograms of carbon dioxide are emitted into the atmosphere by a car, with a run of 1000 km, if it is known that for every 5 km it emits 1.08 kg of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
From the following substances, indicate the required composition of air:
Heh, SO, Oh 2 , NO 2 , Kr, SO 3 , SO 2 , Ar, H 2 Oh, no, n 2 , R 2 O 5 , Ne, SO 2 , O 3
Classification of chemical elements in living organisms
By content % mass
O-62
S-21
H-10
N-3
Sa - 2
R-1
K, S, CI, Na, Mg - 0.23-0.027
The state of health of the population of the Pochinkovsky district from 1998 - 2016.
The population of the Pochinkovsky district as of January 1, 2016 is 28,823 people.
The number of patients under dispensary observation in the narcological room of the GBUZ IO "Pochinkovskaya CRH" from 2002 to 2015
Very high incidence from 301 to 560 per 100 thousand people
Composition of household waste in Russia
Where is all this stored?
1,000,000 hectares of land in Russia are occupied by landfills.
What to do with waste?
An integrated approach to waste management.
The second life of waste
One of the important factors that obliges everyone to make even the slightest contribution to the disposal of waste paper is concern for the cleanliness of the environment. With each booklet or book handed over, the amount of garbage in landfills is reduced (and a significant part of the garbage is paper products)
Another factor is the protection of atmospheric air.
Humans are 2/3 oxygen.
It consumes 500 liters of oxygen per day, which is 12 kg, and food
1.5-2kg, water-2kg.
Now oxygen on Earth is 21%, if 20% remains, it is deadly for humans.
Oxygen Consumption:
A car"Zhiguli" with a run of 1000 km spends the annual rate for 1 person;
When burning 1 ton of coal, the annual rate for 10 people is consumed;
A jet aircraft absorbs 75 thousand tons of oxygen in 8 hours of operation, the restoration of which requires 50 thousand hectares of forest.
Air pollution:
Gases - mining industry;
Smogi - gas and mechanical pollution.
Practical part
Sociological survey.
We conducted a survey among students on the topic: "What do you know about the recycling of paper raw materials?"
The purpose of the survey: identifying students' awareness of the use of recycled paper raw materials (waste paper).
The students were asked to answer the following questions:
1. As you know, paper is obtained from wood, the stock of which is becoming less and less every year, and the need for paper is increasing. What solution can you suggest for this problem?
2. Do you know what waste paper is used for?
3. Do you consider it necessary to participate in the collection of waste paper?
Analysis of a sociological survey.
138 people took part in the survey
As a result of the survey, it turned out that 95.5% of students know how to save wood reserves.
The solution to this problem was the following:
50% of respondents suggested collecting waste paper;
32% - suggested using a different method of obtaining paper without affecting natural resources (synthetic paper obtained by artificial means);
13.5% - proposed to increase the amount of trees for planting,
12% - more intensive use of electronic media,
4.5% do not know how to solve the problem of forest conservation.
About the recycling of paper raw materials:
knows - 91% of students
does not know - 9% of students
But despite this:
87% believe that waste paper collection is necessary;
13% do not consider it necessary to participate in the collection and delivery of waste paper;
As a result of the survey, it turned out that most students are familiar with the concept of "waste paper", have heard about products made from waste paper and agree to participate in promotions. This means that we will continue to have conversations about ways to conserve forest resources.
2.2 Study of the amount of paper recycled by an average Russian family.
Tasks were set:
1) Investigate how much paper a Russian family throws into the trash during one day, one week, one month, one year?
Task for families participating in the experiment
Families were instructed not to throw unnecessary paper into the trash can, but to collect it in a cardboard box.
Every week it was necessary to weigh the collected waste paper.
Report weighing results.
The experiment involved 4 families:
During the week(kg)
For 1 month
(kg)
For 1 year
(kg)
Pavlikovs
0,6
180
Shmakovs
0,5
18,9
226,8
Canterinas
0,4
8,3
99,6
Malkins
0,7
19,1
229,2
Average data
0,55
15,3
183,6
Conclusions.
The results of the experiment showed that an average Russian family of 4 people throws 0.55 kg of paper into the bin per day, 4 kg of paper per week, 15.3 kg of paper per month, and 183.6 kg per year.
If 60 kg of paper collected as waste paper allows you to save 1 tree, then 1 family in 4 months can collect right amount paper and thus save 1 tree. If we take all the families of our school, we get a whole forest, and this is in 4 months.
