In different eras, architectural forms corresponded to their own artistic design techniques, which changed with a change in the level of development of technical means and aesthetic ideas, i.e. value relationship between nature and human activity.
Architecture and construction - the art of erecting buildings and structures designed for the convenience and benefit of man - have a valuable historical heritage from the classical forms of Ancient Greece to modern compositions (buildings) and architectural transformations(changing volumes of structures), interior.
Throughout the world, in many buildings and structures, classical architectural forms have acquired a clear artistic system of combining architectural and structural solutions, harmony and proportion of the building, its details, interior functionality ( interior view) and aesthetics of the exterior (external view) of a building or ensemble (a group of buildings). Also in antique period Greece developed three such classical combinations: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. These combinations are called "order". The main structural scheme of all orders is a post-beam structure, which includes posts (columns) and beams (architrave) resting on them. In the artistic interpretation of the constructive scheme, the distinctive features of the orders are manifested. The lower load-bearing part - the stylobate - serves as the foundation of the building, in particular, the foot of the columns. The next bearing part of the order - the column - is one of the defining artistic elements. The columns hold the upper horizontal part of the order - the entablature. Each of these parts consists of smaller elements, the decorative richness of which grows from bottom to top.
The column is composed of three main parts. The lowest one - the base - is a support pad that transfers the load to the stylobate. Fust grows from the base - the trunk of the column, which thins upward along the curved curve. This thinning is called entasis. Capital - a detail crowning a column and perceiving the load of the entablature. The entablature also has a ternary construction: architrave, frieze, cornice.
It is possible to appreciate the richness of the decor of the orders only by getting acquainted with the individual architectural forms that make up the details of the orders. It is these classical images of architectural forms that the master of restoration construction work will have to create.
The artistic compositions of the architectural details of the orders are composed of various combinations of the simplest decorative elements with a geometric profile shape, called breaks.
Rice. 1.16. Architectural order and its parts
Differences in the construction and artistic elaboration of details are manifested in architectonics (connections and interdependence of the elements of the whole), detailing of columns and entablature. The difference between the order systems is determined mainly by the proportions, the rhythm of the structural divisions of architectural forms and details. Proportions express the ratio of the dimensions (length, width, height) of the structure itself and its parts; they are measured in modules. The lower radius of the column is taken as the module. Rhythm reflects the frequency of repetition of architectural details.
The horizontal divisions of the facade include: plinth, cornice (crowning and intermediate), architrave, frieze, belt, sandrik, parapet. The vertical articulations, which can also include supports, are: ledges, columns, pilasters, pylons, pillars, semi-columns, antae, caryatids, atlantes, shoulder blades. The use of mixed forms takes place in such structures as a balcony, loggia, bay window, gable, arcade, portico, colonnades, portal, window and door openings.
plinth- a horizontal ground part of the wall, starting directly from the foundation and slightly protruding outward beyond the face of the wall. The plinth is made of highly durable and water-resistant materials. To emphasize the significance of the plinth and distinguish it from the wall standing on it, it is decoratively processed. This is achieved by the large sizes of facing stones, the texture of the finish and other means. The purpose of the plinth is to give the structure an impressive and stable appearance. A building without a plinth seems to lack a solid foundation. The decoration of the plinth is extremely diverse and should always be, by design, connected with the decoration of the entire facade. Its upper part is a sectional shape of a fillet, gooseneck, heel or other profile. The plinth may have not one protrusion from the face of the wall, but two or three, separated from one another by wide planes.
In some cases, when it is necessary to emphasize monumentality, the plinth is made taller and more massive. If the building is built with a basement, windows are arranged in the basement. For it, facing with granite or other hard rocks with various finishing methods (polishing, grinding) is often used. The plinth is also processed with large, roughly hewn stones laid in horizontal rows. If its height is large enough, then thick stone slabs, squares, which are hewn along the contour in the form of a narrow ribbon, as well as smaller stones with rustication of the same shape and size, are used for lining the basement.
Stylobate- the ground part of the building in the form of separate powerful platforms, laid one on top of the other and expanding downwards with stepped ledges. Additional stones are laid on the platforms of the stylobate, forming the steps of the stairs to enter the building.
The cornice crowning the building is a constructive transition from the inclined (in most cases) roof plane to the vertical wall and serves to protect the upper part of the wall from getting wet when water flows from the roof. Decoratively, the cornice, being one of the most important elements of the architectural expressiveness of the building, completes it.
The cornice is mostly made of the same material as the walls, namely: brick, wood, etc. In many cases, stone multi-storey buildings have cornices made of reinforced concrete or of stone and concrete prefabricated elements, superimposed one on top of the other and forming a stepped profile, or drawn, plaster and stucco cornices made on a steel frame and mesh. The removal of the cornice or its greatest indentation from the wall makes it different depending on the architectural design of the building. Intermediate, interfloor cornices have a dual purpose: first of all, they protect the walls from the flow of rainwater, and also serve as a means of horizontal division of the facade wall.
Pillar- a separate support of the most diverse shape in cross section (circle, rectangle, polygon, cross), used to support floor beams or vaults. The column over its entire height has the same thickness (section), in the lower part there is a base or base, and in the upper part there is a cornice or capital. Pylon - a powerful pillar of square or rectangular section (Fig. 1.17) usually supports the vaults. A column-pillar of a round, less often square or other sectional shape has a lower part - a base, and an upper part - a capital. The column tapers upwards, which is how it differs from the column.
The construction of the column is carried out strictly according to the rules of the order of this style, in compliance with the forms, proportions and sizes inherent in this order.
Rice. 1.17. Pylon
Rice. 1.18. Pilaster
Column- a decorative element of vertical division. Precise, rhythmic (at the same distance from each other) installation of a number of columns and their external decoration require exceptional attention and meticulous execution. The column, like the pilaster (Fig. 1.18), has both decorative and constructive significance.
Arcade- these are several completely identical arches, based on a number of columns, less often on piers. The semi-column, like the pilaster, protrudes from the massif of the wall up to half its thickness. The rules for its construction are the same as for pilasters and columns. Less common are three-quarter columns protruding from the wall mass by 3/4 of their thickness.
The most characteristic detail of the column, which determines the difference between the orders, is the capital (Fig. 1.19).
Rice. 1.19. The capital of architectural orders: a - Doric; b - ionic; in - Corinthian
Doric order (see Fig. 1.19, a). A Doric massive column does not have a base, its fust (trunk) necessarily has flutes - vertical grooves on the column's trunk.
Ionic order (see Fig. 1.19, b). Main features: more slender column; has a developed base and capital.
The shaft of the column is decorated with deeper flutes than in the Doric order, with narrow gaps. Flutes at the base and capitals end in semicircles. The thinning of the column is hardly noticeable and starts at 1/3 from its base. The indispensable accessory of the base is the shaft and fillet.
The most characteristic part is a capital with curls (volutes), the upper part of which is an abacus in the form of a slab with a heel profile. Between the two curls are ionics. The entablature consists of an architrave, a frieze and a cornice. At the same time, the architrave is decorated with an ornamented profile. The frieze is used for a variety of sculptural compositions. The cornice has denticles.
Corinthian order (see Fig. 1.19, c). A characteristic feature of the Corinthian order is a thinned column with a richly ornamented capital.
In capitals, an abacus is distinguished in the form of a plate with a shelf and a quarter shaft with sides somewhat pressed inward. Under the abacus there are volutes that support its corner overhangs, and other, smaller curls, converging along the depressed parts of the abacus, support the rosette placed in this place. Under the curls, acanthus leaves are arranged in two tiers, large and small.
The architrave is located in ledges with the introduction of small profiles, the frieze is smooth with a relief ornament. The cornice has the following elements: a heel, a row of teeth and a quarter shaft. Above are modulons in the form of lying brackets supporting the lacrimal stone.
The main purpose of the individual elements of architectural orders is to embody the principle of proportionality.
Each new stage in the development of society led to new styles in construction and architecture. The architectural environment created by man reflects reality, which has its own concepts of beauty.
Comparing works of architecture in time, historians classify the following periods: Ancient Greece and Rome; Middle Ages; Romanesque period; Gothic; Renaissance; baroque; classicism; 20th century architecture (modern, constructivism, eclectic).
Roman architecture represents the last and most progressive stage in building and architectural development.
Rice. 1.20. Cathedral of San Marco in Venice
ancient slave society. Monumental Roman buildings on the territory of Europe were inherited by the young states - Byzantium, Italy, Spain, France.
For example, the Cathedral of San Marco in Venice (1095) reveals the desire of builders to imitate ancient architecture (Fig. 1.20). The church was built over the course of a century.
Such a Byzantine dome system in plan with a Greek cross served as a prototype for ancient Russian Orthodox architecture.
Romanesque style (Fig. 1.21). The architectural structures of the Romanesque period (XI-XIII centuries) are massive geometric volumes, the surfaces of the walls are cut through with small windows. The ornament is uncomplicated and rarely used. In this style, a strong influence of ancient Roman architecture is noticeable in large details (semicircular arches), the overall silhouette and proportions of the columns are preserved. Romanesque architecture, in comparison with other architectural periods, is rather poor in decorative forms. The capitals of the columns, initially approaching the ancient forms, then simplified to simple chopped geometric shapes.
Rice. 1.21. Roman style:
a - a frieze of semicircular arches; b - double arched brick frieze; c - cubic capital; g - palmette capital
Gothic. In the XII-XV centuries. The new architectural style was called Gothic. A characteristic feature of the Gothic style is the lancet vault, consisting of two segmental arcs intersecting with each other (Fig. 1.22).
As a result of its variability, the lancet arch surpassed the semicircular arch in many positions. The massive stonework of the early Middle Ages was replaced by openwork stone structures. Vertical supports and columns, as well as inclined stone structures(flying buttress, buttress) transfer the static loads collected in a bundle to the foundation (Fig. 1.23). In the early period of the Gothic, the form of the basilica predominated. Over time, the hall form of the premises became the most common, the equal-sized naves of which merged inside into a single space.
Rice. 1.22. Entrance to the Catholic Cathedral (Gothic)
Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries). The French word renaissanse (revival) is traditionally used to refer to the period of the rise of Italian art (1450-1550), as well as the art of Europe from 1500, which was greatly influenced by Italy.
Rice. 1.23. Gothic vaulted basilica
In the architecture of the Renaissance, late Gothic tendencies were picturesquely intertwined with romantic forms that came from Italy. In contrast to the Gothic complication of the wall, with an accentuated skeleton of masonry. The Renaissance again turned to massive and visually stable architectural objects, the outer walls of which were decorated with ornaments in imitation of ancient forms; risalits were varied in shape and size (Fig. 1.24).
Rice. 1.24. Palazzo (palace-mansion). Arch. A. Palladio (1566)
Talented master artists, architects, builders worked on the creation of architectural structures. Thus, a material environment arose that favored secular life, arts, literature, and music.
Baroque (XVI-XVII centuries). The Italian Renaissance inherited its architectural forms from the Baroque style (barocco - bizarre), which surpassed it in complexity, diversity and picturesqueness. The facade of the building is characterized by an abundance of profiled cornices, pilasters, complex sculptural details, where everything is subordinated to a single architectural concept - whirlwind, movement, symmetry - a "stone symphony" (Fig. 1.25). The asymmetric ornament of this period - the ornament of shells and curls - gave the name to another style - rococo (Fig. 1.26).
Classicism (XVIII-XIX centuries) - a direction in art that turned to ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model, on the ideas of philosophical rationalism, on ideas about the reasonable laws of the world, about the beautiful ennobled nature, the desire for a strict organization of logical, clear and harmonious images.
Rice. 1.25. Window. baroque style
The desire to translate noble simplicity and calm grandeur into modern construction ancient art sometimes led to complete copying of ancient buildings (Fig. 1.27). Russia, Germany, England and other countries became the centers of construction in the style of classicism.