2.3 Making paper at home.
Having studied various sources, we tried one of the methods of making paper at home. Using old newspapers and scribbled notebook sheets, we managed to get paper.
Algorithm for making homemade paper
1. Chop (tear) old paper into small pieces, put in a bucket and pour hot water. Leave the paper to swell for 12 hours.
2. Break up the paper into pieces in a blender, add 2 tablespoons of starch for strength.
3 Cover the tray with gauze and spread the resulting mass on it in a thin layer. Remove excess water with a sponge.
4. Lay the workpiece with gauze on the fabric, cover with another piece of fabric, wring out with a rolling pin and let dry.
5. Iron the resulting strips with an iron. Paper is ready!!!
After receiving a sheet of paper and examining it, we came to the conclusion that “man-made” paper does not look like machine-made paper, and from the point of view of technical standards it is worse: uneven in thickness, usually less smooth, sometimes too fragile - such paper is by no means always good for printing. But hand-made paper has one indisputable advantage that makes you forget all its shortcomings - absolute exclusivity. Paper masters have long noticed one regularity: even if the same materials are used when casting two sheets and the manufacturing technology remains unchanged, they will still differ at least a little, but they will differ from each other. The surprise effect is what paper craftsmen value most; perhaps it is he who transforms papermaking from a craft into an art.
And the possibilities that it provides for experiments are truly enormous. By changing the texture of the paper pulp, the thickness of the finished sheet, its color, adding the most unimaginable fillers, you can get different grades of paper. self made. Use it for further creativity - for example, for making cards or scrapbooking, for notes and drawings. Making paper at home is great for family collaboration.
Conclusion
Summing up our research, we can say with confidence that recycling one ton of waste paper saves 10 trees, saves 20,000 liters of water and 1,000 kW of electricity. Thus, the hypothesis put forward by us was confirmed. Waste paper collection is indeed a huge contribution to saving the forest wealth of our planet. We believe that much more attention should be paid to this problem by our government. It is necessary to carry out explanations in schools and enterprises of the city about the importance of collecting waste paper, to increase the number of collection points and, of course, it is necessary to carry out large-scale campaigns for the collection of waste paper, widely covering them in the media.
It is worth considering that:
1. 100 kilograms of waste paper is one saved tree;
2. About a quarter of all garbage on the planet is paper waste and paper products.
3. The average Russian needs 25 kilograms of paper per year, respectively, one family, if desired, can save 1 tree per year;
4. The area of forests on our planet is constantly decreasing, therefore, the shortage of trees will become global problem soon
They gave a second life to paper by making it at home.
Produced an environmental poster "Hand over waste paper - save wood" and an information booklet " Interesting Facts about paper.
We are for the careful use of paper and waste paper recycling. We hope that in the near future paper will be produced without the use of wood.
Even a small contribution is very valuable for a big and important cause.
Hand over waste paper - save the life of a tree!
P 
Application
View video
"Ecology starts with us"
The relevance of environmental problems
"Greenhouse effect"
Bezborodova Ekaterina
"Acid Rain"
Agafonov Nikita
"Aerosol Effect"
"Ozone holes and the ozone screen"
Balashov Nikita
Experience "Volcano"
"Calculation of the amounts of lead entering the human body with water and air"
Tsebulaev Igor
Attention! The site administration site is not responsible for the content methodological developments, as well as for compliance with the development of the Federal State Educational Standard.
Lesson topic: "Ecology and energy saving"
As part of the All-Russian Energy Saving Festival #TogetherBrighter (slide 1)
The purpose of the lesson: To identify the energy resources that exist on Earth and think about how to use them carefully?
Lesson objectives:
- Familiarize yourself with the types of energy resources.
- Make a poster about the careful use of energy resources. (slide 2)
During the classes
- Organizing time.