Architecture of the 20th century End of the nineteenth century characterized by intensive building activity, incomparable with previous eras. Residential and industrial buildings, transport facilities, administrative complexes arose in huge numbers.
Rice. 1.26. Ornament. Rococo style and the concentration of the worker
19th century architecture focused on the forms of the past. And if during the period of classicism they returned to antiquity, then at the end of the 19th century. there was a noticeable attraction to medieval architecture, renaissance, neo-baroque.
Rice. 1.27. Rotunda. interior
This architectural and retrospective pluralism led to a mixture of styles (eclecticism), from which two new trends quite clearly formed: modern and constructivism. In an effort to overcome eclecticism, the representatives of modernity used engineering and constructive means and free planning to create unusual, emphasized individualized buildings, the elements of which were subject to ornamental rhythm and figurative-symbolic design (Fig. 1.28).
Rice. 1.28. Art Nouveau balcony
The main problems of architecture of the XX century. concentrated in the public and social sphere. As a result of social development, the rapid growth of material and spiritual needs, there was a shortage of organized and built-up architectural space.
Rice. 1.29. Interior of the conference hall of the UNESCO building. 1957
Technologies developed for the rational mass production of building structures for residential and industrial buildings from unified elements provided for strict standardization and led to a new style - constructivism. Constructivism managed to create simple functionally justified forms, expediently combining the optimal design solutions and the emancipation of architectural volumes (Fig. 1.29).
Greek temple.
Prostyle. Type of ancient temple. The building is rectangular in plan with a single-row colonnade only on the main facade, equal in width to it.
Amphiprostyle(Greek amfiprostulos, from amfi - on both sides, and prostulos - having columns on the front side) - a type of ancient Greek temple, rectangular in plan and having columned porticoes on the end facades;
Peripter. The main type of ancient Greek temple of the archaic and classical periods. A peripter is a rectangular building surrounded by a colonnade on four sides. External forms of the peripter were often used in Classicist architecture.
Dipter- (from Greek dipteros), a type of ancient Greek temple, in which a rectangular room is surrounded by two rows of columns along the outer perimeter
Pseudo-dipter. Type of ancient Greek temple. It differs from the dipter in the absence of an inner row of columns, although space is left for them.
Monopter. A type of a building that is round in projection without internal partitions and volumes.
The roof of the monopteros is only supported by a colonnade.
Rotunda. A building with a circular plan or a large cylindrical volume, completed with a dome.
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| Types of Greek temples |
Cella. The main room (sanctuary) of the ancient temple. Depending on the type of temple, the cella is surrounded by columns.
Column. An architectural element that plays the role of a pillar or imitates it.
Colonnade. Rhythmic row of columns bearing a common horizontal ceiling.
Doric order - one of the orders of classical architecture. There are Greek and Roman Doric orders. The shores of the Aegean Sea are considered to be the place of origin, both on the European and Asian sides in the 6th century BC. e .. It is found in the first buildings of Ancient Greece and the Dorian colonies. Laconic, courageous, monumental - in antiquity it was considered a "male" warrant. The classical Doric column was without a base, with a very strong refinement, decorated with flutes, ending in a capital. Unlike other orders, flutes adjoin each other without tracks between them. In the Doric order, the flutes are shallow, with sharp edges. The usual number of flutes in the buildings of the classical period is 16 - 20 pieces. The architrave of the Doric order is smooth.
Ionic order. It differs from the earlier Doric order in the greater lightness of proportions and the decor of all its parts. A distinctive feature of the Ionic order is the way the capital is designed, which is made in the form of two opposite volutes. The Ionic order in antiquity was considered a "feminine" order, due to its sophistication, sophistication and additions with a variety of decorations. Originated in the middle of the VI century BC. e. in Ionia on the northwestern coast of Asia Minor near the Aegean Sea.
Corinthian order - one of the three Greek architectural orders. Represents a variant of the Ionic order, more saturated with decor. A characteristic feature of this order is the bell-shaped capital, covered with stylized acanthus leaves. The height is 20 modules, the diameter is 1/10 of the height. The abacus has concave sides supported by four large and four small spiral curls. Along the circumference of the capital, acanthus leaves are arranged in two rows.
Tuscan order. A simplified version of the Doric order. Originated in ancient Rome at the turn of the 1st century. BC. - 1 in. AD It has a column with a base, but without flutes and a smooth frieze.
Composite order(Roman order). An architectural order derived from the Corinthian and Ionic, distinguished by its special pomp; its characteristic element is a capital with four large volutes (as in the Ionic order), but with a vertical cylindrical core (as in the Corinthian order), which is surrounded by acanthus leaves in two levels.
Capital. The crowning element of a column or pilaster, which differs from its main part in a more complex shape and greater width and transfers to it the load from the architrave and the parts of the building located above.
AT ancient era There are three main classical types of capitals: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian.
Peculiar types of capitals were created in China, Japan, Mexico, in Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic, Old Russian architecture, the architecture of Armenia, Georgia, Central Asia.
Since the Renaissance, the types of ancient capitals have varied widely.
Abacus / abacus(Greek Abax - board) - the upper plate of the capital, usually supporting the entablature.
In classical architectural orders, the abacus usually has a square outline with straight (in the Doric and Ionic orders) or concave (in the Corinthian order) edges.
Entablature(French Entablement, from table - table, board) - the upper horizontal part of the structure, usually lying on columns, is an integral element of the classical architectural order.
The entablature is divided into a bearing part - an architrave, a frieze resting on it and a crowning part - a cornice. There is an incomplete entablature (without a frieze). The entablature arose on the basis of a wooden beam ceiling and in its forms reflects its structure.
Architrave(from the Greek. Archi - main and lat. Trabs - beam) - in architectural orders - a beam, the lower of the three horizontal parts of the entablature, usually lying on the capitals of the columns. In the Doric and Tuscan orders, the architrave is a wide, smooth beam; in Ionic and Corinthian it consists of three small horizontal ledges - fasciae.
Cornice.
1 An extended ledge that completes a wall or divides it into tiers or floors.
2 The crowning part of the entablature.
Volute(lat. and Italian. Voluta, lit. - curl, spiral) - an architectural motif in the form of a spiral curl with a circle ("eye") in the center, part of the Ionic capital, is also part of the Corinthian and composite capitals. The shape of a volute sometimes has architectural details that serve to connect parts of the building, as well as the console of cornices, framing portals, doors, windows.
Flutes(cuts, grooves). Parallel grooves on the surface of the shaft of a column or pilaster (vertical grooves) or on the surface of a torus (horizontal grooves). They are made either close to one another (Doric order), or at short intervals (Ionic order).
Pilaster. A flat, fluted or paneled vertical ledge against the background of a wall with a base and a capital.
Building elements.
Portico. The composition on the facade of the building, which is formed by columns, semi-columns or pilasters that carry the entablature. Order forms of porticos arose and became widespread in the ancient architecture of Greece and Rome, and were widely used in the architecture of classicism.
Peristyle. Rectangular courtyard and garden, square, hall, surrounded on four sides by a covered colonnade. Peristyle like component ancient Greek residential and public buildings known since the 4th century. BC, was widely used in Hellenistic art and the art of ancient Rome.
Caryatid. A female statue supporting an architectural ledge.
acroterium(Greek akrwthrion) - a sculptural decoration (statue, palmette, etc.) placed above the corners of the pediment (or above the tympanum of the portal, zakomara, etc.)
Portal. Architecturally designed entrance to the building. For antiquity, portals with flat lintels are characteristic, for ancient Babylonia - arched ones, for the medieval architecture of the Ancient East - peshtak.
From the 11th century in Romanesque, Gothic and Old Russian architecture, arched, so-called perspective portals, designed in the form of ledges, spread.
Pylons.
1 Massive pillars supporting arches, ceilings, bridges or standing on the sides of entrances or entrances.
2 Tower-like structures with trapezoidal facades (usually decorated with reliefs) erected along the sides of the entrances to ancient Egyptian temples
Propylaea, propylene. Front passage, a passage formed by symmetrical porticoes and colonnades located along the axis of movement. Known in Aegean art, but especially characteristic of the architecture of ancient Greece. In the 19th century the architects of classicism turned to the type of propylaea. In the 2nd floor 19th-20th centuries propylaea are built as part of especially significant solemn architectural complexes or structures of memorial significance.
baluster
1. Figured column in the balustrade.
2. Each of two curled ridges on the sides of an Ionic capital.
Balustrade(French balustrade) - a fence (usually low) of stairs, terraces, balconies, etc., consisting of a number of figured columns (balusters) connected from above by a horizontal beam or railing.
mascaron(mask). A sculptural image of a lion's muzzle, a human face, a faun, a hydra, etc. (often in a grotesque or fantastic form) included in the architectural decor. Mascarons are placed mainly on the locks of arches, window and door openings, used as water cannons, as well as furniture decoration.
Meander. Elongated ornament: a continuous line with the same L-shaped breaks.
Amphitheater(from Greek amfiqeatron) -
1. An ancient Roman monumental building for spectacles (gladiator fights, baiting wild animals, theatrical performances). The amphitheaters were grandiose elliptical structures without a roof, with an arena in the middle, surrounded by seats for spectators with rising ledges (as if connecting two horseshoe-shaped Greek theaters). The seats for spectators were supported by a complex system of pillars and arches, between which were located vaulted galleries that served as a foyer and stairs. The largest amphitheater is the Colosseum in Rome.
2. Places for spectators in enclosed spaces, located in arched open tiers (in theaters, cinemas, auditoriums) or around a round arena (in a circus).
Pantheon. (lat. Pantheon, from Greek pan - everything and qeoV - god - a temple or a place dedicated to all gods)
1. In ancient Rome - the “temple of all gods”, built ca. 125 AD
2. Tomb of prominent people. Usually pantheons are located in buildings that have (or originally had) a religious purpose (Westminster Abbey, Pantheon in Paris).
Aqueduct(lat. Aquaeductus, from aqua - water and duco - I lead) - a conduit (canal, pipe) for supplying water to settlements, irrigation and hydropower systems from their sources located above. An aqueduct is also called a part of a conduit in the form of an arched bridge over a ravine, river, road, in which the walls and bottom of the tray or pipe are load-bearing span structures.
Hypostyle, hypostyle hall(from Greek upostuloV, from upo - “under” and stuloV - column, i.e. supported by columns) - in the architecture of the Ancient East (Egypt, Iran) a large hall of a temple or palace with numerous regularly placed columns.
Rostral column. A detached column, the trunk of which is decorated with sculptural images of the bows of ships. They were common in ancient Rome and during the Empire period, erected in honor of naval victories or as a symbol of the country's maritime power.
Pyramid. A monumental structure that has the shape of a pyramid (sometimes stepped or tower-shaped). Pyramids are the tombs of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs (the pyramid of Cheops in Giza, XXVIII century BC, etc.). Pyramid-type buildings (often served as pedestals for temples or associated with cosmological cults) were erected in Central and South America in the 1st millennium BC.
Ziggurat(Akkadian) - in the architecture of Ancient Mesopotamia, a cult tiered tower. Ziggurats had 3-7 tiers in the form of truncated pyramids or parallelepipeds made of raw brick, connected by stairs and gentle rises - ramps.
christian temple
Diagram of a cross-domed church.
Altar(lat. - altaria, from altus - high) - an altar, as well as the most important part of the Christian temple. Initially - a place for sacrifices in the open air.
In ancient Greece and Rome - separate buildings, decorated with marble and reliefs.
In Christian churches, the altar is called the table (“throne”) on which the sacred sacrament was performed; in Catholic churches, decorative walls decorated with paintings and sculptures are also called so. From the 8th century portable folding altars with paintings on the doors appeared. In everyday life, the entire eastern part of the temple, separated by an altar barrier, is also called the altar, and in Orthodox churches (from the XIV-XV centuries) - the iconostasis.