- Introductory speech of the teacher: The relevance of our lesson is that the extraction of a huge amount of natural resources leads to the depletion of the Earth. Since the population on our planet is growing, even more energy resources are needed. (slide 3)
- Let's get acquainted with the types of energy resources. (slide 4)
- Let's think about how to solve the problem?: Switching to alternative energy sources. (slide 5)
- Alternative energy sources. Solar energy(use solar panels on the spaceships, on road lighting poles. (slide 7)
- Wind energy: The reserves of wind energy are more than a hundred times greater than the reserves of hydropower of all the rivers of the planet. (slide 8)
- Energy of the Earth: Since ancient times, people have known about the elemental manifestations of gigantic energy lurking in the bowels of the globe. (slide 9)
- Energy of the World Ocean: It is known that the energy reserves in the World Ocean are colossal (tidal energy). (slide 10)
- In addition to the use of alternative energy sources, it is necessary to take care of the types of energy that we use now. Are you able to use energy resources economically?
- Take a test that will show your attitude to energy resources.
After answering all the questions of the test, count all “Yes”. For each "Yes" you get 1 point.
Since classes at school are within the framework of different subjects (ecology, geography, natural history, the world around), the majority of students gain from 8 to 11 points. - The teacher concludes that the children have sufficient knowledge of energy conservation.
But we have 2nd grade students visiting us, let's share our knowledge with them. - 7th grade students started to prepare a poster on energy saving before the lesson. The globe was placed in the center of the poster, around it were the palms of adults and children, on the palms of adults the name of energy resources, which symbolically means that natural resources are in our hands.
- Grade 7 students have cards on which they write their advice on energy saving and attach it to a poster. They give this poster to kids so that they learn to save energy resources.
- Primary school students also prepared for this lesson and designed an exhibition of drawings on energy saving.
- Lesson summary:
- The children learned that natural resources can be replaced with alternative energy sources.
- The teacher made sure that the guys know how to save energy resources.
- At the lesson, students in grade 7 shared their knowledge with students in grade 2 (by completing an energy saving poster for them)
- Homework: Search the Internet for interesting cartoons on energy saving, continue working with children from kindergarten, showing them cartoons and introducing them to an exhibition of drawings on energy saving.
September 3, 2018 Thematic environmental lessons were held at our school to teach students the skills of separate waste collection. The purpose of the lessons at school was to teach children civilized waste management and conscious behavior in nature, as well as to explain why it is necessary to sort garbage and what methods of processing solid waste are used in the world. Within its framework, the following activities were carried out:
- In 1 "A" there was a "Lesson of cleanliness". At the lesson, the children were told that our beautiful planet needs protection. The slides of the presentation show photos with the consequences of human activity on earth. After that, the guys were asked to draw a poster on the theme "Separate garbage". There were 25 people present. Organizer - class teacher Lysenko Alla Alekseevna
- In class 1 "B" the lesson was called "Let's clean the planet from garbage." The children learned why garbage needs to be sorted, how many years paper, glass, and plastic decompose. What is made from recycled materials. The lesson was held using the drawings of the children themselves. There were 26 people present. The organizer of the event is the class teacher Vasilyeva Lyudmila Vladimirovna.
- In the 2nd "A" class, a lesson "Let's save our planet" was held. The guys realized that our planet is in danger. We watched a video about the role of the forest in human life, got acquainted with the environmental problems that have arisen through the fault of man. During the conversation, instructions were given on the correct separate collection of garbage, behavior in nature, and conclusions were drawn. There were 31 students present. The organizer is the class teacher Zaytseva Tatyana Anatolyevna.
- In the 3rd "A" class, the lesson was called "Separate garbage collection in the family." The children learned how much garbage is generated in the family every day, every month, every year, where it goes and how to reduce the amount of garbage. At the end of the event, relevant conclusions were drawn on the topic. Organizer - class teacher Bazarova Svetlana Ivanovna. There were 25 students present.
- In 3 "B" the lesson "The Earth asks for protection from people" was held. After watching the presentation, the children, together with the teacher, discussed the need to treat nature with care. There were 24 children present. Organizer - class teacher Podoprosvetova Olga Nikolaevna.
- At 3 "B" the lesson "Share with us" was held. First, the children learned how and why to sort garbage. Then we practiced. There were 20 people present.
- In 4 "A" and 4 "B" classes, a lesson "Separate waste collection in the family" was held. In classes of 29 people. At the lesson, the children were presented with information about the ecological state of the Earth, the slides show the factors that negatively affect the ecological situation of nature. At the lesson, the guys shared their opinion about what possible help they can provide in order to preserve nature for future generations. Organizers - class teachers Matskevich Elena Viktorovna and Kopylova Galina Nikolaevna.