Apse, apse(from the Greek Hapsis, genus case hapsidos - vault) - an altar ledge located in the eastern part of the Christian temple, semicircular, faceted or rectangular in plan, covered with a conch or a closed half-vault. Apses first appeared in ancient Roman basilicas, baths, temples.
Iconostasis(from Greek eikwn - image and stasiV - place of standing) - a partition with rows of icons (ranks), separating the altar from the main part of the Orthodox church. The iconostasis replaced the low altar barrier of the Byzantine type. In a developed form (high iconostasis), known in Russia from the end. XIV - XV centuries, the ranks were installed on painted beams-tablas and were located one above the other in a strictly hierarchical sequence.
Below is a row of local icons,
above - the “deesis” rank (deisis - Greek prayer; included icons with images of Christ and those addressed to him in prayer poses of the Mother of God, John the Baptist, archangels, church fathers, etc.),
even higher - "holiday" (with images of the main episodes of the Gospel cycle) and "prophetic" ranks. In the XVI - XVII centuries. the iconostasis includes new rows (passionate, apostolic, forefather, etc.)
Zakomara(from other Russian mosquito - vault) - a semicircular or keeled completion of a wall section, covering the adjacent internal cylindrical (box, cross) vault.
Porch(outer vestibule). A wide open porch or gallery in front of the entrance to the church.
aisle. An additional temple with its throne and iconostasis, adjacent to the main church building or included in its volume.
Drum- a cylindrical or polyhedral base of the dome (in Russian architecture of the 17th century, sometimes - a decorative onion dome), usually cut through with windows.
Chapel.
1 A small place of worship without an altar (prayers are read in the chapel, but the liturgy is not performed). They served as monuments, were placed in cities, villages, on roads, in cemeteries, settled in rich houses.
2 A roadside pole with an icon and a lamp in a niche.
Tent. The completion of centric buildings (temples, bell towers, towers, porches) in the form of a high tetrahedral, octahedral or polyhedral pyramid. Widespread in Russian stone architecture since the 16th century. Brick tents were made up of inclined rows or horizontal rows of bricks with an overlap, wooden tents - with an overlap of crowns with decreasing lengths of the sides. In religious buildings, the tent was usually crowned with an onion dome, in civil and military buildings - a watchtower, a weather vane.
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| Tent Temple |
arcature(from German Arkatur) - a series of decorative false arches on the facade of a building or on the interior walls of rooms. Sometimes it looks like a belt, supplemented by columns on brackets.
Rust, rustic, rustic. Relief masonry or wall cladding with stones with a roughly hewn or convex front surface (the so-called rustication). Enlivening the plane of the wall with the play of chiaroscuro, rustic creates the impression of power, massiveness of the building. When finishing the facade with plaster, rusticity is imitated by breaking the wall into rectangles and stripes.
Ward.
1 A large vaulted room (usually without pillars or with one pillar in the center) in an Old Russian stone building.
2 A building in which such a room plays a major role. Chambers - in Russian medieval architecture, a rich residential stone or wooden building, usually two or more floors, with numerous rooms. Since the 17th century the chambers take on the character of small palace buildings or mansions (the chambers of the Volkovs and Troekurovs in Moscow).
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basilica(Greek Basilike - royal house; in Athens - a portico where the archon-basileus sat) - an elongated, rectangular building, divided inside by longitudinal rows of columns or pillars into several (mostly odd number) parts (naves), having independent ceilings. The middle nave is always higher than the side ones, so that the upper part of its walls, cut through by windows, protrudes above the roofs of the side aisles.
Arcade(from the French Arcade) - a series of arches of the same shape and size, based on columns or pillars. Most often used in the construction of open galleries.
flying butt(French Arc-boutant) - an external stone semi-arch, transferring the thrust of the vaults of the main nave of the Gothic temple to supporting pillars - buttresses located outside the main volume of the building.
Archivolt(Italian archivolto, from Latin arcus volutus - framing arc) - decorative framing of an arched opening. Archivolt separates the arc of the arch from the plane of the wall, sometimes becoming the main motive for its processing.
bas-relief- a sculptural image with a background from which the figures protrude no more than half of its volume.
High relief- a sculptural work with a background from which the depicted figures protrude more than half of its volume.
counter-relief. Relief embedded in the plane of the background.
Tower- a structure whose height is much greater than its horizontal dimensions (diameter, side of the base). Initially, they were built for defense purposes (watchtowers, castle towers - donjons). They are used in religious architecture (bell towers, minarets), in civil architecture (lighthouses, administrative buildings), as well as as engineering structures (water, radio and television towers), etc. Rising above the surrounding buildings, expressive and dynamic in composition, the towers often play the role of the main high-rise dominant of the architectural ensemble.
donjon(French donjon) - the main tower of a feudal castle, quadrangular or round in plan, placed in the most inaccessible place and served as a refuge during an enemy attack.
Gallery(French galerie, from Italian galleria):
1. A long covered bright room in which one of the longitudinal walls is replaced by columns, pillars or a balustrade adjacent to the wall of the building.
2. An elongated hall with a continuous row of large windows and one of the longitudinal walls.
Catholic or Anglican chapel, built separately or included in the volume of the temple.
Chapel- a small Christian building for religious purposes with icons, often without a special room where the altar is located.
Department. Enclosed elevation for sermons, addressing the audience. The pulpits were decorated with carvings, statues, and reliefs.
pinnacle. Decorative turrets, columns on buttresses are less common on other architectural parts of late Romanesque and Gothic churches.
Rose. Round window in Romanesque and Gothic buildings of the 12th-15th centuries. with stone binding in the form of radial rays emanating from the central circle. A similar decorative motif crowning the lancet windows of Gothic buildings is also called a rose.
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Transept. In European church architecture, a transverse nave or several naves in basilica or cruciform buildings. It arose in early Christian churches, when the complication of the liturgy required an increase in the space in front of the altar and apse. The transition from the longitudinal naves to the transept was framed by girth arches of the middle cross.
Ribs. Lancet arches made of hewn stones, creating the frame base of the cross vault. The system of ribs (mainly in Gothic architecture) forms a frame that facilitates the laying of the vault.
Nave. An element of the space of the basilica, elongated along its main axis and bounded on one or two sides by columns or pillars.
Triumphal Arch. Front symmetrical structure with a passage arch along the axis.
triumphal column. A single large column on a pedestal, erected in honor of some event or figure, was usually supplemented with sculpture.
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Building elements.
Combs, scallops- in the architecture of the Naryshkin baroque, the curly curls that adorned the top of the wall echoed in shape with the torn pediment.
Pilaster- a flat vertical protrusion on the surface of the wall. It differs from the shoulder blade in that it has the same order parts (trunk, capital, base) as the column.
Rampant- an arch, the supports of which are located at different levels.
Pryaslo- a section of the wall between two shoulder blades or pilasters. In fortress architecture, a section of a wall between two towers.
shoulder blade- a flat vertical strip protruding from the surface of the wall of a building. The spatula can be a constructive thickening of the wall or have a decorative value, being one of the means of dividing the facades.
machikuli(French machicoulis) - hinged loopholes located in the upper parts of the walls and towers of medieval fortifications. Having lost their defensive significance with the development of firearms, machicolations were used as an element of architectural decoration.
Typesetting column - a column, usually decorative, made up of small carved elements. It was widely used in ancient Russian architecture, especially during the patterning period.
The use of decorative elements on walls and windows can transform appearance any building for the better. Columns, keystones, arches, moldings and consoles allow you to hide various flaws and emphasize the merits of the building. The main thing is to correctly place everything. If you plan to build not a simple Vacation home, and a real cottage, a manor - you need to get basic knowledge of what architectural elements of the facade of the building exist, what they are made of and how they are installed. All this you can find here.
To begin with, consider those decorative elements of the facade that are not located on window openings, but simply on the walls. Most of them are shown in the images above and below.
Cornice- protruding element. As a rule, it stretches along the entire wall and visually separates it and the roof, or breaks the wall plane itself into several separate zones. At its location, the cornice can be under-roof, interfloor and basement.
Rust- rectangular overlays at the corners of the walls, also known as bassage. As a rule, they alternate in size and have small indents between each other. Rust is also called the exterior decoration of the facade with rectangular stone slabs, the outer part of which remains unhewn.
- a round decorative element on the wall, equipped with a three-dimensional pattern with patterns. As a rule, it is installed above the entrance to the building or in the center of the gable.
Fresco- a color image applied to the wall using plaster or other materials. When creating such decorative elements, great attention must be paid to resistance to external influences.
bas-relief- a three-dimensional image protruding halfway from the wall. One of the most ancient architectural elements of the facade and at the same time the most complex. It has a subspecies called high relief- in it, individual parts of the pattern can protrude from the wall by more than 50%. Both elements and other similar wall decorations are collectively referred to as stucco.
- a through or blind opening with a semicircular top. Most often used to frame the front door or large windows. Often complemented by their decorative elements.
Filenka- a rectangular extended or recessed frame of a decorative element, for example, a rosette. Sometimes there are panels of other forms, as well as those that do not have any decorations inside.
Frieze- a rectangular strip framing a certain part of the facade. Often located next to the cornice (because of this, sometimes there is confusion in terms).
The entablature is the upper horizontal part of the structure.
Console- a support protruding from the wall, fixed at only one end. As a rule, it is used to support a balcony, cornices and other relatively heavy objects that extend far beyond the plane of the facade. The cornice is not only a load-bearing, but also a decorative element - it is decorated with stucco, patterns and high reliefs.
- Balcony, terrace or staircase railings made of balusters(curly columns of complex shape). From above it is complemented by railings, and in some cases - vases located on the pedestals.
Column and its components
Separately, it is worth highlighting such an architectural element of the building as Column. It is a column of round or rectangular section, used as both a load-bearing part and decoration of the appearance of the facade. It is made of stone, wood, metal and other building materials. Conventionally, the column can be divided into three parts.
- Base- lower base of the column. As a rule, its diameter is larger than that of the main part of this architectural element. The base of the column must be very strong, as a significant mass presses on it.
- The trunk or body of the column- the main part of the architectural element. As mentioned above, it has a square or round cross section. Sometimes the trunk of the column tapers towards its upper part. The body can be both smooth and embossed - with horizontal and vertical grooves.
- Capital- the upper part of the column, as a rule, is larger than its main part. Evenly distributes the load on the trunk from the supported structure. The capital is supplied with stucco molding, patterns and consoles.
It is also worth noting two subspecies of columns - semi-column and pilaster. The first is an architectural element in the form of a column of round or square section, protruding from the wall by 50-75%. As a rule, it is installed at doorways and more often serves not as a structural, but as a decorative element. A pilaster is a small vertical protrusion resembling a column in its shape and structure. Performs an exclusively decorative function.
Architectural elements of window and door openings
Let's move on to another very important part of the facade - window and door openings. Consider the main decorative elements used to frame and decorate them.
Sandrik- a small cornice, often rectangular in shape and with a pediment, located above the window, door and niche. It is supplied with stucco, patterns and other decorative elements. In addition to the function of decorating the facade, sandrik covers window panes from rain.
Keystone- a decorative element of a wedge-shaped shape, located in the middle of the cornice or sandrik of a window opening or arch.
platbands- strips installed along the edges of the window opening and oriented vertically. Decorated with stucco details and carvings. Complemented slopes- metal or other surfaces decorating the window opening along its inner part.
- the plane of the pediment above the window and under the arch opening framing it. Decorated with stucco, rosette, patterns, bas-reliefs, and sometimes frescoes.
Materials from which the architectural elements of the facade are made
Decorative elements of the facade are made from a variety of materials, here we will consider the most popular options.
Video - Facade decor: step by step installation instructions
Installation of architectural elements of the facade from expanded polystyrene - step by step instructions
Consider the step-by-step process of installing architectural elements for the facade, made of expanded polystyrene.
List of tools
As an introduction, let's look at a list of tools that you may need to do this kind of work.
Table. Installation of architectural elements of the facade - a list of tools.
| Instrument name | What is it used for |
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| Applying an adhesive mixture to the wall or back side of the decorative element. |
| Work with putty or adhesive mixture on narrow areas of decorative elements or on curved surfaces where special accuracy is required. |
| Application of putty or adhesive mixture on straight and large surfaces of decorative foam elements. |
| Preparation of an adhesive mixture for polystyrene foam decor or kneading putty. |
| Preparation and storage of adhesive mixture and putty. |
| Control of the position of the decorative element vertically and horizontally. |
| Distance measurement. |
| Applying paint to decorative elements and pre-priming surfaces for their installation. |
| Cutting packaging or small foam parts. |
| Cutting and sawing foam. In case of absence, it is replaced with a hacksaw with a small tooth. |
| For work at a height of more than 2 meters. |
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Installation of decorative elements on window openings
Start decorating your home with architectural elements from one of the most important parts of any facade - window and door openings.
Step 1. Prepare the walls and openings for decoration work - complete the construction of all structures, insulate the house and close the heat-insulating layer with a rough finish. In this case, the cottage is covered with styrofoam slabs, which were then covered with reinforcing mesh and plaster.
Step 2 All the architectural elements of the house presented in this example will be fixed on the walls using a special adhesive. For better adhesion, first apply a primer to window openings and other parts of the building where the decor will be attached.
Step 3 Unpack decorative elements for window openings. Check their integrity and completeness. Those parts that will be fastened to each other at the corners of window openings, cut at an angle of 45 °. At home, for this, use a knife with a retractable blade or a hacksaw with fine teeth. And in the image below you can see how a hot nichrome thread is used to complete this task - the best tool for cutting foam, allowing you to achieve a perfectly even cut.
Important! If you wish and if you have the appropriate tools, you can produce decorative elements for the facade yourself. To do this, assemble a foam cutting machine with a nichrome thread and prepare metal templates that follow the shape of the profiles of various architectural details.
Step 4 Prepare an adhesive mixture for mounting polystyrene foam parts.
Step 5 Apply a layer of glue on the surfaces near the window openings, where the decorative elements from expanded polystyrene will subsequently be applied. Use a notched trowel for this job.
Step 6 Apply a thin layer of adhesive to the back of the foam piece you are going to this moment install on the facade.
Step 7 Install decorative platbands on window openings. As already shown in the previous step, apply glue to the wall itself and the same, but in a thin layer, to the part itself. Then install it in the right place and press it well. Align the position manually or with a building level and move on to the rest of the decorative trim.
Step 8 Perform similar actions with other decorative elements of openings - window sill and cornice.
Step 9 Install decorative foam elements with an adhesive mixture on the balcony opening.
Step 10 Attach keystones and other particularly complex decorative elements for openings to pre-marked places. As a rule, they are installed after reinforcing and puttying platbands, cornices and other similar parts.
Installation of decorative elements on walls and corners
Now let's move on to the wall decorative elements of the facade. In this case, the installation of interfloor molding and corner rustication is carried out.
Step 1. Along the perimeter of the walls, measure a perfectly flat horizontal line at the transition between the first and second floors. Display it strictly according to the indications of the building level.
Step 2 On the previously drawn line, apply a strip of adhesive mixture, comparable in height to the installed decorative element. As with window openings, use a notched trowel.
Step 3 Apply a thin layer of the adhesive mixture to the back of one of the floor molding pieces, and then glue that piece in place. start this work from one corner of the building.
Step 4 Install on the other side of the corner such a part of the interfloor molding. To join with the previous element, cut their edges in advance at an angle of 45 °.
Step 5 Install the remaining parts of the interfloor molding. At the same time, tightly join them to each other and be sure to check that the horizontal level corresponds to the building level.
Important! If for some reason the gap between two adjacent foam elements becomes too large, treat the joint with a special adhesive mixture.
Step 6 Calculate in advance on paper at what heights relative to the ground the elements of the corner rustication will be located.
Step 7 Using a ruler and level, transfer the numbers from the plan to the corners themselves - put down the necessary marks.
Step 8 In front of that part of the rust that will adjoin the plinth, fix the reinforcing mesh - apply the adhesive mixture, drown the mesh into it and cover it with the same mixture on top.
Step 9 Apply the adhesive mixture to the back side of one of the rustication elements and firmly press it to the installation site, guided by the pre-marked marks.
Step 10 Repeat the previous step and install all the elements of rust. By the same principles, the installation of other decorative foam products on the facade of the house is carried out.
Reinforcement and finishing of architectural elements of the facade made of expanded polystyrene
At the installation, work with architectural elements made of foam plastic for the facade does not end - they must be protected with reinforcement and putty, and then finished with paint.
Step 1. Prepare a mixture to fix the reinforcing mesh on the facade decor.
Step 2 Using spatulas of different sizes, apply this mixture in a thin layer to all surfaces of decorative foam elements at corners, transitions between floors and window openings.
Step 3 Cut pieces of reinforcing mesh to the required length/width and cover all foam decor elements with it. In this case, it is necessary to observe the overlap between adjacent segments. Lay the mesh in such a way that its edges protrude beyond the elements themselves and press against the wall.
Step 4 Press the reinforcing mesh to the foam parts with spatulas so that the canvas completely repeats the shape of the decorative elements.
Step 5 Apply another layer of adhesive mixture on top of the mesh and smooth everything with a spatula and brush.
Step 6 Strengthen the corners between the platbands and cornices (and window sill elements) on the openings with additional mesh segments.
Step 7 Apply finishing putty to the surfaces of all decorative elements.
Step 8 Install window sills by securing them with self-tapping screws. Then seal the joints of this part with decorative foam elements with sealant.
Step 9 Finish finishing the decorative elements of the facade - cover them with several layers of paint.
After completing all these operations, proceed to the finishing with colored plaster of the entire surface of the facade of the building.
Abacus (abacus)- (lat. abacus 'board') - a slab that makes up the upper part of the capital of a column, half-column, pilaster and has a simple quadrangular shape in the Doric, Ancient Ionic and Tuscan orders, and in the New Ionic and Corinthian orders, as well as in the Roman composite - the shape of a quadrangle with truncated corners and sides concave inward, each of which has a sculptural ornament in the middle, usually in the form of a stylized flower.
Entablature- (French entablement from table - table, board) - a beam ceiling of a span or the completion of a wall, consisting of an architrave, a frieze and a cornice.
The entablature - the upper, carried part architectural orders. The structure of the entablature is different in three architectural orders: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. In ancient Roman and Renaissance architecture, the height of the entablature is usually about 1/4 of the height of the column.
| Arch - architectural element, curvilinear overlap of a through or blind opening in a wall or a span between two supports (columns, bridge abutments). Like any vaulted structure, it creates a lateral thrust. As a rule, arches are symmetrical about the vertical axis. arches, blocking a blind opening, are called blind. One of the goals of this is to increase the strength of the wall while saving material. In ancient times, a technique was known when arch was made to facilitate, for example, when the overlap of the opening in the wall was made in the form flat arch, for the unloading of which a blind arch was made above it. |
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| flying butt- (fr. arc-boutant) - one of the types of buttresses used in church architecture in the form of an external semi-arch, which transmits the horizontal expansion force from the vaults of the building to the supporting pillar and is located outside the main volume of the building. The use of flying buttresses can significantly reduce the size of internal supports, free up building space, increase window openings, as well as spans of arches. Traditionally, flying buttresses are associated with Gothic architecture, although they were used in disguised form in Byzantine and Romanesque buildings. However, in the 12th century, flying buttresses, still performing the function of distributing the load, turned into a specially exhibited decorative element and were used in such famous buildings as Chartres Cathedral, Notre Dame Cathedral, Beauvais Cathedral, Reims Cathedral, etc. |
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| Architrave- or epistelion (Italian architrave, from Greek ἀρχι, "arch", over-, main and lat. trabs beam) - architectural term, which has a triple meaning. First, an architrave or architrave cover is generally any rectilinear crossbar that bridges the gap between columns, poles or jambs (in windows and doors). Secondly, this is the lower part of the entablature, directly based on column capitals; in the Tuscan and Doric orders, the architrave is made simple and smooth, while in the Ionic and Corinthian it is horizontally divided into three parts. Thirdly, the architrave is the type of tiles used for lining Dutch ovens. |
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Attic- (from other Greek ἀττικός) - decorative wall, erected over the crowning structure eaves. For the first time, the attic was used in the ancient Roman triumphal arch, as its architectural completion. The attic is often decorated with reliefs or inscriptions.
In neoclassical and art deco architecture, an attic is a low floor or a deaf high parapet above the main cornice of a building.
In the French architecture of the 19th century, the attic was also called the residential floor, located directly under the pitched roof of the building.
Drum- the cylindrical part of the building that serves as a support for the dome.
Brovka- in Old Russian architecture decorative detail above the window in the form of a roller.
| stained glass- (fr. vitre - window glass, from lat. vitrum - glass) - a work of decorative art of a fine or ornamental nature made of colored glass, designed for through lighting and designed to fill an opening, most often a window, in any architectural structure. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. In an early Christian church, the windows were filled with thin transparent plates of stone (alabaster, selenite), which made up the ornament. Stained-glass windows appeared in Romanesque churches (France, Germany). Multicolored, large-sized stained-glass windows made of glass of various shapes, fastened with lead lintels, were a feature of Gothic cathedrals. Most often, Gothic stained-glass windows depicted religious and domestic scenes. They were placed in huge lancet windows, the so-called "roses". In the Renaissance, stained glass existed as a painting on glass, the technique of scraping was used on specially colored multi-colored glass. In Russia, stained-glass windows existed as early as the 12th century, but they were not a characteristic element of the interior decoration of Russian houses. |
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Denticles (teeth)- (from lat. denticulus - tooth), or "order crackers" - a series of small rectangular protrusions arranged in the form of an ornament on building eaves and playing the role decor. They are found in the Ionic, Corinthian order, as well as in the Roman version of the Doric order. The prototype of the dentils was the ends of the often located transverse wooden beams of a flat adobe ceiling in the architecture of Ionia.
The denticles occur as in architecture Ancient Greece, as well as on its later interpretations of the times of classicism and neoclassicism.
Impost- in classical architecture horizontal rod in the form of a cornice or ledge, serving as a support for crowning the wall arches. In ancient Russian architecture - the upper part of the shoulder blade, which performs the function capitals.
Ionic- in classical architecture element egg-shaped, pointed downwards. Ornamental belts were made of ionics.