- In 5 "A" the ecological game "Mysteries of the wise owl" was held. At the lesson, the children made a journey into the world of nature. Learned the role played by man in the protection of nature. They actively talked, answered many questions, determined the connection between man and nature. The lesson was attended by parents from the class and 28 children. Organizer - class teacher Prokhorova Irina Anatolyevna.
In 5 "B" the lesson "Be a friend to nature" was held. During the lesson, the teacher together with the students discussed environmental problems: air pollution, water pollution, forests. They made a conclusion about the human impact on the state of the environment and the possibility of changing this problem for the better. There were 29 students present. Organizer - Pokrovskaya Evgenia Alexandrovna.
In 6 "A" lesson "Recycling of municipal solid waste." The students learned why it is necessary to collect garbage separately, how plastic and glass are recycled. There are 23 people in the class. Organizer - class teacher Ibulaeva Anna Leonidovna.
In 6 "B" at the lesson "How can we protect nature" the children were presented with information about the ecological state of the Earth, the slides show photos with the consequences of human activities on earth. The guys came to the conclusion that we have a lot in our hands. And now they too can help improve the state of the environment. There are 24 people in the class. Organizer - class teacher Uvarova Evgenia Nikolaevna.
In the 7th "A" class, a quiz game "Separate waste collection" was held. The guys answered the questions why, why and how we should help nature, as well as competed in the speed and correctness of sorting household waste. There are 20 people in the class. Organizer - class teacher Batekina Nadezhda Igorevna.
In the 7th "B" class there was a lesson "Waste of life as a global environmental problem." The teacher and students discussed environmental problems: pollution of air, water, soil by products of human life. They discussed the consequences of technological progress, the emergence of many new non-natural composite materials, the destructive impact of many human inventions on the health of the planet.The guys shared their opinion about what possible help they can provide in order to preserve nature for the next generations.There are 27 people in the class.The organizer is the class teacher Pushilina Tatyana Alexandrovna.
- In the 8th "A" class, the topic of the lesson: "Waste as a global environmental problem." The children received information on the rules for separate waste collection and the upcoming action to collect unnecessary electrical equipment. We discussed the ecological situation in our region. We came to the conclusion about the need for such training seminars and educational work in this direction. There are 28 people in the class. Organizer - class teacher Karzhavina Tatyana Vladimirovna.
- In the 8th "B" class at the lesson "Save our planet" the conversation was about the need to reconsider our attitude to nature, to the Earth. Our home must be protected, and from childhood we must be aware of our responsibility for the health of the planet. There are 27 students in the class. Organizer - class teacher Ratnikova Olga Evgenievna.
- In 9 "A" the ecological quiz "Ecology and we" was held. At the lesson, the children deepened their ecological knowledge. They competed in the knowledge of the laws of nature. After the quiz, the children and the class teacher discussed the rules for separate waste collection and the upcoming action to collect used electrical equipment and batteries. The guys realized that big things start small and with themselves.
- At 9 "B" the lesson "Clean future in a clean present" was held. During the lesson, students got acquainted with some basic laws of nature. During the lesson, the teacher posed a problem situation, with the solution of which the children successfully coped. The teacher gave many life examples and environmental situations in which the children were able to successfully understand. There are 19 students in the class. Organizer - class teacher Surkova Irina Nikolaevna.
- In the 9th "B" class, the topic of the lesson is "Income from waste." The lesson was in the form of a conversation. Questions were raised about exhaustible natural resources and the need for economical treatment of them. This form made it possible to intensify the cognitive activity of pupils, to direct efforts to find solutions to global and local problems of protecting and preserving resources and nature in general, to highlight positive moral values. There were 23 students present. The organizer is the class teacher, the head teacher for the UVR Stupina Natalia Ivanovna.
- In 10th grade, the lesson was called "Collect recyclable waste - save resources." The conversation was not only about the need to separately collect plastic and glass, but also used electrical equipment and batteries. The guys realized that only joint efforts to fight for the cleanliness of the planet can give a positive result. There are 21 people in the class. Organizer - class teacher Merkulova Natalya Nikolaevna.
- In the 11th grade, a lesson-conference "Let's keep the Earth clean" was held. This topic is not new for the guys, since in May last year they took part in the “Let's do it together” campaign and almost all of them conducted lessons in primary school about separate waste collection. The guys discussed the need to change the ecological consciousness of people, while we can save the planet for posterity. There are 26 people in the class. Organizer - class teacher Andreeva Irina Yurievna.