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Flutes- (fr. cannelure) - a vertical groove on the trunk pilasters or columns(such columns are called fluted, as opposed to smooth), as well as horizontal grooves at the base of the Ionic order column. Appeared on semi-columns and columns in Egypt (late 3 - early 2 thousand BC, 8 or 16 flutes per column) and received further development in ancient architecture. Flutes running parallel from the base to the top can be covered columns any of the five orders of classical architecture, except Tuscan. In the Doric order, no more than 20 flutes per column are used, in the Ionic order - 24 flutes. Sometimes flutes were applied to the body of ceramic vessels. At the end of the 19th century, Otto Wagner used shallow parallel flutes to vertically divide the planes of walls and pilasters. Wagner flutes always break off before reaching the ground; their lower ends usually form a downward-facing triangle. This detail was widely used by the masters of St. Petersburg Art Nouveau. Often, furniture legs are decorated with flutes. This technique is used mainly in the manufacture of furniture in a classic style. |
| Capital- (from lat. caput - “head”) - crowning part of a column or pilaster. The top of the capital protrudes beyond the column, providing a transition to the abacus, which is usually square in shape. Capital in architectural orders. Used in many architectural styles dating back to ancient Egypt and antiquity. The capitals of Egyptian columns were usually decorated with stylized papyrus flowers or buds. There were also lotus-shaped capitals and columns with capitals in the form of stylized palm leaves. |
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Cornice- (from Greek κορωνίς) - protruding element of interior and exterior decoration of buildings, premises, furniture. AT architecture cornice separates the roof plane from the vertical wall plane, or divides the wall plane along selected horizontal lines. In order architecture, the cornice is the crowning part of the entablature, located above the frieze and architrave. The order cornice abruptly comes forward and hangs over the rest of the entablature, protecting them from precipitation. The basis of the cornice is a remote plate. The lower part of the plate is equipped with rectangular protrusions - mutuls. architectural detail in the form of a small cornice or cornice with a pediment of various shapes (triangular, oval and complex compositions) above a window or doorway called sandrik. Profiles of cornices in different styles of furniture, as well as in architectural styles, are different. So, in English classicism, it was customary to decorate furniture cornices with leaf ornaments. Cornices are also called strips of various shapes used for hanging curtains. |
| caissons(fr. caisson - box) - cassettes, square or polygonal d decorative recesses in the ceiling vault or on the inner surface of the arch. The ceiling, finished with caissons, is called coffered or lacunar (from Latin lacuna - “deepening”, “lacuna”). The ancient Greeks were the first to use caissons in construction. At that time, caissons performed an exclusively practical function, reducing the mass of the vaulted slab, removing part of the load from the beams. Nevertheless, even then they tried to decorate caissons: they were decorated with stucco or drawings. Later, when concrete began to be used in the construction of buildings, caissons provided structural reinforcement of the vault or ceiling. Since the system for constructing vaults and ceilings changed over time, the caissons lost their practical significance and moved into the category of decorative elements. Coffered ceilings were sometimes made of wood and were often used to decorate the interiors of Renaissance palaces. In Italy, during the Renaissance, artists painted caissons with scenes, usually on mythological themes. |
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Console- a horizontal structure protruding from the wall and supporting other protruding parts of the building: balcony, cornice, bay window. AT interior console - a shelf or table attached to the wall.
| Buttress - Buttress(fr. contre force - "opposing force") - a vertical structure, which is either protruding part of the wall, a vertical rib, or a free-standing support connected to the wall with a flying buttress. Designed to reinforce the load-bearing wall by taking on the horizontal expansion force from the vaults. The outer surface of the buttress can be vertical, stepped or continuously inclined, increasing in cross section towards the base. Story: Buttresses became widespread in the Middle Ages, they became an important element of the Romanesque style. architecture. Buttresses were erected around the entire structure, in the form of abutments adjoining the walls from the outside and located at some distance from each other, against those places where the girth arches of the vaults abut against the wall. Buttresses acquired even more importance in the architecture of the Gothic era. The architecture of this period is characterized high walls with a relatively low bearing capacity due to large window openings cut into them. Therefore, buttresses became a prominent element of the structures of this period. At first, they were erected in the same way as in Romanesque buildings, close to the wall. Subsequently, with the development of architecture, they began to be erected somewhat away from the walls, but connected to them with flying buttresses. The section of the buttresses received a polygonal shape, the surface - an architectural decoration, consistent with the general ornamentation of the building, and the top - a pointed crown in the form of pinnacles. With the return of art, in the Renaissance, to ancient forms, buttresses almost completely fell out of use in architecture: they were replaced, in the meaning of wall supports, by groups of columns or ledges of walls decorated with semi-columns. The use of buttresses in their original, undisguised form remained almost exclusively in the art of engineering. Other types of buttresses Corner buttress - the continuation of the walls beyond the building on the corner. Thus, this section in horizontal section was a cross. Diagonal buttress - a support erected at the corner of a building so that it forms an angle of 135 ° with the walls. |
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Conha element ancient Byzantine temple architecture, which is a semi-dome ceiling over semi-cylindrical parts of buildings, such as an apse or a niche.
In churches built in ancient Byzantium, as well as in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries (neo-Byzantine style), conchs, as a rule, played the role of small domes, as if supporting the volume of the central dome from below. Their drums protrude from the building in the form of apses. From below, the conchs, as a rule, were supported by porches to the temple building. Most often, four conchs are located around the central dome of Byzantine-style temples, and the temple, thus, is crowned with five domes. Conch drums, as a rule, are surrounded by the same window arcade as the main drum.
| cruciferous- (German Kreuzblume), fleuron - common in architecture Gothic decoration in the form of a stylized flower, usually formed by four crabb branches from a vertical rod. Serves decorative finish phials, wimpergs, tongs. Strictly speaking, the term "cruciferous" (German Kreuzblume) accurately defines only one, the most common, form of this decorative element. The term "fleuron" (French fleuron from French fleur - flower) is used as a more general name, since in some cases the flower does not have a cruciform shape. However, the ubiquity in decoration Gothic temples received precisely the cruciform shape, which carries a certain symbolic meaning and represents in the profile, no matter where the viewer looks, the shape of the cross. |
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Dome - Dome(Italian cupola - dome, vault, from lat. cupula, diminutive of cupa - barrel) - a spatial supporting structure of the coating, in shape close to a hemisphere or other surface of rotation of the curve (ellipse, parabola, etc.). Dome structures cover predominantly round, polygonal, elliptical in terms of premises and allow covering large spaces without additional intermediate supports. Forming forms are various curves, convex upwards. From the vertical load in dome structures, compression forces arise, as well as horizontal thrust on the supports. The history of domes began in prehistoric times, but technologically complex and large domes began to be built during the Roman Empire. architectural revolution, when domes began to be used in the construction of temples and large public buildings. It is believed that the oldest dome in existence is located in the Roman Pantheon, built around 128 AD. Later, the tradition of dome building was adopted by Byzantine religious and religious architecture. The culmination of this period was the use of revolutionary sailing technology in the construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople. After the Muslim conquest of the Sassanid Empire and the Byzantine Middle East, the dome also became part of Muslim architecture. In Western Europe, domes gained popularity again during the Renaissance, and reached their peak at the beginning of the 18th century in baroque architecture. Reminiscent of the Roman Senate, in the 19th century, domes began to be used in the construction of state buildings. AT building houses domes were rarely used, being an attribute of only the largest buildings and palaces during the Baroque period. |
| Courdoner- (French cour d "honneur - an honorary courtyard; the form of court-doner is also used in Russian) - the front courtyard in front of the building, limited by the main building and side wings. It is usually separated from the outer space along the red line by a through fence with gates. Court-dwellers are widespread in Europe palace architecture XVII - 1st half of the XIX centuries (in Russia since the beginning of the XVIII century). As a technique for a formal spatial composition, the court-doner is sometimes used in modern architecture. Shoulder blade - in Old Russian architecture vertical flat and narrow ledge on the wall without a base and capitals(Unlike pilasters). |  |
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bracket(German Kragstein - console) - a cantilever supporting part or structure used for mounting on a vertical plane ( wall or column) protruding or horizontally extended parts of machines or structures. Structurally, the bracket can be made in the form of an independent part or a multi-part structure with a brace, as well as in the form of a significant thickening in the base part. The mechanical principle of operation is the resistance of the material to chipping and shearing. The bracket in engineering is mainly used for fixing parts and assemblies of machines and devices (for example, bearings) on vertical planes. Brackets are also used for fastening trolley wires, cables, antennas, etc. Bracket in architecture, as a rule, is a supporting element of the protruding parts of the building and is a ledge in the wall, often profiled and decorated (with decorative scrolls or other decorations). Similar brackets apply mostly in architecture, which uses order elements, and serves to balcony support, strongly protruding decorative and/or functional cornices etc. Brackets are also used for fastening facing masonry in the construction of buildings and structures. So, there is a technology called ventilated facade. The bracket is attached to monolithic floor, a front brick (facing brick) or other piece masonry element is placed on it. It turns out a multilayer structure: bearing base, insulation, air gap, facing masonry. Usually every two floors or 7 m, the maximum masonry height can be 12 m. The material of the brackets is stainless steel (A4, DUPLEX). In the intervals between the belts of the brackets, special flexible connections are installed. Examples of buildings where this technology was used can be buildings such as the Ritz Hotel on Tverskaya, a residential complex on st. Pudovkina, st. Stanislavsky, 11. The bracket in the automotive industry is one of the most common parts, since it is with the help of the bracket that the standard and optional equipment(an example would be the most different kinds brackets: for mounting horns, lights, license plates, etc.). |
Luchkovy pediment - facade completion buildings in an arcuate line (in the form of a stretched bow). Often decorated with relief or painting.
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Lucarna(French lucarne, from Latin lux "light") - window opening in the roof slope, usually attic, or dome, with a vertical frame closed on the sides and top. The frame of the window opening usually stands in the same plane as the facade wall, and often continues facade wall or located in a plane parallel to it. Lucarne, in addition to utilitarian functions, has a decorative value and is usually decorated on the outside. platbands, stucco frames and other decorative elements. In the European architecture late Gothic period and in the early Renaissance, a type of dormer-windows appeared in lucarnes, from the side facade which is a continuation of the wall lined with bricks. Such windows were often decorated with lush stucco moldings. In England and Scotland, during the reign of the Tudor dynasty (XV-XVI centuries), such windows became widespread in buildings with gabled roofs. In France, from the time of Louis XII, similar windows were built on the roofs of castles. Lucarne was a characteristic element baroque architecture. |
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Molding- invoice convex plank with cross sections. Is used for decorating various surfaces: walls, ceilings, doors, fireplaces, arches, giving them a more expressive, complete and neat look. Also, molding can serve as frames for mirrors, medallions and platbands. In addition to decorative, moldings are also functional, in particular, they are used for: For the manufacture of moldings are used a wide variety of materials: gypsum, marble, metal, wood, plastic (rubber is added to the plastic to make the molding flexible), polystyrene, polyurethane. |
| Naos(from the Greek ναος - temple, sanctuary) the central part of the Christian temple, where during the service there are worshipers who come to the temple. From the east, the altar adjoins the naos - the most important room of the temple, where the throne is located and the liturgy is celebrated. The altar in Orthodox churches is separated from the naos by a curtain and an iconostasis. From the west, a porch or narthex in Greek joins the naos. In some Russian churches, there is no vestibule and the entrance door of the temple leads directly to the naos. In the early Christian churches of the 6th-7th centuries, built in the form of a basilica, the naos had a longitudinal shape and consisted of naves. However, already in the 5th century, centric domed churches arose. In them, the naos could have a square, round, faceted or cruciform shape. The shape of the naos was complicated by bypass galleries and choirs, which could go around the room from all sides, except for the altar. In mature Byzantine art, from the 9th century, the cross-domed type of church became widespread. In it, the naos had a square or close to square shape. The naos had four columns supporting arches, vaults and a dome. There were temples without load-bearing supports in the interior. In them, the corners of a square naos were covered with tromps supporting a wide dome. There were temples with a naos in the form of a cross or three or four leaves. The latter are usually called triconchs and tetraconchs, since their semicircular ends were covered with semi-domes-conchs. This architectural type is widely spread in the architecture of Armenia and Georgia. In Serbia, the side parts of such temples are usually called singers. In ancient Russian architecture, the type of temple with support pillars (replacing Byzantine columns) spread. The naos of Russian churches of the 11th-13th centuries had a rectangular shape and were divided by pillars into three or five naves. From the west, there were usually choir stalls, and the compartments located below them stood out like a narthex. This type of temple existed throughout the entire period of ancient Russian art. Only from the XIV-XV centuries choirs disappear in churches. In the XVI-XVII centuries, pillarless temples, covered with a tent, cruciform or closed vaults, spread. Naos in them acquired an extremely simple rectangular shape. Side chapels often adjoined the naos on the sides - small temples that had a similar shape. From the west, a low longitudinal part, the so-called refectory, began to adjoin the naos. In many later churches of the 18th-19th centuries, the interiors of the chapels and the refectory merged into one, separated only by pillars. Interesting forms of naos are found in Russian churches of the Baroque and Classicism periods. There are temples in the style of classicism of a round shape, that is, a rotunda. In the middle of the second half of the 19th century, during the period of eclecticism, some forms of Russian churches of the 17th century and earlier were revived. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, many churches and cathedrals were built, repeating many forms of Byzantine architecture. In them, the space of the naos again acquired a complex and expressive form. |
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Rib- (fr. nervure - vein, vein) - a protruding edge of the Gothic frame cross vault. The presence of ribs in conjunction with a system of buttresses and flying buttresses makes it possible to lighten the vault, reduce its vertical pressure and lateral thrust, and expand window openings. The rib vault is also called the fan vault. The system of ribs (mainly in Gothic architecture) forms a frame that facilitates the laying of the vault. Rib in the aircraft industry - an element of the transverse power set of the frame of the wing, plumage and other parts of the aircraft, designed to give them a profile shape. The ribs are attached to the longitudinal power set (stringers, spars) and are the basis for fixing the skin. |
Order- in classical architecture the order of the ratio of load-bearing and carried parts of the building: columns and entablature. In ancient Greece, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders developed.
Sail- in Old Russian architecture triangular concave surfaces formed during the transition from the rectangular in terms of dome space to the round drum of the dome. In single-domed churches, images of the evangelists are placed in sails.
Peripter- (from Greek perípteros - surrounded columns, from perí - around and pterón - wing, side colonnade) - a type of ancient Greek temple in ants, around which on all sides a Doric order (most often), columns in one row. A peripter is a building rectangular in plan, framed on four sides by a colonnade, the distance from which to the walls of the naos is equal to one intercolumn. Inside, the Peripter usually consisted of a pronaos and a naos (Latin cella), behind the naos was often an opisthode. The peripter developed by the beginning of the 7th century. BC e. and was the most common type of temple in the archaic era
The concept was introduced by Vitruvius, who gave a typology of ancient Greek temples (megaron, prostyle, amphiprostyle, peripter, dipter).
| Pilaster- (also pilaster, ital. pilastro from lat. pila "column", "pillar") - vertical ledge wall, usually having (as opposed to scapular) base and capital, and thus conditionally representing column. The pilaster often repeats the parts and proportions of the order column, however, unlike it, it is usually devoid of entasis (stem thickening). In plan, pilasters are rectangular, semicircular ( semi-columns) and complex shapes (for example, "beam pilasters", " pilasters with semi-columns»). Pilasters widely used in order architecture, serving as decorative(for vertical division of the wall plane), and a structural element (for strengthening the wall). Since the Renaissance, the pilaster can also be found in furniture, where it is located mainly on both sides of the cabinets, and plays the role of a support. |
Portal - architectural design of the entrance into the building. In ancient Russian architecture and in the Gothic style, archivolts, in ancient architecture and in modern times - pediment, pilasters etc.
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Portico- (lat. porticus) - a covered gallery, the overlap of which is based on columns, supporting it either directly, or with the help of an architrave lying on them, or by means of those thrown between them arches. The portico, open on one side, is limited on the opposite side by a wall - either deaf or having doors and windows. Portico entered into architecture the ancient Greeks and was adopted from them by the ancient Romans. In ancient buildings, it served as a place where one could sit and walk, hiding from the scorching rays of the sun or from the rain. This kind of buildings survived in the architecture of the Middle Ages (monastic cloisters) and the Renaissance. In modern times, porticos were widely used in architecture classicism of the 18th - the first third of the 19th century. |
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Socket, rosette (from French rosette, literally "rosette") in architecture- ornament motif in the form of petals of a blossoming flower or several leaves, identical in shape, arranged symmetrically and radially diverging from the core, similar to a botanical rosette. Floral ornaments of this type have been used since ancient egypt, where motifs based on a stylized lotus flower seen from above are most widely used. In ancient Greece, funeral steles were decorated with rosettes. Later, it was adopted by the Romanesque style and the Renaissance, during which, in imitation of ancient Roman interiors, relief and painted rosettes were placed in the middle of the caissons, on which the ceilings and vaults inside the buildings were broken. Subsequently, this technique spread in Central Asia and even in India. Rosettes are embossed, stucco, as well as flat, imitating volumetric, in the technique of monochrome painting. Flat rosettes were used in ancient times; in Gothic, the ornament took the form of a round window rose, which became hallmark gothic architecture. Sockets are often combined with other decorative elements- geometric, spiral and leaf-shaped. |
Rose- in the Gothic style, a large round window of the main facade of the temple. The symmetrical pattern of the stained-glass window makes it look like a flower.
Sandrik- small cornice above the platband window or doorway.
Facade- (French façade - in the drawings it is like a photograph of the outer wall of the building) - external, front side of the building.
A facade is also called a drawing of an orthogonal projection of a building onto a vertical plane.
Shapes, proportions, facade decor determined by appointment architectural structure, his design features, the stylistic decision of his architectural image.
phial- Gothic spire, decorated with cruciferous flowers and crabs. Crowned with a pinnacle.
Frieze- the middle part of the entablature between the architrave and eaves. In the Doric style, it is decorated with alternating triglyphs and metopes, in the Ionic style, with reliefs that form a continuous, continuous ribbon (the so-called zophoric frieze). Later, any horizontal pictorial or ornamental composition began to be called a frieze.
Gable- (French fronton, from Latin frons, frontis - forehead, front of the wall) - completion (usually triangular, less often semicircular) building facade, portico, colonnades, bounded by two roof slopes on the sides and cornice at the base.
The narrow sides of ancient temples always ended at the top with a low pediment, the triangular field or tympanum of which was sometimes decorated with sculptural figures, and the side cornices carried the edges of the gable roof of the structure. In the last period of Roman art, pediments of a different form appeared, which later passed into the architecture of the Renaissance, namely those in which the inclined cornices are replaced by one continuous arcuate cornice, so that a tympanum is formed in the form of a segment of a circle. In later times, the shape of the pediments diversified even more: pediments appeared in the form of a trapezoid, with side cornices that did not converge at the top, in the form of an equilateral triangle, etc. Such pediments are arranged mainly not over facades, but over windows, doors and porches.
Main types
keeled- resembling an inverted keel of a ship, typical of ancient Russian wooden architecture.
Luchkovy- arched, resembling a stretched bow. With an increase in the segment of the circle, the gable becomes circular.
Semicircular- with semi-circular completion.
Interrupted- with a horizontal cornice, interrupted to insert, for example, a window. If the cornice is almost completely absent and the pediment rests, for example, only on two columns, such a pediment is called a semi-pediment. When the cornice disappears completely, the pediment turns into a gable, or, in Gothic architecture, into a vimperg.
Torn- with not converging at the top and leaving between their upper ends (sometimes turning into volutes) free space for placing a pedestal for a vase, bust or some other decoration.
unraveled- with protruding parts - raskrepovki (see: Unraveled order).
male- built of logs as a direct triangular continuation of the crown end wall.
stepped- in the form of steps, decreasing in size upwards.
Trapezoidal- in the form of a trapezoid.
Triangular- in the form of an isosceles triangle.
Fust- the trunk of the column from the base to the capital.
plinth- (Italian zoccolo, lit. wooden-soled shoe) - an ambiguous term:
Basement in architecture- lying on the foundation, the lower, usually somewhat protruding, thickened part of the outer wall of a building, structure, monument or column. The plinth usually receives decorative treatment.
Tong -
in architecture, the upper part, mainly the end wall of the building, bounded by two roof slopes and not separated from below by a cornice (unlike the pediment). The name is usually applied to buildings with a steep gable roof, forming an acute gable, which sometimes ends main facade building. In Gothic architecture, a pointed tong is also called a vimperg.
aedicula- in antique architecture small temple. Later, a decorative building or detail that repeats in miniature the composition of a large building, for example, a niche in the form of a portal with columns and pediment.
| Bay window(German erker) - a closed part of a building of a round, rectangular or polyhedral shape, protruding from the plane of the wall. Usually equipped with windows, it can be glazed around the entire perimeter. They can be either single or multi-storey. Bearing for bay windows are cantilever beams or stones, less often risalit. The upper part of the bay window is made in the form of a slope, sometimes even several. There are also bay windows "turrets" that rise above the main cornice of the building. With the help of bay windows, you can slightly increase the interior space of the premises. Bay windows also improve the penetration of sunlight and increase visibility. Glazed protruding parts of some machines, designed to increase visibility, are also called bay windows. For example, bay windows are installed on special railway track measuring cars or dynamometer cars. |
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Aqueduct (lat.) - a bridge for water supply.
Axonometry is a way of visual representation of a three-dimensional form. The dimensions of the depicted object are plotted along three axes: height, width, depth.
Amphitheater - an ancient building for a variety of mass spectacles, which is a round theater without a roof. Rows of seats rise in successive tiers around a round or oval arena. In modern architecture - the most common type of seating arrangement in public halls.
An ensemble is a complex of buildings and structures connected by a single artistic solution.
Mezzanine - the upper mezzanine of the room; the upper semi-floor in the premises of one of the floors of the building.
Anfilade is a series of consecutively adjoining spatial elements (premises, courtyards, urban spaces) located on the same axis, which creates a through perspective.
Ramp (Greek) - a gentle ascent or descent to another level.
Arcade - a series of long arches of the same size, shape and shape, based on pillars
or columns.
Arkbutan (fr.) - a semi-arch that supports a buttress.
Archetype (from Greek) - the most ancient, primary architectural forms of the ethnic group.
Architectural typology of civil buildings - classification of buildings and structures according to certain criteria: according to the configuration of the plan, number of storeys, design, functional purpose.
Attic - a decorative wall that is placed above the cornice crowning the building. Inscriptions, bas-reliefs or paintings can be made on the attic.
A basilica is a type of rectangular building, which consists of an odd number (1, 3 or 5) of naves of different heights.
Balcony (it.) - cantilever fenced area on the facades of the building.
Balusters - low curly columns in the form of columns (sometimes with carved decor) supporting the railings of balconies, stairs, etc .; are made of stone, metal, marble, etc. They can be flat.
Bas-relief - one of the types of sculptural image on a plane, protruding above the surface by less than half of its volume. It serves to decorate buildings and monuments, contributing to the expressiveness of their architectural image.
Mezzanine - the first, high floor of the building.
Stained-glass window (archit.) - historically - glazing of a window opening with elements of colored glass, framed by a lead frame, constituting an artistic composition. In modern language - big square glazing with ordinary transparent, colored, tinted or reflective glass.
Breakwater - a hydraulic device for protection against wave impacts of bridge supports, piers, etc.
Hydraulic structures - embankments, dams, dams, locks, canals, etc.
A garland is an architectural decorative detail characteristic of the interior depicting fruits, flowers, leaves, often intertwined with a ribbon.
Hotel - a building for temporary accommodation of people.
Doors - openings in external and internal walls or enclosing structures for the passage of people, are supplied with door panels, if necessary, fireproof, fireproof, open in the direction of evacuation flows.
Palace (from Russian yard.) - front building, dwelling, residence of the highest state dignitaries.
Endova - a gutter connecting two adjacent roof slopes, serves to drain stormwater.
Reinforced concrete column - a modern load-bearing structure of the building.
Building or structure - a structural system consisting of load-bearing structures, enclosing structures, ceilings and systems of engineering equipment.
Architect (other Russian XII century) - derived from "zd" - clay, denoted the profession of a potter, clay builder, moulder, form maker.
The golden ratio is a harmonious ratio of values, in mathematical terms as 1:1.61.
A tile is a glazed ceramic product for lining heating furnaces.
Engineering equipment of buildings - the device of systems that ensure the life and safety of people in buildings.
Campanile (it.) - in it. architecture of the X-XVII centuries. free-standing bell tower: round, square or multifaceted.
The capital is the upper part of the column on which the entablature rests.
Caryatid - a statue of a dressed woman, supporting the entablature of the building and replacing a column or pilaster.
Frame - a system of vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of buildings and structures.
Cartouche (fr.) - a decorative element in the form of an oval scroll for the image of a coat of arms or an inscription. -
Quadriga - a cart drawn by four horses, symbolizing triumph (on pediments, triumphal arches, etc.).
Caisson I (German) - in architecture, a recess in the ceiling structure, formed by intersecting floor beams.
Caisson II (German) - a device for underwater hydraulic engineering and construction work.
Glued wooden structure - a structure made of pieces of wood, interconnected with glue.
Cloister - a covered gallery-bypass, framing the rectangular courtyard of a monastery or a large church; characteristic of Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
Column - a supporting structure, part of a wooden, metal, concrete frame.
Colonnade - an architectural composition in the form of a row or rows of columns.
The ridge is the top end of a pitched roof.
The console is a horizontal structure that has one support in the form of a rigid pinch in the wall.
Buttress (German) - a vertical inclined structure to absorb horizontal forces.
Conha - hemispherical completion of part of the building.
Corinthian portico - a protruding part of the building, formed by the columns of the Corinthian order that carry the ceiling - an architectural composition, a certain system based on an artistically designed post-and-beam structure, distinguished by great solemnity and richness of decor. A distinctive characteristic is the high capital, decorated with stylized carved acanthus leaves arranged in two rows.
The red line is a conditional border separating streets, driveways and squares from built-up areas.
Cross vault - formed by crossing two vaults of a cylindrical or box shape of the same height at a right angle. It was used to cover square, and sometimes rectangular in terms of premises.
Roofing is the outer covering of buildings.
Cour d'honneur - the front courtyard in front of the main facade of the palace or castle, limited by the main building and side wings, separated from the outer space by a through fence with gates. Couriers are widespread in European palace architecture of the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. (in Russia since the beginning of the 18th century).
Laterna (it.) - a light opening that completes the dome cover.
Scaffolding (Russian) - temporary structures for erecting walls and ceilings of buildings.
Stairwells are a structural element of the building, in which 1 floor transitions are located. OK. made of non-combustible or fire-protected structures, must have openings for natural light.
Flights of stairs - monolithic or prefabricated structures, equipped with standard steps to provide interfloor transitions, are made of fireproof materials.
False dome - a technique for making a domed ceiling made of bricks or blocks by gradually "lapping" each subsequent row of masonry.
False vault - a vault device by laying bricks or blocks with an "overlap" of each subsequent row.
Shovel (Russian) - a protruding part of the wall to its entire height, dividing the walls of the facade into strands. A characteristic element of Romanesque architecture and ancient Russian architecture.
Attic - a floor built into the attic space.
Mascaron - a decorative animal mask to decorate the facade of a building.
A medallion is an architectural decoration, which is an ornamental or pictorial composition in a round or oval frame.
Mezzanine (English) - a superstructure over part of the house.
Membrane - flat design working in tension.
Modulon - an architectural detail that supports the remote slab of the eaves of the Corinthian or composite orders, sometimes it is just a decorative element.
Burial ground (archaeologist) - the burial place of an ancient person.
Burial ground (modern Russian) - a place reserved for the burial of dead animals.
Modernization - in architecture and construction - updating an object, bringing it into line with new requirements and standards of use, technical conditions, quality indicators. Both engineering and structural components are being modernized, as well as the overall solution of facades, the whole appearance of the building. In some cases, the concept of use is modernized, the building or the whole building complex is given new functions.
Modulon (French from Latin) - a type of decorative cornice console in the form of a volute.
Mol - protruding into the sea artificial wall to protect the port water area from the open sea.
Installation - the process of erecting a building or structure; construction and installation works.
Motel - a hotel with car parking for guests using personal vehicles.
Nakat (Russian) - a solid round wood flooring above the room.
A platband is a decorative element framing a window or doorway.
Flooring - a structure made of materials suitable for flooring, roofing, etc.
Rib (fr.) - profiled edge of the Gothic vault.
Bearing structures - structures that perceive vertical and horizontal loads.
Nave (fr.) - a space in a basilica-type building in the span between two rows of columns.
Level - a geodetic instrument for measuring horizontal angles and relative levels of parts of a building.
Niche (fr.) - a rectangular or semicircular recess in the wall.
"Zero" cycle - the volume of construction and installation works or building structures located below the floor of the first floor.
Facing - applying a decorative layer of finish to the internal or external surfaces of structures.
The shell is a thin-walled, complex curvature coating of buildings and structures.
Sheathing - a structure for fixing roofing.
Fire resistance of structures - the ability of the material of structures not to lose their bearing capacity and stability under direct exposure to fire during the standard time.
Enclosing structures - structures that protect the building from the external environment.
Windows are light openings in external walls or enclosing structures.
Order (other Greek) - order, style.
Order - submission to the order system - architectural composition and a certain system based on the artistic design of the building. The order consists of a pedestal, a column including a base and a capital, and an entablature including a frieze and a cornice.
Orientation of the building - the placement of the building on the plan relative to the cardinal points.
Foundation - the ground on which the foundation of the building rests.
A plumb line is a construction tool for checking the verticality of structures.
Etching is a type of engraving on metal, a technique of easel gravure printing, which allows you to get prints from printing plates (“boards”). Known since the beginning of the 16th century.
The pavilion is a light building.
Paduga - a smooth transition from the plane of the ceiling to the plane of the wall.
Chambers (lat.) - palace premises; Russian rich stone or wooden buildings with several floors.
Palazzo (Italian from Latin) - a palace, a palace building, from Palatine - the name of one of the hills of ancient Rome, on which the palace buildings of the Roman emperors were erected. A common residential building for wealthy residents of Italian cities during the Renaissance (XV-XVII centuries).
Palestra is a public school for gymnastic exercises for young Romans. The palestras were open
playgrounds, treadmills, gyms, swimming pools.
Palmette (it.) - a type of floral ornament depicting palm leaves.
Monument of archeology - places of settlement of an ancient person, burial places, ruins of ancient settlements, fortifications, buildings for various purposes, having an age of more than 1000 years.
An architectural monument is a work of architecture that has scientific, artistic and cultural value.
A monument of urban planning - architectural ensembles, settlements that preserve the ancient planning structure of quarters, roads, city streets.
Monument of history - a landscape, building, inhabited place or part thereof, which is a place historical events or phenomena.
A cultural monument is a landscape, building, inhabited place or part of it, associated with a stage or phenomenon in the development of world, continental or state culture.
Monuments of nature - a natural landscape that preserves unique or typical manifestations of nature, valuable in scientific, cultural, educational and aesthetic terms.
Ramp (German) - an inclined rise to the floor level.
Panel - the design of the fence or ceiling.
Parapet (fr. from it.) - letters, chest protection; fencing of the upper part of the bridge, embankment, building, solid and lattice, not higher than the level of the human chest.
Parkan (lat.) - the space between the inner and outer walls.
Parquet (fr. from lat.) - originally a fenced elevated place; modern material for the front floor covering from measured wooden plates of hardwood.
Parking - a place for parking cars.
Parsena (from lat.) - a conditional image of a face; name in the direction of Russian portraiture of the 17th century.
Sail, pandative - part of the vault, an element of the dome structure, through which the transition from the rectangular base to the dome ceiling or its drum is carried out. The sail has the shape of a spherical triangle with the apex lowered down. Varieties of sail design:
- beam;
- cantilevered;
- stalactite;
- stepped console;
- stepped niche;
- arched;
- conical (tromp);
- arched-vaulted;
- funnel-shaped;
- reticulate edge;
- conch;
- stepped arch;
- spherical.
Passage (fr.) - a type of building with overhead light.
Patio (Spanish) - the courtyard of a residential building.
Partitions - internal non-load-bearing walls that divide the floor space into compartments or rooms.
Front (Russian) - a room in a rich residential building that served to receive visitors.
Pereduvka (Russian) - the front wall of the melting furnace.
Ceiling - a horizontal load-bearing structure that completes the floor.
Ceilings - interfloor structures that carry a distributed or concentrated load from people and equipment located on the floors of the building must have a standardized degree of fire resistance and fire safety. Lintel - a design for overlapping openings in the wall of a building.
Pererub (Russian) - an internal log wall to compensate for the thrust of a building elongated in length.
Railing - protection of stairs, openings.
Periphery (Greek) - the outer part of something.
Perun, pirun (Greek) - a needle, a short metal rod, laid in the grooves of adjacent stone blocks to fasten them. The grooves were filled with lead.
Petroglyphs - drawings and signs carved into the rocks, scenes.
Pid (Ukrainian) - attic.
Pi Tin I Fri - canopy, overhang, removal of the eaves in the people's dwelling.
Pilaster (fr. from lat.) - half or a quarter of a rectangular column.
Plafond (fr.) - the surface of the ceiling with a round or oval element.
Parade ground (German from Latin) - square.
Plinfa (gr.) - a large-sized flat square or rectangular brick, used in ancient Roman and Byzantine construction techniques.
Carpenter (general Slavic) - a master of rough woodworking.
Landing is a structure that connects flights of stairs.
Construction site - a place, territory allocated for the construction of a building.
Built-up area - the area of the first floor according to the dimensions of the external walls.
Pneumatic air-supported structures - structures based on excess pressure.
Pneumatic rod structures - structures based on excess pressure.
Pobiy (ukr.) - all types of wooden roofing.
Poval (Russian) - a log cabin of a wooden building expanding at the top.
Povalusha (Russian) - in Russian wooden architecture, a tower in a complex of residential choirs of the XII-XVII centuries.
Basement (Russian) - the base of the log house, the lower crown, made of more powerful logs. Hence - the basement, the lower floor of a residential or outbuilding.
Compound (Russian) - an inn, moving out a hut, later a hotel.
Valances - wooden boards with blind, often through carvings, bordering roof overhangs, cornices, huts, verandas, galleries.
Foundation sole - the supporting (lower) part of the foundation.
Girth arches - arched structures on which floor structures rely.
Rafter beams - beams on which the truss system of the pitched roof rests.
Port (sea, river) (fr. from lat.) - a place for receiving and servicing river and sea vessels.
Porta (lat.) - city gate, military camp.
Portal (German from Latin) - the main entrance.
Portico (lat.) - a covered gallery in the architecture of ancient Rome.
Portfnetr (fr.) - French balcony, false balcony.
Row (Russian) - a written or oral contract for the performance of construction work.
Posom (Karelian) - roof, roof, canopy.
Ceiling (East-Slav.) - akin to the floor, the completion of the floor.
Rule (Russian) - a wooden or metal lath up to 2 m long to check the front masonry of the wall.
Reduced costs (in construction) - the amount of one-time costs for the construction and operation of a building or structure, taking into account the depreciation period.
Binding - removal of the building project to the construction site.
Natural heritage - according to the UNESCO Convention of 1972 to P. n. natural landscapes, geological and physiographic formations and natural places of interest are assigned.
The hallway is the first room in the house.
Produhi (Russian) - ventilation holes in wall structures.
Pedestal (fr., it.) - letters, place of the foot. The foot of the column, a sculptural work.
Piazzetta (it.) - a small square in Italian cities.
The heel is the support of the arched vault.
The frame is a building structure.
Ramp - part of the building; a platform attached to the building, open or with a canopy, on the same level with the floor of the first floor of the premises (±0.000) for the convenience of loading and unloading operations.
Rand beam - the main beam.
Roll (Russian) - an embankment for the installation of guns.
Raskrepovka - a small protrusion or break in an architectural element.
A brace is a diagonal shape element.
Thrust - the horizontal direction of the force formed in the supporting part of the arched, vaulted or inclined structures.
Town Hall (Polish or German) - a bright house.
Reverberation (lat.) - reflection: in acoustics, repeated reflection and gradual attenuation of sound in a room or open space.
Redoubt - A closed field fortification made of earthen ramparts.
Recreation (German) - a recreation area.
Relief (fr. from lat.) - a sculptural composition on a plane. Bas-relief - low relief, high relief - high relief.
Renovation is the process of improving a structure. Renovation in construction is the process of replacing worn-out structures and building equipment. Renovation in urban development is the forced liberation of the territory (demolition of buildings and structures, extraction of engineering communications, networks, etc. from the underground space) to ensure new construction, regardless of the degree of safety of the buildings located on it (the term of N. S. Vedeneev and T. G. Maklakova, applied to the construction reconstruction by V.I. Resin in the directive documents of the Government of Moscow).
Retrashment (fr.) - an internal additional fence in the fortress.
Rigel (German) - a jumper between columns to support floor structures.
Rizalit (fr.) - the protruding part of the building.
Rose (fr.) - a type of round window in the central nave of a Gothic building, glazed with stained glass.
A rosette is a decorative architectural ornament arranged in a circle.
Rocaille (fr.) - a decorative architectural ornament in the form of a shell. The element is characteristic of "Rococo".
Rostverk (German) - a slab or tape resting on a pile foundation.
Rostra (lat.) - the bow of the vessel, usually decorated with a three-dimensional image of a female half-figure.
Rotunda (fr.) - a building that is round in plan, covered with a spherical dome.
Rust - jointing between large stone blocks that make up the masonry of the wall.
Rust (lat.) - square masonry with seams between rows.
Ryazh (Russian) - a support or base of a structure, cut down from logs in the form of a multi-tiered cage.
Fathom (from the Slavs) - a measure of length; measured fathom - 176 cm, oblique fathom - 248 cm.
Sandrik - an architectural decoration in the form of a small cornice or pediment above a window or doorway. Sandriks of various shapes were used in Baroque architecture: triangular, bow-shaped (in the form of a segment of a circle), in the form of a curved cornice, etc.
Prefabricated housing construction is a technology for the rapid construction of buildings from enlarged elements.
Pile type of foundations - a method of arranging foundations by immersing piles in the ground.
Vault - construction of space overlap; vault type:
cross;
cylindrical;
monastic;
closed;
ogival;
mirror;
domed;
Gothic;
sailing;
Sgrafitto (it.) - letters, scratched; technique of plastering the walls of buildings.
Sectional house - a building consisting of several independent blocks.
Crypt (Polish) - pedal, tomb chamber.
Teardrop - a design that prevents water from flowing from the eaves onto the wall.
Estimate - calculation of the cost of an object or certain types of work.
Sun protection - constructive protection against excessive insolation of buildings.
Solarium (it.) - an open space for sunbathing or air bathing.
Log cabin - a wooden structure made of horizontal logs or beams connected at the corners.
Wall - a solid load-bearing structure made of monolithic concrete or piece materials, there are load-bearing and non-bearing walls.
Stodula (Russian) - a barn, a shed for carts and livestock.
Standing, stoa (gr.) - portico, portico gallery.
Sling (Russian) - roof, attic.
Rafters - load-bearing structures for pitched roofs.
Stuchna (general Slavic) - road, street, square.
Substructure (lat.) - supporting structure.
Crackers (Russian) - cantilever bars under the removal of the eaves, from ancient architecture.
Tabulat (lat.) - tiled floor.
Tambour (fr.) - drum.
Tectonics is a visual expression of an architectural structure in the ratio of its load-bearing and carried parts, in artistic originality buildings or structures.
Thermal insulation - polymeric or natural materials that improve the thermal resistance of enclosing structures.
Terrazit plaster - cement-lime plaster with the addition of stone (marble) chips, mica, pigments.
Terracotta (it., lat.) - fired clay mass without enamel coating.
Terrace (fr. from lat.) - an open part of the building.
Terrazzio (it.) - a mosaic floor of different-sized fragments of stone, smalt.
Technical and economic indicators - general and effective area, building volume, building area of the object, etc.
Technical operation - a set of measures for the maintenance of buildings and structures; provided by the project.
Tunnel, tunnel. - a transport structure for passing roads under the thickness of the soil (in mountainous areas).
Trade facilities - buildings and structures for wholesale and retail trade.
Shopping centers - a compact location of trade enterprises of various profiles.
Butt (it.) - a block of stone or wood for paving streets.
Shotcrete is a method of concreting narrow spaces.
Hummocks - two rows of log cabins with periodic cuts and earth filling - fortifications.
Tuscan order - an order developed by Roman architects on the basis of the Doric order, which was based on a column with flutes (vertical grooves), there was no base. The Tuscan order differed from its prototype in a smooth-bore column and the absence of triglyphs - rectangular decorative elements with thin vertical grooves - located on the frieze, the presence of a high base, and also had a high capital.
Travertine (it.) - limestone tuff for finishing the walls of a building.
Tavern (borrowed from Polish in the 18th century) - dining room, restaurant.
Transept - a transverse nave (ship) in basilica and cruciform churches, crossing the main (longitudinal) nave at a right angle.
Trench (fr.) - a channel in the ground.
Triglyph - an element of the Doric frieze in the form of a rectangular ledge with triangular vertical incisions - glyphs.
Triforium (lat.) - a triple opening in the wall, united by one arch.
Trophy (fr. from Greek) - a monument as a sign of victory.
Tula (Russian) - a hidden, inaccessible place.
Turret - an angled watchtower on the upper part of the fortress wall, allowing observation in a 270 ° sector.
A department store is a building designed to trade in a wide range of goods.
Unification of the dimensions of parts of building structures - standardization in construction.
Manor (Russian) - a detached residential building surrounded by a park or garden.
The stability of a structure is the ability of a structure to withstand destructive forces.
Factory (lat.) - workshop, enterprise.
Plywood (from fr.) - impose; an artificial wood building material made of several glued layers of thin wooden plates.
Facade (fr. from it.) - lit. - face; one of the outer walls of the building, as a drawing - an orthogonal projection of the outer walls of the building.
Fachwerk (German) - a light high frame, a type of constructive solution for building envelopes.
Faience (French, named after the city of Faenza) - ceramics made of white clay; Plumbing and technical products are made from F..
Farm (fr.) - an engineering structure consisting of rods, which serves to cover large spans of buildings and structures; distinguish triangular, polygonal, arched.
Fixation of an architectural monument - the implementation of full-scale measurements and photographic fixation of objects classified as architectural monuments.
Fittings (eng.) - parts for threaded pipe connections.
Flesh (fr.) - an arrow; a light field fortification advanced ahead of the front (fortification).
Outbuilding (German) - a side extension to the building or a detached residential building in the back of the courtyard.
Weather vane (German) - the porch of the building.
Lantern (Greek) - a light opening in the roof to illuminate the premises.
Fragment (lat.) - a fragment, part of a structure.
Transom (Polish) - an opening, the upper opening part of a window.
Frieze (fr. from it.) - the middle horizontal part, bordered between the architrave and the cornice with an ornament.
Pediment (ancient Greek) - a triangular wall plane formed by two roof slopes and a cornice.
Foundation - an underground structural part of a building, based on a natural or artificial foundation.
Fust (English) - the trunk of the column.
Choirs - in architecture, the upper open gallery or balcony inside the church (usually at the level of the second floor).
Cement - artificial material for the preparation of hydraulic binders and concretes.
Tsemyanka - lime concrete with the addition of crushed ceramic bricks.
Ziegel (German) - ceramic brick.
Cistern (lat.) - an artificial closed structure for storing water or other liquids.
Basement - the lower part of the building from the "zero" mark to the blind area.
Ground floor - the lower half-buried floor of the building.
Attic (borrowed from Turkic) - a balcony, a tower, a space formed by roof slopes.
Tiles - roofing ceramic material.
Drawing - an image on paper of parts and fragments of a building indicating dimensions and other information.
Chetverik (Russian) - a quadrangular wooden frame.
Template (German) - a sample for the manufacture of products or for maintaining the correct form, a drawing of architectural details.
Step of load-bearing structures - the distance between load-bearing walls or rows of load-bearing columns of the frame.
Chalet (fr.) - a rural house in the Swiss Alps.
Chamotte (German) - finely ground fired ceramic mass for the manufacture of refractory and high-quality bricks.
Shanets (German) - a small earthen military fortification.
Hipped roofing is an ancient Slavic way of covering wooden buildings in the form of a tent.
Shed (English) - a type of building covering with a device for inclined light openings.
Shelom (Russian) - a log with a hollowed out longitudinal groove to cover the joints of hewn on the ridge of the roof - ochrupen.
Shelyga (Russian) - a line connecting the upper points of the spring arches on which the vault rests.
Shiber (German) - a valve, a damper in the chimney of the furnace.
Shibka (German) - a sheet of glass to fit the size of a window or door frame.
Shilpashastra (Sanskrit) is an ancient Indian treatise on construction.
Slate (German) - thin slabs of natural material - slate.
Gateway (Dutch) - a hydraulic structure for the passage of ships between the pools of the reservoir.
Way (Russian) - tract, road.
Veneer (German) - a sliver, a thin sheet of wood.
Key (Polish from German) - in wooden building structures, an insert that fixes structural elements.
Sprengel (German) - a rod structure, additional to the main supporting structure.
Sheet pile (German) - 1) wooden or metal piles with a ridge and a groove, driven into the ground for the construction of a supporting or enclosing wall; 2) a longitudinal ridge on the edge of a board or beam, corresponding to the groove in the next structural detail.
Stack (German) - reception of laying long building materials.
Strab (German) - release of a quarter of a brick from the wall for laying the wall of the next stage of construction.
Shtraba (German) - a shallow vertical niche in brickwork walls.
Plaster (German from It.) - a finishing layer of cement-sand or cement-lime-sand mortars.
Noise protection - an event to protect urban areas from traffic and industrial noise.
Noise-proof residential buildings - houses that have protective structures against external noise: screens, blank walls, windows with rubber gaskets, etc.
Crushed stone (modern) - material in the form of crushed stone for the preparation of concrete, distinguished by fractions and strength.
Gable (Russian) - akin to a pediment, the upper triangular part of the wall, not separated by a cornice from the lower part of the wall.
Eclecticism is an artistic direction in architecture, focusing on the use of any form of the past in any combination in one building.
Screen (fr.) - in architecture and construction - a protective structure from light, noise, etc.
Exhauster (English, from Lat.) - a fan that extracts air from a room.
Explication (lat.) - an explanation, a list of elements of an architectural drawing of buildings, structures, a master plan.
Exposition (lat.) - exposure for display.
Exterior (fr. lat.) - external forms, the appearance of the building, facades.
Elevator (lat.) - 1) lift, lifting mechanism; 2) a structure for storing grain.
Elling (head) - a surface structure for the construction of ships and their launching.
Bay window - a protruding part of the facade with windows to improve the illumination and insolation of the premises.
Hermitage (fr.) - a secluded place, a country house.
Escalator (English, from Latin) - a mechanical inclined staircase for lifting people to the upper floors, lifting equipment for buildings.
Escarp (fr.) - the inner inclined surface of the outer defensive moat, in fortifications.
Overpass (fr. from it.) - above-ground, on Qnopax, a structure for pedestrians or public transport, as well as for laying engineering communications.
Esplanade - an open space in the fortress between the citadel and city buildings, about 500 m wide, necessary for observation and shelling. Subsequently, the esplanade began to be called the open space in front of a large building, often including garden and park parterres, wide alleys with fountains and decorative sculpture.
Stage (fr., it. from Spanish) - an elevation to accommodate an orchestra, a stage platform.
Floor (fr.) - part of the building on the same level.
Mezzanine floor - an additional floor built into the volume of the floor, usually the first one.
Attic floor - a floor built into the attic space.
First floor - the plan of the first floor, always differs from the plans of other floors due to the arrangement of entrance groups.
Basement floor - floor below the "zero" mark.
Technical floor - a floor for the placement of engineering equipment of buildings.
Standard floor - repeating, the same type of layout of different floors.
Whatnot (spec.) - an open frame for placing production technology.
Standard (fr.) - a sample, an exemplary measure.
Tier (lat.) - a horizontal row.
